The Use of Pleasure

Books by Michel Foucault

Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences The Archaeology of Knowledge (and The Discourse on Language) The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception

I, Pierre Riviere, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my

brother. ... A Case of Parricide in the Nineteenth Century Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison The History of Sexuality, Volumes I, 2, and 3 Herculine Barbin, Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth Century French Hermaphrodite Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972- 1977

The Use of Pleasure

Vol ume 2 of The History of Sexuality

Michel Foucault Translated from the French by Robert Hurley

Vintage Books

. A Division of Random House, Inc.

New York

VINTAGE BOOKS EDlTlON, MARCH Translation copyright

1 990

1 985 by Random House, Inc.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Orig inally published in France as L' Usage Copyright

des piaisirs by Editions Gallimard.

1 984 by Editions Gallimard. First American edition

published by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., in October

1 985.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foucault, Michel. The history of sexuality.

Translation of Histoire de la sexualite. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. I. An introduction-v.

2. The use of pleasure.

I.

I . Sex customs-History -Collected works.

Title.

HQ1 2.F681 31980

ISBN 0-394-751 22-1

301.41'7

79-460

Manufactured in the United States of America

to 9 8

Contents
Translator's Acknowledgments
I t
5 1 4 1 7 9 1 5

Vll

1 u ti 3 Chapter 1 M ifi ti Chapter 2 F ms f P bi m tiz ti ti ft Iity P Chapter 3 M

7 9 2 1 5 3 1 4 1 4 1 0 2 2 1 5 1 4 2 2 5 7 4 2 9 9 0 1 8

14 S If
0 1

25

PART

T M r I P bi matiz ti Pie u s 33 Chapter 1 Aphrodisia 38 Chapter 2 Chresis 53 Chapter 3 Enkrateia 63 Chapter 4 F re m a T ut 78

1

NE

PART TW

Di t ti 95 1 G r I Chapter 1 R gim 99 109 Diet f PI sures Chapter 2 T 117 Chapter 3 Ri k D g 125 Chapter 4 A t, Ex pe itu , D t
1 0 0 9 3 0 0 5 5 0 5 0 2 8 0 1 0 2 3 3 2 5 7 2 5 0 4 3 9 5 7 4 0 0 2 8

PART THREE

E Chapter 1 T
3

ml 141 Wi m fM r i g m us' H u I Chapter 2 I P Ii i s f M er ti Chapter 3 Th

9 1 5 1 9 3 8 0 3 7 1 1 2 4 2 0 9 8 1 2 9 8 1 3 0 8 1 7 4 0 0 1 9 0 1 1 7 2 1 1 4 1 9 3

143 152
n

166

PART F UR

E ti 185 Chapter 1 A P bi m ti R I ti 204 Chapter 2 A B y's H n Obj t f PI ur Chapter 3 T

4 1 0 2 9 0 2 1 5 1 1 1 4 8 0 0 9 1 0 2 3 0

187 215

PART FIVE

T u L
4 0 1 1 5 9

v
0

227
5

Notes Index

C 255

Iusi
1

247

Bibliography

273

281

Translator's Acknowledgments
A umb f p pi co t ibut t t i t I ti , t ut ' w k, I w . Out f P ct f t Be k I y I t ey m a f mmu ity f r whi I m g at ful. P t B w g u Iy is kn wi g f I ic I a i f mili ity wit t ut p J t. Hi itimatt VIC . i v lu bi al mm nt we St p W. F t VI W t t lati wit pr ti y suggeste m y g s f phr se I gy, vi tu IIy II f which I i c p te i t th t xt. w e V al qu ti t t pp up D is Holli wh my r I g di t quit m tch t p isti ti ft p ut Jam F ubi w up Ii t f Ii bl E gIi V rsi f t m J Gr ek t xt . With ut his ec mme ti s, I w ul av iske m y i C U I . M i -CI ud P ig , my wif , Ipe me wit v ri us p bi m f mic -int pr t ti , t t i , with t kin f diffi ulti s v y r d e c u t but Iy tr n lat rs h V t es Ive. I m in bt m t t Paul Rabi w. H ff d VI C ur g m t-m I upp rt- t V ry t ge. I wish t I t t i E gli v I t t m m y f Mic el Fouc ult.
5 0 4 1 0 1 0 5 4 0 7 1 8 3 4 2 5 3 2 1 5 2 4 0 0 2 5 7 0 3 0 8 0 4 0 1 4 0 3 0 1 4 8 0 2 8 1 4 3 1 4 8 2 7 0 5 1 9 9 2 3 1 5 1 9 1 5 1 9 8 2 4 0 0 0 4 4 1 5 0 5 0 4 1 3 3 8 4 2 0 7 8 1 0 7 0 1 9 2 3 3 2 0 4 3 5 7 8 3 2 2 4 8 8 0 8 2 1 4 3 4 1 0 9 3 9 4 9 9 1 0 3 4 0 2 5 5 2 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 8 0 5 1 3 0 4 4 0 0 0 7 8 0 4 2 5 3 1 5 8 6 2 9 9 0 7 0 0 6 5 7 7 6 5 9 8 2 5 0 1 2 1 1 4 6 2 1 5 1 4 1 4 6 7 5 1 0 0 0 5 0 4 2 5 3 0 4 7 3 0 0 4 0 3 1 5 3 8 6 9 4 1 0 7 0 5 0 2 7 5 7 5 1 0 8 2 0 3 1 8 9 2 1 5 1 8 0 2 8 1 4 3 4 1 3 0 0 3 6 1 5 7 4 0 2 3 1 4 0 2 0 5 3 8 0 1 5 3 1 8 0 6 1 4 0 0 3 1 4 1 5 7 6 1 5 1 7 8 0 4 7 2 5 5 2 9 4 2 9 0 3 2 4 0 2 0 0 4 1 5 8 0 0 7 8 2 1 4 1 0 3 1 4 1 0 4 0 2 1 8 5 2 3 8 0 7 1 9 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 4 5 1 5 0 4 3 1 5 2 3 1 2 0 1 4 1 2 7 0 0 7 1 3 1 5 1 0 1 0 4 0 2 7 9 0 2 5 7 0 5 1 2 0 0 5 1 4 2 3 1 6 0 0 3 2 1 7 0 7 9 2 0 8 3 5 3 8 0 4 3 1 5 1 8 0 0 1 4 1 8 6

R.H. M y 1985
2

Vll

Introduction

1
Modifications

T is s i lat tha I f tu 1 i b i g publis ti ip t , f m th t i It g t r iff nt. I will xpl in w y. t b n it ist y of s xu I b vi It w s i t i t ry f "s xu lity" n ist y f r p e nt ti , but -th qu t ti n m rk ve e rt i imp rt . My im w s n t t writ hist ry f s xu I be vi p ti s, t i g t eir ue iv f ms, th i v luti n, t 1 i emi ti ; r w s it t Iyz t e s i tifi , ligi u , r p il s P 1 l i s th ug whi h these b h vi rs h ve b th t quite t n r p t . I w te fi st t w II b n I n ti n f "s xu lity": t st n t ehe fr m it, br keti g it f mili rity, i r r t n lyz t t e ti I pr eti I nt xt with whi it h s be n sso i t . The term it If id n t pp a until t b gi ni g f t e ni et t ntury, a f et th t sh ul be n ith r un re tim te n r v rint rp ete . It p int t s mething th t n impie ree sting f v e bul ry, but bvi usly it es n t m rk th u em rg f th t t w i h "sexu lity" r f s. Th us f th w r w st blish in co neeti with th r ph m : t d v I pm nt of iv r fief f kn wI g (emb ei g t bi I gie 1 m eh nisms f repr dueti w 11 t blishs th in ivi u 1 r s ci I v ri nts f beh vi ) ; th me t f t f rules nd n rms-in p rt t Itl I, in p rt g gieal, new-w ieh fou d supp rt in religi u , judi i I, p
8 0 4 0 3 1 3 7 0 3 3 0 5 8 0 7 0 4 5 8 2 7 2 5 9 2 0 7 6 5 7 5 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 0 8 0 7 0 4 0 0 2 8 2 5 0 5 7 0 7 1 0 0 8 0 4 6 8 1 4 0 2 0 8 2 1 4 3 1 4 2 8 1 4 1 0 4 3 0 6 1 5 3 6 8 3 1 1 0 2 0 1 2 1 6 3 8 6 2 0 6 5 1 6 5 9 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 6 8 6 1 4 3 6 5 7 4 6 9 9 0 4 2 9 5 8 3 9 0 3 3 0 1 4 0 4 0 1 1 2 5 7 8 0 4 7 3 3 5 6 1 5 5 1 2 1 6 5 2 0 8 9 0 5 9 4 0 1 3 1 8 1 1 8 9 2 7 0 6 4 1 8 9 0 2 1 2 0 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 7 2 5 4 7 1 7 0 1 5 6 4 0 9 0 5 2 7 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 7 7 0 6 7 1 2 9 5 3 6 6 5 1 7 0 1 2 2 0 8 0 8 1 4 0 9 2 2 5 7 6 9 6 9 1 0 9 8 2 0 6 9 6 0 7 3 0 7 1 6 0 4 8 0 0 5 5 1 8 5 0 0 5 8 9 0 6 2 1 7 0 0 7 0 3 6 7 1 1 0 0 4 7 7 1 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 4 8 2 2 3 6 1 1 6 6 1 1 7 1 1 2 0 3 7 7 0 5 0 0 5 9 0 1 6 8 1 9 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 7 2 3 0 6 0 7 5 1 5 1 0 0 5 1 0 5 2 8 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 3 0 7 3 1 1 0 7 0 4 2 5 8 0 1 1 2 0 6 1 1 1 5 6 3 0 2 0 7 7 2 1 1 6 6 6 1 6 1 4 0 0 3 2 5 1 2 3 0 1 6 1 6 4 2 7 1 5 2 6 8 5 1 1 3 9 2 0 7 6 1

4
0 7 9 6 7 6 3 1

The Use of Pleasure

3 6 5 9 8 6 0 3 5 0 2 7 7 2 3

d ng th w y in ivi u I n m I I in tituti n; ndu t, th i w re I t ssign me ning n valu t thei duti s, th i pI ur , th ir f Ii g n en ti n , t i f se i g w " xperir m . In s t, it w s m tt nstitut In m r We te n i ti , " cam t b xpe I th t c us in ividu I t r c g iz thems Iv s s ubj t f "s xu lity," whi w s c ssibl t v y iver n fi Ids f kn wi ge n link t sy t m f ul t ints. Wh t I pi n , the f , w s a hist ry f t exp t f xu lity, w er exp i i c is u d st c rr I ti n b tw n fi Ids f kn wle g , typ s f n m tivity, d f m f subj ctivity in p rticul ultur . To sp ak f xu lity in this w y, I t br k wit c c pti n t t w s rath r c mm n. S xu lity w c n IV n t nt. T e yp th i w t t w it w m mf f ste i hist i lly ingul r f rms, t i w s th ug v i u me h ism f r p si t whi h it was b und t b ub j ct in v ry i ty. Wh t t is m unt t , i eff t, w th t d i nd th ubj t f ir we wit d w f m t i t ri I fi I , d int dicti n g n r If m w sm t c unt f nything hi t i l i xu lity. But r j ti P k f f t i hyp t I W n t uffi i t by its If. T " xu lity" hi t i lly ingula exp ri n Is p upP t v il bility ft ols c p ble f n Iyzing th p uli ti f t th ax t t ch r te i ti n i ter elati tut it: ( l ) t f m ti f sci nc (savoirs) th t f t it, (2) t y t ms f p w r th t regul te its p tic , (3) t f m wit in w i i ividu I r abl , blig d, t gubj ct of this s xu lity. N w, t t niz th ms Iv first tw poi ts, th w rk I had und rtake previ u Iy- v d t n wit fir t wit m I In n p y i t y, ing t punitiv p w r disciplin y pr cti s-p vid d m wit t e t Is I n . Th a Iysi f discursiv p a tice m e f disciplin s (savoirs) whil it p ssibl t tr c th f m ti sc ping th dil mm f s i n e versus i I gy. An th n ly i f p w r el tio s n th ir t c n 1 gi m e it
0 0 7 1 6 6 7 0 1 4 9 1 9 0 4 2 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 5 3 0 2 3 6 7 3 3 6 1 3 8 0 4 7 0 6 3 8 1 4 2 6 6 0 4 1 8 0 5 1 6 5 0 0 5 9 0 0 1 0 9 1 0 7 1 7 0 5 3 4 3 1 9 0 0 3 2 5 0 4 0 5 9 0 6 2 0 7 7 6 3 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 6 3 0 9 3 1 6 0 2 9 8 0 1 0 4 2 6 9 0 7 3 0 0 1 1 0 7 6 7 0 7 1 2 3 1 4 0 0 3 6 7 9 1 5 3 4 2 6 6 5 0 7 4 0 1 4 0 6 1 1 8 0 0 4 0 5 0 1 3 0 6 8 0 0 4 0 5 9 0 5 0 4 1 1 7 8 6 3 0 1 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 1 1 4 6 6 5 1 4 3 1 0 6 2 6 4 9 0 0 1 3 0 2 2 8 6 7 1 0 6 8 2 1 5 0 1 8 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 9 0 0 7 1 6 3 2 9 1 3 6 8 8 1 0 3 3 2 3 8 6 8 0 4 0 6 3 2 0 7 5 1 4 9 6 3 2 1 8 3 6 4 1 8 2 4 1 3 9 6 5 3 1 0 4 0 3 1 5 1 9 1 1 0 3 0 0 7 0 0 3 1 9 0 2 8 6 1 0 7 1 5 0 9 2 3 2 0 3 4 0 6 0 3 0 9 1 7 0 3 0 4 0 8 4 6 5 4 1 8 0 8 3 1 9 6 0 7 6 5 0 4 1 6 3 6 0 0 6 1 4 2 2 7 0 1 2 9 1 4 1 6 3 1 4 9 6 5 3 0 6 0 0 9 1 5 1 8 3 1 8 0 3 3 2 3 1 3 9 0 5 0 1 3 0 2 1 3 0 2 3 6 2 3 1 4 9 6 3 4 0 0 9 0 2 1 4 0 3 1 3 0 7 8 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 6 1 2 2 0 0 9 2 4 6 6 9 4 3 9 3 6 7 5 4 1 5 3 1 8 0 4 0 0 0 3 8 2 9 1 5 3 0 8 0 1 4 2 1 5 1 0 0 3 4 2 0 0 4 1 8 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 6 6 4 2 9 0 8 0 1 4 3 8 8 9 8 5 7 2 3 6 0 0 6 4 0 1 0 1 4 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 0 0 3 6 1 6 3 1 8 0 1 5 0 1 0 5 1 3 8 2 1 7 1 3 8 0 7 9 0 6 7 3 9 8 6 4 6 8 5 0 8 0 1 0 2 5 7 6 4 2 9 0 4 1 0 0 8 8 1 1 0 0 7 0 7 0 5 6 3 1 0 4 9 3 7 6 1 0 1 6 0 0 1 4 6 1 5 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 1 9 0 9 7 0 1 1 7 0 6 2 3 3 1 1 0 4 6 5 6 7 0 0 8 1 1 0 3 2 7

Introduction

5
0 0 8 0 0 3 8 6 0

p n t t gi s, w il e ping t p ibI t vi w t m n elv f s d min ti n exp s alte n tive f p w imul crum. as m t study the m es e r ing t which But w n I ivi u Is r giv n t e g iz t m Iv s xu 1 submu h g t r. At th tim t n ti n j ts, t p bI m w ft e i ing ubj t, n titut if n t t y, f Sl t I t g n 11y c ept th tic 1 t m . T i v y t : it w t is s m th m , in f ct, v i c pt ne w f, t t w f un n t Iy t t e v y cent r f t ti ns th t iti n 1 th y, but Is in t e e pti n th t ug t t et t em Iv fr m it. It w s t i t m , t , th t pv b i h ite , in th ni t nt n tw ti t p e t nturi , fr m 1 ng C ri ti n t iti n. W il t xp ii t ric 1 figu , i p h ps f s xu lity, singul e c C isti quit di tin t f m t exp I e ft "fl ," b th pp th Ies t b d mi t by th P i cipI f " siri g m n." I ny s , it s m t m t t n ul n t v y w 11 n Iyz the f rm ti n d v 1 pm t f t w d, th entu y xp n ne f s xu lity fr m th ight with ut ing i t i l nd riti 1 tudy d Ii g with th w Sl nd th d i ing ubj ct. I , with ut un rt 1 gy." Thi n tm t tl P P t king "g pti f ir , f. writ hi t y f t u C IV c Iyz the pr ctice , r f libi , but r t r t c neupl e IVI U 1 w e I t f u th i tt ti n by w ic th ms Iv , t ciph r, gmz , n kn wI g th ms Iv ubj t f d si e, bringi g int pI y b tw n th melY n t ms Iv t in 1 ti s ip th t 11 w t m t isc v r, in i e, th t uth f t i being, be it n tu al t, with t i g 1 gy t i a w t i v stig t f 11 . I h w in ividu 1 w I t p ti , n t m Iv n th rs, herme utics f d sire, herm n utic f whie th ir VI w ubtle t c i n, but e t i Iy t s xu I b wt m i . Thu , in r r t u d t nd th x Iusiv m der in ivi u I c uld xp i n himself s ubj t f
1 3 3 0 1 8 0 0 6 3 1 0 3 4 6 4 1 6 6 1 0 4 9 1 9 0 7 1 6 1 6 1 1 4 1 0 7 6 3 2 8 0 9 2 0 1 1 7 2 9 1 7 1 5 7 7 2 2 0 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 8 0 3 0 0 3 2 3 0 6 0 9 8 0 4 1 0 3 0 4 0 9 4 0 6 0 0 0 8 0 1 1 1 7 0 4 0 1 4 1 8 0 7 3 4 3 0 9 9 1 3 0 7 1 2 8 0 1 4 8 0 5 2 0 6 3 2 0 0 4 2 6 9 0 7 0 1 4 0 2 8 0 0 8 3 0 4 2 9 0 2 0 2 3 1 7 7 6 3 8 2 0 0 0 2 1 4 2 4 2 1 0 4 0 1 8 2 2 3 1 7 1 1 5 8 2 0 4 0 1 8 0 4 6 7 1 6 0 1 4 6 1 8 1 5 9 0 1 3 6 3 1 8 1 7 6 9 8 8 3 0 0 3 1 6 8 3 8 0 0 1 1 6 6 0 6 4 7 1 8 2 0 0 0 5 5 0 4 7 0 5 0 0 0 8 2 7 0 5 0 8 9 0 0 3 1 2 1 8 3 2 4 6 7 1 8 0 8 0 0 0 4 5 0 1 0 2 2 3 2 2 4 8 3 1 2 4 0 3 0 4 2 0 3 9 4 1 8 8 0 4 6 5 0 4 0 5 0 1 8 0 0 3 8 1 2 0 2 4 5 1 5 0 0 3 1 0 1 5 6 0 7 0 4 5 0 1 7 0 5 2 5 6 9 2 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 8 2 1 0 9 1 7 1 0 4 0 2 2 0 1 6 1 5 2 7 0 0 1 0 5 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 5 9 4 1 5 6 4 1 7 1 2 8 3 1 4 9 2 6 9 9 6 3 0 2 5 7 0 4 0 6 0 0 3 4 3 0 5 1 0 4 1 4 7 3 1 7 0 2 2 0 5 0 2 1 3 7 1 0 3 1 0 2 5 8 2 4 1 1 3 0 7 1 0 2 3 1 4 1 8 0 3 9 0 3 3 0 1 5 9 0 1 5 3 1 7 0 3 0 1 1 3 9 5 9 0 1 1 7 1 6 8 0 1 2 5 2 0 6 3 8 8 5 7 7 6 3 0 4 0 7 1 1 9 3 0 4 2 0 5 1 5 1 0 0 0 3 1 7 0 0 4 0 9 1 0 2 7 2 9 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 3 6 3 3 0 9 3 1 0 4 5 1 6 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 6 7 8 0 0 0 3 6 9 0 4 2 4 0 2 1 5 8 2 2 1 3 8 0 1 7 1 0 7 0 3 4 0 4 1 8 0 4 2 4 1 4 2 0 5 5 3 8 1 4 8 3 0 5 0 2 1 8 0 7 0 2 3 1 5 0 2 0 1 7 6 3 0 4 0 0 7 1 4 2 9 9 0 1 8 0 3 0 0 3 2 7 1 5 1 0 6 5 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 8 0 0 2 0 8 2 1 4 2 3 7 1 3 3 8 0 1 9 6 3 1 9 4 2 5 5 1 0 0 9 0 7 1 2 5 3 1 7 0 1 5 0 4 3 2 8 1 8 0 1 5 7 7 2 1 0 0 4 0 9 0 2 2 3 0 9 1 2

6
3 4 5 4 4 4 5

The Use of Pleasure

5 2 4 6 5 5 2 8 0 0 7 2

w, f ee tu tial fir t to t rmi e " xuality," it w b e br ug t t r e g iz im elf s i s, W t r m ubj t f ire. At r ti al hift a se m nee a y 1 0 er t a alyze m t f i r i g; it ig t t a v w t w s ft t t r1 m t x ml t f m f is ur iv pr ti 1 b ti ul t t urn .At r ti 1 ift rib s t r qUlr r r t Iyz w t i ft m if t tio f "p w r"; it 1 m t ex mi , r t r, t t rati 1t P rna if I r 1 ti ,t tr t gi s, x r is f p wer . It pp r t at iqu s t t rti ul t t I w h d t u ert ke a t ir s ift, in r er t a Iyze w at ppr pri t t l k f r t " It m i t m "th subj t. f t f rm m liti r 1 ti t If by w i h t i ivi u 1 titut r g izes him If qua subj t. After fir t tu yi g t g m f trut (jeux de verite) i t If i t rplay wit a t r, s x mplifi by rtai mpm 1 t l i t v t t igh t t turi s, stu yi g t eir i t r ti wit p w r r 1 ti x mplifi by pu itiv pr etice -I felt bliged t stu y th games f trut i t r Iati ip f s If wit s If t e f rmi g f If as subj t, t ki g a my m 1 f r f r a fi 1 f i v tig ti what mig t b 11e "t m g ist ry f m ." g al gy w ul rt k t But it w s I r t t t u t : it r rry m f r fr m my igi I pr j t. I t, suppI m ti g it wit bri f tick t t e pIa I i t ric 1 urv y f t t me f de ir , r rg iz t e tiquity, f t 1 w f rm ti , i wh I stu y r u h rm uti ft If. I pt f th 1 tt r, i g t t, v ft r 11, w t I 1 t , w at I v tri t m i t i f r m y ye ,is t ff t to is lat s m f th 1 m t t t mig t b u ful f r i t ry f trut . N t a hi t ry t t w ul b r wit wh t might b t u i t fi I f "g m s f trut ," t gam s ly i f t I r i g, but f truth d e r r thr ugh whic b i g i hist ic By
7 5 5 4 1 2 3 2 8 3 6 5 2 0 8 0 5 0 2 5 8 4 3 3 4 5 9 0 6 5 4 8 5 0 5 9 4 8 6 5 1 6 1 4 4 7 2 7 6 0 2 8 3 3 0 1 2 6 5 4 2 3 5 6 3 4 8 5 6 3 2 9 1 5 2 0 5 3 2 2 5 6 5 0 1 3 2 5 8 5 0 7 4 0 6 9 4 5 3 9 9 5 4 8 3 3 9 3 5 6 8 1 8 3 2 4 9 5 2 9 1 4 8 1 0 1 9 3 4 8 8 3 6 3 4 0 1 5 2 1 5 6 2 0 6 1 0 3 2 3 5 8 3 4 0 5 2 6 5 4 9 5 6 3 8 1 3 2 5 4 3 2 4 0 0 5 5 6 5 0 3 2 5 3 8 1 8 5 2 0 6 5 3 0 2 8 4 5 0 5 2 4 3 1 5 3 2 6 8 5 0 2 3 5 9 8 2 5 8 3 3 9 3 5 8 5 5 5 9 5 0 0 4 3 5 3 5 6 8 2 0 3 0 2 6 3 8 6 8 0 6 0 2 3 8 7 4 1 5 6 5 5 9 4 1 5 1 6 3 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 8 5 0 4 3 2 6 0 6 3 5 4 0 8 1 1 3 0 2 0 4 5 8 9 8 5 2 6 6 3 9 0 2 4 5 4 3 2 6 5 9 0 2 4 5 1 9 4 4 6 2 8 5 3 1 4 0 8 2 8 5 2 8 5 0 2 5 2 0 8 5 3 5 5 5 6 9 5 2 1 9 3 4 9 5 2 9 5 4 2 8 5 4 1 5 2 5 5 2 8 3 2 6 5 1 1 2 8 9 5 2 5 3 2 6 8 1 2 6 2 8 2 1 3 9 0 2 8 0 5 5 3 0 2 4 3 4 1 1 5 6 2 1 3 4 0 0 6 1 0 8 2 8 1 1 0 2 4 8 0 1 8 1 3 2 6 8 0 2 0 0 2 5 4 5 3 5 9 3 2 4 6 0 3 2 0 5 5 5 2 9 5 2 6 1 6 0 2 5 4 3 0 2 8 1 9 3 6 8 5 8 0 0 6 2 5 4 3 2 3 9 5 3 8 3 0 2 6 1 3 1 8 4 5 2 1 0 0 6 9 3 1 3 0 0 7 2 3 0 5 9 8 3 6 0 9 8 0 0 4 5 5 8 5 4 0 8 2 8 3 6 4 1 5 5 2 2 8 3 1 8 4 0 3 4 1 0 8 1 8 1 0 4 1 0 7 1 0 3 2 1 8 0 5 6 3 0 2 6 8 1 4 0 0 3 0 2 2 3 2 0 3 5 1 2 5 9 4 0 8 5 4 5 0 1 6 0 7 1 3 5 7 1 3 4 0 2 2 8 3 3 5 3 8 3 8 3 5 8 1 6 0 8 8 3 5 5 6 0 3 2 3 2 0 3 2 3 7 4 8 1 1 0 7 0 5 0 5 0 5 1 1 1 2 4 8 3 8 5 4 5 0 3 8 4 0 0 8 0 4 0 8 3 0 6 2 5 9 0 9 1 2 1 6 8 3 7 5 5 2 8 5 5 6 4 0 5 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 0 8 1 3 1 0 8 8 1 1 0 3 2 7 0 0 8 5 2 4 0 7 3 9 0 2

Introduction
1 6 3 1 1 7 1 2 9 1 3 0 1 2 3 9 2 3 2 6

s xp i stitut must ; th t is, as s m thi g th t a th g m s f t ut by w i h m pr b th ug t. Wh t tur w h p iv s ims If to b p s s t t i k is w SI s ims If to b ill; wh m ; wh IV s Iivi g, p ki g, I b ri g b i g; w ju g f ims If crimi al? W at we the g m s f an pu i s im If a uma b i g am t th m Iv s 1 t ut by w i m t m t t by f ami g t que ti mg 1 ivi u I ? It in thi w y, t t by tt mpti g t v I P it f r p i with whi h I wa famili r, w r th f f m t h iz I s Iy i t th i qui y th t I v I g I w ul b g i g m b n mmitt to-ev if thi app hw t m f iti I w k. T i l g t u c i fwy i k , t b ur ; but I was m tiv t I m t hay i vt i t ti I ad van tag th h th t I r VI g d. Th i k ? Fir t, t r w the lik Ii f l ying up tting th publi ati n h ul t t l ha p j t d. I am V n d tou of my g teful t t wh f How t w k-I am thi ki g f my au it t t e e 11' g Fr th p ti t wait f it out om t t s w -Pi e N a i p ti ul . A t t f w m t w rk r , t begin b gi ag i , t ttempt a b mist k n, ew rk V rything from t p to b ttom, till t g ba k r a 0 to he it t f m one t p t the xt- s t th fi 1 t, f wh m t wo k in t mi t f u t i ty a appr n i t t m u t t failur , all I s y is that Ie rly we e t f m the am pia t. T wa th g that I w ul b Ii g wit urn t with whi h I w s i suffi i tIy gu i t . * I
0 8 1 3 3 7 1 1 3 1 0 7 8 8 9 3 2 0 0 5 0 8 2 8 0 2 2 3 1 8 1 2 1 5 7 9 1 5 8 5 1 3 6 5 2 8 1 9 0 2 6 5 7 8 5 1 5 2 8 1 9 0 2 9 1 5 8 0 5 3 4 3 2 4 5 3 2 3 0 2 5 2 8 1 2 8 5 6 1 4 6 2 4 8 5 8 4 1 4 3 2 8 7 5 3 5 0 7 8 8 9 8 8 2 5 2 4 9 5 0 4 1 5 1 4 5 1 3 4 6 5 4 7 2 6 6 3 4 4 1 5 5 6 0 1 8 3 7 2 8 1 4 0 2 4 3 3 2 6 3 5 2 0 6 1 5 0 0 3 5 7 0 6 8 3 3 4 3 5 7 3 7 7 0 8 5 0 7 0 2 4 9 4 3 0 6 1 0 2 0 7 5 9 0 1 2 0 5 2 7 3 8 3 1 0 2 5 5 9 0 1 6 5 2 4 7 0 3 9 1 7 5 0 6 5 3 2 6 3 1 5 3 7 4 0 3 6 6 0 2 3 0 7 8 4 0 2 6 1 0 7 3 7 7 1 6 7 4 4 0 1 4 1 0 3 1 6 3 2 6 4 1 5 5 6 0 1 6 4 9 0 1 1 6 3 9 5 7 3 2 8 5 0 7 5 9 3 1 2 1 7 5 4 1 3 7 9 3 5 2 4 3 5 5 7 4 4 4 8 5 1 3 4 1 8 0 0 6 0 6 5 3 3 2 6 4 1 1 9 0 4 9 5 6 1 8 3 6 7 0 5 9 1 7 3 0 8 0 4 5 0 0 1 6 8 1 3 6 3 2 9 1 4 3 6 5 7 4 0 7 2 2 0 6 0 7 4 3 8 0 5 1 6 1 3 2 9 5 3 2 6 0 8 0 1 8 0 8 3 6 1 3 5 2 9 1 0 0 7 4 9 1 1 7 7 0 7 2 3 7 9 3 7 4 0 8 0 4 5 0 7 8 0 0 0 8 3 6 0 3 2 6 5 2 3 2 0 3 2 6 5 3 5 0 0 9 3 2 6 7 0 1 5 0 0 3 2 6 4 2 6 1 4 2 4 3 5 7 0 4 5 0 2 1 3 0 0 4 5 2 4 8 0 7 0 7 0 0 7 8 1 6 4 0 2 9 1 7 3 2 2 6 1 8 5 4 0 2 4 3 2 3 0 2 0 5 9 3 2 3 9 3 3 7 2 7 0 0 4 1 2 1 8 5 7 1 4 3 4 0 5 6 3 2 1 7 0 6 5 6 5 3 2 8 6 0 9 1 2 4 9 3 2 9 5 2 3 9 3 2 1 6

"I

am neither a Hellenist nor a Latinist. But it seemed to me that if I gave enough

care, patience, modesty, and attention to the task, it would be possible to gain sufficient familiarity with the ancient Greek and Roman texts; that is, a familiarity that would allow me-in keeping with
a

practice that is doubtless fundamental to

Western philosophy-to examine both the difference that keeps us at a remove from a way of thinking in which we recognize the origin of our own, and the proximity that remains in spite of that distance which we never cease to explore.

The Use of Pleasure

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Introduction
0 4 0 8 0 6 3 8 0 0 9 3 3 9 5 3 2

9
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P y t y-p i1 s phi 1 tivity, I m -if it i is phil tt 0 it If? I riti 1 w rk t t t oug t b ings t b vo t k w w n it sist, if t i th w t tly, i stea t wh t xt t it mig t b p s ibl t t i k iff y k w? Th r i Iw y om f I gitim ti g w t i Ir phi 1 i ou w it t i , from us i P il t I g lu i t utsi e, t i tate t ther , t tell them where th ir truth w t fi it, r wh it w rk up a e ag in t th m t e la guag f naiv p sitivity. But it is e title t xpI r w t mig t b a g , i it w t ug t, t r ug th p ti f k wI ge t t i f ign t it. Th " ssay"-whi ul b u r t a t s y r t st by which, i th g m f t ut , ne un ergoes eh nge , n not the simplisti ppr p lab f th r f r the purp f ommu i ati -i t livi g sub tane f philosophy, at Ie t if we a sum P y i till wh t it was i time p t, i . . , t t phil " s is," askesis, a x f If i th ctivity f t ught. T tu I th t f 11 w, lik t e th r I h v do e previusly, ar stu i f " i t y" by r as n f the d main th y 1 wit th f c th y app I t ; but they ar t the w k f "hi t ri . " Which oe n t m an that th y by oth r . Con i e ed umm nz sy th iz wo k 0 fr m th t p i t f th ir "pragm ti s," th y are the re 0 fa I g a t t tiv ex r i th t n d d to be evi d and e rr t ag i ag in. It w s phil ophi al xer ise. The bj et wa t I arn to wh t xt t th eff rt t think 0 e' ow ist y c f e t ught fr m wh t it sil tly thi k , a s bl it t t i k iffer tly. . t ay. I W I ig t t t k t s risks? T at is for oth ly k w t t by shifti g, I di , the th me a d hronologif my stu y, I obtai e a certain theo1f m f fr r ti I b fit; I ul g n to m ke tw g e lization that abl m b th t wi it ope an to sp ify its m th it g 1 m r pr i ly. It s me th t by t ti g fr m th m ern e , a p 02 0 8 1 9 9 3 0 8 3 8 8 7 0 5 3 7 2 4 1 2 8 3 6 0 1 4 9 0 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 6 1 3 7 0 2 0 8 0 3 6 0 3 1 1 2 8 5 0 4 1 0 8 2 6 1 7 5 2 2 6 0 1 3 2 8 3 4 3 1 3 6 2 0 2 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 1 8 2 6 9 7 0 2 8 0 4 0 9 3 6 4 9 7 4 1 8 1 2 7 1 4 8 1 0 6 0 6 9 0 0 4 0 1 4 3 2 6 8 0 0 2 6 0 5 2 0 4 9 3 4 3 4 5 2 8 2 1 0 5 0 2 6 0 5 0 5 8 3 8 1 9 8 2 1 6 2 4 0 2 8 0 8 8 0 8 1 7 3 9 9 1 0 3 2 0 5 6 8 3 4 0 7 1 0 1 1 9 8 4 8 0 6 5 2 6 1 4 0 0 6 4 8 5 3 4 3 0 1 2 1 3 1 0 7 8 0 6 3 4 3 6 3 4 9 3 0 7 0 2 0 0 5 4 0 0 4 5 0 9 2 9 0 2 4 8 1 2 4 1 0 3 4 4 1 8 3 0 4 0 8 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 1 3 2 3 9 5 4 2 5 1 7 9 4 5 0 0 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 0 8 0 8 1 4 6 5 4 3 0 0 5 8 0 1 4 3 5 2 0 5 6 5 4 0 8 4 0 7 1 0 0 0 1 6 1 3 8 3 2 6 1 7 1 1 7 5 2 1 4 1 1 3 0 1 2 0 0 7 0 3 4 0 3 2 6 4 0 5 5 4 3 1 0 7 2 5 4 1 7 6 2 5 5 4 4 6 7 0 5 4 3 2 6 0 2 0 5 3 9 5 9 7 6 0 0 2 2 6 5 2 3 5 5 9 4 1 3 1 5 1 7 4 5 0 5 9 1 6 3 2 3 2 6 3 3 3 0 4 9 1 9 0 5 4 0 1 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 2 4 2 8 0 7 3 2 7 5 8 0 0 3 5 2 2 4 2 6 0 5 2 3 5 0 8 2 6 1 2 3 4 7 8 0 3 1 8 1 8 1 5 7 4 0 4 0 2 2 0 8 3 2 3 4 6 5 2 9 9 3 7 3 5 0 7 1 5 1 2 9 1 0 6 2 6 1 9 3 1 2 1 9 0 6 0 0 3 0 1 2 7 3 4 1 2 5 6 1 0 0 6 5 2 4 4 9 6 5 9 5 0 6 3 2 6 4 0 3 0 1 1 9 4 1 5 1 6 3 4 3 7 2 0 1 0 6 7 3 2 6 7

10

The Use of Pleasure

2 3 6 9 8 0 8 8 4 2 0 2 0 2 5 0 6 2

w ul ot i g b k t r ug C ri tia ity t a tiquity, that w t th me tim be bl t v I i i g a qu ti v ry impl v y g n I: w y i s xu I u t, why re th tlVltl a pI ur t t tt t it, n bj t f m I s li itu ? W Y thi thi I r -w ich, at t in time , imp rt t th t i i ti s d gr up , pp ar m i the m al atte ti that i focuse th , likewis e ntial, 11 tiv life, such a lime t y behavs of i ividu I t e fulfillme t f ivi duti ? A ply om to mi i imme i tely, I k ow: th y av b n the obj t f fu am t an gre si g the latt i 0 i ed t I inter i tion , s ious off nse. But this i t m k w r f the qu ti gnize th t th it If; n furth , it how a f ilur t thical on er v exual c u ti t, in its int nsity 0 it forms, alway i e tly ti d to th yst m of int 1 tlons. It is oft n th e that t e mo al solicitude i t ong pre is Iy whe e th r is n ith r bligation or prohibition. In othe words, the int i tio is one thi g, the mo al prabl matiza tion is another. It se med to me, th fore, th t th questio that oug t to gui my inqui y w th f 11 wi g: how, why, d i what f m wa s xu lity onstituted s a rno al d mai ? Why this ethi I on ern th t w s so p r ist t e pit its v rying f rms i t sity? Why this "p oblematiz tion"? But, aft all, thi wa the pr pe ta k f a hi to y of thought, s agai t a history of b havio s or r p e nt tio : t d fin th onditions in whi h human b ings "p obI matize" what th y a e, what they d , an the wo ld in whi h they live. But in ai i g this v ry gen al qu ti n, an in ir cting it to Greek and Grec -Rom n cultu , it occurr to me that thi probl matiz tion was Ii ke to g oup of pra tice th t h ve b n of unque ti abl import i ou so ieti s: I am fe ring to what mig t be all d th " rts of xiste . " Wh t I m an by the ph s those i t tio al an voluntary a tio by which m n t o Iy set th m Ive rul s of conduct, but al 0 se k to tr nsf rm thems Ives, to hange t mselves to m k th ir lif i t oeuvre i their singul b ing,
9 5 5 3 5 0 3 0 6 7 3 4 2 1 4 0 2 3 4 3 1 4 3 5 1 4 5 3 2 6 5 7 5 5 7 3 8 4 1 3 9 0 2 6 9 3 1 3 9 1 4 2 6 5 3 4 1 4 8 3 3 3 9 8 0 3 0 1 9 0 0 7 3 0 9 6 1 8 4 1 9 3 9 0 2 9 5 2 8 9 1 7 3 4 2 7 3 2 9 1 4 0 9 1 5 3 2 0 4 3 1 4 0 7 1 0 3 2 3 2 0 7 2 0 2 4 6 0 2 0 1 7 5 4 4 1 3 7 5 3 2 6 3 0 7 9 0 5 9 1 4 3 2 3 7 0 7 4 0 7 8 2 0 9 9 5 4 7 5 9 1 4 2 6 6 3 2 1 8 5 1 5 5 9 0 2 6 5 2 3 6 9 4 3 2 7 6 4 4 2 1 7 4 9 2 4 6 5 7 3 5 7 1 4 0 3 5 3 2 3 2 4 5 0 5 4 0 2 4 5 3 6 1 7 4 4 3 1 0 7 1 9 0 3 5 1 9 9 2 0 1 7 4 0 2 6 9 4 2 0 5 7 4 4 6 7 9 5 5 4 5 1 7 6 9 5 1 9 3 4 8 7 4 4 7 9 1 7 5 1 5 5 0 2 7 1 7 6 9 2 2 7 1 1 5 7 1 3 1 2 8 6 5 7 3 4 1 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 7 4 4 5 3 9 3 7 0 2 9 3 9 9 3 3 1 4 1 2 6 4 1 3 0 3 2 6 2 1 2 7 3 1 7 7 4 4 0 4 0 4 7 3 2 4 1 7 1 7 4 5 3 2 4 0 1 1 1 9 9 5 7 5 1 7 0 6 7 9 7 4 2 1 1 7 5 4 0 6 6 5 0 3 7 1 1 6 4 5 3 2 6 3 7 9 4 3 3 5 1 4 0 2 1 3 2 9 1 2 7 9 1 7 5 7 8 9 5 5 3 1 2 9 1 3 7 1 3 1 3 7 1 2 1 2 2 6 9 2 4 5 2 0 2 5 4 5 4 5 4 1 3 0 5 9 8 1 2 3 7 5 3 2 6 3 5 1 5 2 0 3 2

Introduction

11
2 6 5 1 4 9 1 7 3 2 4 4 9

t in aest eti valu m t t l tyli ti t l rit 1 . T es "arts of xisten ," the "te hnique f t auton my elf," ubt 1 st om f th ir imp ta wh th y w r imilate i t th x r i f p i tly p w ucativ , me i 1, i arly Chri tianity, an later, i to f pr cti . Still, I t ug t th t t l g p y h 1 gi 1 typ i t y ft th t ic of xi te t s t h 1 gie of the elf mai ed to be 0 e, or re urn . It has b e a 10 g Bu ckha t p i t f ut th i sig ifi tim n w i th P h f th R n is n , but th ir p petuation, t ir evel pment do ot e d th e. * I any a e, i t ry, an thei it of m t m that th study f th probl matiz ti s s xu I b h vi r i antiquity coul b gard h pt r n f the first chapters-of th t g ner I hi to y of t "t lqU f t s If." y in th ffo ts on make to alt r ' way Ther i i f I oking t things, to hange the boundarie of what ne k ow to v ntur ut w ys from there. Did mi e ctully esult i diff nt way of thinking? P h ps at most th y m e it pos ible to go back th ough wh t I was lrea y think ing, to think it iff r ntly, an to s what I h done from w va tage p i t n i a cl a er light. Sure of havi g t vele far, on finds th t one is looking own on one If fr m b v . Th j urn y rejuvenates thing , a age t elf. I eem to have gain d a bette p r I ti ship with 0 sp tive on th way I worked-gropingly, and by me n of diff nt or u es ive f agments-on this proje t, who e goal i a histo y of truth. It was a matter of analyzing, not behav io or i ea , nor so ietie and their "i eologies," but th problematizations through which being offers itself to b , ne rily, thought-an the practices on the basis of whi the e problematizations are formed. The archaeological it
9 4 8 3 9 3 7 7 1 4 9 1 7 3 8 9 5 4 3 5 7 3 8 1 1 9 5 4 5 9 4 0 8 5 2 0 6 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 7 2 9 1 3 2 6 0 5 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 6 2 0 5 1 1 9 4 1 0 7 1 4 0 1 7 2 5 4 6 2 5 6 1 6 9 3 3 2 6 4 9 0 0 9 3 1 4 0 3 9 5 4 8 0 8 3 8 1 0 2 8 4 0 7 0 8 5 4 5 3 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 9 1 3 2 6 8 1 1 5 9 2 0 0 4 4 7 1 2 6 2 4 5 6 5 2 2 1 0 4 2 9 5 7 7 6 0 2 1 6 0 5 7 2 9 3 2 9 1 0 7 5 1 0 9 0 1 5 3 4 3 9 1 5 1 7 8 1 8 4 0 6 7 6 0 2 2 1 7 2 9 4 4 5 1 1 6 0 5 1 0 5 1 3 0 2 5 3 1 3 0 2 6 5 7 5 1 6 3 3 9 3 5 0 5 0 3 5 3 4 7 8 1 5 9 8 2 1 4 0 8 1 5 1 4 7 0 2 0 4 5 1 7 1 4 1 0 2 5 4 0 0 3 9 4 0 2 4 3 2 6 1 1 0 3 3 2 3 3 7 2 3 1 7 5 1 7 3 5 3 6 4 7 3 3 6 6 5 1 6 1 5 3 6 3 2 1 2 0 2 3 6 2 1 7 2 7 3 6 1 3 6 4 5 0 3 0 5 1 0 1 4 2 6 4 8 1 7 1 3 0 2 2 5 4 4 5 7 5 5 9 1 3 4 1 7 1 4 9 9 4 7 9 4 4 7 7 4 6 4 9 4 6 1 1 9 5 4 4 3 6 9 8 4 6

"It is not quite correct to imply that since Burckhardt the study of these arts and this aesthetics of existence has been completely neglected. One thinks of Benjamin's study on Baudelaire. There is also an interesting analysis in Stephen Greenblatt's recent book,

Renaissance Self-Fashioning (1980).

12

The Use of Pleasure

m Sl f th a aly i m it p sibl t x m1 t f rm Iyz th m Ives; it ge e I gical im i ble m t thei f rm ti ut f th pra ti t m ifi ti s u rgone by t I tt r. Th r w th p bl m tiz ti f m s an illn ss i i g out f ci I an me ical pr ctie s, pr bt i patt f " 0 maliz ti " fi i g d I m tiz ti of lif , I gu g , a d 1 b r i i u si v p ti s that nf rm t c tain "epist mi " rul ; and probl m tiiminal b havi em rgi g f m rtai z ti of rim a eonfo mi g t a " i ipli y" m 1. A pu 1hv p ti w I w ul like to show how, i I sic I a tiquity, s xual xu I pI ur s w th ug p bl m tiz a tivity f th If, b inging into play th rit 1 f p eti " " th ti of xi t Th s , th ,a th r sons that Ie m t e t r my alogy of d i i g m , f om I i I tu y 0 the g nti a tiquity th ugh th fir t turi f Ch i tia ity. I have a impl h onol gl I r g m nt: thi volurn , f 11 w xu I The Use ofPleasure, is vote t th rna e i w i tivity wa pr bl m tiz by philo ph r t s i la i I Gr k ultu of th f u th e tury B.C.; Care of the Self I with the m problematiz ti i t Gr k of ur a; I tIy, The L ti t xts f th fir t two ee turi essions of the Flesh eal with th f mati f th eConf tri mini try on rning th fl h. T urn t I will for the m t part "pr s iptiv " texts-that i , f t text whose m in obj et, what ver th i form (spe h, di I gu , tr ti , 11 ti of pre pts, t .) i t sugg st ule f nduet. I will app al t th th oreti I t xts n th etrin f pI asur s nd passi nly to look f r cl rifie ti ns. lyzi g i m up f t xt writt n f r omai I will b T t purpos f off ing ul , opi i s, d a vi on how t b h ve a one h ul : "p a ti al" t xts, whi h are th ms Iv obj ts of "pra ti " in th t th Y w re d ig t b r , refle t d upon, and teste out, a th y w r 1 lear to on titute the eventu I fram work of v ry y nt
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Introduction

13

u t. T es texts t us serv d s fu ti nal VI S t t w ul u t, t wat e abl i IVI U Is t qu ti n th i wn c P t it, t p th m Iv a t v glv I subj t ; i t, th i fu ti w " t -p ti ," t t f u i Plutarch. p se w t t But in t i lysis f siri g man i situ t rc a 1 gy f pr bi m tiz ti s p i t w r geneal gy f pr ctic s f th elf int rs ct, I w ul lik t w 11 bri fiy, b f r g tti g t t , t s tw ti th t is, t u t f r t f m f "pr bi m tiz ti " th t I ch se t ex ami ,t i i at w t i t b u rt by t xpl i w I w s I , t ough "p ti s f t elf," t i pa xes ifficulti s, t ubstitut hi t y f pr ti f t s If, f r t ic I pr bl m tizati s b i t y f y t m fm Iity b s , yp t ti Hy, i t ri ti
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2
Forms of Problematization

Supp f mIn t t at w pt t g ri g al tho e of "p g i m," "Chri ti ity," "m r lity," " x. k w ic p i ts t " xth t w ual m rality." Supp t t m st rply wit t u 1 mo lity f C i ti ity" " xual mo lity of a ci t pag i m." Pr ibiti fi t, t t male omi tio , ubjug ti fw m ? T s a repli th t will b giv , 0 ubt; t xt t t y w 11 k w . of th e phenom na i t i v i u f ms lik ly b submitte . Ot e poi ts of diff tiati will m For ex mple, the m aning f th xu 1 t it If: it will be 1 that Ch isti nity ass iat d it wit vii, i , t F 11, de th, whe eas antiquity i v te it wit p Sltlv ymb li 0 the finiti of t I gitim t p rt r: it w ul valu ppe that, i ont a t to wh t ur i t G k Roma OCI tl , Christi ity r w th Ii tm g m u m rri ge nd l i d w th p in iple f x lu iv ly p r tive n withi th t C jugal r I ti ns ip. 0 t e isall wan e of r latio betw indivi u l oft s m x: it w ul seem that Christianity trictly ex lu uc rei ti ship , pt th m, at I st while G eece ex It d th m an R m betw e men. To th s th e p int f m j pp ltl mig t be added the high moral nd spiritual v lu th t C i ti ity, unlike pagan morality, ac orded to st i t ab ti , lif I g p i t th t hastity, a d virginity. In short, rega i g 11 t imp rt t have b en onsid r for u h a lo g tim t b
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14

Introduction

15

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16

The Use of Pleasure

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In his French translation, L. Renaud offers this comment on the passage from Aretaeus: "The gonorrhea in question differs essentially from the disease that goes by that name today, which is more correctly called blennorrhea .... Simple or true gonorrhea, of which Aretaeus is speaking here, is characterized by an involuntary discharge, outside coition, of the spermatic humor mixed with the prostatic humor. This shameful disease is often provoked by, and the result of, masturbation.'" The French translation slightly alters the meaning of the Greek te.xt, which can be found in the Corpus Medicorum Graecorum.

Introduction

17

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18
7 1 7 4 0 2 0 2 7 4 9

The Use of Pleasure

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up t g w I d id d t m ry, he till d d I I wit ny w m ; be y t, t r w L liu : "i u f i I ng Iif , h k w bu n h wif f i y U 50 g b k v fu w m , I th d ti I I f i m d I f mu u I jug I tid li y. Ni I , i t tt ibu d t im by I c e , w P t m I d p liti I imp t c d d t a I v me t f n t " vi g app hed y w m n but my w im of i rna iag . 6 A d in i ideal i y, wif " f m t f u b d wi nA i Ie w uld v xu I I ti t w m , t wif wit n t m n, n id d "di n xual w eve "7 T bl . . . i a y i urn n "tid lity" f a u b d wit p tt i l gi imate wif w t qui d i by I w by u t m; i wa n v el que ti tha p pIe i d d a f m f u te ity w I m m Ii t t ig v lu .
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3. An image. I mn -c tu y t x e I st typi I p t ait f t e rn xu I i v t nly g t d 11 d up, i m n ism , i b ri g, t w y qu t y, but al i f i I xp i , I t my, th f minine m p I gy f i w I b dy, gul ly in luded in i di p agi g d Iptl . T e im g lIud b th t t e t em f 01 r v I a d t t principl f a u I stigma if " tu a a d t t i off g in t n tu . It w If d b me c s yt xu I m nd ity." 8 y f t i im ge (t whi h c uld d ub I t et el g i VI m y have r p nded, t ug a c mpl x tual b pi y f i du ti nd t itude f d ti c ). I t e de ply egative int d the ageity f t is st typ , n might Id difficulty, f r u tw clette , f it gr ti g the p en men -diff e t p mena at t t-of t e inv r i n f exu I Ie nd i t u b tw en individual f t m sex. N w t i im g , wit t pulsive au t at u r u d it, a m d wn t ug t entu ies. I wa al dy Ie Iy d lin ted i t e G e -R man Ii e tu f t Impe5 0 7 0 0 5 7 4 0 5 3 0 7 8 4 7 0 3 8 2 0 3 0 1 9 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 1 6 0 2 1 3 5 0 3 7 5 1 1 4 6 2 5 0 3 8 4 6 0 2 5 4 4 0 2 0 0 6 1 0 4 6 9 1 0 3 6 1 4 8 2 9 2 0 3 0 6 6 1 5 8 4 6 2 5 2 1 0 0 1 3 4 1 1 1 4 6 4 1 0 1 2 3 0 3 0 2 3 9 4 7 6 6 2 3 5 0 6 9 3 1 5 4 2 0 2 0 8 1 1 4 4 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 8 2 5 1 4 0 0 1 2 5 7 3 2 7 7 9 4 0 1 4 6 0 5 6 0 2 2 8 2 3 0 2 6 2 6 5 2 3 0 4 0 3 8 0 4 2 0 9 1 2 5 2 9 0 6 1 3 1 6 0 2 0 2 9 5 0 1 1 7 0 8 6 3 2 9 4 1 5 4 6 7 1 3 1 4 6 2 1 9 2 9 0 4 2 1 3 8 2 9 1 3 0 8 1 4 3 1 4 1 0 2 1 5 9 1 5 8 2 2 8 7 1 0 2 5 0 5 4 0 5 0 5 8 1 4 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 2 1 1 1 3 8 1 5 1 6 0 2 5 8 0 1 4 1 2 0 3 5 4 0 5 1 4 2 4 0 6 1 1 8 2 3 1 8 2 5 0 3 9 1 3 8 0 0 0 8 1 4 0 8 2 0 1 4 8 2 0 4 4 0 3 0 3 2 4 6 3 1 5 8 4 8 9 1 0 1 4 3 1 4 4 0 9 3 7 6 3 0 2 9 2 3 0 0 2 5 4 3 9 1 1 7 3 2 3 0 1 4 0

Introduction
5 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 9 1 5 0 3 8 0 1 3 3 2 1

19

u t it in th p t it f the Effeminatus i I g . 0 f a an ym u treati e n p ysiogut d wn by t ipti f the p iest tu y; i t e d my f th f u t f At g ti , w m Apul iu mak fu f in The Golden Ass; i t ymb liz ti n Di C y t m ffer f r the daimon f imm d ti i e f i lectur s n m arc y; f the p tty ra s, wit th i p ti i th ft ting v II fum d t i u I , w m Epi tetu at t back f 1 I ki g t em if t y a m n w men. 9 0 c uld it ag i i t e p rt it f d d t y ut , sue a S neca e Eld n 1 a u d im, wit g at pugnan e: "Libidiu delig t i ng d d n e t fix t ese effeminate . ir, fining the v i e till it i s es ing a B idi g t wit w m n, beautifyw m n' , mp ing i b dily ftn ou i g t m ely wit filt y fin ri -t i i t e patte d pi ele , th Y tay m Iv s . . . . B n f ebl y ut ug ut t i liv ; taki g other ' ch ti y by lik t a But in it t m, e l f t eir wn. ntial t ait , t n i nt ill. S era ' fi t P ch in t PhaeP it i m voic di pp val f the I ve that 1 , w drus allud f b y , t d licate t be exp ed t t e u 1 glv t t y a gr wi g up, nd II made up wi ug and deck d ut in m t ." A d it i wit t s am t ai at Ag pp in The Thesmophoriazusae: pal mpl xio , th mue s t at hi m t v ek , w m n' V I , if i in p s f a man 0 a i t I u r w d w m n.12 I t w uld b c mpl ely i e t t inte p et hi a fl v fb y , f w at we g nerally efe d mn ti m xu I I ti am time, ne cann t ; but at t f il t i it th eff t f st ngly ega ive judgme t c mng me p ible spe ts f lati ns between men, a v i n t any i g h t mig t d n t w II a a definit ft ign nd privil g s f t e rn d lib a r un i ti f m I I ve may have b n "f ee" uli r I . Th d m i t ny ate t an it has be n in G k tiquity, mu m e f t r main t at ne e 1 m d r Eu p n s i i ; t
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The Use of Pleasure

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22

The Use of Pleasure

tiqui y, n taney 1m we t by: if, g 1 f U poi t f p bl matiz ti n n t b 1 f w t f v y difr rding t se ema that w W I -a d e n dl Iy f wit xual au te i y w s nt-t mul ted. uld b n t d that th e t em f u ity did N w, it f dem ati n tha may av b n t in id wit th lin t eed by t g at i I, ivil, and ligi u i t di ti n . o mig t thi k that, ge ally peaking, wh e pr ibiti n e m t fundam tal, nd w ere blig ti n r m t civ , m I y t m d v I p t e m i i t t d m d f au t ity. Sue a situ i m y a ise, a d t e i to y f C i fro d xampl tia i y r f m d n Eur p w uld d ubtl f t i * Bu i e m 1 f t t at thi w n t tiquity. T i pp s v y I arly i t di ymm t y t m al fi ti xu I wa p ulia featur f 11 b havi f t t g : w me w g n ally ubj t d ( x pty uld be g an ed by a a u lik t t f ing t lib ty u t n) t xt m Iy t i t rain , and y t t i t i t wa ot add d t w m ; it w i duti , blig ti , t at w e all d, justifi d, pell d ut. It w 1 f m n thi t ug , w itt d taug by me nd dd d m n-t f m n, bvi u Iy. A m Ie et i , qu tly, i w Ie w m figured e ly as bje ts or, at i , du t , nd w m p tn rs t t db y w y n h d th m u d r ov w ' p w , but yw f mw und p w f me el (f t u b d, tut ). T i is d ub Ie of t m t m k bl sp t f t t m r I refieeti : it did n t try t d fi a f valid ul - ubj e the fi Id f ndu d a d m a y modula i n -f mm n; it w tw x f m uli n i b tio du a i d ut f Om
7 2

10
0 3

*The development of an ethics of marital relations, or more specifically, of reflections on the sexual behavior of husband and wife in the conjugal relationship (ideas that assumed such importance in the Christian pastoral ministry). can be seen as a conse quence of the setting up of the Christian model of marriage--a slow, belated, and difficult occurrence, at that-in the course of the Middle Ages."

Introduction

23
1 1 0 4 2 1 3

vi wp int f m i d t giv f rm t their b Vi . till: it did n t pe k m n c n i g b VI r B tt f w int di i n t t w umve lly p urn bly wi g t II d in d , u rn , nd li- re g iz d d iem Iy gi u pr s ripti . It sp k t t em c n r i g p ecis Iy ndu in w i y w il d up n t ex t i p w r, t 1 au ri y, nd t ir lib y: in t ig p ti f pi u t t w t f wn d up n, i a t m it l lif w r n ul u m p V t d h hu ba d vi g xtr m rit I xu I l i n , in I ti n hip f m wit b y , w i - t i t wit i ai limi -w pt d, c mm Iy m i t in d, and v p iz d. T t m n xp 1 f xu I u t i y hould be und t ad, f, mmen y n, d p a d e tial p ibiti ns, but a t I b ti nd ylizati n f a c lVlty i t e x f it P w nd t p ti f it lib r y. n t m n t t i th m ti f xu I au t ity W ic d p en mg m t n an 1 c n qu ti I fin m t d a sp culati u ct d with y p cifi e .0 th c t y, it i y t a f th g figu f xu I au ity i ti d t xi f xp e d t lu e f e e I ion ip : el ti n t e body, wit qu ti f 1 , nd b ind it w I g m f!if nd d th; th r I ti n t th t r x, wit t que tio of t e p u p ivil g d p 1 g m f e f mily i stituti n nd t ti it c t ; the I ti n w x, with t qu i f p tn t n c n wi hin i , nd t i I I and xu I p bl m f t dju m t b tw role ; nd fin lly, the rei ti n t t uth, wher the que ti i d f pi i ual di i n th t n bl n gal wi d m. It t u m d m t t w i t ing wa c II d f . In d f I king f b i i t di ti tw idd n d m nd f xu I u t ity, it w n o m nif t d i yt i t e f xp i nd t f m i w i exu I b h vi w p bl m tiz d, b c mi g an bj t f
0 1 1 0 5 5 1 3 0 3 1 0 0 0 3 6 1 6 2 7 1 0 1 9 0 3 5 5 0 4 2 1 8 3 0 6 2 1 5 1 2 0 0 3 9 7 1 8 4 2 0 3 0 3 6 2 9 1 5 0 2 5 6 1 5 3 0 9 2 0 9 1 0 6 9 6 7 1 6 2 3 0 1 8 0 9 1 5 8 1 0 1 4 1 9 0 5 5 3 0 4 1 8 0 9 1 9 7 6 4 9 4 7 4 0 0 3 0 9 2 0 1 1 0 3 9 6 0 4 0 3 3 4 7 6 7 4 0 3 1 0 4 0 3 7 4 1 7 2 4 0 0 3 7 4 0 3 2 9 9 0 1 0 2 8 3 0 6 4 2 0 3 0 5 1 3 1 0 1 5 2 3 2 0 4 0 0 1 3 0 1 3 9 6 7 1 3 0 0 5 0 7 0 6 5 3 1 4 2 5 0 2 2 2 8 0 2 3 0 2 7 1 6 3 0 2 1 8 8 4 1 6 4 9 4 2 0 2 6 4 5 9 0 3 7 5 7 8 0 3 0 2 9 9 0 0 1 1 5 2 5 2 0 0 0 5 3 0 4 0 6 0 4 0 0 8 1 6 0 2 2 8 0 3 7 6 0 3 6 1 5 1 7 2 6 2 0 3 0 8 6 1 5 1 1 3 9 1 7 2 3 1 0 0 5 0 6 8 5 3 1 4 1 6 4 0 0 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 6 7 1 1 5 2 7 5 4 0 0 3 9 8 0 1 6 1 0 3 2 4 0 3 2 9 9 0 1 6 0 7 4 4 1 0 6 1 0 2 4 2 4 7 6 0 2 9 6 1 6 0 2 6 0 3 3 0 3 0 6 7 8 5 1 7 4 1 3 0 4 2 5 1 8 0 0 5 2 3 0 0 0 5 2 5 0 1 5 5 9 1 5 5 0 0 2 5 8 0 9 9 1 5 9 3 5 5 0 1 5 3 2 3 8 0 2 6 7 1 6 0 0 4 2 7 0 9 4 1 0 8 0 3 0 2 7 3 0 6 1 6 0 2 6 7 0 3 8 0 1 2 5 2 8 1 0 0 3 0 5 9 2 5 1 2 9 6 7 3 1 1 5 9 3 0 7 3 0 2 7 8 4 6 3 2 1 8 7 1 4 4 7 4 0 0 6 1 5 1 4 0 2 7 4 2 0 4 7 4 0 4 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 4 0 6 0 4 4 0 6 5 4 6 1 8 0 2 6 3 0 0 2 3 5 7 0 3

24
9 1

The Use of Pleasure

r ,a I m n f fie ti n, a d m ri I f r tylizaM re specift lly, it was 1 gic I t a k w y t f u g ti domain f rela i i w i h it emed t t a fr e m in las i al ci ti w s abl d v I p a d di pi y i tivity ibiti , w p i Iy wit ut e u t ing any m j p f an int p bl m tizati of xu I p a ti . t I u r - p p s f b dy, f t wife, W Y wa it i t f pi u b c m f b y. d of t ut -t t P ti a matt f d bat ? W Y did b inging f s xu I activity 10 el ti ns c i n a xi y, di us i n, and r fi c ti n? W y did t e e axe f eve yday expe i give is t a w y f t inking that s ught t fy xu I b avi , t m d ate and c nditi n it, a d t deftn n au tyl i t practice f pi su e ? H w did xu I be vi , 1 f a it implied t diff ent typ f I ti n , m b iv d a d m I xp 1 ? fm
5 9 0 5 0 0 0 7 1 3 3 0 9 1 5 2 2 7 0 2 1 6 1 5

3
Morality and Practice of the Self

I d r t nsw t i qu ti me met d I gi I c id a 10 d t b b ught i ; m e pe ifi lly, it i b t t bj ct ne as in view wh n ne u d tak ft f m nd nsfo mati ns f "m lity." udy t Every is wa e f t w d' ambiguity. By "m lity," ne m t f v lu d ul f acti n that c mm nd d individu I t ugh t intermedia y f va i u pre criptive age cie u h the family (i ne f its r Ie ), du ati I i tituti n , c u , and s f rth. It i om tim c e t s ul nd value a pI inly t f rt in h t d c ine nd n xpli it t c ing. But it also pp n th t th y a t n mitted i diffu e rna n , t t, fa f m n tituting sy ematic n emble, y fo m mpI x i play f I m n t at c u terbalanc and rr t th , a d I ut on c t in p in , t u t p vidi g f mp ml r I p I s. With t qualifi a1 k ni t a unt, w all t i p criptiv n mbl "m al d . " Bu "m lity" al f t t r I vi f i dividu I i r lati n t t ule d v lu t t b e mm d d t th m: t w d t u de ign te t e rn ni w i th y mply mo e r I fully wit a t nd d f ndu t, t mann in whic th y bey r ist n int rtp 1 ; t e mann in whi t y e p t P e di ti et f v lu . In tudying thi a p t f m rality, di r ga d mu t d t rmi w and wit wha m gin f v i
5 1 3 0 1 2 0 3 4 6 0 6 1 5 6 1 4 1 1 1 9 2 1 5 8 0 3 7 5 8 5 0 0 1 0 3 1 5 1 3 8 9 9 2 8 0 6 7 1 3 0 0 9 7 1 5 4 0 1 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 3 0 6 7 1 6 7 4 0 1 3 8 2 7 3 2 3 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 5 0 2 3 1 4 0 1 3 8 1 3 2 1 0 2 5 6 2 8 0 1 2 0 6 2 5 3 0 8 1 1 2 3 0 3 0 1 0 0 7 1 2 6 4 3 1 4 0 3 1 3 1 8 8 5 8 8 9 2 6 5 1 1 1 8 0 9 1 5 2 5 8 1 6 4 3 9 4 0 8 1 1 6 8 0 0 6 7 4 0 2 6 7 4 2 7 4 0 0 3 0 6 2 8 3 0 2 6 0 1 4 2 9 1 0 3 0 5 1 7 3 2 2 0 9 0 2 4 4 2 0 6 2 0 3 0 3 2 8 5 2 8 5 0 3 6 1 4 2 3 3 1 9 1 8 2 8 7 0 6 4 7 0 3 2 9 1 0 5 7 0 3 1 0 0 0 7 8 4 1 5 0 9 1 0 9 1 5 0 2 5 1 0 3 5 9 2 5 9 0 0 2 9 4 1 4 0 3 1 0 3 2 1 7 8 4 8 3 1 5 1 3 9 1 3 1 6 0 8 1 1 1 4 1 0 4 0 6 0 9 7 1 5 6 7 2 0 5 1 9 9 1 0 9 2 5 4 9 8 3 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 2 1 3 9 1 0 7 1 3 2 8 1 3 0 0 3 8 1 4 0 0 2 0 4 2 1 3 1 5 2 6 5 0 1 1 4 0 3 6 2 5 2 0 8 4 2 2 3 0 3 9 1 0 5 0 1 0 4 0 1 3 4 6 8 2 8 4 2 5 0 3 5 4 9 4 0 9 1 3 1 0 8 8 4 6 2 2 3 1 9 1 9 4 0 0 3 4 0 1 1 3 0 6 2 0 9 1 5 1 3 2 3 6 9 3 7 1 5 4 0 3 9 4 4 0 3 6 0 9 1 3 8 0 3 2 6 1 2 0 8 8 8 8 0 9 1 1 1 5 0 6 0 5 0 0 4 1 4 7 2 3 8 1 2 3 2 7 1 5

25

26
1 2 3 4 0 4 4 1 3 3 7

The Use of Pleasure

7 2 1 8 8 1 9 1 3 7 9 5 6 0 0 0 3 4

u t ms Iv i ivi u Is g ups r tr gr I iptiv y tern t impli i xplicitly r fr c t ap m r fw ultu , i Iy p tiv i t t y "t e m r lity II i lev I f phe m I w e. W c vi r ." fb T is m F ule f uct is e i g; t uct that m y be m asu ed by thi ule is oth . But t t i g still is t rna i whi h e ought t "c uct s If'-t at is, the m ne i w i e ught to fo m s If t i l subje t ti g i f r t th P s iptive elements t t make up t c . Giv n a d f a ti ns, s (w ic n b wit g t a p ifi typ f gr e f d fine by t ei f mity wit 0 IV gen e f m ) t e iff t w y to " u t If' m c P at , n t lly , iffer t w ys f t e ti g in ivi u I t JUS g t, but a et i I subj ft i ti . T ke, f r x mple, e f s xual p e IptI ns e joi i g the tw s t pr tie st i t symm t i l njug I m rit I p ati ; ther will b m y fi eli y, Iw ys wit a view t p way , v wit i uc igi f me, t p i e th t uste ity, m y w y t "be f i hful." Th s iffere s can b v I p i w t I I g. T y c w t mig t be call t determination o/the IS e w y i whic th i ivi ual a ethical substance; t stitut t I hat p t f ims If t e p im m t ial f is m r i c u t. Thus, I t th ru ial sp ct f h p a ti of fi elity t s i t b e v e fi t I I bligati i e v y t e c mpli s. But als mak the es e f fi lity i t i t maste y f si es, i t f ve c mb t e i s g i t t m, i t st g wit w i abl t ist temp ti :w t t f fi elity i t i is th t vigil n e m k up t iti , t nt diet y I t e t st uggl m v m t ft ul-muc m t th a ryi g ut f Ip t t t m Iv -will be t p im m t I I f m ice. Al ativ Iy, av it c SI h i t ity,
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Introduction

27
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28
3 5 4 3 2 5 4

The Use of Pleasure

2 4 1 1 2 3 5 4 2 3 3 5 2

l i S i gul rity; i l l m r 1 i i circumst tial i egr p t m f i n a by vi tu f pI c it cupi 1 c du t. It is 1 m nt n p c f t i C du , d 1 UI y. it m rk stag 1 it lif , p ibl V I I 1 n t w r its w mplis m ; but it A m ral 1 , t t e e t bli i g f m 1 ims b y n t 1 1 1 ivi u 1, t ly t c u t t mmi 1 lw ys in nf mity wi v lu rul s, bu hic 1 f b i g, m f b i g c r teri ic f m ubj t. M y iff r jug 1 p sibl r S w 11: splr fi lity c n be i wit m 1c u b mpl te m y f h self; it m I v rm me t vis-' c n u t t at rna if sts a su e a a ical et w r p rfect r quillity f vi th w Id; it m y r 1 1 IVI Y s uI, a t 1 i f t P I S, r gl a 1 t w pu i fi 1 f will u s Iv 1 e bli ful imm li y. I 1 n be "m I," it mu t b UClrt, f a rul , a I w, 1 f f rmi g t t r bi reI ion ip a v lue. Of ur all m r I c 1 i v Iv rn u, r I i ip wi h t r Ii y i w 1 it i WI t If. T 1 te i n imply "self- w r " bu elf-f rmati n n "et ical subject," a pr cess in w ic t e i ivi ual will f rm e limit at par f im If t bj ct f i m r I p tic , efi s is p si i r I i v e pr p will f 11 w, r I m fb i g at will ve s IS m I g al. An thi qUIr him t ct r f m imup him If, t m it r, st, imp v , 1 If. T pe ifi m I ti n t t frt u ifi m al n uct; mo al n u t th t n t 11 f 1 1 ubj t f rmi g f If s f mi g f subj c iv ti " ft thi 1 ubj t wit ut " m f If' t t upp t t m. " c ti " "p a i f rms f elf-activi y, 1 ti in i i ble f m M y n iff r a y Ie s fr m m rali y t n r t t n yst m f valu s, ruI , i t r i i
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Introduction
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30

The Use of Pleasure

3 6 4 1 9 1 5 5 1 0 3 4 0 6 2 5 2 2 0 6 2 0

t e ri k f mml 1 g ff s t m y m k im Ii bl t pu IS m t. It W ul b quit in rr t t r ue C ri i m r Ii y-o e pr b bly ul ay "Christi m r Ii ie m el; n yet it m y n t be wrong t thi k that t su rg iz ti ft P 1 i I y m the b gi i g f t t e irte e n ury, 1 ev I pme t up t v f Ref rma i , br ug b u very r g "juri ifiea i n" m ral -m r pr i Iy, v ry r g " ifie i "-of exp ri e . It w s g i st 1 ifie i m y spiri u I r m vern b f R f rm i n. , it i y t IV f m r Iitie i o h h r y ml el m t i be ug t i t r g w Ie t pr ti ft If. I 1 f rm f ubjeetiv ti n ul fb vi r m y be rat r ea , e yst m f ru 1m ry. T lr x t b erva m y b r I iv Iy u im1 1I mp r WI w p r n , i r quire f vi u I i rel 1 Ip S WI ims If, i i iff r f Ii g 1 n , h ug v r t f m im elf s t mp l i t e f rms f I ubj 1. H '-r lati WI t If, m t s a c iqu by whie he w rk m u , x rcis s by w 1 m k pr e Ie f im If n bj e b k wn, e bl im t r n f rm hi w n m fb ing. T "e le " m r Ii ie (w ic n t 11 ily e rr p v Ivi g " e ti d i I") v b v y Imp r n 1 t - 1 n I ng id C ri i i y, fu 1 m g h " iff rt e tw typ v b r m r Ii i . B tw fli t , mtim , juxt p ition , riv Iri pr ml N w, it s m el , f m fir t pp a at I t, t t m r I ne pti s in G k n G e -R man tiquity w r p 1 If n t qu sIe s f h mu m w s fe t w u t he 1 of askesis t e ifi fini i . If f wh t i p mi t stri w t i fa bi v ry xeepti 1 m e f th Republic an t Laws, n fi fin in f w r f r ne t t P 1 ipl f t t w ul
2 5 1 3 6 0 3 1 7 0 0 9 1 0 9 1 0 7 0 6 4 5 2 3 1 2 5 3 1 2 4 6 1 7 4 2 3 1 2 5 4

"

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Introduction
7 2 6 6 5 1 3 7 5 5 1 2 3 5 2 3 0 0 3 5 1 6 0 5

31
7

et it t e ng c en e uc m 1 i , few ref r ces pplic ti , f w rge wit ei g t 1 f r n ut rity t p ibili y f pu i hm t w ul a r fr 1 i fr c i . Al ug c 1 Y f r p cti g t I w r c r , n u t m nomoi-w v ry f u i c n ii m r Imp r t a t c t ft I w f ppJi ati wa t ttitude t t cause n to r peet m. T t w pi e I ti ip wi t self c t t t bi d p r k p fr m b i g rri w y by pp it a pi ur , t m i t i a m tery uperi rity quillity, k p 1 1 tate f t v t m, t 1 n , ge t t b r m 1 fre fr m I n P full by t c 1 v m fb i g c ul b fin s If v r J ym t f u pr m y f If, t P rf If. i f me h I ve k pt t t ug Thi xpl i t ut t i u y nt xu I m r Ii y f pag C n 1 10 1 bet tiquity; t i , I t k ep i mi h c w I me t f m r Ii y n t e l m n f it lr Xl , t ei i t rr I a si , n gl i g s f 1 lr la ive u my, n t ir p ibl iff v ry 1 g, 1 0 the t k 1 C U mph i . I t tu WI p ivil g m Ii ie , s em t h v t m y v be n f f t e p c lC elf a h 10 r m; with eff t w m t vel p t m, t them; WI h ebate w n p f t t m, n 1 g m. C n qu Iy, t qu sti t i ft al g r i gt ti uity ( br k) be w t p it p i al m aliti f iquity C i ti m Iity f ki g w t w e t e h t b r f rmula ; i e I me ts t t C is ianity m y h v b we f m ci nt 1 0 It w ig t, t ug t, w w t s t it 1 fi e what w s p rmitte t what f rbi wit in xu Ii y ssum b an , it em m r k W, glV th n inuity, t fe , r m ifipe tin t t pr , th f rm f If- lati s ip ( f c 1
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32
IC
1 0 1 5 4 0 4 0 5 6 2

The Use of Pleasure

0 0 2 1 9 2 5 0 7 6 5 6 0 0 7 0 3 0 7

f th If t w r ss i wit m) wer fi m difie , r iver ifi . I m supp i g h h c s re U Imp r a . Bu rat r m 11 ie t t y ul im ely rev Iv r u umb r f r her simple pri ciple : p r ps me r muc . m re inv tive w it me i t r ic i h t ey r w en it m pi su T eir st bility i I ra r rer f ific I ( n t ble pr lif r I m rk bl ; f rbi i g p rmi te pi , p r r , c ) er o urr d r er 1 in C n I i y. 0 the d, it yp y r t t i i t pp r - t e I I w ul lik t mpl x fi 1 f xpl r r - tt r I w 1 ric r c g Ize i ri i y i t w y in ivi u 1 i summ him If n hie I ubj t f xu I uc T i will b w subj ctivati w d fine d m er f s ei g f rm , from classical Gre k t ug t up t t e f rmul tr ti f h Christi ctri p r I mini try reg r g fl t f m g I In I v lum , I w ul lik t t ke r 1 s at c ra rized t w y i w i s xu I beh vi wa a m i of m r I on I r by I ic I G ek t ug c i I will st r f m t t c mm n n v lu i n i n f "u ft pi ur "-chresis aphrodisiontmpt t rmi e m f ubj ivati n w i it ref rre : t thic I sub ta c , t ype f subj cti , t f f ms f i b r ti s If, m r I I I gy. T xi t c , tu , tim f m p c ie wh s I' I g e ive t Gr k cultu ( p cti f he h ul wer f c ur ip), I egim , t of u h i m g me t, t p it s p i I will stu y th w y I whi medical t ug t w rk ut hi "u f th pI u ," f mul ti g several recu e t themes f au te ity t t w uld enter t n ' b y, t e : t e lati f ur g e t x f xp ri ' wif , t lati t b y , the r I r l i n t 1 t t ut .
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3 4

7 8

Moral

Problematization of Pleasures

w ul ifficul tim fin i g m g t Gr k v mbli g R ma s e1 r) y 109 , f r t at m ( f " xu lity" r "fl s ." I m ti n ti t II w IV rs p n m n t be ingl tity ref r t n C1 g t r, pit t pp tly I gr up th m, if t ey w r of t m n u , eriv fr m b tw rigi , r br ugh t s m typ f u I m ch t m . , 1mag s, pi y: b h vi s, but I n ti 1 m 1 i , i sti , p 1 Of c urse t G eeks a w i st k f w r s V il ble f r sig i g iff r nt a ti s r t w II " xu I." T y v c bul ry f fer i g t P ifi p tic s; y g r I way t wh t w v gu t rm h t r f " I ti s": f r x mc 1 1 xu I "i t c u ," "uni " pi , synousia, homilia, plesiasmos, mixis, ocheia. But th bl II th cti s, t , n pr ti ke c t g y th t v fu i g 1 much m r iffi ult t gr p. T Gr k we e f t R man m1 liz j iv : ta aphrodisia, 2 w t n i t ug Iy venerea. "T i gs" r "pi u e f u I pI ur "I v ," " xu I r I ti ," " n I cts," " t et m be t n n, but t iff e ce ben ti I t , t 1r u s, m k i r t tw n t ju t ver f " xu Ii y" e sl t p cis Iy. Ou ; it ppli ality f th r typ , n it wi fu ti n qui diff r tly 10 u m r Is n k wi g . M e v r, we t v c cept t t spe ifie and subI g u t th f aphrodisia. P h p I will b urnes lIy I I v th G e k t m in it ngm I x us if c aS1 f m. 1m 1 t 1 cti t gIve n x us IV CC U , n I
o
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35

36

The Use of Pleasure

r ve syst m tic summ y, f h diff t P il s phi 1 m di 1 i t t It i w Y t r, f m t e fift ce tury t th begi ni g f th t i , wit pI a u wit xual pI sur i pa ti ul r. P liminary g r 1 f tyliz ti f xu 1 u tt t t tu yi g t f u typ b y, dietetics c we v I p 1 wit economics c c r d wi m i g , erotics cer d Wl t subj t f b ys, philosophy c n Wl 1 it t t uth, l int n imply b ing ut few g s a f m w k f th m, emg s v t it w r n aphrodisia. 0 c mm n th iff r n r fl ti t f mili p p siti t Gr k f t t P ch gr a ily t n mu m pte t i xu 1 b h vi f the moder C i ti s f e Middl Ag s Europ Is g n th t 1 xity mlS u in hi p 1 s Ii bi d I back t n d m d g r p v k I w in i uti I ss r c imin i n, sp i lly terwh t e p st I me 1 I-t t cl im t e rig t t f bi mal, m 1 r b mm w w p ml t Gr k ttribut n I g t in t i mue I s imp rt c t all t ese questi s t we . But assum , n p m ne II t t is gr te ill m 1 u ibi : t y n e hel s c m Iv wit u li , p il m t r , an t er we Gr k t ink s, m p s, d t s wh b Ii ve h t wh th 1 w f th ity p e ib 1 eust m t Ie p ibit , w t t g j , e ul n t uffic t gul t p P ly t e xu 1 b ut him If. Th m n r 1 n uet of m w J ye was e n id by w ie t i ki f pI su wa t i l P bl m. t mt b m n x f w p ge ar jus fi W t I w ul lik t th se g e l sp t whi thei pr up i n with t I f m f th m 1 inqui y qu ti ns h r ; th t i , th ge t t t y pursu c e r i g t aphrodisia. An f thi we t fr m n ult t xts th t e ically iff will ne t Ari t 1 . th r--e ti lly th fX p n, PI
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The Moral Problematization of Pleasu res

37

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v k s th
7 9

lov is t
3 0

'
2 6

I
5 1

g
1 0

t uggl
1

g in t hi
2 3 0 4 6

wn i
7

i
4

; but
1 7 2

wh
0

4 0

st t ment,
4 0

s
1

t
3

will b
0

C
3 6 7

isti
5

pirituality,
9 5

ft
3 6

P
f
4 5

c uti
1 5 6

7 2

t
3

t
6

av
6 5

t
9 2

b t k
0 1 4 9

10
2

r
8 5 4

rt
5 8

p
4 0 0

v
0

t
8 2 2 0

si
4 4 0

m
0 2

nt
0

i g t
7 3 7

ul ur eptiti u Iy,
0 4

t
5 4

t ct it
3 5 2 0

c
4 3

t tr c
1 7 2 5

. Ev
0 0 8 0

st
4 1

n3 0

g
0

p
6 6

ap : t
2 3 2 5

et

w
4

t f
9 0 7 1

t , i
4 1

m
1

t il, t
0 5

1 m
6 6 4 7

f the aphrodisia
0 5 4

gim
2 3

re p
0 0

etic lly il nt c n2

c v
0

i g th f
7 1 2

ms t at t
3 3

et t
4 0

ms Iv
4 0 7

m y t k ; t ey s y
1 1 6 3 1 5

y little7

id
6 7

f
4 5 3

m
1

f w
6 2 1

f
0 5

c
6

t
9 4

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3

H
7

tu
4 5

I p si
5 3 0

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9 5

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4 7

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1

4 8

i g w at i 10 ce u t m
5 5 8 6 0 2

r
8

wit
3

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5

t
4

yt t

will

atu
4 2

.
8 6 0 2

Wa t is
3

ty? P ssibly. F
5 5 1 0 4

,
1

s muc
3 5 4 1

w lik
0 0 0

t
5 2

c
4 6

dit t e G
3 4 5 9 0

k with a gre t lib

1 1

ty
5

fm
0 2

Is, t
3

r p
0 4

nt ti n
1 5 4

f s xu 1
8 0

et
2

t
3 6

t t
3 5

y
2

ugg
0 4 1

t i
7 4 6

t
3 0 0

ir writt
0 2

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0

k -a
2 7

v n i
0 7 4

t
3

i
4

r tic lit
5 8 8 0 1

tu
6 2

-s
0

m
8 0

t
9

v
0

n c
3 4 0 2 2

r ct
1 0 5 7 9 7

iz
0 8 0 0

by
1 2

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9

I
5 4 1

f r
7

rv , * ts t
3 0

spit
0 0

t
3 8

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4 5

i
0

g t IC
5 7 9

f
4 5 1

m the
6 3 4 0

nt
6 4 6

t i m
6 7

y stag
3 1

m e
8

t i
1 7 4 0 8

gr p ie ny c
1 2 0 5

p
7 0

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1 9

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3

v
0 0 7

b
0 5

r
6

I
2 4 2

e v
5 0 5 0

.3

I
7 1

s s
0 9

s
0 0

t
3 3

t X
3

P
3 8 0

A i t tl , n
1 8

I t
6 0 5

Plut
1 5

c
3 0

w ul
9 8

t
3 7 8

v t p
4 1

ug t it
1 1

c
0 0

t
7

t
5

isp
6 1

s
6 1

th
5 7

s rt
2

fp
4 5 7 6

sumptive
1 2

gm tic
3 6

dvic
5

s xu I el ti
0 4

wit
3 2

'
5

lawful wif t
3 0 7

t t
5 7

C
3 1

isti
1 0 1

7 1

u0

t
3

I vi
1 2

Iy
8 5

i tribut
0 6 1 4

t
3

6 2

ubj ct
0 9 4 0

fc
5

jug I pI
5 7 2

u
4 5

s.

T
3 6

y wer n t pr p
6 5

e ,
8 1 4 5

t
3 5

di
8

et
9 1 7

fc
8

Cl
6

C w uld
0 5

b , t c
1 4 0

r gulat
6 6 2 2 9

th
6 0

p
5 8 1

ee
2 0

em
5

s an ft
3 0

refusals, pI
0 1

f fir t
2

s e ,
I
6 7

ft
3 1 7 8

m
3

liti

f uni n,
5 3 0

su
4 6

s
5 0

n
0

ex0

p
6

ee
8 3 6 4

t e c nclu i n t
5 2 5 2 1

y s
3 5 4

ul
8 2 1

p
4

p rly b glV n.
8 0

But t
6 6

e w
1 6

p
9

itiv
6

4 0

2 9

f
6

t i
3 7 0

ttitu
5 4

t
3 0

tw
6

m y
1

p rc iv
6 8

r tr spective1y as Hr tic
5 6 3 0

c " w
3 1

"
4 5

s rve. " It was

0

u t
6 5 5 7 7

i co c pti
4 7 0 5 0

ft
3

aphrodisia, t t
3 3 2 9

kind
5 4

f qu s0

ti

i g t
3

y
8

i
4

ct
0

t
5

t
3

m, w ic

n t
9

i
0

t
6

i
7

t
3

- K . J.

Dover notes an accentuation of thIs reserve in the course of the classical age.'

40

The Use of Pleasure

3

c f th ir p f u d natu I st t w t can nical f rms, r t ir s cr t p te ti 1.

6 1 9 1 4 8 3 0 2 0 1 4 9 4 0 4 5 5 7 4 9 5 3 5 0 6 6 9 7 1

t
3

If

T aphrodisia t ct , g stur s, d c nt ct t t S int Augu tin in uc c tain f m f pI su W P his Confessions ec II t fri n hips f i y ut , t int n, t pI u sity f is ff cti ft y p nt t g t , t e t u i sms g tim , h w t c nv s ti d s if, und n at it s eming inn c nc , all t t di n t , to t at "giu " w ic att c s us t t p tai t t fl fl .4 But w n A i t t1 in i Nicomachean Ethics w nt t .. Ifx ctly w ic p pI ve t b c II t mi I uig nt," hi fi iti n i c uti u Iy r t ictive: If-in uI nly t t e pI a u f t e b y; g ce-akolasia- 1 t m g t , t pIe ur f ig t, eari g, m II 5 It i n t elf-in uig nt t " Iig t in " mu t b xclu (charein) c 1 r , s p , t mu IC; p inting , n i t ne c , wit ut s If-in uig nc , elig t in t ce t f f uit, I e ; a y in t Eudemian Ethics, 6 y w w uld b c m inten Iy b b i 1 king at i Ii t ning t s ng t I l pp tit t t t tu t be rep c f r If-i uig nc , f 1 v m king c ul ny m t an c ul me ne w I t im If b uc by t Si n . F t pI u t t i Ii bi t akolasia Iy w t r i t uc n c t ct: c t ct wit t m uth, t t t t (f r t e pI u ff ink), t gu , ther parts f t b y (f t e pI su f c t ct wit x). M r v , A i t tIe m k t t it w ul b u ju t t u P ct s If-i uig ce in t c e f c t i pI u xp ri nc d n th urf c f t b dy, uch a t bi pI p u t t uc by rna g a t i t gymn ium: "f t c nt ct c ct i tic f t If-i uIs n t 1f ct th w 1 b y but nly c rt i g nt man p t ."7 *
1.
8 3 6 1 4 0 3 6 1 2 0 6 1 7 5 1 2 3 1 4 9 6 1 0 4 5 4 5 0 1 4 0

One should, however, note the importance attributed by many Greek texts to the gaze and to the eyes in the genesis of desire or love; but it is not that the pleasure

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

41
C
6 3 4

It will b
6 0

7 6

f t
3

c
3 3

4 1

ct ri tie t ait
6 2 4 2 8

ft
3 1

i tian
2 1 3 6

xp
0

Ie c
7 0 2

ft
3 6

"ft
0 0 8

,"
1 0

n
2

I t
1 6 6 2 2

4 5

f "
2 9

xu Ii ty," th t t

ubj ct i
0 0 9 7 0

xp ct
4 9

to
0 4 3 0

x rci
1

u pici n
9 1 2 9

ft
6 2

, t
5 3

be able t
5 6 2 4 6

r c g iz f fuI,
1 9 6 7 8 4 8 0

m
1 8

fa t
5

m nifest tion
6 0 8 7 0

f
1

t alt y, r
0 2

au c 1

a ful p w r. R a i g th t nt as t i p w
1 3 2 9 0 4 3 1 2

e
2

ign

will be
5

II t
3 2 6

m r imp
9

t
3

bility t
6 4

cl
9 9 2

k it
4

If i
7 2

m
1

yf
9 4

m
2 1

t
3

t
3 6

7 2

xu I acts. T
1 3 6 0 5

ei n
2

imila

u pi2 6

ci
5

in
3 3

biti g t
7 3

xpe i nc
4 4

ft
3 5

aphrodisia. To be ur ,
5 6 9

in t e teaching an
8

the exe ci e
2 5

f m deration, it is r c m1 6 2

m n e
0 8 8 5

t
5 1

b
0 2 6

w ry
1 1 1 3

f
2 6

u
7 9

, 1m g
6 5

,
1 8

n
8

c nt ; but t i i
6 2 3 2 2 5

n t bec u f
5 4

tt c m nt t
4 0

t
3 7

m w ul
2 2 6 1

b
6

nly th
0 1 2 6

m
1

k
0

m
5

f
1 1

W
3

c i
0 0

xu I : it i bec u
2 3 6 2 5

t
3

r a
6 4

music 1 f
9 4 4 3

m
2 8

cap bl
1 0 6 1 2 6

f w re
1

kening t
2 2 1

ul wit
3 9 1 6

t
3

yt m ,
3 2 1

n v
0

b c u
7 5

t
3

r
0 2 0

ight c p bi
1 6 1 4

f ff cting t e
3 1

ul lik
6 1 0

m,
1 5

d b cau
0 3 6

ap
0

ticular sc nt,
6 4

p
1

tieul
1 4 6

im g , i
2 7

pt t

call up t
5 2 5

"m m
5 6 1

y
9 1

f t e thing d si
3 6 5

d."9
9 6

A d wh
6 5 7

n
0

phil

p
3 2

4 2 1 4

I ughe
8 5 3

t f r claiming to I v
4 2 2 6

ly t
3 1 4 5

b autiful
4 0 0

uls
5 7 2

f b ys, t ey a e not
5

u peet d of
7 9 2

b ring mu ky f
2

Ii g

f w ich th y m y
3 0 1 7

t be co sci u , e t
4 9

but h
1 7

imply
9 7 8 0 4

f w iting fa
1 4

t
3

tete-ii-tete in
9 1 2 8 6

4 8

d u
1

t e tunic
3 5 3 0

f th ir he rt'
0 8

si
4

.
2

10

slip t
3

Wh t
5 3 2 9

ft
6

form a
7 5

variety of these act ? Greek n tural

1 4 9 2 1

i t ry giv s
2

me
8 4

c ipti n ,
1 2

t i
6 7 9

t
1 6

c nc
5 0 1

n animal :
2 2 1

A i t tI
4 2 5 0

m
1 5 6

k t
2 3 9 1

t m ting i
0 1 0 7

t t
3 1

m
6 1

mong all
7

nit e
3 9 4 6

m 1
1 2

s
7

t t k pI c i
5 3

th s m m nner. I I And i
6 6 3 6 1

p
1

t
9

f B
5 1

k VI

f t e History of Animals t at d
1 4 2 7 1 2 2 4

Is m
6

sp cHic IIy with vivip

0

au a im I , he de c ibes the diff rent tc nb

1 6 5

f
5 4

m
2

f c put tio
5 1 7

t
3 1

b e ve : th y v ry cc
2 4 8 0 1 1 5 9

ding

t
5

t
3 3 0

f
5 4 1 4

m
1 0 4 2

nd I c ti n
5 9 5 1

f th
6 1 5

rg n , t
1 2 3

position tak n by
6 6

t
t
3

P
0

t
7

n
8

t
3 9

u
4

ti n
9

ft
3 6 4

ct. But he also

3 7 2

v k
9 6

types
9

f behavi

t at charaet
3

ize t e mati g sea on: wild

'

the soul is reached. In this connection, see Xenophon's Memorabilia.

of the gaze is self-indulgent; rather, it is thought to make an opening through which As for the kiss,

it was very highly valued as a phy sical pleasure and a communication of souls despite the danger it carried. As a matter of fact, an entire historical study could be under taken on the "pleasure body" and

its transformations.

42
5 1 4 2 0 4 7 5 4

The Use of Pleasure

1 6 6 6 3 1 7 2 3 4 9 2 0 6 6 8 2 5

pr pa i g f b ttl , I p f enzy xt n t b t w t tructi n f t i k p ' u , t Ilion t t g up t i f m i t g the by t cing big ci cI un t m ga d b f e th wing t m Iv g in t th i iv 1 . 12 Wit t t urn n im I, w il t sc ipti n f g ns t If functi ning m y b t il , th ubj ct f exu I b VI r, wit it p ibI v i nt , i b r Iy t uc up n. W ic t m n, w v , t t t e wa , in Gr k m icine, phil sp y, or t ic , z n f st ict il c ar un t e xu I CtlVlty f uman . It i n t th t pe pi we c ful to av i talking b ut t pI a u able cts; but w n t y w r t ubject f que ti i g, w at was t issue w s n t t e fa m t ey urn d, it w t e ctivity t ey rna if t . T ir yn mle w muc m r imp rtant t an t i rna p I gy. T i dynamic wa fin by t m v m nt t at link t e aphrodisia to t pI asu t t was ass ciat d wit t m a to t e ir t which t ey g v I . Th att ction x rte by pleasur n t force of t ire t t wa direct tow r it c n titut , t get r with t cti f t aphrodisia itself, Ii unity. T e di ci ti n- r p tial di oci ti n t I a t-of t i mbI w ul late bec m ane f t e b ic f atu e of t t ic f the Bes t tion f exu lity . Thi i CI tl n w s t be mark , on th ne an , by ce t in " Ii i n" of pI asure (a m I ev Iu ti n t r ug t injunction giv n in t e pr c ing by t e Ch i ti n cI rgy g in t t pu suit f n u l pI u go I f exu I p actice; t oretic I v Iu tion own by th extreme diffi culty f finding a pi ce f r pi u in t conc ption of exuby n inc e ingly intens ality); it waul I be m k p obi matizati n f d ir (in w ic t prim r i I ign of a f II n n ture or t t ucture c aract ri tic of t hum n xp i c f t e aphrodisia can ition would be vi ibl ) In t n th at r n , ct, Sir , n pie u f med an e m ble w e I m nt w r di tingui abI c t inly, but cI Iy boun t n n th . It w s pr cis Iy t i cia e linkag t t c n titut d ft s nti I c ct i tic f t t f m f
3 6 8 0 2 5 9 3 6 4 6 0 6 4 2 3 5 2 0 5 4 2 1 2 3 1 4 5 3 0 4 0 1 0 2 9 6 4 4 1 1 4 0 1 4 9 8 3 6 6 9 4 4 5 3 6 2 0 6 2 1 1 2 0 4 4 1 2 3 4 0 4 9 3 6 3 1 1 7 1 3 6 3 6 8 6 4 5 5 5 4 1 1 7 8 3 6 9 1 0 8 0 1 0 8 6 2 0 5 2 1 0 3 1 9 3 2 5 2 2 6 1 4 1 2 2 1 0 9 3 0 8 5 3 3 8 9 6 2 7 9 6 1 3 9 6 6 4 3 1 3 4 0 2 6 6 0 8 5 5 3 6 3 2 1 9 0 5 4 2 0 7 0 5 8 3 2 6 1 1 5 3 2 2 5 1 9 4 0 6 1 4 0 9 8 1 9 3 6 2 6 0 2 4 1 3 0 3 0 6 6 3 6 2 5 2 5 7 7 3 1 1 5 3 4 3 1 2 2 6 1 2 3 1 3 7 6 2 0 8 3 6 8 1 2 1 2 3 5 6 9 3 3 6 4 4 3 5 5 3 2 2 2 8 6 6 8 3 6 9 6 6 3 0 8 3 3 6 6 4 6 3 1 9 6 3 3 6 7 8 3 6 8 2 6 9 3 1 0 4 2 6 6 4 1 6 6 8 6 1 8 3 6 3 6 8 6 2 3 1 2 6 8 1 8 9 2 0 8 9 3 6 3 6 1 9 7 9 3 6 1 2 9 8 3 2 2 9 1 5 5 1 4 2 2 1 5 1 6 2 3 2 6 7 2 6 6 9 8 4 9 6 5 3 1 2 6 4 2 3 6 6 3 2 9 3 1 7 8 3 6 7 9 9 2 1 2 8 2 2 9 1 9 1 9 6 8 0 5 3 8 1 4 1 6 2 9 0 9 4 1 8 1 1 9 3 9 3 3 0 6 3 6 1 3 3 4 2 1 6 1 1 2 3 6 4 9 2 6 2 1 6 1 2 4 0 1 2 1 1 9 2 1 4 1 3 6 1 8 6 1 1 2 3 6 9 1 9 6 1 2 4 6 3 6 6 2 8 1 2 9 1 4 6 8 1 4 1 2 6 4 6 9 5 6 2 6 3 3 3 6 5 8 1 2 1 3 6 1 6 2 4 3 6 2 3 6 1 2 8 6

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

43
2 8 6 3 1

e (f r a on w ctivity. Natu int all c n i r) t t t pe f m nc f th act b ass ciate with a pI a ure, a d it w t i pI u t at g v i t epithumia, t d ir , i m v m t t t w naturally dir ct t w w at "giv pI u ," cc ing t a principle that A i t tl cit : i g eable thi g" (he gar epithumia is lw y " sire f t tou hedeos estin). II It i t u -PI to Iway c m b ck to t i a-t t f t G e k th c ul t be d i wit ut n wit ut p iv ti n, wit ut t w t f t t ing c rt in m u t f uff ing mixed i ; but t ppetit , PI t xpI I in t Philebus, can be rous Iy by t e p e t ti , the imag t mem y f th t ing th t give pI a u c dud t t t e e c n be no xc pt in th s uI, I f w il t b y i ff ct d by priv ti n, It I t ul a Iy th ul t t c n, th ug m m ry, m k pr e t t t i g t t i t be i n t by rou th epithumia. 14 T u , w t m in f ct t have f rme t bj ct f m I ftecti n f th Gre k in m tt s of xual c n uct w n t x ctly t ct it If (c n i in its iff ent m Iiti ), ir (vi w f m th t n p int f it Igm it im), iff rent bj ct v pI u ( v Iu t acc r i g t t p ctic t t c c u it); it w m th yn mic t t J m 11 t in ci cuI f hi n (t Ir t t l d t t act, th ct th t i link t pI a u , n t pI u t t ccasl i ). T thic I qu ti n th t w i w n t: w ic ct ? w ich pIe sur ? but t r: e ires? whic wit wh t f rc i ne tr n port d "by t e pI u s n nt I gy to w ich t i ethic of xu I b havi I "? T r f rr d w n t, at Ie t n t in it general form, n nt I gy f fici ncy nd ir ; it wa not that of a natu e etting t n ntology of f ce th t link t n d f r ct ; it w t get ct , pI a ures, an e ire . It w t i dynamic el f tionship t t constitute wh t might be c 11 d the textu t ethic I xp ienc of the aphrodisia. *
1 4 6 6 7 8 8 9 4 6 2 2 6 2 3 9 3 6 4 5 4 1 6 5 6 0 9 8 0 2 7 1 2 3 2 0 1 2 4 0 3 1 6 4 2 0 9 9 6 2 0 7 1 9 6 6 7 3 1 1 2 6 0 8 9 1 4 8 3 0 2 6 1 2 4 6 1 9 4 8 5 4 2 5 0 0 2 8 0 2 4 0 1 1 2 8 0 5 4 3 0 1 4 0 7 2 4 0 1 1 2 5 6 2 1 3 0 8 0 3 1 5 4 3 0 4 6 2 0 4 6 9 8 7 9 6 2 4 0 3 9 4 1 5 3 5 3 0 1 7 9 3 6 3 8 0 2 4 0 8 1 8 3 5 1 0 1 1 5 7 9 2 0 4 7 3 0 1 0 1 9 0 1 7 2 3 0 1 0 8 5 7 3 4 4 0 2 0 7 1 9 7 6 9 4 3 0 9 4 5 6 3 1 2 6 2 4 0 3 0 9 7 6 2 3 1 3 4 1 8 6 2 4 0 0 0 6 5 9 4 3 0 3 6 5 8 2 1 0 6 1 9 2 3 0 2 9 7 8 9 7 0 2 5 3 1 1 4 9 3 6 9 1 0 0 2 7 3 0 3 7 3 1 2 9 8 0 2 4 6 8 1 8 3 0 4 6 1 2 0 0 3 2 3 1 2 0 0 2 1 5 9 8 3 6 9 0 5 5 4 1 4 0 5 9 4 0 6 2 1 6 4 2 6 5 8 1 2 9 0 1 3 0 1 2 6 9 2 8 6 4 6 8 8 6 4 9 8 1 0 2 5 4 8 0 2 0 0 6 8 4 9 0 2 1 8 5 9 2 9 4 9 4 2 1 5 4 0 0 7 0 1 2 4 0 0 1 1 0 8 9 8 7 5 3 0 8 0 9 6 2 5 4 4 1 6 2 3 1 1 7 1 2 6 1 2 9 4 6 0 8 1 2 3 1 5 0 8 1 3 4 0 0 1 4 1 4 1 2 9 3 6 8 0 2 0 3 1 6 1 2 9 3 6 0 1 1 2 0 8 5 6 2 4 0 1 8 3 0 0 1 2 4 6 3 1 9 5 7 2 8 6 2 4 0 3 0 0 1 6 2 5 1 1 2 4 1 2 0 8 1 2 5 3 3 3 8 2 1 2 3 1 0 2 4 1 3 6 3 1 9 6 2 9 1 2 6 3 6 1 2 4 6 1 8 8 0 2 4 0 2 3 6 9 5 9 3 3 2 2 2 6 1 6 9 4 0 0 0 1 2 9 1 2 5 2 1 9 9 9 5 8 0 6 1 8 6 2 6 2 4 2 3 6 2 1 8 1 4 9 1 2 1 2 1 9 1 9 4 1 6 8 5 3 6 4 1 2 6 2 8 8 2 2 1 2 3 2 4 1 3 1 8 1 1 6 4 6 9 3 0 1 6 0 4 6

The freq uency of expressions that link pleasures and desires very closely together should be noted. These expressions show that what is at stake in the ethical system

44
3 8 2 2 1

The Use of Pleasure

1 0 8 7 0 4 2 5 9 1 5 4 1 4 1 0

t III f tw m J v i b1 s. T is ynamic i n 1yz t g f ctivity wit th T fi t i qu ntit tiv ; it d f que cy f act . Wh t t t l W by t umb m 1 t , f m ICln iff nti t m n f m n p y lik , i much th typ f bj ct t w p i1 t t m f xu 1 P ctic t y w ic t y i nte , IV1ity f t t P ctic . T p f r; b v 11, it i t i t ti xc s. It i gr t : m SI n i b tw n 1 th pict f is n t b1 p ag 1 a , w f m f xu 1 p ctic t b c f t p f an , it i a1w y imp t nt f p int up. * On th t b b1 t m 1 c r ct iz ti n t n t w t b y , 1ik r ti n In i inv Iv m t wit w m n s wm fu Ag ilaus, w c i m r ti n t t p i t t t t ki th Y ung m n t t l v whet r u pp tit f t lik Alcibi A c i1 u , t t c n j y wit b t pI u s t t x . 18 T i p i t i upp t by t f m u p ge f t fi st b k f th Laws: it i t u t t PI t dr ws p pp iti in thi p g b tw n th 1 ti ip " cc i gt tu " t t j in m n , n ti " g in t n n w m n f pr cr tiv " f m 1 wit m I n f m 1 wit f m 1 Y But thi tu pp iti n, m k It I f m t t n p int f n tu Iby PI t t the m re b ic i tinctio b tw n n , 1 efer elf-indulgence. T pr ctic t t c t 1f- t int v n n tu n th principle f p c ti n a n t xp1 In f p culi r f m f th ff ct f n bno m I n ture r ti n: " 1 ck f i e; they r m 1y th r ult f imm
3 6 4 2 2 1 1 0 3 1 2 9 8 9 3 0 8 0 4 0 0 9 1 3 1 2 2 3 9 7 3 0 7 6 4 1 7 4 0 7 9 2 1 4 8 0 0 1 0 2 0 4 9 5 0 1 7 5 3 6 4 5 4 6 8 0 1 7 8 9 4 1 3 9 2 9 3 1 0 2 7 9 2 5 0 0 9 9 0 2 5 1 4 8 3 3 3 0 1 4 0 5 4 6 8 7 9 4 3 6 9 8 0 5 2 0 1 4 1 6 3 0 4 0 0 1 9 0 1 2 3 0 7 6 7 2 5 3 4 1 1 6 3 0 8 5 2 0 0 0 6 2 2 0 4 1 7 8 6 1 6 4 9 8 0 4 1 5 7 5 4 6 0 2 2 4 1 0 4 4 4 3 0 0 7 1 5 1 6 6 4 2 9 7 0 2 8 0 6 8 5 4 3 4 0 0 4 6 7 0 9 4 5 7 6 5 4 5 2 6 1 4 1 6 9 4 1 7 5 3 0 4 9 0 5 0 8 0 5 3 0 4 3 8 2 1 2 5 4 1 9 4 3 2 5 4 1 3 1 1 6 4 1 9 9 9 0 3 0 3 6 4 3 0 3 1 2 0 0 7 1 0 5 3 9 9 8 0 1 9 3 2 5 0 0 7 3 9 0 9 4 5 2 0 0 2 3 9 1 4 4 0 8 9 8 0 1 9 5 3 0 5 7 3 1 3 4 0 6 2 0 8 9 2 2 0 9 1 3 1 3 0 9 0 8 5 4 3 0 3 0 2 4 4 0 7 8 4 0 0 8 0 1 8 6 2 9 4 4 6 2 1 2 9 3 0 1 0 0 5 4 3 0 6 1 2 4 0 3 1 9 7 0 1 0 7 5 3 5 3 2 0 6 2 3 2 5 7 2 2 9 4 0 8 3 6 1 5 2 1 2 2 1 9 3 6 4 9 5 5 0 2 4 6 3 1 1 9 1 1 2 3 1 4 9 9 2 5 7 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 1 5 7 2 3 1 9 4 8 7 9 7 1 4 0 3 1 5 2 1 1 8 9 1 9 4 5 0 1 6 6 7 8 2 1 8 4 0 1 9 7 2 1 1 2 1 4 6 9 3 1 0 1 6 1 8 0 1 6 3 0 1 6 2 5 5 2 9 1 2 1 4 0 8 1 2 2 4 5 3 0 2 1 8 5 9 1 4 1 0 2 2 2 4 4 0 8 1 9 9 9 1 2 8 2 7 0 0 0 2 0 4 6 2 4 1 1 7 8 2 3 6 1 0 2 3 1 9 7 4 1 6 0 1 4 6 1 8 6 5 4 9 4 0 1 9 4 6 5 0 1 0 8 1 2 0 0 0 9 1 1 4 1 1 9 4 9 1 0 1 9 4 9 8 0 2 4 1 6 0 4 6 0 6 2 9 9 8 6 1 5 1 1 9

of the aphrodisia is the dynamic ensemble consisting of desire and pleasure associated with the act. The epithumiai-hedonai pair occurs quite commonly in Plato." F re quent, too, are expressions that speak of pleasure as a force that persuades, transports, triumphs, as in Xenophon's Memorabilia. 1 6 "It sometimes happens that a man's particular fondness for boys will be mentioned for narrative purposes. Xenophon does this in the Anabasis, in regard to a certain Episthenes. But when he draws a negative portrait of Menon, he does not reproach him for this kind of taste, but for misusing such pleasures: obtaining a command too young, or lo ving an overage boy while still being beardless himself. 17

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

4 0 1 3 4 0 0 1 4 8 5 0 1 2 4 6

45

g t pI u " (akrateia hedones) is s If- str int wit 0 c1 th t w n, in t Timaeus, PI t u C .2 A t 1 ul b c Sl t ff ct, n t f b v liti n lust uI, but f ick s f t b y, t IS ft d sc ib i t m f g n p t 1 gy f xc : t p m, i te f m 1m g c1 S i t m w it b ny c sing, v rfl ws t t t t m th ugh th w 1 b y, s t t t l tt b c m lik tr w v g t tiv p w iv n t i t cti xce s 11 limits; t i ivi u 1 i t u n pal 10 f I g P t f i xi t c by "pI u th t imm lity in t pI su f xi exc SS. " 2 1 T i i wit x gg ti n, su plus, n xc i Iw y c n ct f und g in in t t ird b k f the Nicomachean Ethics: c mm n A i t t1 xpI i s t t f t tu l i t t t t c n c mmit r qu t v y ,t Iy ff " (to pieion); tu : th y P t i t "t m tit tiv i t t tu 1 Sl e Iy c nsi t in ti fyi g n , "t t ink w t v ff it If till i u f it i t xc t natu 1 am u t [toi piethei]. " It is true t t A i t tl 1 m k 11 w nc f t p ticul pI u f i 1V1 U 1 It t t P pI c mmit iff r nt typ s f ff , ith r h pp ul ," by b vby n t t ki g t i pI u "w r t y g i , by n t t ki g t i pI u " in g "lik t cr w ," t y ug 1." But, A i t tl d , " If-i uIg nt i 1V1 U Is [hyperballousi] i 11 t w y ; th Y b t Iig t i xc s m t i gs t t t y ug t n t t d light in, if n ug t t lig t i , t ey t i g th Y lig t in m f t m tm . W tc tim t ug t t xc , " n t t i tut If-i uIg ne in t is p 1 " eulp bI . 22 * It pp , t , t t t p im y ivi 1 g f xu 1 b vIi 1 i w by m 1 ju gm t in t tu e f t ct, wit it p ii w n t p e ib by t it qu tit tiv ctivity bI v i ti n , but by t ti g
3 4 0 2 9 4 0 7 8 3 3 0 0 1 5 8 0 1 4 0 2 1 2 3 5 8 0 9 7 8 0 4 0 8 1 2 3 0 0 0 9 5 1 1 8 5 5 5 3 0 2 9 9 1 2 7 6 2 9 3 0 5 8 3 8 2 9 4 8 0 4 2 4 0 0 8 7 0 4 2 9 1 4 1 8 1 3 9 5 5 0 0 2 2 3 0 2 0 4 7 2 1 8 9 4 0 1 7 0 7 5 0 8 7 3 0 1 4 4 5 1 7 8 2 5 1 5 0 5 1 7 8 2 1 4 2 5 2 4 0 1 4 5 3 0 9 0 5 8 3 9 1 3 0 1 6 4 0 5 0 2 0 1 6 3 0 5 2 0 0 6 1 0 5 0 4 0 0 8 1 3 0 7 8 8 1 2 3 2 4 8 0 9 8 2 4 1 5 7 5 4 1 1 4 0 1 4 5 3 2 0 2 0 7 0 0 1 2 4 0 2 1 8 7 2 3 2 0 8 0 1 1 5 4 1 3 0 6 1 4 0 2 9 2 0 2 1 1 2 9 7 0 0 8 3 0 1 0 4 1 5 4 1 8 6 0 2 2 2 9 1 1 3 0 3 5 5 9 4 2 5 0 0 1 7 3 1 9 4 3 0 7 1 4 1 8 6 2 4 0 2 3 1 1 4 0 5 9 4 9 0 0 9 7 0 3 0 5 7 9 0 7 2 0 2 3 1 5 7 0 1 9 1 0 1 7 1 0 7 7 1 4 0 6 0 4 1 7 9 3 0 9 4 0 2 9 3 1 7 1 4 1 8 4 0 5 7 5 2 2 2 1 2 7 0 0 8 2 5 0 1 9 4 8 4 3 1 6 0 4 9 0 4 2 2 0 9 7 0 2 2 4 0 0 8 2 9 6 0 0 3 8 0 4 1 5 7 3 1 4 2 5 6 1 2 5 1 0 2 1 5 1 0 5 4 3 0 1 4 1 4 0 1 2 4 0 2 5 7 8 8 1 2

"

It should be noted, however, that Aristotle gives his attention on several occasions to the question of the "disgraceful pleasures" that some individuals tend to seek.2J

46
3 0 6 9

The Use of Pleasure

6 2 4 0 2 2 9 6 0 8 9 7 5 0

practic f the pI a u wa ais r Iat t a th r T p 1 ity pecific." C rv i bi t t mig t b 1 bele "r 1 p di g t th t m aphrodisia w t e v b aphrodisiazein. l: p pI t u p k f t It efe t s xu l activity in g m m nt w nim 1 c ge t w ic t y w f aphrodisiazein. 24 It 1 t t c P bi cc mplis xu 1 ct f y kin : t u , i X ment f P A tist aphrodisiazein, w ic m ti t d I t n 2 5 But th v b c Is b mpl y in its m tim ctiv n e, I w IC c it I t p cific 11y t t s -c 11 "m culin " I in i t c u , n t t ctiv fu cti t ati n. An inv Iy, c us it in its fi by P ign ti g I t i c t p IV f m-aphrodisiasthenaiI i x u l u i : t e "p i v " 1 ft bj ct t l i t n t t n tur t I f p tn . T i w men-A ist tI speak f th ge t w ich gi Is bec m i t t c ul b f aphrodisiasthenai; 26 it i t c pabl imp s by f c n m n w w s t u uc t b ing bj ct f t th ' pi u ; 27 it i I th cc pt t by t b y m n w i t ims If b p netr t by i p tn r Problems t u p cuI t b ut w t ut f t -t c us s m m n to t k pi ur i aphrodisiazeisthai. 2 8 ubtl c ct t Y t t t l n u in t It i li t , int c mm G k v c bul y t at w ul c n ti n, w t ve mig t b P cific t m I xu lity fm I xu lity ,29 But it ul be m rk t t in t p ctic tw I n tw p I c n b cl Iy f xu I pI u , ju t t y c b i ti gui i t p i tinguis I v Iu s: t t uctiv functi n; t e c n i t d f tw p iti f th ubj ct n t t f the bj ct, th t f t g t dt t fm I ,i f th "p ti nt"-a Ari totl ay , "the f m 1 , t xp m Ie, i ctiv ,"30 Wh pa iv , n t mal , n xp I nc "ft " w ul b c nsi ri nc of t m c mm n t m n n w men, ev n if it i n t t k t fo m in b th, n while " xuality" w ul be m k by t f m I exu lity, t aphrodig t c u b tw en m I
1 4 3 1 0 1 3 6 1 8 5 0 9 4 5 1 4 2 5 4 0 2 5 7 7 9 0 0 4 1 2 3 0 4 4 4 2 9 0 1 0 7 0 4 1 0 9 3 2 2 5 6 3 0 9 0 9 0 3 0 7 1 1 2 4 0 1 3 0 8 1 7 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 5 1 2 5 8 0 7 5 0 2 3 0 1 5 3 9 1 2 0 1 1 9 1 7 8 3 2 7 6 7 5 3 9 7

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

0 5 0 6 1 6 1 2 2 3 2 6 6 3 1 3 6 1 2 6 1 7 2

47

sia w h ugh f s e ivi y i v Ivi g w e rs, eh wh p rf ms h e IVh vi g i s r I a d fune i - h ity d h wh m i is p f m d. d i his hies ( Iw ys b i g i Fr m his vi wp i , hies, mad by d f r m ), i e mi d h it was a m I h dividi g Ii f 11 mai Iy b w m d b s id h h simpl s th h w s s g diff w m ,f d ha f w m 1 m y i i b w h w Id f m el s ci i s. Bu m g ally, i f 11 b w wh t migh b e ll d h " e iv e s" i h dr m f pI sur s, d h "p ssiv e s": sid , th s wh w h subj e s f s xu I e ivity ( d wh w xp e d t c r y i h th , ut i m sur d d pp rtu m ); d rs, th supp i g pI y s th bj e -p h s wh w with wh m it w s e rri d ut. Th first w m , aturally, but m r sp cifie lly th Y w r dult fr m ; th s co d f e u s , but w m m d up i c1ud d w m Iy I m t f much la g g up h w s s m tim r ferr d s w y f d sig i g h bj e f p ssibl pI su : xt k w s th Hipp eratie "w m , b ys, I v s." I th Oath, th d et r pI dg t r fr i f om erga aphrodisia in v y h us h t s, with yp s wh t v , wh h sl v .31 w m , fe m , H e h s e d m j v i bl th g g dm I v lu ti , 1 dditi t h "qu ti y f etivity" e it i , w th f m i i gi l r b d i g it, b i g th qu sti . subj et f th etivity r it bj et, j i i g th s who u de w t it-ev if w s m -0 mai i g with thos wh aetiv Iy p rf rm d it. F r m xc d p s ivity Ii y i h praetic f the w r th tw mai f rms f imm aphrodisia.
2 3 6 1 0 3 6 1 3 6 0 1 3 7 1 0 1 5 6 0 2 6 2 3 6 0 1 3 0 1 3 1 6 0 5 1 5 0 1 6 0 1 3 6 2 3 3 6 0 6 2 2 7 5 3 3 2 3 6 2 6 2 0 0 6 0 2 3 1 0 3 6 3 2 0 2 6 2 6 6 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 3 0 3 3 2 1 7 3 1 5 6 0 0 5 7 2 1 3 9 6 6 0 5 0 2 2 6 5 1 3 0 5 0 3 6 2 6 1 3 0 6 7 0 3 6 0 1 5 1 0 3 9 3 6 6 1 1 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 0 3 6 1 0 6 7 6 1 5 0 0 3 0 5 6 7 0 6 0 0 3 2 6 0 2 0 6 0 9 6 0 2 6 1 5 3 6 0 2 2 1 7 2 0 3 2 6 0 2 0 2 6 1 5 1 3 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 7 5 0 6 8 7 6 1 7 2 2 6 2 3 1 0 5 0 0 7 6 7 1 2 5 6 1 3 2 0 2 0 2 3 1 1 3 0 2 3 3 7 5 2 3 1 3 6 0 1 0 5 6 1 7 1 8 5 7 0 1 7 6 2 5 6 3 7 0 1 5 6 3 2 0 5 1 2 2 0 1 7 0 5 7 0 3 3 1 0 7 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 7 3 3 7 1 7 3 1 1 5 0 1 0 3 2 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 7 0 3 1 2 5 0 5 5 1 6 9 6 2 1 0 0 4 0 7 6 1 2 2 2 1 0 3 2 6 3 6 0 1 0 6 4 1 1 8 7 2 5 7 1 0 3 1 4 2 7 3 7 6 8 3 1 3 2 8 1 7 1 1 8 7 4 1 8 2 3 5 7 7 5 1 8 7 8 3 7 5 2 3 0 5 1 3 2 4 1 0 0 5 8 6 0 5 2 1 2 3 2 5 0 2 3 1 5 2 2 0 8 3 7 6 0 7 1 3 2 1 5 2 5 2 0 2 6 0 3 2 0 1 5 2 9 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 6 0 2 3 6 1 2 5 0 5 1 3 2 4 8 7 1 3 1 5 8 9 3 3 3 1 3 0 4 5 1 0 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 7 3 7 0 1 8 2 1 4 1 0 1 3 3 1 7 3 5 0 3 0 3 1 3 0 2 2 2 3 5 5 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 9 2 3 0 0 4 4 9 3 2 4 0 8 7 1 3 1 1 1 5 9 6 3 6 8 7 1

Whil s xu I etivity h d thu t b c m bj et f m r I diff i ti d v lu ti , h r s f r thi w s t xual et w b d i it If, th t it b th m k th t th f pnm dial f 11 f m g e . Ev wh th eu t f rm

2.
0 0 2 9 9 4 1 0 1 8 2 3 1 0 1 1 9 0 5 0 3 6 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 6 0 0 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 1 2 0 4 0 2 9 4 3 2 4 7 3 1 5 2 1 5 0 0 2 5 1 2 1 5 5 2 1 5 2 0 7 3 8 3 0 5 5 0 3 1

48
1 0 2 5 0 2 6 1 3 2 3

The Use of Pleasure

1 2 0 0 5 5 0 2 2 6 2

d b ck, s i w s by f s xu I I i s d I ve w s r f g dy i v Ivigi al 1 h Symposium, A is pha i g th P id f hum s d pu i hme t by h g ds, ith h c pI sur w s c sid d b d f Il th ; h 1 f h high s c y, h y d d w d h r s s t f b i g ha m had chi v d.32 I g 1, s xu 1 activi y w s p c iv d as ur 1 ( u I d i disp s bI ) si c i w s h ugh his c ivi y th livi g c tur s w sc p bI r p duc , th sp ci s wh 1 w s abI d ci i , f mili s, x 1 cn ,33 m s, a d ligi s w bI t du fa 1 g th i dividu Is, wh w d si d pass w y. Th d si s h I d th aphrodisia w class d by PIa m g h m st tur 1 d cess y; d h pIe su s h t c uld b b i d fr m h aphrodisia h d h i c us , cco di g t A is otl , i c ss ry hi gs h t c c r d th b dy d th lif of th b dy i g n aJ.l4 I sh r , as Rufus f Eph us w s p i u, i g h s xu 1 d h m i u Iy g u d d i u , c ivi y w s d ply th r w s w y that it c uld b c sid r d b d.35 I this sp c , h m r 1 xp ri c of h aphrodisia w s of c u s t f m the xp 1 c f th ft h th w uld radic IIy diff d v l pl t . But tu d v c s y S 1 m y h v b th I ss th bj c f mo I c c c sid d, i w s It c II d f d limit ti th t w uld bI d ml th pr p r d g d xt t which it c uld b p ctic d. f g d a d viI, this w s 'A d y t, if it c uld P s qu ti ur 1 s , or b c u th 1 t r might h v t i spit f its b 1 r d; it w pr cis Iy b c u f h w y i which it h db ga iz d by tur . Tw tr it m k d th pi u with which it wa ci t d. Fir t, th wa it i f rior ch ct r: be ring i mi d tha f r Ari tippus d th Cyr ICS t diff r fr m pI a ur ,"36 s xu 1 pI ur w "pI ure d g ally ch r ct riz d b i g, ot b r f viI, but t I gic lly qu lit tiv Iy i f i -f r v r I r s: it wa c mmo t a imals a d m (a d thus did t c stitut
5 6 1 3 0 4 3 6 7 6 1 2 3 1 5 3 6 5 2 7 3 1 3 8 5 0 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 6 7 1 3 0 0 5 6 0 2 6 3 1 5 7 2 0 2 1 3 0 5 0 1 5 9 2 2 6 1 3 6 0 1 3 6 5 2 5 6 7 6 7 3 7 6 1 2 5 6 7 7 6 1 5 2 6 1 3 1 6 0 0 6 6 2 0 1 7 3 6 6 2 3 9 0 0 3 8 3 0 5 2 7 2 6 2 0 5 0 7 3 2 6 3 3 2 9 6 5 2 2 3 0 3 2 0 3 0 6 2 6 5 1 6 2 6 3 6 2 6 5 0 2 0 0 5 0 2 0 6 1 7 5 1 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 1 0 2 0 6 1 0 2 0 0 6 3 1 3 2 3 6 0 4 2 0 3 2 0 3 5 0 1 3 0 5 7 2 0 1 0 3 5 0 5 1 3 0 5 3 2 3 2 1 0 5 0 7 6 3 0 6 1 2 2 0 8 5 0 6 2 6 0 6 1 0 0 5 0 0 6 1 2 1 3 6 7 1 3 2 9 2 3 3 0 2 5 9 3 6 0 2 5 0 6 2 1 7 1 6 2 3 7 1 6 0 2 6 0 5 2 0 2 5 3 1 5 6 7 3 3 7 0 2 6 3 6 2 1 3 7 3 0 0 1 9 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 5 3 1 6 1 7 4 2 6 1 1 3 6 1 6 4 0 7 3 6 9 6 0 2 2 6 6 2 0 0 2 3 9 5 1 3 1 4 5 1 3 3 7 3 2 6 5 0 8 0 2 3 1 2 1 0 1 3 8 7 9 3 5 7 0 6 6 0 1 2 0 0 7 3 8 6 7 2 1 5 8 2 0 5 7 3 5 1 0 8 5 7 3 0 1 0 0 4 9 6 1 0 7 1 2 0 5 2 4 3 2 5 2 2 3 0 0 3 3 7 0 4 2 5 9 6 2 2 7 0 0 3 1 3 0 5 0 6 3 2 1 3 0 0 7 0 1 8 6 1 2 5 2 1 3 0 5 3 2 0 1 5 2 0 2 1 3 2 1 0 3 2 8 1 3 0 6 1 7 6 0 5 3 7 0 1 8 0 5 8 0 2 3 8 0 3 6 1 1 0 5 2 7 3 8 1 1 8 0 4 1 3 4 1 1 1 3 7 2 3 1 3 8 1 3 2 6 2 3 0 4 0 2 4 0 0 2 6 7 2 0 7 8 3 2 6 0 7 2 4 7 8 7 2 4 8 1 6 0 2 3 2 8 0 3 1 5 3 0 3 0 2 1 2 4 2 5 0 0 8 2 4 5 0 4 9 4 4 1 2 0 4 7 5 0 4 4 3 0 2 5 2 8 9 3 3 6 1 4 9 3 0 0 3 2 8 2 4 1 0 4 3 1 8 1 0 4 8 0 0 9 4 2 7 2 4 0 3 8 5 9 2 0 0 2 4 0 3 3 9 0 9 5 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 2 1 5 9 2 0 3 0 5 1 5 1 4 0 0 2 8 2 4 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 1 3 7

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

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4 1 3 1

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3

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50
0 5 1 1 0

The Use of Pleasure

3 6 2 2 6 5 3 8 9 0 6 7 3 2 0

its "hyp b lie" p t i 1 . 4 1 N u h d i v s d hum b d d ub bl f rc , which w s i gs wi h this c s y Iw y 0 the p i t f v sh i g th bj c iv h t w s f it. On u derst nds why, i th s c diti s, s xu I ctiv th t w , s w h v s ity quir d m r I discrimi i m r dy mie h m ph I gie 1. If it w s n e ss y, s bridl it with h h g str i ts: f r, PI 0 id, s I w, d t ue r s ; if i w I th ugh , c s ry, A i n th w y a child b y d hi ut r; if fo d i t b y r A is ippu hims If dvi d th , whil it w 11 ight t "us " b c r i d w y by h d t b c ful n pi ur , th m42-th r s n was n t th t exu I ctivity w s vice, nor ie I m d I; it w b c u th t it might d vi at f om a ca s xu I c ivi y w ss ci d with f e , n energeia, th doct i f w I If Ii bl t b xc siv . I h Chri i h fl h, th xc s iv f c f pl sur h d it P i cipl i th s that h d m rk d hum n ur v r F 11 a d i th w k ti lIy i c . F r cl sic I G k h ugh , hi f rc w p xc ssiv by tur , d he m r I qu s i was h w to c e t I it d gul t it c f t thi f e , h w my i uit bl w y. Th f c th xu I c IVI Y pp r d i h f m f pi y f f rc s bli h d by ur , but ubj ct t bu , l t d d dt P l e i g nd h m r i p bl ms h i Thi s ci ti b tw th hie f s x d th thics f th 0 e c uld fi d e t n f e r i nci cui u bl w c u i s x mpl f i . Wh n, in th fir t b k f h Memorabilia, h w n to h w how u ful S e t w t hi X n ph n t di cipl , by hi x mpl d his b rv ti fo h th p c p s a d c nduct f hi m s r "c c r i g ti g nd dri ki g d h pi u of lov 4 3 Th i t f th Republic, wh th y d I wi h the due io I cut (so phrosyne ) of gu rdi s, c m to gr th m d rati dem nd th h f Id m ry f th pi ur f drink, x, d f d ( potoi, aphrodisia, edodai). 44 A d Ari t tl f 11 ws
3 6 3 0 0 4 2 5 2 3 5 0 1 6 9 8 1 7 2 2 2 4 3 1 3 1 1 0 5 1 1 6 3 0 1 0 6 0 6 9 2 4 7 6 1 5 7 3 2 3 7 7 1 3 1 3 0 9 2 5 7 0 2 1 2 3 9 6 1 3 9 2 4 2 0 2 8 8 0 3 1 0 3 2 6 2 3 1 5 1 1 2 2 0 7 2 5 2 2 6 4 9 6 1 0 6 7 6 5 7 8 6 5 1 3 7 4 6 5 0 2 3 7 9 2 9 3 5 7 2 1 3 6 9 4 3 7 0 4 9 4 5 4 6 1 6 0 1 6 2 5 0 4 5 0 1 1 0 0 9 4 1 8 2 1 0 0 4 6 1 5 6 4 0 2 4 0 2 6 0 9 4 9 5 1 7 0 9 4 0 4 1 3 7 9 1 0 9 5 0 1 6 6 1 5 0 2 7 9 2 0 7 0 9 1 1 9 4 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 5 3 1 3 9 1 0 9 4 7 2 4 0 0 9 2 6 6 9 4 9 1 2 6 7 2 1 5 0 2 2 6 2 4 6 4 7 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 3 6 7 4 6 9 3 5 3 8 1 6 0 0 4 8 0 7 4 0 1 5 7 1 0 2 0 2 4 5 3 0 3 7 9 3 3 0 0 9 3 0 4 2 9 7 9 3 9 6 7 0 8 4 3 0 1 2 4 2 5 0 0 6 1 6 6 4 1 0 9 4 1 6 8 3 9 8 0 7 3 2 7 2 3 6 1 9 8 6 1 3 1 1 3 5 1 3 4 1 5 0 1 6 1 1 3 5 1 2 3 5 0 2 0 4 8 1 3 1 3 2 4 2 7 2 0 9 6 2 6 4 7 2 2 6 6 2 0 9 7 3 6 7 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 7 0 4 6 9 4 7 3 2 6 8 4 7 1 2 4 0 5 0 2 0 6 6 1 2 6 3 2 6 7 1 2 5 1 0 6 0 2 6 6 7 5 6 0 3 7 1 1 4 7 4 9 4 1 2 1 3 7 8 0 3 8 0 6 4 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 7 6 0 2 2 4 9 1 3 4 9 6 2 6 1 3 2 0 3 6 6 5 8

"

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

51
0 4 8 0

suit: i th Nicomachean Ethics, th th X mpl h giv s f "c mmo pi ure " th f ing, dri ki g, nd, f f th b d. "45 I n u m , th "pi ur y u hs nd vig f m f pi u , h m typ f h s h c gniz t h d g : th t f xc di g wh t is c y; h v id n ifi ting physi I gic I p i cipl th t th Y h Id i comm n, pie ure of c t ct d uch in 11 thr e (acc rdi g to him, f d d dri k d t c u th ir p ticul r pi ur xc pt d p ci 11y th by c ming in c t c with th t gu h t).46 Wh h p k i th Symposium, h d ct E yxth im chus cl ims fo hi t th pr rog iv f dvi ing in which mu t m k u of th pi sur f h m b d d h bI ; acc rdi g him, it i d ct s wh ught y h w to j y ich f d wi h ut m king If ick; it Is s s with th m pr sc ib , t h s wh p ctic physic 1 I v -E s P d m s-h w t h v n rg m with ut y r suI ing ill if ct .44 It w uld b in ing, u Iy, t c th g hist y f th c c i n b tw n lim t ry hic nd xu 1 thic , d s m if d i doct i , but 1 in r ligi u i u 1 di y uI ; w uld d to disc v r how, v 1 ng p i d f tim , the pI y of lim y p c lp 1 b c m unc upi d from h f xu 1 m 1 , by f 11 wi g th voIuti n f th i sp c iv imp nc (wi h h th r b i t d m m d ubt, wh n th p obI m f xu 1 c duct b w is m th th t f lim t ry b h vi ) d c m m h g du 1 diif ti ti of th i p cific ructur (th m m nt wh n s xu 1 d si b g n to b qu i ned i t rm h lim n y pp i ) In y c , i the r ft cti n f th th G ks in th cl ic 1 p ri d, it d m h t th m 1 of f d, dri k, nd xu 1 c ivity w c rpr bI m iz ti i d u 1 th imil r m n r. F d , win , nd 1 ti with w m nd b y c n titut d n 1 g u thic 1 m t i l; th Y b ught f c t pI y th t w r tur 1, but th t Iw ys t d d t b xc SlV ; d th Y 11 r i d h
3 0 7 5 7 0 0 9 1 1 3 7 2 4 4 2 5 0 1 4 0 1 7 9 6 3 3 9 1 5 1 6 2 1 5 1 4 0 3 7 0 2 4 7 4 1 0 0 6 7 0 6 5 0 0 1 5 4 1 0 2 4 5 7 0 5 8 1 7 4 7 4 2 0 0 1 9 3 0 5 9 1 0 0 0 3 9 3 0 0 4 4 2 5 0 7 7 3 7 6 0 4 2 1 1 2 5 3 0 9 0 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 4 1 3 9 9 3 6 1 9 0 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 2 4 7 0 9 5 9 0 9 4 0 0 7 1 1 3 2 6 7 1 3 0 2 3 0 4 0 2 0 6 5 1 9 8 3 7 4 7 2 4 3 0 6 0 1 1 5 5 9 2 5 4 2 5 8 7 9 6 8 1 2 4 1 3 0 2 3 3 0 5 1 3 0 4 2 7 4 8 7 7 2 0 4 1 6 0 7 9 3 6 8 6 9 8 1 3 6 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 4 2 1 0 3 1 5 1 1 6 1 9 1 3 0 4 0 4 2 1 5 0 6 0 6 1 7 5 7 1 6 1 0 1 5 9 0 2 1 0 5 1 9 3 0 1 1 1 2 8 2 1 2 4 1 2 3 0 6 0 0 4 1 0 6 7 5 7 4 6 4 5 7 1 6 5 9 0 8 1 3 1 5 1 0 1 3 3 7 6 1 4 8 7 0 2 0 3 2 7 6 4 4 0 9 0 2 4 2 9 3 0 4 6 7 3 5 3 0 4 2 4 1 0 1 4 5 6 2 4 9 3 0 6 2 5 5 0 4 1 3 0 1 3 0 0 1 7 1 7 5 2 1 7 5 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 6 2 5 5 5 0 4 6 1 3 4 0 2 0 1 0 6 2 6 1 4 0 2 1 5 9 4 1 1 3 7 7 1 1 0 5 5 7 0 6 7 1 5 6 2 0 6 0 5 6 2 7 7 2 0 1 7 3 6 3 1 1 0 0 5 0 1 4 0 2 1 3 7 2 0 1 5 0 1 5 5 1 8 2 3 2 1 2 0 3 0 2 2 1 5 4 2 3 6 0 5 2 2 0 5 0 3 2 1 3 0 5 4 7 4 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 4 6 1 3 7 4 1 6 0 5 2 3 2 7 6 5 2 2 0 6 6 0

52

The Use of Pleasure

m qu s 1 : h w c uid "m k US " , h w mus (chresthai) f his dyn mic f pI u , d sir s, d e s? f igh us . A A i t I xp ss s i " 11 me A qu 1 n h r b th v u y f ds nd wi s J y 1 S m w y d xu l i e urse, bu not 11 m d so as th y ught [ouch ' has de;]. "48
4 9 7 7 6 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 1 6 1 3 0 9 0 7 1 6 2 4 1 0 2 4 5 0 4 0 0 9 3 9 6 0 4 6 1 3 1 5 6 7 4 5 4 1 6 0 0 5 0 7 6

2
Chres is

n ught"? T a m nj y hi pi u " m d r t , limit, what principl d e he f r i ord r gul te th ctivity? Wh t rt of v lidity might th princibl m t ju tify hi h vi g t b y pi h v th t w uld h m? Or, i th r w d , what i th m d of ubj cti th impli d i thi m ral pr bl m tiz tion f xu I c duct? Th g I f mo I r ft c i n on th aphrodisia was much I t t blish sy t m tic c d that w uld d t mi th nic I f m of xu I ct , tr c ut th b u d ry f th c ig p ctic t id r th th f P hibiti n , nd dividi g lin , h n w k ut th co diti n nd mod liti s ; th t i , t d fin yl f wh t h Gr k c II d f "u chresis aphrodision. th u f pi ur . Th c mm n xpr ssio chresis aphrodision l t d, i a g r I w y, t s xu I ctivity (fo x mpl , p pi w uld P k f im f h y h g in n 's lif wh n it w g d chresthai aphrodisi i which n d t th m n ois). I But th t m I r f i dividu 1 m ag d his xu I ctivity, his w y f c ducting him If in uch m tt r , th r gim h II w d him If imp s d n hims If, th c nditi n in which h cc mplish d s xu I ct , h h h II tt d th m i hi lif . * It w s n t
H w d
1 3 1 7 4 2 0 1 4 0 9 4 5 7 2 4 1 0 1 1 0 4 1 4 5 0 0 3 8 6 1 1 8 9 8 5 0 2 9 6 9 2 4 1 2 8 4 0 0 4 2 7 2 1 8 3 2 8 2 9 3 1 4 4 2 3 1 1 7 6 8 3 1 0 1 5 4 4 8 1 0 4 0 1 3 2 6 4 0 3 4 1 1 8 9 9 1 4 0 9 1 3 0 1 9 1 5 2 7 8 6 1 8 7 4 4 1 7 4 9 2 4 8 2 1 8 1 8 0 5 3 7 7 9 3 1 9 1 5 4 0 2 2 4 2 8 1 0 1 3 2 1 0 5 1 1 4 2 9 4 4 3 5 9 0 4 1 1 3 8 4 8 1 7 1 0 5 1 2 3 0 6 6 1 1 5 1 0 3 2 1 4 2 2 0 1 9 4 0

"

Plato

talks about the right "possession and practice"

(kte sis te kai chreia) of women

of relations that one could have with them.2 Polybius speaks of the chreia aphrodisi on which, along with indulgence in luxurious clothes and food, characterized the habits of hereditary rulers and provoked discontent and revolution. )

and children, so that what was at issue was the whole range of relationships and forms

53

54

The Use of Pleasure

3 9 1

m ng the a qu ti n of what wa p rmitt d or forbidd d ire th t on f It the ac th committ d, bu f disd c leul ti n i th w y P ud nce, reft cti t ibuted and c troll d his act . In th us of pIe u s, whil it w c ary to r p ct th I ws d cu t m f th I nd, k p fr m offendi g th god , a d to h d th will of tu , th moral rules to which one conformed were far r mov d fr m ything th t might fo m a cl arly d fi d c d . * I w much m a questi n of va i bi dju m t i which h d to take differe t f ct rs i to acc u t: the I m t f w nt m a d tural c s ity; that of pp rtu , which w p ral nd circum t ntial; th t of th statu f th individu I himself. Chresis h d t b d cid d n th b is f th e differn c sid atio . Thu , one c n h f Id t gy ft ction the u f pI su s: th f w rk in thi d, timelin s, d t tus.
0 4 1 4 0 0 7 0 4 4 2 8 8 1 5 6 4 9 6 1 3 8 7 6 1 5 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 9 1 3 0 9 1 3 0 5 1 3 0 4 0 0 9 4 5 8 0 2 4 3 0 8 4 4 8 4 8 0 9 2 3 4 1 4 1 0 2 6 1 0 3 8 1 8 4 3 0 7 0 3 5 2 8 0 0 0 1 9 3 9 5 8 0 3 0 1 7 6 2 4 1 5 8 1 9 5 9 8 2 4 6 0 3 3 1 3 0 2 3 9 1 3 1 3 0 0 0 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 8 8 4 1 1 3 8 3 8 4 4 9 4 6 0 1 2 4 9 2 0 4 1 0 2 2 1 8 8 0 1 0 9 4 1 7 4 0 6 1 3 7 5 3 4 4 2 4 7 8 2 6 5 0 7 1 4 6 5 2 0 2 6 1 4 5 0 8 1 3 4 8 1 7 2 5 0 9 6 1 3 0 7 0 4 2 3 4 9

The strategy 0/ need. Th sc nd I us g s u e f Oi g s is well kn wn: wh h d dt ti fy his s xu I pp it , h would r li v him If in h m k tpl c .5 Lik m y f h Cy ic ' pr v c tio , thi h d d ubI m I g. I w d it imp ct to th public ch ct f th ct, f e u s , which went g i st ev y c v ti n 1 G c ; 1 W S cusom y t s rt th d f pnv cy n f r m ki g nigh , nd th c r t k t 0I If b I ve Iy sig s n ng ging i thi kind f ctivi y w r g d d h th pr ctice f aphrodisia w n om thi g that hond h m t nobl qu litie f rna ki d. It w ag i t hi rul f priv cy th t Oi g e dir ct d hi "p f rm nc " c i i ci m. Oi g n L rtiu r por th t in f c h w in th h bit d f "d i g v y hi g in public, th work f D m Aphr dit Iik ," f 11 w : "If b kf b n i g b u d, ith i it b urd to br akf st i th m rk t-pi c ."6 But thi p 11 1 with f d g v Diog ' ctio dditi n 1
1.
7 2 9 1 7 6 5 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 3 8 3 0 0 8 1 4 9 4 0 2 2 7 6 0 0 7 0 7 4 0 6 0 2 5 7 2 7 0 9 3 1 6 8 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 3 7 2 9 1 8 8 3 3 2 6 1 7 4 9 0 2 5 2 0 5 1 0 9 1 1 5 0 2 2 3 0 5 1 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 8 0 6 2 6 2 5 1 9 4 0 7 3 7 0 1 5 2 2 4 2 5 7 2 4 1 1 9 3 1 1 3 2 6 6 9 8 9 7 1 3 0 1 1 3 1 6 0 6 1 3 0 4 0 0 3 0 7 7 2 4 1 2 6 2 4 7 2 5 8 2 4 2 3 6 2 6 0 2 1 2 4 1 6 4 7 3 1 5 0 6 8 1 4 0 9 4 1 3 3 2 4 2 3 4 6 4 7 1 2 9 1 8 3 4 0 8 4 0 5 1 0 5 2 6 4 1 8 8 4 2 7 4 7 6 4 2 9 6 0 2 4 7 2 1 1 3 8 0 5 6 3 7 4 1 7 0 6 8 5 2 3 1 0 2 7 5 0 2 4 1 3 3 2 4 1 1 4 5 0 9 2 4 6 0 1 6 2 4 5 3 7 8 5 4 2 4 0 2 3 8 2 7 9 7 4 9 5 9 0 1 1 9 8 0 3 8 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2

Aristotle's Rhetoric defines moderation as that which makes us conduct ourselves with regard to the pleasures of the body "as the nomos requires.'"

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

m

55
1 0

f th aphrodisia, which c uld n t b ning: th p ctic tur 1, w n thing m r or 1 s h sh m ful sinc it wa th ti f cti n f d; d just the Cynic 1 k d f th ms th t h impl f d th might gr tify his t m ch (it ing w m t), h lik wi f und i m turb tion th i d m t dir c m f pp ing his xu 1 pp tit . H ev n r gr tt d th t it was n t po sibl to s tisfy hung r and thirst m nn : "W uld t h av n th t it w r n ugh in s impl e's t m ch i rder t Hay n ' hung r. " t ub In thi , Di gen w 0 ly pu hing t it logic 1 xtr m n f the g t P c pt f th chresis aphrodision. H w ducing t minimum th b h vi r th t Anti th h d already advocat d i X nophon's Symposium: "If I ev r fe 1 n tur 1 d i to h v x with worn , I m w 11 ti fi d to wh m I with wh v ch nc put i my w y th t th mak my adv c s a e m r tha glad w lc m m b c use th y h v n n I t c n t with th m. In w rd, 11 th e item ppe 1 t m b ing s conduciv t nj ym t th t t pr y for gr pI su in p rf rming ny I c uld f h m, but c uld P y r th f much m pl sur bl d I g rd om f th m h i good for n . "7 m v d in principl Anti th n ' gim i ot v ry f ( v n if h pr ctic 1 c s qu c qui e diff nt) f om v I p ec p o x mpl th t S c t s, cc rding Xe ph , g v to hi di cipl . F r if h c mme d d th t th who we i suffici tly f rtifi d g i h pI ur of 1 v ft fr m th igh f b utiful b ys, d g i t xiI if c y, h did n t i ny c dv c tot 1, d fi itiv , d t I t s unc diti 1 b ti n. Th S c tic 1 p X n ph t it, w th t P pI hould "limit th mIv t uch indulg nc ul w uld r j ct unl th th d f th b dy w p s i g, nd uch would d n h rm wh h n d w th r ." 8 But in thi n d- gul t d us f th aphrodisia, th obj clV w to r duc pI su t n thi g; 0 th c t y, thr ugh h wh t w w n d w t m in in it d to d
0 9 0 5 9 0 1 8 1 9 7 7 4 3 9 2 2 4 1 1 0 7 4 6 2 3 0 4 2 4 9 1 1 9 3 8 7 2 3 9 4 1 1 0 1 5 7 4 7 4 6 1 1 9 6 2 4 1 2 4 8 0 9 7 6 5 7 0 2 6 5 9 0 2 7 0 4 0 1 3 2 4 9 0 1 4 0 6 0 9 3 4 1 2 0 9 4 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 8 0 8 8 9 1 4 0 9 0 1 4 7 2 9 0 5 1 1 8 8 9 8 8 8 1 1 5 1 3 4 1 9 3 1 1 2 1 0 4 7 4 1 0 4 2 4 3 4 1 4 2 8 0 8 1 0 1 5 0 9 5 0 0 4 1 8 0 9 4 5 8 1 2 0 0 2 1 2 4 8 3 8 4 2 8 3 0 0 8 2 2 0 4 5 0 2 2 7 4 0 0 3 2 4 1 0 4 9 4 0 9 6 7 0 5 9 8 4 3 2 9 1 4 7 1 8 9 3 0 5 1 7 3 6 1 0 1 7 7 8 9 8 2 8 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 4 1 5 0 9 1 2 0 4 4 2 2 1 0 2 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 2 1 3 1 2 7 2 6 7 5 0 2 5 0 7 1 9 1 3 8 1 6 0 1 5 2 2 0 5 1 5 7 4 4 4 1 1 5 8 0 9 2 7 1 5 0 2 4 0 1 7 6 2 3 4 1 0 4 8 0 4 5 0 0 3 4 3 7 2 5 5 7 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 2 1 3 0 0 3 0 4 2 5 0 6 0 5 8 5 4 0 7 5 2 5 0 6 4 5 8 2 0 4 9 1 5 2 0 2 1 6 1 3 1 1 3 2 8 4 4 7 4 1 0 5 0 1 3 7 9 1 4 0 5 0 3 7 3 1 0 9 2 3 4 6 6 0 0 2 4 8 4 1 0 7 8 1 0 4 6 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 0 8 3 7 0 4 4 2 5 0 1 3 2 2 4 0 9 1 2 6 0 2 2 0 3 0 2 3 1 3 1 3 2 2 4 6 8 3 1 0 1 5 9 0 4 4 1 3 2 0 9 4 2 8 1 1 3 5 0 4 0 3 4 2 4 2 0 1 0 4 8 4 0 0 4 1 4 0 0 2 4 7 4 1 1 0 0 8 4 4 0 3 0 7 1 7 1 0 5 0 5 7 4 3 2 4 2 4 1 1 2 8 3 6 7 0 0 2 4 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 7 6 8 2 4 3 1 6 0 0 0 9 5 8 1 1 3 3 0 1 3 5 2 5 2 2 4 2 6 7 2 4 1 2 6 9 2 3 1 4 1 1 6 8

56
3 8 7 2 9 9 7 3 0

The Use of Pleasure

0 4 8 1 7 0 2 0 9 0 2

d d ire. Ev ry n kn w th t pI sur w s d th t w k f d si : dull d if it ffered n ti f cti t h k "T my friend , me t a d drink bring sw t nd simpl nJ y m t [hedeia . . . apolausis apragmon ]," y Virtu i P did by S cr t , "fo th y w it till th Y cus' pe ch rep cr v th m."9 A d i discus i n wi h Euthyd mu , S c t s [aphrodision epithi t d i r m rk th t "hung I ck f I p e th s I c u e of pIe u e i thumia ] ting a d dri ki g and xu I i dulg nc , d in r i g or I ping, ft r tim of w iti g and i c until th m me t c mes wh n th s will giv the g at t pos ibl s tisf c tion [hos eni hedista ]."IO Bu if pIe ur must b ust i d through d ir , thi did n t m an that, co v r Iy, d si mu t be inc ed by r c u s t pI sur th t w r t f d n t c n inu us tur I kind. It is f igu , y P odicus, idl n , that ught t make n f el like sl pi g; nd if it w s p p r to ti fy xu I d ir wh th y pp d, it w n t g d t cr at d ir th t w t b yo d d N d ught to serv a guidi g pri ciple i thi strat gy, which cl rly 0 1 w c uld n v r tak th f rm of pr ci e c dific ti ev ry lik in v y ci cum t nc . Th s applicabl gy made p ibi n quilib ium in th dy mic f pI u nd d i : it k pt thi dy mic fr m " u ni g w y," f om b c ming xc ssiv , by setti g th s ti f cti f d s its i t I limit; nd it p v n d thi n tur I fo ce f m r v I i g, fr m usu ping plac th w its w , b c us it d w pr vided nly f r wh t wa c s ry t th b dy i t ded by n tu , nd n thing m At the s m time it n bl d n t void imm der ti n, which w , t ic Iy p ki g, a b h vi th did n t h v i ba i in tur . It wa f r thi r n th t it c uid sum w f rm ag inst which the thical r gim f pi sur h d t wa imm d r ti th t might b c 11 d n truggi . Th Th w I imm der ti f "pi h r " or "fulfillm . wh t might b c II d f " ific ," which lmm d r ti w p duct f th first typ f imm d r i n: it c nsis d
8 1 1 4 2 4 9 1 3 1 6 7 0 0 3 3 7 4 4 1 2 0 5 0 1 4 2 3 7 0 2 0 0 1 8 3 4 9 4 0 3 5 1 4 0 9 4 1 5 6 7 1 2 0 4 5 0 2 0 9 8 8 3 3 9 4 1 6 0 4 1 5 2 0 7 2 4 9 0 5 1 5 5 4 1 5 0 4 5 0 1 5 9 1 4 0 0 2 5 8 1 0 9 4 4 9 4 5 3 8 9 3 3 3 4 0 2 3 0 0 9 3 7 4 6 3 4 0 0 9 0 9 0 9 3 5 0 4 4 6 2 3 7 7 1 3 1 8 8 0 8 5 0 0 4 4 0 2 2 6 9 4 7 7 4 2 3 7 0 4 8 4 1 0 3 8 4 0 0 5 0 4 4 5 8 9 4 0 1 5 0 1 8 9 0 4 2 0 8 3 1 1 2 3 9 9 9 6 8 4 9 4 5 2 3 1 1 6 1 8 8 4 4 1 1 1 0 8 8 0 3 2 2 5 1 8 4 2 4 4 7 9 8 4 8 4 8 3 8 2 7 9 5 8 9 4 1 1 1 1 0 8 8 4 0 4 9 0 3 0 3 3 0 7 4

"11

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

9 3 0 3 0 3 4 0 3 2 6 0 4 5 5 1 2 1 4

57

in se king n ual pI a u i t g tifie ti f unnatu al d i s; it wa t i typ t t l P pI t "g t t ee k t ,a t u t a fr glv z st t ati g, t buy e tly wi w i th summ "; it wa t is typ , t , that e f i t fi w pI a u s i t "u m a w m aphrodisia. U r ti t i t I w y, m t e ul b di e t a sy tern f l ws a e ifieatak t f m f VI e ul it rye s p i eipi f ullifyfb ti t, p aetie f pI su t t w i g pI u ; it wa a ug t "u " f t pI su e pabi f s If-limit ti t t tw b s : "5 If-e t I l " ys 5 er t u t suff i g I v "e u s t m t m , e us t m t xp I e 1 f t y pI ur ue w t m ti I g I J yme t " 3 A W t i I 5 e t 1m If xp ri e t m I V Y Y life, ee I g t make e ti g a "He at ju t uffiei nt f t X n p y f hi f t t w pI u , f u f i k app tit t b t s ue ; f und pI y ki Iy w w s t i sty."I' nt, b e u d a k
9 3 4 0 3 6 3 0 6 5 0 7 0 1 0 1 0 6 4 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 3 2 0 3 2 7 1 4 2 1 2 7 1 2 3 9 5 4 6 1 3 2 2 1 0 0 4 3 6 0 1 1

"12

The strategy o/timeliness. A t st tegy e i t f t mi i g t pp tu tim , t kairos. T i w t m st imp t t bj etiv , e f t m t lie t , f t pI u e . PI t mp t t f m ki g u iz s t p i t i t Laws: f rtu t w s t (w t a In IVI u 1 t b i t is p r , t t )w k ww tn " tt i t rig t am u t"; w v , t ig t tim e t a y , et "wit ut k wI ge [anepistemonos] t t w o g tim [ektos ton kairon ]" w ul "liv Iif th t i pp sit . " 1 5 ju t t o s t k ep i ml t t t is t m f t e " ig t time" e i e bi imp t e f t G e ks, t Iw y Iy f scie e que ti a m al p bi m, but Is t e iqu . T x rcis f p etie 1 kill i m iein , g viti vigati n ( g Upl g t t w s quit t m t, w f t m) impli t t t e t t wit k wi g
2.
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"

58
g
0

The Use of Pleasure

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This period was thought to begin late; for Aristotle, sperm remained sterile u p to the age of twenty-one. But the age a man had to wait for before he could expect fine off spring was later still: "After the age of twenty-one, women are fully ripe for child-bearing, but men go on increasing in vigor." to

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

59
9

was n b cau ad n u ce pleasu s; it was becaus i t ibut m p p Iy v th cours of h k w h wt his xi t c , t p mitting th m div r him from his occupati 11 wi g th m nly af a p ior p riod of th way f abl c a ion. I S w k ad cl a T imp ta c f t e "righ im " in s xual e hics app a s cl a Iy i at aling wi h pas g f t Memorabilia u qui vocally hat he p c pt ha ta i c t. S c at "par n hall n hay xual in rcou s with th ir childr n " c ns itut s a u iv sal dicWI t ir par n c il urn, l i d w by t g s. H s th p oof of this in th fact that th w br k t rul r c iv a punishm n . Now, th pu ishm t c ist i his: egar I ss of th intrinsic qualiti s that the i c stu us pa ents might poss ss, their offspri g will c m t g . An why is this? B caus h p e fail r sp ct th principl f the " g!lLtime ," mixi g t i s u as bly, si c f them was nec ssarily much I t n th t : fo p pI procr at wh n th y w i g i full VIg r" was always "to b g ba ly."19 X p n d S c at n say tha inc s is p h sibl nly i t f m f a "in ppo une" ac ion; bu h vil f i c is rna if t d in he sam I I rna k bl t way a d wi h th s m c ns qu c s as he lack f gard for th pr p r tim .
1 8 9 3 0 6 0 6 4 9 1 2 7 4 9 9 2 0 1 1 7 3 4 0 8 6 0 4 1 0 4 1 9 4 9 9 0 3 0 2 0 2 1 0 4 0 8 1 9 8 1 2 3 5 2 7 5 1 2 0 1 8 9 4 4 9 1 4 6 0 4 0 7 0 1 4 6 1 2 1 4 9 4 4 9 9 8 6 0 1 4 2 0 1 6 8 8 0 9 8 9 4 4 6 0 4 0 4 2 5 3 5 0 1 6 0 7 9 8 2 0 3 1 4 0 3 3 8 0 3 2 0 8 8 4 9 9 8 8 0 8 3 3 1 8 0 3 0 8 9 4 9 9 9 1 4 6 7 4 0 2 8 6 6 0 0 2 8 3 1 2 8 9 9 4 8 5 7 1 2 6 0 1 7 0 3 9 9 9 4 9 1 3 0 6 1 9 5 6 0 0 9 9 0 9 8 0 2 9 2 1 2 3 3 2 8 4 7 9 9 0 2 0 1 4 9 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 7 7 9 9 8 9 5 4 2 8 3 9 7 8 1 9 9 0 0 1 2 6 0 4 0 0 7 2 3 0 1 2 5 2 0 1 2 0 1 9 1 7 0 4 6 5 0 1 6 9 4 4 9 1 9 8 1 9 9 9 0 0 4 0 2 1 1 2 0 4

"

The strategy ofstatus. Th a t f maki g us of pi asur als t b a apt uit t u an hi p so al sta us. Th autho f th Erotic Essay (att ibute t Demosthenes) r t t is p i cipl , t ki g is cu f m th Symposium: ibl p r k ws v y w Il t a I v r lations wi h v y t " b lu Iy i r bl r ham ful bu for ab y t m pa v ry acc r i g t t P s n c nc ned," so I w ul b "u t bl a pt th sam atti u " in v y ca It m y w 11 b a ait c mm t 11 CI I t at th rul s f xual c uc va y cc ing t ag , s x, and th condi ion
3.
1 0 4 1 2 9 9 9 6 5 7 1 0 7 0 7 8 1 3 6 0 3 0 4 7 3 9 4 2 8 9 4 1 9 4 7 1 0 3 5 0 3 8 6 4 2 0 5 2 6 9 4 1 9 0 0 4 3 9 2 3 9 0 3 1 2 2 1 9 4 9 6 8 1 9 9 8 1 5 4 0 2 1 5 3 1 8 0 0 8 6 0 6 1 2 1 4 5 9 1 3 9 8 6 0 1 3 8 4 8 5 1 7 2 1 6 0 9 4 1 3 1 9 4 6 5 8 8 1 7 0 2 4 0 5 3 1 2 5 0 8 1 7 1 9 0 8 7 9

20

60
2 6

The Use of Pleasure

7 3 7 8 1 8 1 2 2 4 1 8 1 3 9 1 8

at bliga i s a d p hibi i n ar n of i ividual , an I impo v ry same mann r. But, st icti g f C ri ia m rali y, i sp cific ion urs Iv th c occurs wit I h f m w rk f a v rall sy t m t a d fi exu I ac i al p inciple , v lu f t rms f g in icat th c iti which i may b I gi im r acc r ing t wh the is mar i d r t, b u by v ws C f m ul d univ sali y. I , tc. ; t i i i h h n , t at i t clas ical hics, with th s m , 0 th xc p I fa f w p ec p a ppli t v y , s a ar s 's way f lif , f exual m lity w alw y tail r ha i fl e whic was i If t mi d by h statu ha c s n. T m D m n th pu p s f " th Erotic Essay a d ss s Epicrates in rd t c uns I him th m f en i g i lif till m r w r hy f t m"; he s tw tt th Y ung rna mak CI I " igh a vic n t c duc f lif "; t a ar bas glv n I vi w t g ral hi g a VIC I a p incipl f b havi , bu p i t up t I gi ima iff c " r pr ach m f ha xist am ng m ral c i ia: w humbl a insig ifican at ural gifts v wh n th y commit ish bl act"; h th r , if th y a m lik Epicr t s ims If, wh has "attai i ti cti , v a bit f glig nc m rna t f ig bri g di g n r lly cc pt pri cipl f g v m t g ac ."21 It wa hat m was I th public y , th m ut ity h d wa d t v v t r , h m r ugh mak 's lif i t a brillia t w k w r putati w uld p f la I gm n c y it w s lib rat Iy, rig r u ta t a pt an mai tai , f Iy a uct. Suc w t c u s I giv by Sim d f s xual c t Hi r c c 1 g "m t I k d sl p I I v ": e w pi a u t 11 cr u alik s em t J y, w r t I v f p I W P culi t huma s, a i was a I v w IC bl t u I wa al da g s a d priv i Y A rna I
3 9 7 1 2 9 9 1 2 0 2 8 6 0 9 4 0 4 2 1 9 0 3 8 1 5 9 3 0 1 6 3 2 8 1 8 8 6 3 9 5 8 6 2 8 9 4 5 0 1 2 1 1 9 3 9 6 8 0 2 9 3 8 6 0 5 0 1 6 0 3 5 8 2 8 9 1 9 2 9 4 4 3 7 0 3 0 1 2 7 1 2 3 2 8 0 0 8 5 8 0 1 2 1 8 1 7 1 0 4 1 2 0 4 0 1 2 1 1 2 7 1 1 4 2 1 8 0 6 3 3 5 2 2 3 8 5 2 0 1 1 7 5 8 0 0 4 8 8 9 9 3 2 0 1 8 0 4 5 7 6 2 6 0 3 9 8 0 9 9 8 1 2 1 0 4 0 8 3 8 6 8 5 0 7 1 9 0 4 1 2 9 8 2 7 7 1 3 1 4 5 9 4 0 5 3 1 9 7 8 1 1 2 0 1 0 6 8 3 0 7 9 0 4 2 0 8 0 3 1 2 0 7 2 6 0 8 7 5 7 0 4 1 0 3 1 2 0 7 6 1 0 6 0 3 5 0 9 1 3 8 6 0 2 0 3 1 0 7 4 0 0 1 0 4 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 5 2 3 1 4 7 0 4 2 6 3 0 3 1 0 1 8 1 0 3 0 0 7 1 0 2 1 5 2 1 3 0 9 0 1 2 0 7 0 3 1 2 3 6 8 9 2 1 8 9 7 1 2 8 6 0 4 8 7 0 1 6 9 1 2 8 1 0 2 7 8 3 1 1 7 7 0 3 2 1 8 2 0 1 4 7 0 4 8 1 4 0 9 6 0 0 2 0 4 0 3 1 9 1 4 8 8 1 1 2 6 0 0 8 8 0 7 0 4 0 2 0 8 8 9 3 1 1 4 8 0 4 9 7 1 2 1 8 9 1 9 2 1 0 2 7 2 8 2 0 9 2 9 9 5 7 1 2 1 4 5 9 1 2 8 0 1 0 6 5 2 7 0 4 0 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 5 9 6 0 1 2 0 7 7 3 2 1 2 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 8 0 4 1 6 6 6 1 2 1 4 2 3 3 4 0 3 5 0 0 5 5 0 0 7 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 8 8 6 0 1 4 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 5 6 1 4 1 2 0 5 1 4 2 8 0 1 6 5 9 1 0 4 1 6 0 3 5 2 7 8 0 1 0 1 2 0 3 1 8 8 1 0 1 2 2 9 0 1 2 1 4 6 1 3 0 0 1 2 1 3 4 0 5 7 5 4 5 2 3 8 7 1 2 8 6 0 1 4 9 0 0 3 3 5 4 5 1 7 1 7 2 2 4 0 0 2 7 7 0 0 9 1 1 3 3 2 7 5 4 3 1 0 1 2 7 6 5 3 6 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 2 7 0 3 1 0 1 1 2 0 4 2 2 0 5 5 2 7 7 4 2 5 2 9 0 5 2 7 1 0 8 6 3 0 0 4 0 0 3 4 0 3 6 5 8 5 0 5 8 4 0 3 0 0 0 7 1 9 2 1 6 0 0 5 3 6 0 1 0 1 6 1 2 1 4 5 2 7 4 5 3 9 5 3 0 5 4 1 2 2 7 8 8 6 8 1 0 6 6 9 2 5 0 7 1 2 0 1 0 2 7 4 0 2 0 4 2 5 8 1 2 3 2 7 8 6 3 3 3 1 8 6 9 2 2 0 4 2

The Moral Problematization of Pleasures

9 3 1 2 7 0 7 0 4 7 9

61

which Ag silau c uet hims If, again acco ing to X no h pI a ur " h p ove 0 s ong f r ph n, wi h r g d rna y m n"; in th ug ha "a ul r's sup riori y v r mary m n s ul b sh wn not by w akn ss bu by endu anc . "23 among t gula ly r p s M ati n was quit quali i s t a b I g -0 at I t s ul b I ng-n just bu par icula ly t e w ha ank, sta us, an any f th Memoraibility in th city. Wh h S c r p bilia d crib s f C i bulu t g ntl man wh s frien ship ki g, h pI c m erati n h list f quali i i w rna w hy f s cial m-a lis ha h t char c IZ , b ing r s VIC t a fri i clu s b i g a y ISP s r u n ki c IV , an b ing ace m.24 In r m ati g i bu in m t sh w a va t i cipl A i ippus, wh "w s ag s f m e l ," S e a s, till ec rding rat i mp at i ue m ph n, ks he qu ti : if h ha t ueat tw t X y u s, n f wh m w uld g t I a 0 inary lif and w ul b s in e mman , which f h wO h t woul h t ach t "e t I is pa ions" that th y w uld hind him f m i g wh t h w ul hav t ?25 Eis w i t Memorabilia, S er t s ubmits at sine p pI p f t hav slav s w a t i t mpe te, all the mor , "s ul w e g I e w it e rn lu t, wh m w k w t b t l V f t b lly, r f wi , I p?"26 It is t ue that PI t w ul giv th nti tate the virtu fm i ; bu s m a by i t all phrosyne w ul eh ae w uld b qu lly If-e t II d: so w ug t t b rul d w ul b y, ci y i w ie t iz d thos w w sti t ul w ul i fact ul : e t w uld b multitu f " pp tit nd pI u an " i e il r , w m , n I v , w Il l f i P I m J i y; "but t t a impl dm u a ct by s ing wit i t llig e ight b Ii P' w ul h b t by natu a b f un "i but f w p pI w
1 8 0 5 4 8 1 8 0 0 3 0 3 8 5 8 4 8 1 8 4 1 2 9 7 0 0 7 6 0 1 6 8 8 8 4 9 9 8 1 0 1 4 7 6 9 1 7 0 1 9 9 8 4 0 1 7 0 4 1 0 4 9 4 9 4 0 0 2 8 9 7 6 9 8 9 6 8 0 1 2 0 7 4 0 5 3 6 1 7 0 1 1 8 8 1 1 2 0 8 8 4 1 8 6 1 3 6 1 7 4 8 7 9 3 1 2 3 0 9 2 8 9 1 4 5 8 9 3 1 9 0 3 9 1 4 4 8 1 3 6 9 0 9 1 9 7 3 1 4 8 6 3 9 9 2 0 5 0 3 1 7 1 2 1 8 9 1 8 9 3 8 5 5 8 0 4 9 5 2 1 4 8 1 1 0 3 8 9 9 8 8 8 2 7 0 0 2 4 0 7 8 1 4 0 2 7 9 5 9 4 0 1 9 2 7 9 7 1 0 7 8 1 0 8 4 2 7 2 0 3 3 9 3 4 9 0 9 7 7 9 1 1 7 2 2 3 0 3 3 5 8 0 4 3 1 4 7 0 8 1 1 8 6 0 7 2 8 0 1 1 7 4 5 8 1 2 1 6 3 7 3 0 4 3 8 1 5 6 0 4 2 8 0 0 4 0 2 3 6 5 8 8 9 4 3 1 4 8 0 3 5 1 1 9 2 1 1 5 3 8 0 3 1 2 0 7 1 0 7 9 1 1 8 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 7 5 2 4 7 9 8 9 1 6 0 4 1 7 0 7 0 8 0 7 8 1 1 7 1 8 9 8 7 9 9 1 1 2 4 1 6 3 3 3 1 0 1 2 1 8 0 4 4 1 7 1 2 5 0 1 7 0 1 7 1 9 6 0 4 0 2 6 0 1 5 0 3 8 6 0 9 1 0 4 0 9 4 1 0 0 6 1 4 0 2 1 2 0 4 5 0 6 0 2 1 0 3 8 1 6 1 1 3 2 5 0 5 7 0 4 6 1 7 0 6 1 1 3 0 1 2 9 1 0 2 1 1 0 6 0 3 5 0 1 6 9 0 1 1 2 0 1 4 3 1 4 3 0 0 4 5 1 1 7 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 1 1 7 0 4 5 8 1 2 8 6 0 7 1 0 2 1 8 0 2 8 6 3 6 5 8 1 0 0 5 3 0 1 2 4 1 0 1 7 5 4 8 9 4 0 8 6 9 8 2 6 6 6 1 3 0 6 1 1 6 1 0 0 1 7 1 0 5 2 0 6 1 9 4 0 7 0 2 0 7 1 4 0 1 7 2 4 0 6 0 2 9 6 0 4 0 1 9 5 7 0 1 5 0 0 3 5 9 5 3 4 0 3 7 5 2 3 2 6 7 0 2 1 0 2 5 7 3 5 0 3 5 3 0 5 3 2 8 6 0 2 0 4 1 4 5 1 4 8 6 1 3 0 7 0 3 4 0 3 6 8 5 4 0 3 0 5 2 0 5 3 4 0 7 2 7 7 4 0 0 7 4 0 5 1 2 6 2 0 0 2 0 5 2 7 4 0 0 1 7 0 1 7 2 0 0 1 0 6 1 5 4 0 8 9 0 3 4 0 2 7

62

The Use of Pleasure

a , h passions of he h b s duca d." In th m a unprincipl mul i ud w ul be c n 11 d by " he desir s and th knowl dg f the fewe and the better."27 W a a I ng way fr rn a fo m f aus rity that would t nd t g v rn all i ivi ual in h sam way, fr m p oud s h m s humbl , un a univ sal law wh s applica ion alon woul b subj ct m ulati by m ans of casuist y. o th contrary, h ev ything was a rna t of adjustm nt, circumsta c , an p al p si i n. Th f w g a c mmon ture- main p nt, but it laws-of h ci y, ligi was as if h y t ac a v ry wi ci cl in h i anc , i si fi what c ul rightfully of which practical th ug t h t f a yt i g mb on . An f this th r w bling a t x tha w ul hav t f rc f la w, bu ra h , f aire hat by aking g n al a techne 0 "p ctic , " a savoir-f pri cipl int acc u t w ul gui acti in its tim , acc ing t i cont x , a i vi w f it d . Th r for , in thi form f morality, t e in ivi ual i t mak hims If int a ethical ubj ct by u iv alizi g h p incipl s tha inf m hi acti n; the contrary, he i so by m ans of a attitu and a qu s that in ivi u liz d hi ac i , m ulat it, an im a sp cial brillianc by vi u of h p rhaps ev gay a ional an d lib at d. ruc u i acti n manif
8 9 9 8 9 8 9 0 1 7 0 4 8 9 3 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 7 8 8 9 1 7 1 8 4 1 9 8 9 9 9 9 1 4 9 4 9 1 1 4 1 8 9 9 1 1 9 2 7 7 3 8 0 0 1 8 6 9 4 9 8 8 1 8 9 1 8 9 7 0 4 0 4 1 9 8 9 7 9 9 8 1 1 7 1 2 0 4 2 9 9 4 0 0 4 8 9 4 9 2 9 7 9 4 3 1 2 1 8 1 9 9 4 9 8 1 8 9 8 4 9 1 2 2 5 4 0 9 7 4 9 3 9 8 9 4 9 7 9 7 9 4 0 8 9 7 3 8 0 2 7 9 1 6 5 7 1 7 9 2 0 1 7 9 7 0 7 1 4 0 0 5 3 2 1 2 0 0 7 1 2 6 2 4 9 3 9 9 8 8 1 7 0 6 9 1 0 1 8 8 0 4 1 4 4 5 0 8 8 9 9 4 2 9 3 1 1 2 1 7 7 9 1 2 9 1 4 7 1 8 3 0 8 2 7 2 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 0 9 3 1 6 7 7 7 7 2 1 9 9 1 2 3 0 2 0 4 3 2 8 9 4 9 8 1 4 9 7 3 1 1 2 7 7 9 2 7 0 9 8 7 7 5 0 3 8 1 2 1 7 9 7 7 9 9 2 0 6 9 9 4 8 9 8 9 4 7 8 9 9 4 0 3 8 8 4 0 6 3 1 9 3 8 9

3
Enkrateia

Th I n ity f Ch is ian m ality is f n c t t wi h x i rity f a paga m ality tha w ul c n i r ly in h i c cr ac s aliza i n, in h i visibl g f c f rmi y with rul s, rna if t f rm, i h i in th ligh f pini n with a vi w t h m m y h y I av b i t m. But hi t a i i ally cc p PPOSltt may w 11 mis t s tial I m n f b tho Wh t i c 11 C ri l i te i i y i a pa ticula m f r la i n hip wit n If, c mp isi g p ci f m f att ti , c c n, d ciph rm n , v rbaliza i c nf ssi , s If-accus ti ruggi gainst mp I unciati n, pi itual c mb t, nd . A w a i d sig at th " xt io ity" f a ci t f If, lity ais impli th p i cipi f a lab ati m t f m. T alb it i a v ry iff v luti hat ccu e quit I wly at that-b tw p g i m C i tia ity i n t c n i t i a g a u l i t i iza i f ul , cts, an t a gr si ; ath r, it ca ri ut a r tructu ati of th f m f If- Iati s ip a a tra f rma i f t p actic a c Iqu which t I ti ship wa ba CIa ic I I gu g t mf sig ati g t i f m of r Iati s ip with If, this "attitu e" whic was c sa y th t ICS f pI asu w IC w m if t t r ugh th p p u m f t m: enkrateia. As m tt r f cl t r t fact, f g tim t w m I so phrosyne: ne ft n fin th m mpi y t geth alt 9 2 8 9 1 4 1 4 8 1 4 1 8 9 1 2 4 5 3 0 7 8 8 6 0 9 8 0 4 1 1 2 1 4 8 1 7 1 3 7 9 8 1 2 8 9 4 1 2 0 8 9 4 0 8 1 8 0 4 0 5 2 7 2 0 3 1 2 8 9 4 7 9 4 9 9 1 1 2 1 8 0 5 2 7 0 8 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 8 0 0 1 4 8 0 0 0 0 6 2 7 6 0 8 3 4 7 8 1 2 5 9 8 0 1 7 1 2 9 3 6 0 9 3 0 2 9 0 0 8 3 1 1 5 3 5 0 7 6 3 8 5 2 2 4 1 4 8 3 4 4 1 7 0 1 0 8 1 3 6 1 0 3 0 1 4 2 4 0 3 0 1 4 3 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 0 4 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 2 1 9 1 2 9 5 1 2 3 8 0 5 8 9 8 5 8 1 2 4 0 2 1 3 4 1 5 5 3 1 1 2 2 7 6 8 3 9 2 0 7 5 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 2 0 2 1 4 5 1 9 3 9 4 2 0 1 2 0 1 4 1 2 1 3 9 0 2 0 7 0 4 0 2 1 4 6 0 9 1 1 2 8 1 4 4 7 0 3 1 9 0 0 2 5 5 2 3 5 2 6 4 7 3 2 7 7 1 1 3 3 2 4 7 5 2 0 4 1 4 8 1 2 1 4 0 3 5 7 4 2 3 0 3 1 2 3 4 0 4 0 7 1 0 3 4 1 2 0 1 4 3 1 3 0 4 0 1 2 6 2 7 2 3 1 8 1 2 1 6 0 4 0 3 2 7 8 9 6 2 9 3 1 2 6 3 4 9 5 1 2 3 3 0 7 3 3 5 5 2 5 0 6 5 7 5 0 4 1 4 7 0 2 2 6 3 1 4 0 1 2 6 1 2 0 3 9 7 6 2 0 0 3 4 8 1 0 9 6 1 0 4 0 3 5 2 7 6 6 5 2 3 5 0 3 0 7 6 1 9 4 1 0 4 3 0 1 2 0 5 7 0 1 6 0 5 5 0 1 1 4 5 1 2 0 6 0 1 4 7 4 0 5 2 5 6 0 7 0 4 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 7 3 9 9 1 9 7 1 9 4 1 4 0 4

63

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8 9 8 9

The Use of Pleasure

4 0 2 2 3 9 2 0 2 1 1 3 0

ph n p aks na iv Iy, wi h v ry simila m a i g . Wh X m, c u g , of m d i n-which, g th WI pi ty, wi an justic , wa am g h fiv VI U U u IIy c gniz d phrosyne a enkrateia i -h mpl y th w rd so chang ably. l Plat r f i p ximi y f w w s when S c at s, questi by Calliel c ce ning w at h m a t by "ruli g ims If" (auton heauton archein), pli s hat i c sist i "b i g t mp rat , m t f im If [sophrona onta kai enkrate auton heautou ], uli g th pi u s pp 1 wi in him [archein ton hedonon kai epithumi a on ]." 2 A w , i t Republic, c id s t f u ca 1nal vi tu i u n-wis m, c urag , JU IC , a m r ti fin s h i t by enkrateia: .oM (so phrosyne )ai [so phrosyne] i a c rd lin s n m s ry [kosmos kai enkrateia ] V c ai pi a u s a d pp it ."3* I g ft W m y , h w V r, that whil th m , th Y w w d r V y el rt f b i g x ct sy P nym . Eac f rs t m w at iff tm f I i phrosyne is c ib th a ship t If. T vi tu f so V yg i st t h t u th t will .ow at i fi i g as g b t g s m "4_t at is, will b t Iy JU , c urag us s w II. t In m d t bu ig t us c t t, enkrateia i c a c nz m c iv f m f by t i t t uggl , t s If-mast y, w ich bl mi ati fd i d pi u . Acchi V t c di g t H I N h, A i t tl w t e fi st t di ti gui sys m icaIIy b tw so phrosyne enkrateia. 6 T f m tt i c c riz i t Nicomachean Ethics by t f ct abl pri cipl f cti subj ct deliberat Iy c s s re d pplyi g t m, t t t t is c p bl f f II wi g Id t h " ig t m " b we (a itivity d xc t tw , b c u mid I c ur that i n t quidista t b tw
1 9 4 5 8 1 8 1 0 0 4 8 6 0 3 7 1 1 4 5 0 7 9 3 1 2 8 9 0 4 8 0 3 6 0 3 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 9 1 3 2 7 2 8 0 4 0 1 9 9 4 3 8 1 8 6 3 4 1 8 1 8 6 9 8 1 1 4 7 1 4 9 1 2 9 7 0 3 1 2 4 6 0 0 2 2 6 9 4 0 0 8 8 1 2 3 2 9 2 0 0 0 5 3 0 4 1 6 3 0 4 2 0 0 5 3 4 0 2 7 5 0 8 8 0 3 8 6 2 7 6 0 2 2 6 0 6 0 1 2 3 0 4 6 0 1 4 4 7 4 0 3 2 8 4 7 1 1 0 3 8 0 2 7 1 7 0 5 1 2 6 0 7 9 0 8 0 5 8 0 4 1 7 0 4 8 1 2 3 0 4 8 5 2 1 0 4 0 3 5 7 5 8 9 1 0 4 9 4 8 2 0 3 4 0 2 5 0 8 0 3 9 5 2 1 8 0 1 9 0 0 9 0 5 2 2 3 1 6 0 3 0 8 1 1 4 3 5 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 3 8 1 3 6 1 1 0 2 0 5 2 1 6 4 3 0 0 1 5 3 1 9 6 7 0 4 0 2 1 7 0 1 4 0 5 8 1 2 1 3 9 6 0 4 0 1 7 0 3 4 0 7 4 5 0 4 3 5 9 4 0 2 0 4 5 5 0 8 5 0 2 3 4 0 3 5 1 2 0 7 1 6 3 8 8 2 4 0 5 4 7 3 1 6 1 7 5 2 7 9 2 6 1 2 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 0 4 5 0 8 4 6 9 1 5 2 7 3 8 5 2 7 1 0 1 5 0 1 2 4 5 3 3 6 4 5 8 0 0 7 1 4 0 5 2 5 8 0 1 4 1 0 0 4 6 0 2 5 0 3 1 2 0 1 4 0 3 3 1 4 3 4 0 5 2 7 1 5 0 0 7 1 2 1 2 2 6 0 5 4 0 5 1 0 3 4 0 3 5 2 0 5 3 4 0 3 1 4 2 1 0 0 2 1 4 8 4 3 1 9 5 3 6 4 1 3 2 3 6 8 0 5 8 0 0 0 2 5 2 7 6 0 1 4 0 4 3 6 5 4 5 8 0 0 7 2 6 0 6 0 5 8 6 5 6 0 0 0 6 1 1 0 5 3 1 2 0 2 0 3 1 5 1 2 6 5 6 0 5 5 0 1 1 1 2 5 2 5 2 6 0 6 5 6 0 6 1 3 1 8 0 4 6 0 5 2 0 8 0 2 2 3 0 2 3 5 2 0 0 3 3 7 0 1 3 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 6 0 1 0 5 3 0

karterikos.

Aristotle says that some people believe that one who is so phron is enkrates and

tCompare: "The correct apportionment is one which honors most the good things pertaining to the soul, provided it has moderation.'"

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

6S

m a io is c u lly mue fu w y f m xc f m in nsi ivity), t a d iv s pI u f m t m ti h di pI y . T f so phrosyne i h imm pp i g (ako/asia) that i xp by lib r t Iy e rb p ineipI , f 11 wi g t m f 's w ee rd, u r 1 g v t w ak t ki g pI asu i b e uet: th Imm t i IVI U 1 is m 1 s d i e 1gibI . Enkrateia, wit it pp it , akrasia, i 1 e t d t aXl f ruggI , i tane , d e mbat; it i If-e tr 1, t n SI , "e n i e "; enkrateia rul v r pI sur s d d i s, but st uggI t m i In e t 1. U lik "m d t t "e ti t" xp 1 e pI u a " rna , t in ace r wi r a , but 1 g 11 w ims If 1 m will b g t 1 b ear i d w y by t m, P po 1 is d i r t g. A a pp sit , akrasia IS , lik Imm ti lib t e si g f b d p i ci, wit t s citi s t t av pI ; it i vit e mp 1 n, a g law but i e pabI f nf ei g t m; t I e ti t 1 ividu l I t ims If b v e rn i pit f him If, n bI pri eipI mb ae , it b e u spit th t v t e st gt t put t m i h d p etic t giv t m suffiei t th ug t: t i xpI i s b eau w Y t i c ti tP s e c m t I n nd e i v If-m t y.7 T u , enkrateia e b gar d a t p qUlc t 1 t at it f so phrosyne. a t f m f if rt a i ividual mu t apply t ims If i d t b e rn m t (so phron). m enkrateia i t cl ie 1 v e bul y l ye ,t mt ti 1t t yn mle f m t r f r in g f If by n If t th if t t t t is m
1 7 9 4 8 2 5 8 5 6 4 8 6 0 4 5 5 4 1 0 9 3 3 8 6 5 2 4 1 3 9 8 5 2 7 6 8 6 0 9 4 0 0 5 3 4 0 4 1 6 0 1 7 4 5 1 2 9 3 5 3 6 0 1 1 3 8 0 1 3 8 9 1 7 0 0 4 5 8 1 2 3 0 4 0 3 3 0 7 7 0 0 5 0 6 1 1 3 2 5 7 4 9 3 1 1 2 6 9 1 1 2 0 1 2 5 1 3 4 0 2 7 0 2 0 9 2 1 8 6 0 0 9 3 8 7 0 3 4 0 3 5 2 7 5 2 0 4 0 2 5 7 1 2 7 0 1 7 0 4 5 0 2 7 7 5 3 6 5 0 0 3 5 2 2 1 4 4 0 6 3 1 1 3 0 3 1 5 0 1 2 6 0 3 1 3 8 0 4 0 3 3 0 5 2 1 3 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 8 2 0 2 9 0 3 1 0 0 5 9 5 2 0 3 4 0 6 5 1 3 8 4 0 1 5 2 8 5 1 2 4 1 2 0 8 6 9 1 9 4 8 0 2 8 6 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 5 3 4 0 3 6 5 5 4 0 2 1 1 7 8 6 0 3 1 2 6 0 2 1 1 2 0 4 5 1 3 6 0 8 1 0 4 0 5 5 6 0 5 2 7 6 3 0 4 8 9 4 0 5 9 4 2 4 1 4 8 1 2 5 3 6 0 3 4 0 3 5 0 3 4 1 2 3 2 1 1 0 2 1 8 0 1 7 0 4 5 1 2 5 7 0 0 4 5 0 6 1 1 2 1 5 4 2 0 3 2 0 3 1 5 4 3 1 4 8 6 0 4 6 6 1 0 0 6 5 6 0 1 1 7 3 5 4 0 2 5 0 1 0 1 4 2 6 0 6 0 2 1 2 2 0 2 2 7 5 0 3 6 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 2 3 0 1 3 0 5 2 7 7 0 0 0 4 0 5 3 1 5 0 2 0 3 6 0 0 4 0 3 0 6 0 4 0 5 3 0 0 1 0 3 2 1 6 5 0 6 4 0 2 6 1 6 0 2 8 1 4 5 0 1 4 0 3 0 6 0 6 5 3 2 1 0 2 6 0 0 2 1 6 6 3 0 5 2 6 6 0 2 1 2 2 0 2 0 4 1 2 5 2 1 0 1 6 3 3 0 3 0 3 5 5 6 0 0 3 0 5 3 0 4 6 3 5 2 0 4 0 7 0 3 6 0 4 0 4 0 3 0 1 3 6 0 1 4 1 0 1 2 7 1 2 4 1 6 8 6 0 2 7 3 1 6 0 2 1 4 0 4 1 0 1 0 1 7 0 4 5 0 2 5 2 5 3 0 6 0 8 0 4 2 6 0 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 4 3 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 4 5 1 6 0 7 5 3 1 5 7 1 2 5 1 2 1 1 2 0 3 0 1 0 3 0 5 2 7 1 0 0 1 4 6 5 6 7 0 5 2 7 3

impli s f d min ti b gi wit , t i X el f t Laws ml CI i ag i tic 1 ti . T At of t i : if it is tru t t t m w 1 bI ss wit e u g d will tt in " nly half 1 p t ti 1" wit ut " xp 1 ne st as t t e will t trai i g" i etu 1 e mb t, it t
1.
2

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9 9 1 9

The Use of Pleasure

7 0 4 0 9 2 1 8

at (so phron) "if h has t fough b abl to bee m mo iumphan Iy agains h m y pI a ur an i s [pol/a is Ip of hedonais kai epithumiais diamemachemenos] u i g h sp ch, , an a [logos, ergon, techne] i g m a d i 1m st t sam w tha A tis n us pu ui S. "8 Th s a ph h S phi mpl y IS W CC U : " H i t WI [so phron ] who has t t i t ugly and t ba ; f r the th 1 n hing h ha c qu [kratein ] t i gt t able him t w ul ss t t h i vir u u [kosmios]. " 9 On c ul b av ically ly by a p i g a c mb tiv attitu war th pI asu . A w v s , th aphrodisia w m d Iy p ibl bu i abl by i t play f f c wh igi a fi Ii y w r tur I, bu w p gy, w f ti I, by h f ct hat t y h t i wn t m e v It d xc s . Th f rc c uld t b us w s cap bl f opp I g, w y ha w fi i g u I s r i ti g, a ub ui g th m. Of c u s , if it w c s y c fr nt t m, this w b cau th y w r i f ppetit ha uma pp t -lik u g a t i t-wit t f i If b u al i f i rity w ul th imal ; 10 but i s f ving t c mbat t m, if th wa t th a 11 e1 , t Y w ul xt da g t t, winning ut v th i ul v r th w I i ividu I, v tu lly duci g im t i t i ic tu , t ir lav ry. I h w d , it was t isqu Iific ti n 0 p i cipl , t c it t t i "p I miI p ibl c n cal" titud t w s If, but cy m tt uct i f pi asur w c ti d mi i . Et ical c g t a battI f p w . Thi P c pti f th hedonai d epithumiai f rmi bl my f c , t c lativ c fr ts co titu i n f If a vigil t v r y w t m, st uggl g i t t m, d tri t ub u th m, i n f xp t iti ally mv al i a wh I pI y t charact rize mo ati a immo r ti n: etting t givi g i t t m, If gai t t pi asu a isti g t i ult , or t c t ary, I tti g s If b f ati g t m b i g d f t by v e rn by t m,
8 4 8 8 8 0 5 2 0 3 0 3 7 7 9 3 4 0 3 2 8 0 6 0 9 0 7 9 9 7 7 4 8 2 5 0 3 2 2 9 1 4 3 8 0 0 4 0 5 1 6 0 9 1 4 7 3 8 2 1 2 8 0 1 3 8 9 1 9 7 1 2 6 1 2 5 1 2 8 0 3 2 1 3 9 2 1 4 0 7 6 6 0 7 0 1 2 9 4 0 3 1 8 9 3 1 2 9 4 9 7 5 2 7 2 1 6 2 6 5 1 7 9 2 1 5 0 4 8 6 5 0 3 8 1 3 0 1 7 0 6 0 0 8 6 1 2 7 1 8 2 1 5 0 7 0 8 1 7 0 0 4 0 3 3 0 6 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 5 0 2 1 8 1 2 1 3 3 0 8 7 0 3 4 0 5 2 2 0 4 1 1 4 0 3 1 3 0 1 4 2 2 7 2 5 8 0 0 2 5 5 8 6 1 3 0 1 8 0 2 5 8 0 5 8 6 0 5 7 6 9 4 1 0 2 0 4 5 3 1 4 4 0 1 5 2 0 9 3 0 3 0 1 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 7 2 6 0 1 7 4 5 8 0 5 8 8 5 3 8 8 2 2 0 3 1 2 0 5 5 0 1 1 3 2 0 3 3 2 2 7 3 7 2 0 1 4 0 5 3 2 0 0 3 5 4 8 1 1 2 1 6 0 5 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 9 4 1 4 5 0 3 8 8 6 2 3 6 5 0 2 1 3 6 5 4 0 0 6 2 0 4 2 7 6 4 3 6 0 5 2 3 8 6 3 2 5 8 4 2 0 4 1 1 7 2 1 1 8 3 0 0 4 0 5 1 2 1 4 6 5 1 1 6 0 0 4 0 3 2 1 0 2 0 4 6 5 1 1 0 4 5 3 0 6 0 1 7 0 0 2 7 0 4 4 0 1 0 9 6 1 0 2 7 5 0 0 2 5 4 0 2 6 1 3 2 0 1 8 0 4 1 4 3 2 1 8 6 0 4 2 4 2 3 2 5 4 0 6 0 7 5 5 1 2 4 2 6 0 5 8 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 7 6 3 1 0 5 8 0 1 5 4 7 1 2 8 0 0 6 0 4 1 3 3 0 5 3 0 7 5 2 5 2 7 1 2 1 2 6 1 2 7 2 5 0 4 3 1 0 0 5 3 1 2 2 9 2 1 2 0 1 4 1 0 4 3 9 4 0 1 2 1 0 5 2 5 3 5 1 7 5 0 0 2 0 1 4 0 5 2 7 6 0 1 4 4 0 0 2 3 8 1 1 1 2 0 3 5 0 5 3 2 5 7 0 3 5 4 6 1 1 2 1 2 6 0 4 0 3 5 5 2 3 6 5 2 0 0 3 1 3 7 0 0 3 4 0 0 9 7 2 1 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 4 9 3 3 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 0 1 9 7 1 9 7 0 4 1 2 2 7 7 0 5 1 3 1 2 0 3 0 5 2 3 6 0 0 4 0 3 2 7 7 0 3 4 0 3 2 1 2 2 1 6 0 4 0 3 2 6 0 4 5 3 3 5 3 1 2 6 0 1 2 4 0 2 1 2 0 0 0

II

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

8 2 2 3 1 5 2 7 0 5 2 4 7 1 3 8 2 6 1

67
6 0

m qUlpp gai st t mY It i 1 t m, 12 b i g t t ft b t l t b r v I i m p 0 sue f ug t g i s m v S i t t ft c p Ii - ul ult by h til b d Ii ga IS f it di g t t fh t th t t up f bl m a t I , killi g t m ivi g t m ut u 1 If f th tt ek . 14 It i xp ss , t , m g st f by sue t m s th t of t u t m f e t t ul u i g it lumb if i h t f I v t t 1 ti s ip t .15 T e y p e uti sig t t t k t rna I pI u I C C IV pug el u must t k t p siti 1 f the v r y wit p et I g th m 1 f t fighti g 1 i ee t m, it ul k p I m teh. 0 m 1 f t w t1 I of th Laws, w p ak f ml t t t Ath i b ie pp tit s, i v k s t e aid f t r s i t th "th Mus a th g s f e t ts [theoi agonioi] . " 1 6 T f spi itu 1 e mb t, w ie w s t t k s m y 1 gt I I IV f ms, w 1 y cI a ly Ii t cia sic 1 G k th ug t.
2 2 1 2 7 3 2 9 1 8 5 6 8 1 6 8 1 0 8 2 1 9 8 1 8 2 9 1 6 9 0 2 0 8 1 1 3 9 1 5 2 7 1 7 2 5 1 5 2 6 0 5 8 1 0 8 4 1 5 0 0 6 6 0 1 6 6 1 2 7 1 0 6 4 1 3 1 3 7 3 2 2 3 1 6 0 5 5 7 0 3 0 5 6 7 2 4 3 6 2 0 5 8 1 0 0 5 3 4 6 1 6 2 0 3 5 2 6 0 3 1 2 1 3 7 0 7 2 5 1 2 7 2 6 5 2 6 3 8 4 0 5 7 5 3 8 2 0 3 2 6 6 0 3 2 1 3 1 2 0 5 7 0 3 2 6 2 0 4 6 4 1 1 2 5 6 6 2 5 2 2 7 0 0 8 8 2 2 1 6 1 8 2 3 1 2 7 0 5 2 6 0 7 2 6 5 2 8 1 3 1 7 2 8 2 6 0 7 5 3 6 6 2 5 9 1 6 3 0 8 1 7 8 2 0 5 2 8 0 1 2 8 2 3 4 4 6 6 1 5 5 4 1 0 3 6 8 4 5 1 0 2 3 8 0 7 2 6 5 2 6 1 3 7 2 1 6 5 2 6 6 0 3 2 2 7 1 6 1 3 1 0 6 0 3 2 1 3 1 4 8 4 0 0 3 1 3 7 5 0 4 0 1 7 2 6 1 5 8 5 4 6 2 9 0 8 2 4 8 2 5 1 0 5 7 3 9 0 2 0 7 4 0 8 2 3 6 0 7 2 5 0 5 9 8 2 0 7 2 0 8 2 5 4 6 2 5 3 1 1 3 2 6 8 0 7 2 4 3 3 7 8 1 8 2 4 3 1 3 2 8 2 3 8 2 6 2 6 0 9 8 2 3 2 2 7 0 4 9 5 1 3 8 4 5 2 4 1 6 1 4 4 3 0 4 8 0 2 2 6 3 7 2 0 7 0 0 3 4 6 8 2 0 3 5 1 7 9 0 3 0 5 1 0 1 8 8 1 0 1 2 0 1 3 7 2 5 6 2 0 5 1 6 1 5 4 1 7 2 5 7 2 3 4 1 4 7 3 6 1 5 4 2 0 8

mb IV 1 ti hip with v ri w I ti s If. Th b t l t b f ug , ip with b w , t f t th t 0 t uff i g i k t e ss v t t t t k pi e b tw If. T If i th i ivi u I a t e mb v t ju t wi i him cI s by; th Y w r p t f him. w T b u , w w ul t ee u t f th v I u t tie e i g t i iff c I f rmul ti s t t w P opos s If th t w s upp s t fig t th p t of ti ti b w a t p t t t w suppo d t b f t .P t f s ul t t ug t t m i t i e t i hi e ie 1 1 ti Ip m g m Iv ? B y s ul u r t s tw ali i wit iff t igi ? F e s st i i g t w d iff tg I th lik t tw h f t m? w ki g ag i st m mb i t yi g t But i fi t y e , t thi g t
2.
1 8 6 0 1 9 4 5 2 1 0 3 6 1 7 2 5 6 1 2 6 1 6 1 6 0 1 3 0 3 5 2 1 0 3 6 8 0 3 2 2 4 1 9 4 0 2 0 8 9 8 2 0 5 0 2 0 3 8 4 7 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 6 2 7 6 2 5 3 8 2 6 4 4 5 2 5 0 2 2 6 1 3 7 4 4 3 6 8 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 3 2 6 2 1 3 7 0 3 4 6 4 8 4 1 7 2 5 6 1 5 4 6 2 3 7 7 1 8 7 0 0 1 9 4 5 2 3 0 6 9 8 3 0 5 0 2 2 2 4 1 5 0 0 2 6 5 2 4 0 7 3 4 4 7 0 1 0 3 0 5 2 1 5 0 6 8 2 0 5 2 1 0 1 0 3 8 1 4 5 2 5 4 7 0 3 4 5 3 3 8 6 7 2 5 2 3 1 0 3 4 9 4 2 3 4 1 5 0 3 4 4 1 1 6 0 4 7 0 8 3 7 8 4 1 5 8 1 1 6 6 4 0 4 7 4 2 1 4 7 1 5 6 0 9 8 2 0 8 1 0 8 0 1 3 1 3 1 2 5 1 3 4 5 1 5 8 1 5 2 1 0 3 6 8 1 0 3 9 8 2 6 4 4 6 0 7 1 3 7 0 3 7 2 6 0 0 7 1 0 5 2 9 4 6 8 7 2 5 2 3 0 5 3 6 0 5 4 5 1 3 3 0 1 5 4 5 2 7 3 0 1 6 1 3 7 0 5 1 3 3 0 3 4 1 3 0 4 5 4 8 2 0 0 5 6 2 6 0 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 2 8 4 3 0 5 2 4 4 5 3 5 0 3 7 2 3 2 8 2

T i e g istie viet y t p w

68
2 3 2 5 1 6 4 0 8 6 1

The Use of Pleasure

6 4 6 1 2 1 2 6 1 1 1 6 0

1 tyl ft i c tic is th t th dv r ry th t w t g be f ug t, w v f m v it mig t b by u fr m a y c c pti n f the s uI, r s n, vi tu , i ot r p s t iff T co c ptu I Ii k t 1 gic lly Ii p w f c ncupisc c , in i m st i i i u b w t m v m m t c , WI I f m , p c f t Ot f illusi , w t b ft i l U P w t i f C i i ic f th fl s . I t t ic f aphrodisia, th i vit bility ifficul y f th c mb t it u f 1 a IV , t c t y, f m h f ct 1 c t: t st uggI g i st "th t pI su " w c w d wit If. t h w t g , at s m I th Republic, PI tim s mew t lu ic us d utm e , is famili exp e t t I t im If h v I tim s : it i that consists in sayi g t t a p s i "st g " "w ak " , th i p im If (kreittOn, hetton heautou). 17 I If, si c t IS x i cl imi g th t is t g t m k ,w k t impli s th t i l , by PI , t elf. Bu acc I g xp si IS upp r by f th s uI, fac f p i I I cti b twe w p be t p t w s , d h t wit g h VIC Y r d f t f If v s If, t sp k plac s ims If f firs : "T xp I If-c t I s m t t I w t t i ic t t t i th s ul f th m hims If h w pa t; wh ve wh t i by u b tt P t bett part is i c t 1 f t w s , this is xpresse by ayi g t t m is If-c 11 m e f ims If, this i a t m f p i . Wh , t h ,t mall b tt P , b c u upb i gl g b c mp y, fp is v p w by t 1 rge w , hi I m a p c a c 11 b i g f t d by s If, m i t t itu i i call u c t 11 . "IS A I I rna cl tt t g i m f s If w b gi i g f t Laws th thi s If i m t t uctu t thic 1 tti u f t i IVI th t i giv f U 1 vi -a-vi I a pi su e :
0 8 8 0 2 4 5 1 5 5 2 0 4 7 8 2 3 1 9 5 2 0 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 5 2 7 7 3 4 5 2 2 3 1 7 4 5 2 3 9 0 3 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 2 5

The Moral Problematization of Pleasures

9 2 3 2 4 7 0 5 3 1 8 0 5 1 3 7 1 2 6 1 4 8 0 5

69
3

f a uli g ut ity 1 gi 1 tiv aut ity i h t w wit t s v y st t I th t ev I p ac tim 11 mu t ume a if "all e n n h r; in same way "i p iv t ach is a my ml f 11 i public," t f ims If"; f Il th vict it is p ibI t wi , "t If," wh r as If v fi st d b t" i t vict y "of t t m ful m st "b i g d f t by If is t s m tim f at , " 19 w r t f 11
4 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 3 3 2 4 4 1 6 9 1 4 1 5 2 1 1 5 8 0 4 1 0 9 4 9 8 4 0 3 4 6 1 6 6 9 8 9 1 5 2 3 2 4 6 0 1 3 8 2 3 3 5 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 0 8 2 1 3 7 0 1 2 0 5 2 6 0 6 6 2 0 3 8 2 5 1 3 4 6 6 8 4 0 5 0 3 2 6 4 0 2 5 0 3 2 6 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 1 4 7 0 3 2 6 2 8 2 0 6 8 1 2 1 3 7 1 8 2 1 2 2 9 8 4 0 6 0 1 7 2 2 6

3, Suc "p 1 mic 1" ttitu wit p ct t s If S t d d t w suIt t t w quit tu 11y xp s VIC y- vict y much m Imp IV , Y t Laws, th t w i w stli g u i g C ,20 T i vict y was m imes c r ct iz by h c mpl te xti p i r xpul i f i e , 2 1 * But much m e f , it w fi by t etti g up f a Ii n t bl t e of ul f t s If V th If; th i t sity f th si pI u i I pp , but t m t subj ct c t 11 it w 11 noug V t glV W Y t vi 1 c , T fam us st f S c t , i which pr V c p bl f sisting ucti by AIt s w him "pu ifi " f 11 cibi f b ys: w v it V I his bili y t si t wh v s , Such st w ul m t wit I pp v 1 f m C 1 c b c u w ul t stify t th bi i g p c -f r t m imm l-of i , But I ng b f t ern, Bi t B y th it m Iig f it, cl i g t t if S c t s f It I f Alcibi , h w s f lis t b t i , if f It uct w i ly u m k bl ,23 Simil Iy, i , hi c A i l ' ly is, enkrateia, d fi e as m ery a d vic ry, I ll t m v lup supp t p e c f phrovi 1 t,24 So bl s it m g s t c t 1 th th t t t fvi u , id syne its If, Ith ugh fin by A i t tl f 1 but t th i c t 1: t imply t supp s I t m i y p si i b tw IfA ist tl pI c s it i
8 1 0 4 1 1 7 2 8 5 2 6 2 0 0 3 2 4 2 3 2 0 1 5 7 1 5 2 8 1 1 6 2 3 1 5 1 4 5 2 6 2 7 1 9 0 5 1 0 5 0 5 4 5 2 6 6 4 6 1 6 8 2 1 3 8 0 6 4 0 3 3 5 2 3 1 5 3 7 3 3 3 0 3 9 2 6 9 6 8 6 0 5 6 0 4 9 8 1 1 2 5 4 7 9 4 0 2 4 5 1 9 0 3 0 2 6 0 3 0 7 4 6 5 6 0 5 0 9 2 3 1 6 7 2 3 2 7 8 4 6 3 0 6 0 7 1 7 6 1 2 6 1 9 5 2 0 8 4 2 0 4 5 2 6 2 2 3 4 3 0 2 7 2 5 2 6 1 3 7 2 1 6 5 2 6 7 7 3 0 9 7 6 1 4 1 5 8 2 0 7 2 5 1 4 2 0 3 5 0 2 7 4 2 8 6 0 1 6 3 4 4 5 0 4 1 0 0 2 3 2 8 4 0 9 0 2 0 5 1 2 6 3 8 4 0 2 6 1 1 2 0 5 2 6 4 7 0 3 1 7 2 6 7 0 4 6 3 0 8 0 5 2 7 0 1 7 2 6 5 2 0 5 0 5 2 2 1 6 1 9 0 5 2 6 2 3 2 2 5 1 3 7 8 0 2 2 5 8 2 8 0 0 2 6 1 9 2 0 7 2 4 8 7 6 1 5 0 1 5 0 8 5 6 9 1 3 6 2 1 6 2 9 0 7 2 0 2 1 7 3 5 2 6 2 3 2 0 8 4 0 5 1 7 2 6 5 4 0 2 0 5 2 8 0 3 8 2 0 5 6 4 3 4 1 7 2 8 9 0 7 4 1 5 3 8 1 0 5 1 2 4 7 4 6 5 2 0 5 1 7 2 6 2 1 0 0 8 0 1 6 1 3 1 3 7 8 2 2 3 0 3 4 6 0 3 7 1 6 2 3 9 5 4 3 5 2 1 5 1 2 1 5 3 5 6 9 0 9 2 6 1 3 1 6 4 3 7 1 6 9 3 9 0 5 4 0 6 2 6 8 2 5 2 6 3 4 0 7 2 6 5 4 6 1 3 7 6 1 8 2 0 5 2 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 3 5 0 0 6 2 1 1 5 2 0 2 3 1 2 0 7 2 2 5 7 6 0 4 1 6 1 6 1 4 0 5 9 2 7 3 0 8 5 2 4 6 0 3 0 7 4 6 5 4 5 6 1 8 2 5 2 5 0 3 5 0 5 0 4 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 5 2 7 1 5 0 9 0 3 2 2 2 3 1 6 2

In the Nicomachean Ethics, it is a question of "bidding pleasure be gone," as the old people of Troy wanted to do with Helen,"

70
3 7 2 2

The Use of Pleasure

uIg nc (ako/asia) i
3 2

which
0

n gI
4 1

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1 1 0 0 2

nes If t
2 0 5 2 2

0 3

, pI a u
6 2 6 5 2

2 6

3 7

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1
3

6 2

itivity (anaisthesia)- xt w lC
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d" (to kratein kai me hettasthai hedonon ariston, ou to me chresthai). 26 I

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3

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

71

w ul
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1 3 7 6 1

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2 0 6

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7 1 1 3 7

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4 9 8

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2 1 0

i divi u 1 th ci y, w ich is th h Republic, bI him t PI t 's hi ki g i

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2 5 4 1

ivi u I i lik
7 6 2 7 8 2

h
2 4

city, t
6 4

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2 3 8 2 8

mu t p
1 6 9 8

v il in him"; an
0 2 5 6 5 9 5 2

will b
2

i ck p w t uc u , th arche; t w n t w ul 11 w 1m (kratein) th f , t ul v " i uI must b full f vitu P w i f i I v I ck f m"; t s ui's "b t P t " will b d" If-indulg
1 9 0 7 2 2 8 1 0 8 9 0 7 2 2 1 9 0 5 2 0 4 5 2 3 2 5 0 5 0 4 5 6 9 8 2 3 8 6 6 0 2 0 6 2 5 7 4 1 3 7 1 5 2 2 7 0 8 2 0 2 6 1 5 6 2 2 3 6 1 2 7 1 3 1

sm II part, t e rn st wick
1 8 0 4 0

a
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1 6 1

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5 2 5

. " 30

At th
2 3 2

3 7

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8 2

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0 2

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1 4

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0 9

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0 1 9

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2 0 1

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3 0

vi g s t up phil
0 6 0

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0 1

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0

f th ci y, PI
4 8 1 4 0 3

ck
3

wi dg s t
2 4 8 2 5 3 1 1

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8 0

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8 3

f cou t i g st t s p f ct i c will h v littl c vi g hi fu ctio wit i it; but g s f w I

4 2 3 2 2 5 2 0 5 7 0 5 0 6 4 5 3 6 3 3 8 3 8 2 0 2 6 1

t i
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9 2 1

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9 2 6 1 7 1 9 2

up i
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2

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0 5 0

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2

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6 0 2

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3 5 3

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0

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1 2 6 3 0

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2 7

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2 3 2

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2 2

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iff
2 5

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72
it
4

The Use
xi
6 9 6 1 3

of

Pleasure

ywh r
4 4 5 1

or will
4 0 3

xist.

H
4 4

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0 7 1 3

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2 5

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1

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public
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4 7

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7

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be structured lik

a city.

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f t his ki d requir d trai i g. Th met ph

3 4 3 3 4 1 0 4 0 4 0 1 3 7

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9 2

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2 9 0

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2 1 3 7

atur
4 9 9

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4 4 5 0 4 1

ship ne h d with
1 1

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1 5 0

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4

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1 6

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5

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32
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4 4 4 9 0

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cann t u tai
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4

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3 0

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, h t h ught he f askesis.
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g" (amelein tes askeseas). 34

8

Plat

tu
5

ft
2

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0

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tic p i ciple
5 3

H
2

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasu res

73

S c h wi g Alcibi d Calliel t at t y ig t t i v Iv th ms Iv s wit th aff irs f th city fir learn d what i g v r e s if th Y hay i cc di gly: "A th , wh w h v c s ya ft ally, if y u pr ctic it [askesantes] t g th thi w y, t k p litic 1 bu i s. " Jj A I k w ug t t , w '11 u he SOCI tes this r qui m nt f p actic with th ne d t If. T i epimeieia heautou, c t d t f th If, wa w ich w p c nditi th t h t b m t b f qu lift t tt t t ff i s f th 1 t m, I t ly t to k w (t kn w h thing d s clu 's w IS Ig t, to k w n t k w, to k w th t t x CI nd tu ), but tt d ff ctiv Iy t th If, Cynic s If. J6 The ctri n p actice f nsf m 1 , th 1 f imp t c t askesis; i cc d d g Cynic life a whole caul be n s a sort of c n inuous x cise. Diog v c t t i ing th b dy th s ul at t m im : ach f th two x rcis s "was w t less , g ad h Ith d st gt b ing n 1 s without th t, si c w t c nc n the b dy c c rns us ful th t ul s w 11. " T bj ct of this tw f Id t i i g w s both th t abl th i ividual t fac p iv ti s with ut suff ri g, s th y ccu t e uc v ry pI su t nothing m th t I m t y s tisf ctio f s. C s w I , t is x ci impli d ducti to tu , vict y v s If, a d tu I c my that w uld pr uc lif of I s tisf cti s: N thi g in lif , " Diog s m i t in d, " y c c f ucc i g wit ut str nu us pr ctic ; an thi i c p bl f ve c ming any hing [pan eknikesai) . . . . I t f u 1 s t il m sh ul ch ose such s tu e by t y might h v liv h ppily . . . . F r c mm d , w v t d pising f pl u is its If m t pI su bl , wh bituat d t it; and just th s ccust m d t a life w a f pI su f I i gust w th y p ss v to th pp sit of th pp it wh t ining h s b xp n c , s th ki IV m pI u f m spising pI asu t n f m r p av
2 5 8 0 5 9 3 2 2 2 6 2 3 9 6 0 5 1 9 2 6 6 0 3 1 4 6 0 5 2 6 8 8 4 2 3 0 5 8 0 3 0 2 4 4 4 8 4 1 0 4 0 0 2 3 0 9 8 5 4 4 3 0 9 6 9 4 6 6 1 5 3 7 9 5 1 3 4 7 1 0 5 3 3 7 2 3 4 3 4 1 2 1 2 7 0 2 2 5 6 1 8 2 3 3 0 9 8 8 3 2 0 0 4 3 7 2 5 9 1 2 0 1 6 3 2 6 3 7 1 6 1 2 5 4 2 0 5 4 2 4 0 1 9 2 3 0 0 3 2 6 2 8 6 1 5 4 0 4 6 2 8 1 6 1 5 2 0 0 3 1 1 7 0 2 4 4 0 5 4 0 3 2 6 1 2 0 1 7 2 3 7 0 8 4 1 1 5 0 0 2 5 6 0 5 2 1 7 8 4 3 7 2 7 3 0 0 3 8 2 3 2 2 7 3 0 0 0 9 4 6 0 3 4 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 3 2 3 0 5 1 3 3 0 0 3 4 0 3 3 1 5 2 9 0 1 2 3 4 4 4 0 4 6 4 1 3 7 0 4 4 5 6 4 1 9 5 1 0 5 0 3 4 4 7 0 3 4 1 7 5 0 9 8 4 6 1 6 0 1 0 5 4 1 0 0 7 7 2 1 0 0 5 1 3 4 0 3 7 4 4 7 2 1 6 7 6 4 4 1 0 9 2 2 5 4 3 4 6 1 7 0 1 2 7 5 1 3 4 0 1 3 7 4 0 8 4 6 1 2 9 2 2 0 4 4 2 4 0 5 8 2 0 9 8 4 5 0 2 1 1 3 5 4 3 8 4 0 4 6 2 1 3 8 2 5 4 6 3 4 8 1 0 4 5 6 0 0 3 4 4 6 0 1 2 8 4 0 4 0 0 5 1 3 3 1 0 2 3 4 4 3 7 0 4 5 1 0 3 0 4 3 1 2 0 5 5 4 7 1 3 7 0 5 7 2 2 4 4 1 5 4 0 0 5 2 1 3 8 2 2 4 4 3 1 5 1 1 3 0 3 4 4 7 0 3 6 7 4 5 4 7 1 1 8 0 2 8 2 2 5 6 2 4 1 5 4 0 1 5 3 3 4 1 0 5 0 2 5 4 3 1 3 1 5 1 4 0 3 0 0 0 7 4 1 4 5 2 1 1 1 0 3

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74
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from childhood; whether he's playing or being serious, he

should spend his time with each of the things that pertain to the activity.""

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

2 4 1 3 0 5 1 3 3 4 5 2 2 3 6 2 2 9 8 7 0 3 1

75
9

il ne , wi w e s (w lki g i th st ts i d m s i d b th t i cl k ).40 Simil ly, with y t st fe u g h t PI t P P s s ubj eti g you g p pI would xp s th m t imul d g thi w uld b m imp vi g th m, ft i i g m f g ug1 "e Its i t m tim ; ju t i g th i m it t t xp fea ful, s we mu if th Y ise an umult pI su t t s t m, mue m u y ung t f ughly th n n t ts g 1 i fi , t wh b wi eh d b v w 11 i 11 ci eumIS gu s g gu of him If f th cuI u 1 t e fa ue ti h h e iv ."41 I th Laws, PI t g s t im gi ug h t h ot Y t b i ve t : i w ul mak v y i g 1 k f ight ni g nyo w i g di , d it e ul b us f t yi g o 's e u ag : ith i P iv t b f h w s i what of h m t b i g s " ut of h e si g up g d e iti " v i e mp y f m y f 11 w d i k ," t s w public "i v e m "t t o w bl t f th e p w y t sf m ti ffeet by t d i k."42 I th s m w y, ba qu ts e ul be plann an ee pt as t ts f elf-e n 0 t 1, thi tifici 1 1 1 m 1. t P k, b s A ist tl xp this ci cuI ity f thic 1 pp tic hip 1 bl vi tu i impl p s : "By b t ini g f om v b e m pI su s w b e m t mp t a i i wh n w th t w m st bl t bst i f m th m."43 As f th th r that m y xpl in th b e f p cifie f x cisi g th ul, it h t do with t f et t t s If-m t y th m st y of th r w re g vi g th m f m; SI e was xp et t g v r n s If in th s m m n s n gOY rn ' h u hold d v 1 pm t pI y d 's r 1 i th city, it foll w th t th f p rson 1 vi tues, f en krateia in p rtieul , w s n t s velopm t that bl d on t ris ti lly diff r nt f m th b v th r eitiz s t m p siti n of 1 d ship. Th ppr ntie ship ught t m k m b th e p bl f vi tu
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76
1 3 7 1 1 2 0 2 2

The Use of Pleasure

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c p bl f x rcisi g p w . G ver ing If, rna gl g 's st te, an p ticip ting in th dmi ist ti f t p c IC S f t s m ype. X ph ' city w r t r Oeconomicus h w th c ti uity a is m rphi m b tw 1 gic 1 qu c by th c ," a w 11 t t I ivi u 1. whic t y w b p ctic i t lif f t th i w c p bl f uli g Th y u g C i bulus cl im If, at will I g mi e 11 w him If b by is d i d pi a ures (Soc at s emi ds im t t e up VI I ) ; I lik va s w b k p u t f it i tim f im to mar y with th h Ip f his p wif t mi i t hi h u h I ; ,a X p I S U h m t-u v I tim , thi m IC g v m n g m t f us I a cultiv I fa d m i , itu th m i t a c v I pm f t -c m k bl w giv n th ight m u f ic ti , phy ic I m i t ai i g for y w 1m t fulfill i civic blig ti s, est blis his public ut rity, n assume I s ip fu cti s. G lly sp ki g, a y hi g h t w ul uc io f m citiz ibut t th P litical c w ul al 0 c t ibut t t i i g i vi tu ; c v r Iy, t w d av r w t n i h . Mo I askesis form f th paideia f h fr m w h I pi y i pa th city a i d ali gs with oth ; it h f p m t s; gym stics a n u anc t i l , music an t I i g of vig ous an m nly rhythms, p c ic i hu ti g w f ,c c with 's d m i public, cqui i g p ct to s If- sp c th ugh h aidos th t w ul I f ucati g h w f r th -all t I W s m a m who w ul b f s vic his city, n it w I m t m st ims If. C m tr i i g for y wh i n m ting n th tests f contriv f a that h r c mm nd , PI sp k f th m m s f id ifyi g t s b ys wh f the r m st lik Iy t be "th b st m n f th ms Iv s s r c uit t g ve : T ci y"; t will b the wh ult, c m is thus t st child, y uth, nd
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The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

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4
Freedom and Truth

m1 a y u t i k t at f "T 11 m , Eut y mu , f ivi ual a b t f 1 bI an pI P s SI t g Ig c mmu iti ?" "Y , I thi k it i , i t w 1 ul by b ily "T y u t i k t at t rna i f w at is b st b cau e f th m?" IS u bI t pI u S "1 "By m t ug So phrosyne w t t t t c ul b ppr c th ug X CI f If-m t y t t i t i t p ctic f pI u ; it w c a ct flZ f m. If it w pI u s, if t u imp rt t t g v Ir ft m c titut uch c UCI I t ic I pr bI m, t I m rv g l t P t b c u t G k wa P I-exc pt f C U I igin I i c c ; r w it i g t Pyt g t iti -b c U t y w t t m i t i t b abI pu ity;* it wa b c u t y w t t b f . T i c ul b g t r mal fu th p f, if uc were n , t at f m I cl s ic I G e k t ught was n t I c w I , c f t city a imply t i P w il t citiz t m Iv s w ul be Iy c n titu t el 1.
0 2 5 7 0 6 7 1 1 5 3 5 4 0 0 7 1 6 3 1 0 7 6 0 3 7 7 1 6 0 6 1 3 1 5 1 4 3 7 7 6 3 7 1 4

"

Obviously I am not suggesting that the theme of purity was absent from the Greek ethics of pleasures in the classical period. It occupied a place of considerable impor tance among the Pythagoreans. and it was very important for Plato. However. it does seem that on the whole. as regards desires and pleasures. ethical conduct was con ceived as a matter of domination. The emergence and development of an ethics of purity. with its correlative practices of the self. was a historical phenomenon that was to have far-reaching consequences.

78

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

79
0 0 7 1 5

v I f i ivi u lity i t i ity. T f m t at t bli i g p vi g wa th t f t citiz n f f t m, c 11 ctivity f c u , but it wa 1 , f r c cert i f m f r lati n ip f t I ivi ual with im If. T f m f ga izati f t city, t tu f it 1 ws, t e ucati , t rna i w ic t 1 a c uct VI t m Iv bvi usly w imp ta t f ct s f t b f citiz ; but c v ly, t f m f i ivi u 1 , u t m st y t y w cap bl f x ci i g v t bl t t ti t t .C I t I t m Iv , w i i p g f m A i t tl ' Politics: "A tat I g I vi tu f P ss f t citiz s w v I t g v t g v a t g v m t. I u t t 11 t citiz w rna c b c m m t. W v t f t c rna . T u , it i p ibl f all t b g g c 11 ctiv ly, wit ut ch b i g g d i divi ually. But the b tter thing i .T g f t at ch i ivi ual citiz ul b g "2 ily i v Iv i th g 1f C . T 11 is c sur vi u l' attitu t wa im If, t way 1 w IC hi w f om with ga t im If, a t f m f up m cy m i t i v 1m If w c t ibuti g f t city. 1 m nt t t w ll-b i g g r T I l IVI U 1 f m h ul t, w v , b u rt i p c f f will. It p 1 t pp it w was it t will f n ll-p w t n tu 1 et mi i m, sl v m t f th s If ful g cy: it was a 1 v m t-th 1 lati n to pI su s w s to b f by 0 s If. T b f f t i ut ity; it w s t t b th i sl v . g c i d by th aphrodisia, ishon w s not Of t th m st s i us; t g t st ang w s b g to t m. bit f s ying th t s rv ts w e sl v s Di g s wa i th of t ir mast s, nd that imm 1 p opl w r sl yes of th ir i s (tous de phaulous lais epilhumiais douleuein). J S cr t s f s rvitu t t b ginc utions C it bulu g i st thi ki Oeconomicus, d Euthyd mus is simil ly c ug of t i 1 gu f th Memorabilia th t is hymn t ti m
3 0 8 0 3 6 7 0 1 7 1 3 7 7 8 1 4 3 0 4 1 4 5 2 4 0 7 0 7 0 6 8 6 5 3 3 8 7 4 2 6 0 4 3 6 8 1 5 0 0 6 1 1 0 1 1 4 6 0 6 8 6 1 1 0 8 5 1 5 0 8 8 3 1 4 1 0 1 6 5 1 5 3 0 7 7 5 6 5 0 2 1 4 3 1 3 1 5 0 5 0 3 8 4 0 1 6 8 5 0 1 4 6 1 7 1 3 3 8 7 5 0 3 3 0 4 3 5 5 5 0 0 7 2 4 6 1 3 7 0 7 5 0 6 0 0 6 1 4 1 0 0 1 4 3 8 1 4 1 4 5 0 2 5 8 1 4 3 1 0 6 1 3 2 4 6 5 0 0 4 0 2 7 1 1 3 7 7 9 6 3 7 2 4 6 1 1 7 8 6 5 0 8 0 4 5 0 0 4 0 8 0 1 4 0 0 6 3 1 2 4 5 0 6 0 0 6 8 6 3 7 6 3 0 6 8 0 1 5 0 2 3 4 0 6 8 0 1 3 6 7 0 4 5 6 8 6 6 8 0 4 1 4 6 1 0 6 6 2 6 1 1 7 3 4 2 1 5 2 1 1 7 3 0 1 5 2 0 3 5 1 5 8 0 8 6 5 4 8 3 5 0 0 1 4 3 0 0 3 3 1 4 6 8 0 8 5 0 3 0 6 5 8 0 6 5 8 4 0 3 5 0 1 0 4 3 0 3 2 5 8 0 5 0 4 0 1 4 0 1 1 3 6 7 0 4 5 1 8 3 8 3 0 1 0 8 1 1 3 4 7 0 6 1 6 6 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 7 1 2 2 5 1 0 9 2 3 1 1 3 7 0 6 5 2 9 3 7 7 0 3 6 5 1 7 0 1 1 7 5 0 1 1 7 3 0 6 6 1 9 3 2 2 6 6 4 9 3 1 0 7 3 0 1 1 7 3 2 6 6 1 0 8 5 5 0 3 7 7 8 6 7 0 1 4 7 5 6 0 5 3 0 5 5 5 2 0 3 2 7 6 1 3 4 0 0 7 4 0 4 7 1 5 6 0 3 7 5 0 1 4 1 6 4 5 0 8 0 8 3 8 3 0 7 1 0 4 5 6 0 2 4 0 8 1 3 4 3 0 0 2 1 5 0 2 0 3 9 3 7 1 1 7 1 7 0 4 1 5 0 5 6 3 7 7 9 4 0 0 7 1 6 1 7 3 1 5 1 0 0 4 3 0 7 0 6 1 1 7 8 6 5 0 3 7 0 0 3 7 0 3 2 1 9 4 0 0 6 1 8 4 1 1 6 0 8 6 3 1 9 8 4 9 7 0 4 3 3 6 1 4 5 2 1 9 8 1 2 4 9 2 3 3 3 0 6 8 2 0 3 2 2 3 8 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 4 0 0 3 4 2 1 0 9 4 0 4 8 0 2 2 1 5 4 0 8 5 1 4 8 3 1 1 2 2 4 8 0 5 0 7 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 4 2 0 7 1 4 9 2 1 2 4 1 5 2 4 0 8 0 7 2 4 9 1 3 7 9 2 5 2 1 2 3 0 6 3 2 5 1 8 8 9 2 9 3 0 4 9 2 5 0 2 4 8 1 4 9 0 2 2 0 9 2 7 2 6 4 1 9 2 2 4 1 6 8 8 3 3 8 6 7 1 2 7 2 8 5 0 2 3 3 5 2 9 3 2 9 4 9 1 3 2 3 7 9 7 8 1 0 1 2 9 9 1

t ,

80

The Use of Pleasure

If-c t I c I a f m: "T w at i b st pp a t y u t b f om, y u t i k t t t v ag ." "I am u wh will p v t uc ctivity i b m st fit." "Y u fe 1 sur t n t t t i c ti t a e b d lav s . ...A w t t f l v y y u b li v t b t w r t?" "SI v y t t w r t m t s, I t i k." "T w t 1 v y, t ef , is t 1 v y du t. . . ." i c ti by t "S c t , I t i k y u m t at W I t t m cy f t b di1y pI u s c c rn w at v r wit vi tu i a y I c ti tm b f m." "Y , Eut y mus; f r w c t ull t b st?"4 a y b tt t sl v m t, m m w s m e th But t is f a t an m cipati t t woul mak t i ivi u 1 i p t f any xt i int i c t ai t; i its full, p itiv f m, it w s a p w t at b ug t t b a If v t rs. I fact, t p in th p w t at x CI w 0, wi g to is statu , w s u t ut ity f t r ti wit 1 was n t xp ct d to fin t pri cip1e f IS m hims If; it w u1 b ug f im t b y t e s w glV . Thi is wh t PI t xpl i s i inst ucti s g r t t c ft m : W t is d g a i g i IS C s i t t t tu lly w k b st P t f t s u1 "i c t ul t thi g but ca 1 a im Is wit i but p mp t m w Y to ft tt t m" ; n w, w t shoul b t at this m mig t b g v r by a ab1 pri cip1 , "simi1 t that w ic u1 s t b st m "? Th nly s 1uti i t pI c im u er the aut ority of this sup ri m n: "h must be IVI ul r withi lmnslav d to th b st m , wh h s s If. " 5 On th ot r n , t maI'l w ught t 1 th s w s n who to b compl t ly i c mm n of hims If: both b c us , giv his positi t p w h wi 1 , it h c t would b asy f im to s tisfy all his si giv way t th m, but Is b c use dis r rly b havi n hi p t would h v its ff cts v ry n i th coIl ctiv 1if f th city. In ord n t to b xc s iv , t t vi 1 c , in order t avoid th trap f tyran ic 1 ut ity ( v ot )
6 0 1 3 4 1 1 3 6 7 0 4 0 7 6 4 0 0 7 1 1 7 1 5 6 0 8 4 0 6 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 7 8 3 7 6 1 1 5 3 5 8 1 5 8 0 8 2 4 6 1 4 3 0 0 6 5 8 6 1 3 7 0 6 4 0 1 1 5 0 0 2 5 9 5 0 3 1 3 3 0 3 4 1 3 6 0 3 7 5 9 6 1 4 1 6 8 0 4 7 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 1 6 8 0 4 1 5 0 1 6 8 6 0 4 5 3 5 0 1 4 6 6 8 0 4 5 2 4 1 4 2 5 0 6 9 4 0 0 3 4 0 7 5 0 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 4 8 0 6 5 3 1 0 8 3 5 5 5 1 6 5 0 8 0 4 1 0 5 0 1 2 9 6 4 0 5 9 6 3 1 1 3 2 5 2 0 5 4 0 3 3 1 4 0 6 5 7 0 1 5 1 3 8 8 3 3 1 3 3 3 0 9 3 2 3 4 0 0 5 8 3 5 0 7 2 6 0 8 5 4 2 2 7 1 9 1 4 8 3 3 1 3 0 3 9 2 2 3 1 4 0 5 8 3 2 8 3 1 3 5 8 7 0 5 2 3 7 7 8 3 7 2 3 0 7 0 3 1 0 0 4 1 4 1 4 2 4 1 4 1 3 6 4 3 3 1 6 2 1 4 9 1 2 4 5 1 3 0 4 1 5 1 2 4 1 3 1 3 2 6 0 0 1 2 4 5 1 3 2 2 0 4 6 2 7 1 0 4 1 5 2 3 5 2 2 4 6 1 3 5 1 3 5 6 3 9 7 0 4 5 2 8 5 1 4 1 1 5 0 4 6 1 0 0 0 7 5 0 3 1 5 1 7 0 9 1 3 5 3 0 1 7 0 0 3 1 5 1 4 5 1 1 2 5 1 4 7 0 4 3 8 7 4 1 3 5 2 8 6 2 3 6 9 9 1 2 8 3 3 4 0 9 7 1 5 2 4 9 6 9 3 5 8 2 4 7 3 3 5 8 0 6 5 8 5 2 2 8 4 1 5 2 1 6 3 8 4 8 0 9 9 3 7 8 3 3 1 4 2 5 0 3 9 5 3 8 2 4 6 5 0 8 3 7 3 0 8 4 3 3 1 3 9 6 9 0 4 5 2 1 5 8 7 0 7 1 3 0 6 1 5 9 3 5 2 1 0 3 2 7 4 2 9 6 1 3 0 3 2 9 4 1 5 5 4 0 5 2 2 9 3 2 1 1 1 3 6 1 9 2 5 3 7 5 2 1 4 9 0 2 2 2 2 9 3 1 9 8 7 3 0 4 2 3 5 0 2 5 2 5 9 7 5 2 5 1 1 1 0 9 7 1 0 4 9 1 2 5 9 7 2 2 2 3 1 8 7 2 0 9 0 2 3 1 3 9 3 7 5 0 1 0 4 2 0 7 2 7 2 2 1 4 5 9 7 2 4 2 6 9 3 7 0 3 2 1 2 1 2 9 1 0 8 1 7 2 2 1 4 1 6 4 9 9 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 0 8 3 7 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 0 4 1 2 2 2 6 2 3 1 1 7 1 1 2 3 0 1 2 1 3 8 8 5 1 4 1 0 4 5 4 0 6

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

81

c upl wit a ul ty niz d by i s, t x rci e f qm its w pri eipl f i t I r gup litical p w as n v If. M ti , un r t lati n, p w an qu I f ti g v t If, w s sp ct f ml 1 p u c ; t at i , it w a virtu with ju tic , c u g , that qu lifi a rna t x rei his rna t y v t . Th m t ki gly rna w ki g f hims If (basilikos, basileuon heautou}. 6 Henc th imp ta c giv i t t ics f pl sur s t two x mpla y m I figu s. 0 t n n , t was t w s i c p bl f m st 1 g IS W P SSlOns viei us ty t; a wa t f Iway pr n to bus i p w r a to d vi I c (hubrizein) t hi ubj cts. H p v ked disturb nc s c u d t eitiz ns to b I again t him. Th in is st t t ok to is onor un P t, w xu I bus s f t t citiz s' c il n (b ys r girl ), w ft inv k d as a i iti I ju tific ti f plots im t ov t wing ty a i s n st ri g lib ty: t is was t ca with Pisistratus at by Ath ns, P i i Amb aci , nd oth s m tion A ist tl i B k V f t Politics. 7 Opp sit t tyr nt, th w t p Ihv imag of th I who w s c p bl of x CISI g t ict co t I ov ims If in t ut ity he x . His If- ul m d t d i ul v r th rs. ci d v t A c 's Cyrus, wh w s in b tt in p i t i X p ny Is to bus p w , but who I t it b P iti n tha know is c u t th t h mast r is motions: " H secur d t c urt g t c rrectness of conduct on t h pa t of is sub r i t , wh g v pr c d nc to th i sup iors; nd t u Iso s cur d f om th m gre t d gr f spect d p lit ss t w d noth r. Simil rly, wh n Isoc t s' Nic cl p i s th m er tion n m it I fi lity th t h ims If pr ctic s, h r f s to t d m n s f his politic I ffic : how c n m xp ct t bt in th ob di nc of oth rs if is u bl t sub u is w desir S?9 It is in t rms of p ud nc th t A ist t1 dvis s th bsolut ul r n t to suc cumb t y ebauchery; h oug t to t ke int c nsider tion
1 2 7 5 6 1 4 9 3 0 7 2 6 4 0 5 2 2 2 6 1 1 1 0 4 4 2 4 0 7 9 6 1 3 3 2 1 3 4 3 0 8 2 1 1 0 4 1 4 0 1 3 0 6 2 1 7 2 4 8 1 3 7 2 6 1 1 7 9 8 0 1 7 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 5 0 6 0 8 1 3 2 8 1 1 3 6 2 1 4 8 0 1 4 4 7 2 3 0 5 6 8 6 0 8 0 7 3 1 2 0 6 2 6 0 4 1 2 4 1 5 0 4 6 2 1 6 3 3 8 6 3 1 2 0 2 1 4 3 2 2 3 3 5 0 2 5 1 0 9 2 1 0 0 4 1 4 9 4 3 5 2 1 0 2 5 9 7 5 2 4 2 5 2 1 4 3 5 8 2 9 3 8 9 0 1 9 2 4 3 5 1 3 9 3 7 6 5 2 4 0 1 4 2 8 6 1 2 8 2 5 6 1 2 3 7 1 1 0 3 2 1 6 6 0 2 4 1 1 9 2 5 8 2 8 3 7 9 6 2 5 0 2 4 2 0 6 2 6 0 8 8 0 1 5 0 7 2 6 1 5 2 3 5 2 7 2 4 1 7 5 5 0 0 3 5 7 4 2 1 1 6 2 4 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 9 6 9 1 3 1 4 9 2 7 9 2 4 5 4 1 4 3 3 0 9 7 4 2 1 3 2 4 5 5 2 6 2 2 2 4 8 3 7 2 4 3 4 9 9 0 4 2 3 2 7 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 5 2 9 2 4 2 9 6 5 0 1 6 2 0 2 0 9 7 0 4 9 9 9 2 2 2 4 3 9 6 4 3 4 1 2 4 5 2 5 2 9 5 1 4 2 2 4 6 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 4 6 6 2 4 2 1 4 0 9 2 5 6 4 2 1 2 1 2 9 6 1 3 6 3 0 0 1 5 1 3 1 9 9 2 2 4 1 6 1 3 9 1 3 2 2 2 9 2 1 2 4 2 2 3 3 5 1 4 5 9 2 9 7 2 2 7 5 2 2 4 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 4 5 1 7 3 8 0 6 1 8 2 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 4 9 5 6 5 2 9 2 0 4 2 9 9 0 2 2 1 4 2 9 3 1 2 3 2 1 9 4 1 3 2 9 0

"B

82

The Use of Pleasure

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84

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1 5 5 1 4 4 7 2 1 4 1 7 0 5 0 2 1 3

[andrike dianoia ]." T w IC , In t int uc t I ss s gIV his wif , I c rn chu i f stidi us p trn t tw S tial I rn ts f t i giv s a ply t t v I t virtuous virility f w rn n- t gt f ch ct n p t r i t c f Ig nc the rn : "T I t t Y u, n ss [mega/ophron ] t at I rn willi g t rni b yi g rn quickly in s rn rn tt aft 1 st nc s of h c . "12 ing it 0 Iy W kn w t t A i t tl xplicitly r j ct t S c tic gum nt for b ic u ity f vi tu , w ic irnpli d t t t l W s id ntic I in rn w rn n. A d y t, t sc ib f rninin vi tu s that w ul b xclusiv Iy f rninin ; t fin d wit r f r c t ti I tt ibut s to w rn n r virtu , w IC C i v s its full c rnpl t f rrn i rn . An l ti b tw h s t s f t is in t f ct t t t rn n a worn i "politic I"; it is t lati f ul t r ,b t P t s rnu t I ti n to b i g ul d. F th t rn v a ha 1 t s rn vi tu s; but c will p in his wn w y. T wh ul s-i . . , t rna _"p s rno al g its full p rf ct f rn," w t ul d, i clu ing w rn , v "rn Ig d t nly xt t qUI d f th rn. " As c c s t rn , th f r , t c rnpl t " uli g" rno ati n d cou g full cou g f th w rn , t Y virtu ; s f t rn ti w , t rn t b t " ving" vi tu ; i ot vi tu s a c rnpl t fi i h rn I f th t 1 1 . principl rnotivati g th ir p ctic t uctu Th t rn ti IS gIv ti lly rn culi pp sit h s noth c n qu c , w ic is yrnrn t ic I t t just discuss : irnrn ti n iv s f rn p IVity th t I t s it t f rni i ity. T b irnrn r t w t b st t of no ist c with r g r t th f c f pl u d subrni i ; it rn a t b i g in p sition f w ak If t t sp ct t i c p bl of th t vi il t c wit n bl n to b st g t n If. I t is , t rn , t rn n f n rn t y (akrasia) r f pI asu s
3 9 1 7 2 1 4 0 3 5 2 5 9 0 3 2 6 5 1 9 6 2 4 2 5 8 4 2 0 9 6 5 2 1 0 6 0 3 2 0 0 3 1 5 6 1 1 2 6 4 0 3 5 1 8 4 9 0 4 8 7 7 0 2 3 7 2 2 1 3 8 3 5 2 4 0 9 4 2 1 5 3 2 6 8 3 0 6 1 5 4 0 5 5 3 7 2 7 2 5 3 1 4 9 0 8 0 1 1 3 9 2 0 4 1 0 3 2 1 0 9 4 0 0 4 5 2 9 4 3 1 3 2 2 1 5 9 4 6 1 0 0 0 2 2 7 5 2 1 4 8 9 4 2 9 9 6 3 1 4 2 5 5 0 5 8 5 6 9 2 9 2 3 9 3 7 1 0 3 2 5 0 7 1 0 6 3 1 7 0 4 2 2 2 4 2 1 7 0 0 2 2 0 5 1 6 2 5 0 4 9 0 1 0 9 2 7 0 0 5 2 0 2 3 2 1 1 3 0 0 6 6 3 0 9 0 5 5 9 5 0 2 9 3 7 1 2 0 1 3 0 3 7 2 0 2 6 5 2 4 0 9 1 3 1 4 5 5 2 5 9 9 5 0 4 0 9 1 3 0 3 0 0 2 3 7 2 3 6 9 5 2 4 2 1 3 1 4 2 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 4 2 9 1 2 3 1 1 7 1 7 0 4 1 5 9 4 3 0 4 6 5 9 2 6 4 2 3 5 2 9 0 4 2 0 8 5 1 6 6 0 6 6 5 0 1 9 5 2 1 3 2 1 4 0 2 5 2 3 1 6 6 2 6 6 0 4 1 1 7 3 0 6 6 3 9 3 7 0 2 1 4 5 2 4 0 8 6 5 2 4 2 3 7 1 2 3 3 0 2 7 1 5 8 0 1 4 9 1 1 3 0 6 6 1 5 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 2 1 0 1 3 0 4 3 5 0 8 3 0 4 0 1 0 7 0 4 1 9 3 4 9 2 9 4 2 9 9 3 7 1 0 0 4 3 2 8 1 4 5 0 1 7 4 0 8 1 3 1 4 4 8 2 1 0 1 8 3 5 0 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 0 6 3 5 2 4 1 4 7 6 5 2 8 3 6 8 3 7 6 1 5 8 6 1 2 2 9 9 3 7 3 6 0 7 1 7 0 1 0 6 0 4 2 3 7 8 6 5 0 2 3 0 4 8 2 9 1 7 2 4 9 1 3 2 3 9 3 2 6 6 2 3 9 8 6 3 2 6 4 4 2 9 9 2 4 1 6 0 2 3 2 5 5 6 2 4 8 9 3 7 1 1 0 1 5 2 1 3 2 2 7 1 7 0 4 9 1 7 0 4 2 4 1 8 9 6 6 9 4 2 9 2 1 0 3 3 1 2 1 7 0 9 2 8 6 1 0 3 9 9 2 3 4 2 6 8 3 2 0 9 7 1 0 1 4 0 1 0 8 6 4 0 6 8 3 7 9 1 1 2 3 0 6 6 8 3 6 6 1 3 2 3 0 3 3 9 9 0 9 4 2 6 8 3 2 5 4 2 0 1 1 3 2 6 0 5 8 2 9 2 7 1 2 2 4 1 3 2 4 5 8 3 1 0 6 3 5 0 6 2 3 6 0 5 2 8 3 1 2 4 0 8 3 7 7 2 6 4 0 6 5 2 9 1 1 3 9 6 0 4 1

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

2 2 3 2 1 1 0

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s If-induIg c (akolasia) was a man wh c uld be call d f mi in , but m s ti lly wit sp ct t ims If th with p ct to th s. I the xperi nc of s xuality uc as u s, wh a basic sc si m int ins pp iti n b tw n m culin a d f minin , t f mininity f m n is p rc iv 1 th ctual r virtu I t a sgr ssion of is s xu 1 1 . N w ul b t mpt t lab 1 s ff minat m n wh e 10v f w m n 1 s t imm er tion on his p t; that is, s rt f tng w 1 j b f ecip rm nt t t w ul u c v r th "1 t t m xu lity" t t cr tly in abits is unstabI n p mISCUOU r 1 ti n to t m. I c tr st, f t G k it w s th pp siti n b tw CtlVlty p ssivity th t was s tial, p v i g t dom i f s xual b h VI a t t fm t ha t s h w I ttitu s s w 11; thu , it was v n u p cti g im m might p f r mal s wit ut ny f ffemin cy, pr vided h was activ in th s xual r I ti d ctiv i th m r I mast ri g of ims If. On th th n , rna wh w t suffici ntly in control f hi pI u s-w t v his c ic of bj ct-w g d as "f miIVI 1 g lin b tw a vi il m i " T d ff mi t m n di t coinci wit u opp siti b tw t d mo xuality; n w s it c nfin t th pp 1tion b tw n ctiv p siv hom xu lity. It m k t iff nc i p pI 's ttitu s t w th pI su s; t f ff mi acy-i 1 n ss, i 1 c , fu 1 t tr iti 1 sig m w t r ug ctiviti s f sp ts, f g g 1 th f r p fum a 0 nm nts, s ftn ss (malakia}-w t c ss ily ss ci t with th in ividu 1 w i th 1 t nt c tu y w ul b c II n "inv rt," but with t t t pI su th t ntic him: h w s u w yi 1 f oth rs. 0 s g wn pp tit d th th p w f b yw w t w ul g t n y , -up, Di g c but h 11 w f t f ct t t uch f mi in pp c ul ju t s w II b t Y t t fo w m f m 1 4 I th ft G ks, w t co stitut d t ic 1 n g tivity p Y xc 11 c w cl ly t t l vi g f b t s x , n w it
2 3 0 1 4 2 2 6 2 3 9 5 4 0 0 1 5 0 8 3 4 0 6 0 1 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 6 5 1 4 0 4 2 9 3 1 3 9 9 9 3 1 1 6 1 2 0 2 9 6 2 3 2 0 5 2 2 1 2 2 2 0 7 3 2 9 1 9 4 3 2 5 2 9 4 1 2 1 1 3 0 1 7 2 0 2 7 1 2 9 2 2 2 9 9 1 6 2 1 4 1 2 2 9 7 1 1 7 9 9 4 5 1 1 7 1 9 5 1 0 1 1 7 5 2 2 5 9 1 7 3 1 0 2 9 0 3 5 1 1 6 0 9 5 9 6 0 0 5 5 2 9 7 4 1 6 0 9 1 5 2 3 1 3 9 1 4 5 2 4 2 2 6 9 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 9 9 3 7 9 9 2 6 2 3 4 0 8 7 3 5 2 9 3 1 0 2 9 1 4 6 3 7 5 9 1 1 4 9 9 7 2 8 2 6 3 1 4 7 1 2 2 1 8 9 3 4 0 2 2 5 1 9 1 3 2 2 2 6 6 2 3 5 1 2 9 1 0 2 2 0 2 9 1 3 8 3 9 0 3 2 1 8 2 3 5 2 0 1 0 4 5 9 7 8 3 1 9 6 3 1 0 1 6 2 9 6 4 2 5 9 0 0 4 5 1 2 1 2 9 6 4 0 9 4 7 2 0 3 3 2

86

The Use of Pleasure

0 4 2 2 4 4

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T is f dom-pow r combin tion t t cha ct iz d t mod ofb ing of t mod r t man c uld n t b conc iv . without a lation t truth. To rul 0 's pI asur s and to b ing th m u d r th utho ity f the logos fo m n nd t m t pris : mod r ti n, s ys A istotl , si s nly "what t tion 1 p i cipl [orthos logos ] ir cts. " 1 5 W f mili wi th th 1 g d b t th t v I p d c c i g th 1 f k wI g in th p ctic of virtu in g n 1 a Memorabilia, mo ratio in pa ticular. X n phon, in t calls tt ti n to Soc t s' rgum t to th ff ct th t wis m n m rati ca ot b s p rat : to tho w r IS th an y t p ssibility of n 's knowing wh t ught to b pr c e ing to 0 t co trary, Socrates plies that imm dert in ivi ual m n lw ys ig 0 nt s w 11, f in ny c "ch os d f 11 w th cour w ich t y ju g m t v nt ."16 g US T s principl s discuss d t 1 gth by A istotle, wit ut i c itiqu ding b t th t w ul c nti u i n u St icism. But wh th r t n gr t t g w il kn wing it t b w ng, d P ssibility of d i g w s urn i t w t v th m f k wI g t t fi c f th P incipl s t t t y k w, t w ct 1 w n P I t th t w t co t st d: c ul t p ctic t ti n wit ut c t i f m of k wI g t t w m itions. On c ul ot f m n s If 1 st f it ti 1 c with ut f rmi g s t ic 1 subj ct i t u of pI u m tim s subj ct f k wI g . s If t th Th 1 ti w ip t th logos in th pr ctic f pI su c ib by G k philos phy f t f u t c tu y i t m f th w s structu 1 f m: P i cip 1 f rm . Pi t, t p iti f m r ti n impli that t logos b pI c sup m cy in th urn n b ing t t it b bl t sub u t d i s n gulat b VI . W e s i th imm t 1 ivi u 1, th f rc t t sir s usu ps t high t pI c
3.
5 4 9 2 4 0 5 0 2 2 5 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 9 2 7 4 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 0 3 2 0 9 4 2 7 1 2 1 9 5 2 6 9 2 2 3 2 4 4 2 2 9 1 2 7 2 4 2 1 9 5 2 4 9 9 4 3 2 7 0 0 9 4 2 8 9 4 2 1 3 2 9 2 9 7 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 3 0 4 1 0 1 3 1 2 7 2 2 4 2 9 0 0 2 4 9 3 7 7 2 3 4 5 2 0 1 9 0 3 1 4 9 0 9 0 3 2 2 2 9 7 1 8 7 1 7 0 1 3 3 3 2 2 9 2 7 6 0 5 1 9 2 0 1 1 2 2 9 1 7 1 3 0 7 0 1 2 7 7 5 2 3 4 2 1 9 2 7 7 6 8 4 0 8 9 3 4 9 9 2 1 4 9 9 6 0 2 1 2 9 3 1 1 2 6 0 5 5 0 7 2 1 6 9 7 9 9 0 1 5 2 0 2 9 4 2 2 9 2 3 4 5 1 5 6 4 0 2 3 9 7 0 9 2 9 1 7 1 3 0 3 8 7 8 4 1 3 7 1 0 0 4 3 1 1 1 2 9 3 0 7 5 2 1 1 3 4 1 3 5 0 1 1 4 0 1 8 3 5 9 0 2 4 0 1 7 2 1 3 1 2 7 0 5 8 1 3 0 8 6 0 7 3 5 1 6 0 5 1 9 0 7 3 7 2 9 3 0 1 0 4 5 0 8 5 2 3 0 5 2 4 2 9 6 1 2 1 3 9 9 6 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 0 1 7 3 1 4 9 0 1 7 2 4 8 1 5 1 4 9 0 9 3 1 4 3 1 0 7 0 5 8 8 6 8 0 8 1 3 0 1 6 0 6 6 0 3 9 1 3 7 0 1 7 3 1 4 1 2 2 9 9 3 2 5 9 0 3 5 2 6 2 0 8 6 4 2 6 1 1 3 1 3 0 2 9 0 6 9 2 2 9 9 2 1 3 1 0 7 0 0 4 0 9 1 3 6 5 1 2 2 8 0 1 0 9 4 0 6 8 6 7 2 6 4 0 7 4 0 0 1 1 5 1 4 5 2 3 4 3 0 0 4 6 1 4 2 2 4 3 8 1 6 4 6 5 2 4 0 9 9 4 9 1 4 1 7 0 9 1 0 7 5 2 0 9 0 7 3 9 1 6 1 3 1 4 2 9 2 5 9 2 9 3 7 5 9 2 8 0 1 7 0 5 0 0 6 4 0 8 7 4 0 0 0 5 9 1 4 5 4 0 9 3 0 1 7 2 4 8 2 3 7 7 9 0 1 2 5 9 7 2 2 4 5 0 0 6 9 2 9 3 7

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

87

ivi u I w i so ule ty i lly, i t phron, it i t t mm p ib s, i s wit t t u ft urn b i g: "it i fitti g t t t r tu bI p t ex isi g f ul ul ," S t y , "it b i g wi ig t b If f t w l uI"; p st fi t P t ft ul phron t m I w m t diff t so t p t t t mm g m t m y, w t p rt t t b ys e t g iti t t it in t i r is p pe f r e s n t ul t t t y houl n t c nten iff I pit f lI t ut ity. 1 7 A t t f it pp t PI t i t ip tIti f t ul t A i t the tim f t Nicomachean Ethics, it t teli n nc pti v i t t i still i t rm f t e up i ity f so phrosyne is ct ized i t t t xt: "i i ti Ib i g I f pI u IS I ti bI v if it t i ve y u t f g tifi ti ," t t e ir will g w x SIV if I t be i t t ut " t m ity"; t i ut logos t w i "t app titive I m t" (to ity i t t f t epithumetikon) must ubmit. 18 ti f t logos i t p ctic f m But t x I rib i t ms f i st urn t I f m. 1 f t, ne's ml ti ft pI su es su es a use t t is I s, p cti I eds, time , n i cum t d pt bI t s ss Y l e t t mi , s A i t tl ys, "t g ug t, ug t, w ug t." 1 9 PI to t mp siz t t it i Imp t t f t i ivi u 1 f t "wit ut k wI g [anepistemonity t t u t e pI su d tt w g tim [ektos ton kairon ]. "20 A d f m o s] P w t tt m fm simil vi wp i t, X I t m f i I tic --c mp t t t mm ti P bI I U S, fb i g t b t-f s S t s expI i ve p w t t Memorabilia, " l y t e If-c t II ti g t m ut ft Sl t i gs t t m tt m st, ed lik t P f t g t i ki , by w 2 j t t viI. " 1 I PI t t x Clse f t e logos i t e p ti e f m
4 6 4 3 2 2 2 5 8 3 0 2 7 7 3 5 1 6 6 4 0 3 6 1 2 5 9 8 1 3 2 7 6 3 2 7 4 0 6 8 4 0 2 8 1 2 1 2 3 2 8 0 5 5 0 6 4 8 4 0 1 5 0 5 3 2 0 2 6 2 5 3 5 0 0 3 6 1 2 3 0 3 4 6 5 1 7 4 0 1 8 4 3 0 6 6 3 6 0 2 6 0 3 2 7 0 4 8 2 1 4 0 5 6 1 2 0 5 9 1 5 5 0 1 0 6 1 3 2 7 5 0 4 1 8 0 0 7 1 7 0 2 0 5 0 3 6 5 0 9 2 2 5 1 5 0 0 4 0 2 3 4 6 1 5 0 6 1 9 4 0 2 3 4 0 0 0 2 3 2 7 5 3 4 1 2 5 0 2 5 0 3 4 5 3 8 1 3 2 7 6 3 2 7 5 0 3 5 9 1 0 9 4 3 1 2 0 5 0 4 0 8 1 2 1 2 5 3 4 1 4 1 4 3 1 1 4 0 9 2 7 5 3 5 0 6 7 1 1 7 1 4 6 5 3 1 4 2 7 2 6 0 1 3 5 0 7 0 4 0 2 8 0 6 5 3 1 1 6 0 7 5 0 3 1 2 8 4 3 4 1 2 1 5 0 6 1 9 2 7 5 0 4 6 1 3 8 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 0 6 2 0 6 1 5 6 0 4 1 4 1 4 0 3 6 1 2 1 0 4 7 0 6 4 0 5 9 5 8 3 4 3 0 4 2 5 3 0 2 9 2 4 4 3 1 2 3 0 2 5 0 7 0 6 4 0 1 4 0 9 6 4 0 2 6 3 3 0 0 0 2 4 0 6 0 4 6 1 4 8 0 1 4 3 8 3 1 2 6 1 5 3 7 6 0 4 1 0 8 0 6 0 1 2 0 6 2 1 8 5 3 6 0 2 0 7 9 2 7 3 7 0 1 7 0 2 1 9 5 1 4 3 2 7 5 6 5 3 1 4 6 5 3 1 5 0 1 5 8 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 0 0 0 4 8 6 0 1 5 0 2 5 0 4 3 0 1 1 7 0 4 9 1 2 6 3 6 1 7 0 6 8 0 7 2 0 4 1 3 2 2 4 0 2 9 1 4 2 9 8 6 2 8 0 1 7 1 2 9 1 2 1 5 0 0 9 4 0 2 4 5 3 3 3 9 0 1 2 6 0 3 7 8 4 6 3 2 8 0 9 4 9 8 3 4 0 9 1 2 6 2 0 8 0 9 4 2 1 4 7 4 1 7 0 0 4 2 0 3 4 6 1 0 6 3 5 0 5 2 6 5 0 1 5 9 6 5 0 1 5 9 2 7 5 0 2 5 0 1 5 3 5 0 3 0 6 5 3 6 1 4 3 2 1 4 5 0 2 7 7 3 3 2 7 1 4 5 0 2 1 1 6 8 0 5 0 3 4 0 6 5 1 2 1 0 7 0 9 2 3 5 4 0 1 2 0 2 4 1 3 3 4 0 1 2 0 2 1 5 1 2 6 5 1 6 5 9 5 0 2 3 1 1 7 0 4 3 1 2 6 3 6 1 5 0 9 2 1 7 3 0 8 6 1 0 0 2 1 8 1 3 2 7 2 3 7 7 6 8 6 8 9 3 0 1 0 2 5 0 0 6 1 4 3 1 8 4 9 0 9 2 6 2 5 0 1 2 5 6 0 1 2 4 1 0 7 5 3 1 0 4 1 8 1 2 7 0 4 5 2 5 3 9 0 4 1 9 2 7 6 1 4 2 5 0 1 3 0 4 5 0 4 2 7 1 4 7 3 2 7 0 0 7 3 0 1 4 0 0 4 5 0 1 1 7 3 2 7 4 0 8 5 0 0 2 3 1 5 0 0 0 4 1 5 2 5 4 9 8 8 1 1 7 0 4 9

88

The Use of Pleasure

2 9 0 9 4 6 2 9 5 4 7 1 4 5 9 1 5 1 2 1 1 8 9 4 0 8 1 2

pp ti i t i f m: t t f t e t 1 gi 1 g 1ti f t s If by t self. T dt k w If i sub u t i i S c tic t m . t pr cti vi tue But t xt lik t g t p i t Phaedrus, t lli g f t v Y g f s uls t bi t f I ve, fills i t t il . T t xt i ubtl t fi t Iptt i i t lit tu f w t will 1 t be k w "spi itu 1 mb t." H f f m t Imp IV t f t f u bsti ft tt tS r t w bl t i pI y i g t Al ibi e f th Symposium, f t Phaedrus p s t w 1 am f t s ul struggli g wit it If g i st t vi 1 f its si s. T iff t I m ts w sti t v 1 g 1 t i t Y f spi itu lity: t ul, li t t t l tt i t s t t t k I ft xi ty t t k p t ul n at v giv it m ;t t I t; t my t u t g; t uff i g d pI su t t It t i t mix; t m vern t t t t po ts , b i g; t st uggle b tw pp 1 g P w ; t I p t w u ,t p i ,t w t fi 1 pp m t. N w, t ug ut t i tiv t t c1 im t v 1t t u IVI e oul, t elati t t ut ture f t urn pI y fu m t I l . W t ul is ug t up i wil p IV f Ift 1 , it i f zy f 1 v , IV 1 b u it b 1 "t lities t t ut i t P IV t i fl ti t ly b uty; v " t e e lity but it is 1 be u its m m 1 c y it "t w f B uty," b u it " g i t 1 oly pI c tt by C tity," t t it 1 b k, t t it u rt k t t i p Y i 1 s k t i it If f V yt i g t t mig t bu it w p ev t it f m s e .22 The el ti ft e r ise V i g t t ut th t it Er i it ul t t ut i t t m tim w t f u its i t ity, Ips it t m V m t, its f w t b m t f m 11 p y i 1 j ym t, bli g it t m t u l v . b T p int i bviou : b it i t i 1 f m f a Ie
1 1 2 1 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 6 0 2 1 4 7 0 4 1 9 8 0 4 9 2 7 7 0 5 0 7 0 6 4 0 6 6 9 1 4 9 5 0 0 9 0 0 5 0 4 0 9 6 0 0 8 5 2 5 0 2 1 5 0 0 1 9 0 1 1 9 2 7 5 0 4 5 1 1 2 5 0 7 0 9 6 5 6 0 6 7 1 0 6 6 5 0 4 6 7 0 6 8 4 1 2 2 9 2 8 0 2 0 4 9 4 0 1 5 9 3 0 4 2 1 2 3 6 4 3 8 1 3 0 4 0 1 2 0 6 3 4 4 1 5 0 3 6 6 0 2 0 6 6 3 2 7 5 0 0 3 6 1 0 2 7 4 3 2 8 0 3 2 7 3 2 0 2 8 0 1 5 0 6 1 4 5 3 1 8 3 0 6 3 6 3 0 1 7 6 3 3 8 8 1 4 7 2 1 8 9 7 6 1 0 1 4 5 0 4 0 0 2 6 3 5 1 0 7 4 3 1 5 0 1 2 5 6 0 3 2 7 3 3 2 5 0 1 0 2 8 0 1 7 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 7 0 2 0 7 1 5 3 0 3 1 2 8 9 4 0 0 4 2 5 0 5 6 1 4 1 4 3 5 0 7 6 4 0 6 5 3 3 0 6 5 1 7 1 5 0 6 1 6 1 9 0 2 5 3 5 0 3 0 4 8 3 2 0 0 2 0 3 2 3 0 5 0 3 2 0 5 3 0 0 6 5 0 6 1 1 2 5 0 3 0 4 5 0 6 0 4 1 6 6 0 0 5 2 5 0 6 0 4 2 3 2 0 9 4 0 5 3 3 0 4 2 3 0 3 2 7 2 0 4 5 0 1 0 2 5 3 4 9 2 6 4 1 2 0 6 0 2 5 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 6 2 1 0 4 6 5 0 3 6 0 6 5 0 1 2 7 6 5 0 3 2 6 5 0 4 0 3 4 7 3 2 7 5 0 2 3 3 0 3 6 0 0 2 1 5 4 1 5 1 5 6 2 3 4 4 3 0 5 3 3 6 1 4 0 0 5 3 0 4 0 2 9 1 5 0 5 9 2 9 2 7 7 2 6 5 0 4 1 2 1 4 5 3 6 3 2 7 3 0 2 9 4 1 0 5 0 2 5 0 6 1 8 9 5 2 3 4 0 2 1 1 0 7 4 0 2 7 3 2 7 7 0 4 0 7 1 6 0 8 1 2 4 1 6 2 7 0 0 7 0 8 3 6 0 5 3 7 0 5 0 7 5 0 4 0 9 5 9 3 4 0 1 6 7 0 5 0 5 0 9 0 2 6 3 2 7 0 4 8 0 0 7 5 0 4 4 0 0 8 1 2 2 2 3 0 4 5 3 0 3 3 6 1 8 3 6 0 0 1 4 0 6 9 4 4 1 9 4 7 6 5 4 9 1 0 3 3 2 7 0 8 9 6 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 4 3 9 2 0 2 5 4 1 2 0 7 2 5 0 4 5 9 0 3 0 2 7 0 7 5 3 6 5 3 5 1 7 6 9 8 5 9 2 7 0 3 0 6 1 4 0 6 4 3 2 5 6 8 3 7 0 6 4 0 9 2 7 0 0 6 1 4 7 6 0 1 0 0 4 5 2 5 9 5 4 7 0 2 7 1 2 3 2 7 4 0 2 4 1 0 7 1 0 4 2 5 0 4 5 3 5 3 6 0 2 4 9 1 2 1 5 6 1 1 4 5 6 3 5 0 6 9 0 0 5 3 1 2 7 6 1 6 2 6 1 0 0 2 1 4 8 0 9 2 7 2 0 2 6 3 2 7 5 3 5 0 1 0 8 1 0 7 0 9 5 8 0 7 4 1 5 3 6 8 3 0 2 1 0 2 0 2 3 2 1 0 8 1 0 4 0 1 0 5 0 1 6 1 6 0 2 5 0 1 4 1 5 4 3 4 8 5 8 9

The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

89

t u tu f t e urn b ing, in th form f p ti f f th s uI's re ogniti f it w b i g, the p u 1 ti t t uth titut s ti 1 1 m t f m r ti . It w ry f t m su u f pI ure , yf t lli g t i VI . But it i imp rt t t at t t t is elati t t ut ve t k th f m f Ip If by t If, V r t t f rm utic f me t f t ir . It w f ct stituting t m fb i g ft e m t ubj t; it w t qui vale t t bligati f t e ubj t t P k t ut fully ni g im If; it v r p up t s ul a m I f p t nti 1 k wI dg w er b ly t b n i t p t . I e ible tr s f Sl t T 1 ti n to t ut w s structur 1, i strumental, te 1 gic 1 iti fa e t blis i g t I ivi u 1 s m ubj t 1 i g lif f m r ti n; it w t epist m 1 gic 1 c nditi n bli g th individual t r cognize himself in I gul ity s iri g ubj t t pu ify im elf ft Ir t t w s t u b ug t t lig t.
6 4 8 4 0 1 5 5 9 2 0 0 1 3 4 3 8 8 0 1 4 7 0 2 8 0 1 4 1 0 1 8 1 2 1 6 1 2 0 2 4 0 9 1 2 1 4 8 1 2 6 0 7 3 2 0 6 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 7 0 3 1 2 3 6 2 0 8 0 6 6 9 1 4 5 0 0 3 4 0 7 6 0 1 0 3 6 6 2 0 8 0 6 6 3 4 1 4 8 1 2 4 1 2 5 0 4 1 0 2 8 0 6 1 3 2 1 2 0 5 3 5 4 1 2 1 4 5 2 0 4 1 1 0 1 4 1 3 7 0 8 5 0 4 2 1 5 0 6 0 5 0 6 0 2 0 0 5 3 1 3 5 0 0 2 0 6 1 7 0 6 0 3 6 3 9 1 4 8 1 2 5 0 1 7 0 1 0 2 1 5 1 7 0 4 3 0 6 0 8 3 6 2 1 0 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 4 5 6 0 8 1 6 0 3 4 5 8 1 2 8 0 4 2 5 6 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 7 5 0 1 6 3 7 1 3 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 0 0 5 0 3 4 0 7 6 8 4 2 3 8 0 1 7 0 4 0 2 0 0 7 0 7 1 0 4 0 3 7 3 7 2 0 4 4 0 0 7 5 0 4 0 9 1 4 5 9 9 9 2 3 2 7 1 2 1 1 3 8 1 2 7 1 2 4 6 3 5 2 5 0 2 7 7 3 3 3 1 7 0 4 3 6 0 8 0 3 7 2 3 0 1 1 7 0 3 1 3 6 2 1 3 2 0 1 1 9 1 1 2 0 3 2 0 1 0 5 6 6 2 9 4 3 9 7 0 6 2 6 0 8 3 2 7 1 4 5 6 1 5 0 7 0 6 0 5 3 3 5 6 4 1 5 1 5

w, w il t is r 1 ti to trut , c stitutive f t t lea to a h rme eutics f sire, it m er te ubj t, P nt n sth ti s of exist di t th m r 1 v lu A w t I m by t IS IS W Y of lif wh ' b i gi f rmity wit it r 1 t P f b h vi , r ff t f purifi ti , but a rt f rm 1 principles i t e use f pIe su es, i t e w y ne I t ibut t m, i t e limits ob rv , i th hi rc y n the r 1 ti p t .T ugh th logos, t roug as lif w t t ut t t g ve it, u mmitt to t e m i t e pr ucti f n tal gi 1 er; m r ver, it t k the brilliance f beauty th t w reve Ie to t bl t be 1 it r ke p its memory pr t i mi Xenop n, PI t , a Arist tIe ft n pr vi glimps s f this m t xi t wh allm rk, groun e i t uth, w s b th it g f n t 1 gi 1 stru tu it visibly b autiful hape. F x mpl , this is t e w y S r tes d 4.
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The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

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t i Iy. " "T ig t ki fI v I t 1 gf Z 4 lie ti us b ut it? " "N t g. "2 liz p ipti f all X W m y I f be uty f its w Cy u ' u t, w i p e nt VI 1 I IVI U I J ym t, u t t e p f t amI 1 t at m t y V 1m If; t ul publi Iy x ibit x IS t V ry , 1 U1 g ut f m t ern, t i tt t P di g t t k th Y Id, i th f m f m d t ful up Vlu t, If f t sp t f r SI ft ul t b y, a f ug I c my f ts, vi Ie t m vern t istu b t t t i V Iu t y be utiful d t t e rn d t b p e t i ev y e' mi "Am g t m y u w ul v v t t y al I g I g glVl g v t t IS lig t i b i t u I V I I ug t ; but s i g t m y u w ul ve JU g t t t y I trut m king ble life th i im. " 25 T e i ivi ual W et i I subj ct by s apl g p is Iy fulfill im If me u c u t th t W pi i Iy visibl t II VI g t b I g m mb
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T f g i g i a Iy ug k t fa p limi y pu I tr it t t p s f w ge t IZ t e w y i w i , ptu Iize i cl si I G k t ug t, xu I p ti w s m ei t tI I m i .T I m t ft i m I "-w " t ic I ub t f m by t aphrodisia; -t i te by tu e wit by tu t t i , by a ts i t a i t pi u , atu lly m tiv t by f t t b IIi . T p i ipl wa Iway li bi t x e tt b gul t , t g t w i t I activity w m c I I gi I "m f ubj ti ," w t fi e by u IV t mi i g p mitt n f rbid t ; but t by ti t t t P c ib t m f u savoir-f aire, liti iff , tim , st tu ), T t t P t v i bl ( eff t t t t l ivi u I w u ge t b i g t b im elf, c y IS, th f m f b ttl t b f ug t, t vi t y t b W i t bli i g ml I f If v r elf,
5 0 1 4 0 1 2 6 2 3 4 1 5 6 0 8 5 4 4 0 2 4 3 4 1 0 6 3 0 2 0 4 3 9 6 5 3 8 5 9 4 3 8 0 4 0 7 5 3 2 5 8 5 2 3 6 8 9 4 0 0 5 1 5 6 0 9 4 9 8 8 0 3 8 1 2 8 0 3 7 3 2 7 9 7 2 1 2 3 0 5 8 9 7 1 9 2 5 0 0 0 0 2 6 1 5 6 7 1 9 2 5 0 0 5 9 6 6 9 2 8 0 0 4 0 1 4 0 7 5 0 5 3 6 2 8 0 2 7 0 7 2 3 4 0 3 6 6 1 8 3 7 2 9 4 5 2 2 0 2 6 0 0 9 6 4 0 3 2 7 2 4 3 1 3 0 7 3 1 4 8 0 5 3 6 9 6 3 0 1 0 8 6 6 2 3 7 4 0 0 1 2 5 0 4 2 8 0 9 8 1 4 7 2 1 5 5 5 8 6 3 6 0 3 2 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 5 0 1 7 0 1 6 0 8 1 2 3 6 2 1 7 0 2 7 3 2 0 4 6 9 0 6 3 1 2 7 0 0 4 2 2 0 4 0 7 3 7 1 7 0 2 9 8 6 4 3 5 0 4 9 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 0 6 4 0 7 5 0 1 7 3 0 6 1 3 6 0 5 9 7 0 0 2 7 0 7 1 2 7 0 4 0 2 3 4 3 0 6 2 0 0 7 0 3 6 5 0 1 4 5 9 5 0 2 7 7 3 3 6 4 7 1 4 2 1 0 3 4 1 2 5 6 5 0 2 0 0 6 6 3 4 3 6 8 0 6 5 3 7 0 1 4 1 3 3 0 1 0 1 5 3 8 1 4 1 0 1 2 2 0 6 9 6 5 2 3 7 1 2 1 2 1 6 0 1 0 6

92

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p Iiti 1 uth ity. Fi lly, t m ti f b i g t whi t i s If-m st y g v s w tiv f e rn, f t iz s m t t w 1 ISSO i bl f m a st uctu 1, i t urn t 1, t 1 gi 1 1 t t ut . ti 11 , t i m fiecti v I p t em s f A w u t ity--c 1 gt b y, m r 1 ge, 1 v fb y i t t t i ti t t pts w mbl t t P w t app a 1 t t l t t i pp t . But w mu t thic 1 subj t w ul ti uity b cu t f t t t t titut i t m m I t e e isti 1 ge b lity f xu 1 b vi , t t l 1 ub t c w t be m fi t by t aphrodisia, but by i t t Ii m 1 f m g t my t i of t t, by t f t t t fully p ifi st t i f m t i Itl s. aire, but f a Subj cti w s t take th f m ot f savoir-f 1 ut ity. ft 1 w b t P st g iti He t t i l ubj t w t b t iz t s mu by th p f ct ul f t s Ifby t e elfi th exe ci e fa vi ile typ f tivity, by Ifu ci ti pu ity w Iw t b ug t i vi gi ity. T is b i g t s , m t ig ifi c t t w s tt e , 1 C isti u t mpl m t y P cti m lity, t tw pp it y t ifi ti f xu I t t t w ul b m m m e rn euti f SI tot e v I pm t f p cifi , Ip f Ifm t. g t wit p c u m ti lly, w c ul y t t l SI I ntiqPutti g it c i g t pI su I fie ti w t iuity' m t t w ifi ti f t ,n rt w m uti s sty liz ti f t e ubj ct, but t w f ttitu u t f ti f th tic f xi t c . A tyliz ti , b xu I tivity p t it If s t f p qUI em nt. T textu I rec rd is cle r i t is g r : neit e t e ct s w m mm ti s ab ut t glm ul f II w, th m list w em t t u b w g v p t t l wive , t vi e c c i gt ig t uct t m if t i t I v f b y , v y x tly m m
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The Moral Problematization o f Pleasures

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t aug t aug t not to b a e i t e way f sexu 1 cts or p a ti s. A it is v y u Iik Iy t t t i w wi g t t e ut s' eti m ; t e , it w b us t e s f el w xu 1 m ti w s x Cl f p bi m w m t t t k f m i s If-m st y; t 1 tt w s fre t ubje t b I W i m v , 1 t W i t i vi il tivity, i t w Y i pI y 1 If- t i t 1 t t im If i t Ip 1 ti wit t s. It w t 1 ttitu -mu m th t ts mmitt t Sl S C C 1 -th t m Ii bI t v Iu JU gm ts. A m I v Iu t t w s I t ti v Iu it w s by lml g t th ti f cti f t ut v Iu I e , by sp ti g t t u Y f t e urn b i g, by v f getti g w t 1 g t t ut , t t w ul b bi t giv 's c u t t f m t t w ul su me me iti g ememb f N w we will s w s m f t g t t m s f xual aust ity-t m t t w ul v ist i 1 ti Y x Gr ek cultu e-were f rme a ten i g w 11 bey elab tu y. I will t st t f m t i t e t ug t f t e f u t vi tu ; t , I will t k t g 1 t i s f pI u s my u m t i lt xisti g g lZ P ti by pe t i u t: t 1 i t y p a w 1 m s ug t t ti e, t i P cti f am sti g v me t, t i u t hip p a ti xp e 1 am us b vi . I will t y t w ptuaIiz i m i p ti s w wt e t p il p y a w t e ft ti ult 1 v 1 u mm ti s, t f c ifyi g exu 1 u t i p Ct w y, but f " tylizi gOO it: tyJiz ti wit i iet ti , t ft u lp f th i tv y y 1 ti t s vi u 1 with his b dy; i on mle a t f m ' b vti as t ft tp ea f f mily; a i I c uct f a m I ti ns ip. * a b y in 1 v
5 9 5 1 4 5 0 7 2 2 5 1 4 8 8 0 2 7 0 4 2 0 5 9 5 6 3 6 1 2 1 5 9 5 1 4 4 8 0 2 8 0 1 4 6 0 2 0 1 6 5 3 0 4 3 5 4 3 6 0 8 9 0 5 4 1 0 3 6 6 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 3 1 7 0 4 3 1 2 3 9 2 0 0 4 6 0 1 0 7 1 5 9 1 1 1 4 2 0 3 0 4 3 2 7 5 0 9 0 4 9 6 5 1 2 2 5 0 9 2 2 0 4 2 5 8 5 5 0 6 8 0 5 3 0 7 2 5 0 6 0 4 0 6 4 9 2 5 0 7 6 3 0 7 2 5 6 4 0 3 8 2 5 0 9 5 0 4 0 3 0 7 1 5 6 0 2 5 0 4 0 3 1 2 6 5 5 0 5 9 7 5 1 5 0 4 9 6 5 6 3 7 5 0 8 1 4 0 3 2 5 0 3 8 1 2 0 8 1 0 7 1 4 5 0 7 0 4 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 3 0 7 9 3 7 0 1 2 0 9 0 1 3 0 7 0 2 1 4 3 3 0 5 3 3 3 6 1 3 2 9 0 6 5 0 8 9 0 9 2 7 3 4 5 3 0 6 2 8 0 3 9 2 3 0 6 3 6 9 1 2 1 4 0 3 2 0 7 6 4 0 0 8 2 5 0 4 0 5 0 4 9 4 8 5 1 5 5 3 2 0 2 3 2 7 2 0 0 4 1 4 2 5 0 4 0 1 2 0 6 1 1 7 2 4 0 9 4 7 1 4 5 5 3 1 2 0 1 7 0 3 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 7 5 8 0 1 4 5 3 1 7 9 6 4 0 1 2 0 1 9 2 4 2 3 4 4 3 2 8 0 1 0 0 5 1 1 0 1 5 0 4 0 9 5 0 0 1 6 0 0 4 5 0 0 6 5 3 1 7 5 3 0 3 5 1 4 8 9 7 0 6 2 0 7 2 0 1 2 7 0 4 1 7 2 7 1 4 3 0 7 2 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 4 5 8 0 2 4 2 1 9 4 4 1 5 0 0 2 0 4 3 5 0 1 4 0 1 0 3 6 4 0 9 2 7 4 0 4 3 5 0 4 3 0 9 6 1 4 8 0 9 0 4 3 5 0 0 2 3 2 7 4 0 8 1 2 0 7 4 3 8 8 0 6 5 8 5 0 2 1 5 1 6 5 9 5 0 4 8 1 2 7 8 5 0 4 7 0 4 4 3 8 8 5 0 4 4 9 8 0 1 7 0 8 1 0 4 2 2 5 0 4 8 1 4 6 4 8 8 0 9 6 4 0 0 6 6 7 2 1 4 1 0 5 3 1 4 4 1 6 5 1 5 1 5 6 0 5 4 0 0 4 3 8 8 0 0 4 0 8 1 2 8 0 0 7 2 0 7 2 8 0 1 4 5 1 6 1 5 2 7 5 1 5 6 0 4 0 0 8 1 2 6 4 0 6 0 7 2 9 4 1 6 4 0 8 1 0 2 7 9 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 7 2 6 3 8 1 2 7 8 2 3 4 0 6 0 3 1 4 6 2 6 3 1 2 6 5 2 7 0 8 6 2 7 0 4 6 1 1 7 3 3 2 3 4 1 5 0 0 0 4 7 4 3 0 9 1 2 6 5 1 0 2 7 1 2 7 3 0 8 1 6 3 6 2 3 4 1 9 3 2 6 0 5 3 1 4 3 6 5 7 1 3 3 2 7 2 0 4 1 8 6 3 2 9 4 1 5 0 4 0 4 8 1 8 3 1 2 7 1 9 2 9 2 7 1 3 1 0 4 0 9 1 5

Henri Joly's work Le Renversement platonicien offers an example of how Greek thought can be analyzed from the standpoint of the relationships that existed between the field of practices and philosophical reflection.

3 4

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T em ft cti ft G k xu 1 b VI id om-t t t k t ju tify i t icti s, but t tyliz f f ee m w ic t e "f e " m x cised i is ctivity. T is p uc d tate f ff i t t mig t w 11 xi 1 m p e: t G k p cti pt , V Iue t fi t gi 1 ti betwe m b y ; y t t i p il p t i e It wit t subje t by c C IVI g 1 b ti g f b t ti . T y w quit willi g t g t th t m I utsi m mig t g i se h f s xu 1 pIe u fm f iag , a yet t eir m Ii t eive t p i ipi m t im i 1 !if i w i t u b w ul h ve 1 ti s Iy wit is w wife. T ey eve imagi t t exual pI u w i it If viI t t it ul b c u t am g t tu 1 tigm t f t n g i y tt l t t r 1 ti ip b twe w i d v xu 1 tivity a Y i g t e It , t y v I p n ti t g f xu 1 p ti . id i g t is 1 t p i t. Fi t f 11, it L t u b gi by t t t f t e m t p t th i ft ti w t s ul b Iyzi g t iff t P t 1 gic 1 ff ts f c c e with s xu 1 ctivity; n r i t ey s k to g niz t is b vi as m 1 b VI mig t be i ti gui m I I W t m w f m b m 1 p th 1 gi 1 p ti . Th titut t t t lly bs t f cou s . But this w s t w t c ip b tw th g 1 t m f t i qui y i t th 1 ti th aphrodisia, h Ith, lif , tho T m i obj tiv f t i ft ti w t fi t u f pi u -w I 1ti s w bI , w i p a ti w f v mm f cti w ce y-i t m f rt i w y f w I ne's b y. T e p eoccupatio was muc m e c ing f
5 1 4 4 0 3 0 1 2 1 5 0 4 0 0 6 1 2 6 0 9 0 5 3 1 4 7 2 1 6 0 0 1 6 2 0 4 7 1 2 1 6 0 3 4 0 0 7 5 3 4 7 1 5 5 5 4 0 9 2 0 0 4 2 5 9 5 4 1 7 0 3 6 1 3 3 4 6 5 3 5 0 6 0 0 3 4 9 7 1 8 3 4 3 6 3 2 5 8 0 4 0 0 6 4 3 8 0 7 3 8 8 0 0 7 3 2 7 3 7 4 0 3 1 2 6 0 2 0 2 9 2 7 1 6 3 2 7 0 5 0 4 5 1 6 1 5 0 4 6 7 3 5 5 0 8 1 2 0 2 3 2 7 0 3 1 4 3 2 3 2 0 5 8 6 1 3 6 0 2 1 2 5 0 0 4 0 0 2 1 4 3 2 3 3 9 4 4 0 7 3 2 5 1 2 3 4 8 1 0 3 3 6 4 0 6 1 7 0 1 9 4 4 0 2 7 5 1 4 3 6 6 8 1 2 8 7 5 0 4 2 8 0 1 3 9 4 1 2 3 0 2 5 8 5 5 0 5 6 3 2 7 1 7 3 4 0 9 1 2 1 2 5 5 1 2 5 2 4 2 5 0 7 3 6 0 3 6 4 0 3 6 2 6 0 3 2 0 1 4 5 3 8 1 7 0 1 2 0 7 1 2 5 0 2 3 4 3 6 3 3 1 9 4 3 6 4 0 6 6 1 2 3 2 7 5 0 0 4 7 1 8 1 4 6 1 4 4 0 1 0 4 5 0 0 3 1 2 6 5 0 0 2 6 0 3 9 8 2 7 5 3 5 3 2 7 5 0 7 0 0 1 0 7 3 0 2 4 0 5 0 1 4 8 1 2 8 0 4 2 2 5 0 7 3 2 0 4 6 1 6 9 4 0 3 8 8 0 0 6 2 0 8 1 2 6 0 4 2 5 3 6 1 2 4 6 1 3 5 1 7 0 2 1 0 7 5 3 1 4 5 1 6 3 4 0 4 4 0 0 1 2 9 6 2 8 1 1 2 0 4 2 7 9 2 3 2 5 0 7 0 4 0 2 3 5 1 1 3 0 0 8 1 0 3 3 1 7 7 5 0 0 1 4 3 0 5 0 5 9 1 4 3 7 1 3 2 2 5 8 5 2 1 4 3 0 5 9 1 4 5 7 6 2 6 5 0 7 4 1 9 2 1 4 9 3 2 7 3 1 1 8 3 4 3 8 8 0 6 0 6 5 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 2 1 1 9 9 0 2 1 4 0 9 2 1 5 9 1 2 6 0 7 0 0 2 0 4 3 5 0 0 1 5 0 2 4 2 1 0 4 0 9 1 2 6 5 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 3 2 7 7 0 3 5 0 3 2 0 8 0 1 5 6 4 0 0 8 1 2 3 6 1 7 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 1 0 3 6 4 5 0 6 8 5 8 1 2 7 1 2 0 4 0 9 1 4 9 0 5 8 5 4 8 8 0 3 6 4 1 0 8 0 2 7 0 7 5 8 5 4 9 4 1 2 0 3 3 6 2 0 6 6 9 4 2 0 4 6 1 3 8 0 3 2 9 1 9 4 1 4 1 1 7 5 4 2 5 1 4

97

98
7 0 5 9 2 5

The Use of Pleasure

4 3 8 3 9 4 0 1

m tt "t e peuti " : " i tetic" t g lZ tivity t t w s at gul ti g me 1 I p bi m tiz ait . T t t f I c mplis W ut f c VI e 1 ut f P t I gi I f rms t fully p sibi i t t e m n g me t life f t e b y.
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glm 1m S bei g imp f exu I b ti f elimi ti g t int g t it s It the f f

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crib r r t ppr ci t th imp rt c th Gr k th g rt r 1 i t rpr t ti th Y t r glm , a t u t way i whic th y li k its pr cg v t " i t tic " tic t m lCl , w ca r f r t tw rigi t ri IS f u i the Hipp cr tic c 11 cti n, t t r i PI t . tr ti Ancient Medicine, far fr m Th uth r f t c Sl ri g r gim a a j c t practic a ciat with r xt t m ic 1 art-o f it pplicati - ttribut S t birth f m lCl t prim r i 1 S ti 1 pr ccup ti with r gim n.1 Acc r i g t him, rna ki t it If p rt fr m im 1 lif by m f rt f i t ry i ju cti m ki I t b gi i g, th t ry g , m i at t im 1 : m t r w pI ts. Thi typ f uri ff m tw pt t t ug t m t vig r u i ivi uaIs, but it w h r t w k r ; i a w r , p pI i y u g ug t i t t t w s b tt r suit qu tly, m r 1 .C " t th ir tur " : it w t i r gim t t till c ract riz t pr t w y f lif . But wit t i mil r i t, illn b c m 1 imm i t Iy fat 1, a it w r liz t t t It y p pI at w t suit t P pI w w r ill: f uri m t. M ici t us c m i t t r t y ick, m rgi g fr m a b i g s appr pri t " i t " f r t iti . I t is t 1 rc f r t p cHic r gim f r t eir c si , it i i t tic t t pp r t b i iti 1; it giv ns fg t m lCl f it p rticul r pplic ti ns.
I
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99

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Dietetics

101

l y e , wh t r i t tic k wle g w e n I r as I t r riv ti n, it i c1 r t t " i t" flgi I art r its If-r gim -w s a fu dam tal cat g ry t r ug w ic urn b avi r e ul b e ne ptualiz . It e r et riz t xi t ne , a it n bl w y i w ic n rna g uet; it w m d f pr bt f rul t b ffix t e I m tiz ti n f be aVI r t t w s in x t a natur w ich n t w ic it w rig t t e nf rm. to b pr s rv w rt f livi g. R gim wa
5 1 5 1 4 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 9 6 8 0 1 4 2 4 8 7 0 8 1 9 2 9 1 6 4 0 0 9 1 1 0 8 0 1 6 4 0 1 3 1 8 0 7 7 0 5 1 5 0 5 7 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 9 0 3 2 2 8 0 6 7 0 8 3 1 1 0 0 8 3 0 5 1 3 3 6 0 9 1 0 8 6 9 0 4 7 4 7 7 9 8 0 1 0 8 1 4 7 6 0 4 2 0 1 0 8 2 6 9 8 1 4 1 6 0 2 2 7 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 8 7 0 8 2 0 3 3 1 8 0 0 0 0 8 1 8 2 3 3 1 4 3 6 6 2 7 7 9 4 1 3 6 0 1 2 5

ar th t a pr p rly ig r glm ught t by list t t b e rn aim t e v ti I e v r w s fi tim w t . It i t list f u in B k VI f t Epidemics; it i clu [ponoi), f s [sitia ], rinks [pota ], " x rei I p [hypnoi], s xu I r I ti s [aphrodisia ]"-ev rything t b "m a ur ."6 Amo g t x rei s, t s t at n t t w r n tural (w Iki g, tr 11i g) w r i tingui fr m th s t at w r vi I nt (f t rae s, wr tli g); it was t rmi w Ie ug t t b pr etic wit w t ten ity, p i g n t tim f y, t a f t y r, t g of t ubj et, t f h e sum . Ex rei mig t b e mbi wit b t - t r e i Is p y t m I Ir S , g , etiviti , I g rt b ri kt lim nt ry r gim -f pr p r . T qu tity f w at 0 t ke int e sid rati n t ture g t d, th g r ic iti f t b y, t c1im t , t etiviti s g g i . Ev eu ti -purg v mitg- rv t e rr et lim tary pr etic it xc SI p, t , e mpris iff r t e mp ts, w ich e ul b m t v ry ee r i g t t r gim : t tim 11 tt t it, t ur e , t qu lity f t b , it r , it t t k ee u t f urn r u w rmt . H e r glm I m t i t P y ic I lif f a m , r t I t t t f fr t i m t y by y, 11 y I g, fr m g tti g up m i t m r i g t g i g t be t nig t. Wh br k w i t its e mp t parts, r gim I ks lik re 1 ily r u1.
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102
9 0 3 4 3 0 0 0 5

The Use of Pleasure

7 4 7 8 6 0 4 2 3 0 2 4 0

ti : t u t r glm sugg t by Di c1 f llows t c ur r m ry y, m m t by m m t, fr m w ki g up f t r ugh t th ev I g meal a t e t f sl p, with tte ti glV 1 g t w Y t t v ry fir t x rCI , t bluti m ging of t b y t , t w lk , t privat ctl VI t1 the gymna ium, lu c , n ppl g, n a th r r u f walki g gym sium actlVltt s, iii g c mpas I g 11 f m g , din r. At II tim , m ' activiti , r glm pr bl m tiz t r 1 tio t t ,a w y f livi g w s f rms, pti b y v I P t rmi v ri bl w r by c c r wit t b y. But t t t ly t i g i qu sti b yw
2 1 5 6 8 1 8 1 6 0 5 2 0 9 2 1 9 2 5 3 2 2 0 7 5 5 9 8 3 6 5 4 7 2 0 0 1 9 2 5 0 9 1 6 5 3 0 1 2 3 7 0 4 0 7 4 0 4 3 0 1 6 9 4 1 9 8 1 4 4 1 4 3 7 6 8 1 9 8 3 0 3 0 1 8 3 0 1 4 3 0 0 1 7 4 1 9 8 4 9 3 1 9 1 8 9 2 0 2 9 8 6 5 1 5 8 5 1 0 5 2 1 9 8 1 4 4 1 0 5 0 1 7 4 1 5 9 8 0 2 4 9 1 2 1 1 5 4 0 4 0 0 5 2 7 1 0 8 3 7 0 1 9 2 3 0 6 8 1 9 8 8 7 0 2 7 8 1 1 2 5 3 2 0 6 2 6 9 4 9 8 1 1 0 4 0 0 8 0 5 0 0 8 1 2 9 0 5 3 3 0 2 8 3 0 2 8 1 4 9 2 3 0 2 9 3 5 9 0 5 2

iff r t r a w r it w r quir , r gim pig w ul k w," y t t blis a m sur : " v f t i t rl cut rs i t PI t ic i I gu The Lovers: "i v ryt i g c ct with t b y," w t i u ful i "t rig t m ur ," t w t i l rg r m II i qu r t a r f rri g t tity.7 N W, t is m ur i t b u ly t t c rp r 1 r 1m but t t m r I r 1m w 11. T imp rt t p rt i t Pyt g r , wh ubtl pI y d v 1 pm t f i t tic , str gly mp IZ t c rr 1 ti b twe n t e c r give t b dy nd t c nc r f r pr s rv I g t purity rm y f t s ul. W il it i tru t t t Y xp ct m ICI t purg t b y d mu ic t cl s t ul, t y Is cr it d g d i trume t wit b fi CI 1 eff ct th quilibri urn f th rga ism. T rna y cultur 1 t y et f r t m Iv lim t ry t b r ligi us ig ifica ce; t critici m t y ir ct ag I t ti g, dri ki g, x rei v ry abu c n ct wit ut rity f a m r 1 pr c pt xu 1 ctiviti s h b t t th utility f s u vice f r It . *
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"For bodily ailments, he had curative tunes which he sang that got sick people on their feet again. Others made one forget pain, calmed fits of anger, drove out immod erate desires. Now for his diet: for lunch honey, for dinner a biscuit and vegetables, meat infrequently . . . . In this way his body kept the same condition, as if on a straight line, without being sometimes healthy, sometimes sick, and without growing heavier

Dietetics
0 9 4 8 0 3 7 4 3 1 6 5 0 1 9 2 0 0 0 9

1 03
1 4

Ev out i t trictly Pyt g r c t xt, r gim w tw ass ci t 1r gu1arly efi wit r f r c t t m 1 s fg h Ith m int a c pr p r c r f t u1. T i w s b c u th impIi t th r, but 1 r 0 b1 r gib caus t r s Iv t f 11 w m sur rna if st d i th ctu 1 t k wer m a d t di1ig c t erns 1ves evid nce f a i disp sable m ra1 f rtitud . ' S cr t s c lIs tt ti t thi c rre1ati w e X p dvis y u g P pI t x rcis t ir b 1 r gu1 rly by st i a am f uri g t t practici g gym a tic . H t y will b ab1 to f d t ms Iv b tt r i w rfar , t av id r 1 g cowar 's reputati 1dier, t b t s rv bt in igh r w r ( nd c to t eir ativ 1a , and t bequ at w It st tus t t ir e c t ). H b Ii v s th pr ctic will pr vi prot cti gai t ill se a d i fira1 p i ts up t e g if ct f miti s f t b y; but ys, w r w u1 1 st xp ct gym stic t at accru , h t s t m: i th mi d, for u 1thy b dy caus f rg tf c ur ge, b t mp r, rna s, that i fu1 s, 1 cqUlr may v b di t t k wI g 1 g fr m t s u1. But it w I t c s t t t v rity f p y ic 1 r glm , wit t d t rmi ti t t w s r quir r rt k p t it, c 11 f r e s ti 1 m r 1 firm s, w 1C m its b rv c p sib1 . M re v r, a PI t w it, t is w s t r 1 justific tio f r t s pr ctic by w ich ught t cqUlr tr gt , b uty, a p y ic 1 e It . N t 1y will t JU 1C1 U m ys S cr t 1 B k IX f t e Republic, 1 p1 ur f t b t"; " t b b y t t irr ti t "tur imself t t w y"; will m r : t 1y will "It is t v e It im t, r c sid r it 1mp rt t t t e s ul b str g, It y, r b utifuI, u 1 cqUlres m r ti s r uIt." T p ysica1 r gi7 8 5 0 8 3 0 7 7 9 7 6 3 0 4 0 2 6 1 7 8 8 5 4 0 2 9 6 6 2 8 0 1 1 7 5 5 0 1 5 8 6 7 1 0 6 3 7 4 2 3 4 1 0 1 4 0 0 2 5 0 0 8 3 0 2 0 1 4 2 7 0 3 0 0 2 7 2 2 6 1 0 1 0 8 1 5 8 0 1 4 5 1 0 0 0 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 2 9 7 9 0 7 9 7 1 1 1 4 7 3 7 0 2 5 5 7 9 6 2 0 7 5 6 3 2 5 4 2 1 0 1 1 0 5 6 5 6 4 6 2 5 3 5 3 7 1 0 4 6 9 7 2 0 2 7 0 7 3 0 2 8 0 4 0 1 5 9 4 4 7 4 0 7 3 4 4 0 1 9 4 2 0 5 4 5 3 1 3 0 0 0 8 0 7 5 3 7 0 0 4 0 0 5 1 7 6 2 0 1 5 5 1 8 6 9 1 4 1 4 6 6 7 4 7 0 3 9 7 5 8 2 2 1 3 7 1 8 4 1 3 0 5 0 0 3 0 1 3 5 1 8 1 6 3 0 8 4 5 0 8 1 5 4 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 2 8 7 7 6 9 1 5 4 5 0 4 4 5 9 0 2 3 0 2 8 3 7 4 2 2 9 3 6 6 8 7 7 4 6 5 1 4 3 7 7 4 1 3 0 7 6 5 7 6 8 7 1 0 0 6 0 7 3 7 9 5 0 1 5 5 3 0 1 2 0 4 6 0 9 0 4 2 4 4 6 2 1 1 8 7 7 1 9 8 8 9 7 4 4 6 9 3 5 0 0 8 3 5 0 2 0 8 0 6 9 7 3 1 4 1 7 8 7 0 9 0 4

10

and stouter, then thinner and leaner; and by his expression, his soul always showed the same character [to homoion ethos]." It seems that Pythagoras also gave advice on regimen to athletes.'

1 04

The Use
2 2 1 6 3 7

of

Pleasure
2 1 5 0 0 1 1 0 4 3 0 4

r I me ught t cc rd with t principle f g t tic f f exist c i which the equilibrium f th b y was ul: "H will itio s f t e proper i rare y f t t c cultivate rm y in is b dy f r th sak f c C 1 his ul"-w ic will e able him t c uct him If lik a true mu ici (mousikos). I I P ysical r gime mu t t, t r f r , b t i t sely cultivat d f r its w sake. T p s ibility of a a g r i t e very practic f " i tOO wa rea ily ck wI dged. F r if t aim f regim w s t pr v t xc es, 0 e might ex gg rate t imp rta c o l t t it a t aut my n p rmitted it t a sume. T is ri k was g rally perc iv d as havi g tw f rms. T ere wa t a ger f w t might be call d "at letic" xc ss; this was du t rep t d w rk uts that ver vel p t e b dy a d by maki g the ul sluggis , velop s it wa wit i t -powerful musculatur ; n s ver I cca i s Plat find woul w t fault wit t i t letic f rei g, clari g t at t i g f t e s rt f r the y u g pe pI f i city. * But th r w s als the a g r of wh t c ul be call "v letu i ry" xces ; t at is, t e sta t vigilance t t n pplie t e's b y, 's ealth, t t l st ailm 1. T b st ex mpl f t is exc ss w fur ish d, cc r ing t PI t , by a i ividu I I t b e ft ef u r f di t tic H r icu th tr i er; e tir Iy t k up i th ff rt t v br aki g t I st rule f t e r gime imp d ims If, "trai d" away f r years, w ile livi g th lif f T is attitude drew tw repr c s fr m PI t . yi g m It w s c aract ristic f i Ie men w w r f u t t city; t re w a t lli g c mparis t t c uld b m d wit th t st p t wat t Ir ri u craft me wh w ul accou t f migr i , f r t y a tim t l i p tty m ic I tr tm ts. But it w I c ract ri tic f t w , in r er t k ep fr m l ing t eir I n lif , tri t ir
9 2 0 5 7 5 6 7 2 8 5 2 0 2 3 0 5 2 8 5 2 3 3 7 3 2 3 7 4 2 7 3 1 6 5 3 2 6 7 7 2 2 9 4 2 5 1 5 0 5 4 2 3 3 5 2 2 5 8 4 0 0 4 1 5 9 3 0 4 5 2 3 0 7 2 0 7 2 2 5 7 5 7 2 6 5 3 0 2 4 8 5 7 5 3 7 6 8 0 4 8 1 9 2 7 2 3 7 2 7 5 1 6 7 5 0 7 0 4 4 5 1 0 3 7 6 5 0 5 7 7 9 2 5 3 5 8 0 2 2 6 7 7 6 4 3 4 0 5 7 7 7 9 6 6 3 4 3 0 8 5 6 3 1 7 3 7 7 7 2 0 1 7 2 6 6 8 7 2 7 8 3 6 5 5 0 8 0 8 5 4 6 3 0 9 0 8 1 4 3 9 1 2 2 7 6 0 1 2 4 2 5 2 4 3 3 4 1 3 6 9 8 0 5 3 3 0 8 1 9 5 6 3 5 6 3 6 6 5 2 2 0 6 3 4 0 7 1 6 8 9 0 1 6 8 7 8 1 5 8 1 7 4 3 3 7 2 5 5 3 1 6 0 1 8 6 2 5 2 8 2 9 7 3 6 3 0 0 1 7 5 3 0 0 1 7 2 3 0 1 4 5 7 1 6 8 6 1 2 5 5 8 1 3 7 8 6 7 5 2 2 3 2 5 8 7 4 2 7 0 4

Aristotle also criticizes the excesses of the athletic regimen and of certain kinds of training. 12

Dietetics

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In the Timaeus, Plato asserts that the life span of every living creature is determined by fate . "

106
5 6 3 4 3 7

The Use of Pleasure

6 5 7 5 6 9 7 3 1 4 3 0 8

te, ow ever, i t c c r it sh ws-o t t wa s ar by t ics medicine-wit prep ri g th i divi u 1 f r a multitud f p ssible circumsta ces. One c uld n t d ne s uld t xp ct r gim t circumve t fat r t alt r ature. W t c ul b exp ct f it was t at it w ul n bl one t r ct, with s m gr f r adi s , t u f resee vents s t y ccurred. Di t tics was a trat gic art i t s s that it oug t e t r sp t P rmit t circum ta ces 1 a reas ble, c us ful, m r. I t e vigil c it br ug t t b ar th b dy a its ctiviti s, diet tic ec ssitated tw quite p rticular f rms f tt ti n t p rt f t indivi ual. It r quir w at mig t attenti t s b calle a "serial" tt ti n; t t is, t simply g d r bad in t mselv ; que ces: ctiviti s w r t ir v lu w d t rmin d i part by t se t t precede d t s me t i g (a certai t m r t s t at f II w , f d, a typ f xerci , a t r c I bath) w ul be r c mme d d r vised agai st acc rding t wh ther e had gag d i r w b ut t g ge i uc r such t r ctivity (t pr ctic s t t f II w ft r t e t er ug t t r i t ir if cts, but the c trast t c u terb la c betw th m must t be t extr me). The practice f regi me als impli "circumsta ti I" vigilance, a sh rply f cuse y t wi -ra gi g atte ti t t must be dir cted t w r t e xt r al w rl , it I m ts, its se s ti ns: th cli s , t h urs f t day, the d gree m t f c urs , t e f humidity a ry ss, f h t r col , th winds, the charcteristic fe tur f r gl , th lay ut f city. A the r latively d t ile instructi s t t are given by the Hipp cratic r gim n w re meant t elp th i ividual wh familiar iz d ims If wit t m t m ul te is w y f livi g cc r i g t all t s vari bles. Regim sh uld t b und r t s c rpus f u iver I d u if rm rules; it was more in th atur f a manual f r re cti g t situ ti ns i w ich es If, a treatise f r a justi g e might fi d e's behavi r t fit t circum tanc s.
0 3 5 1 8 3 1 5 7 5 8 1 6 7 2 6 5 6 6 5 1 2 3 6 5 6 7 0 7 5 0 6 9 0 6 6 7 5 3 1 6 8 7 0 0 8 2 3 6 8 7 1 0 6 0 1 6 0 8 7 0 0 6 0 9 7 4 6 9 6 5 0 1 3 0 6 7 0 4 5 7 3 7 0 5 7 3 6 7 6 5 6 7 2 5 8 6 4 9 9 6 5 1 3 7 5 7 5 5 0 1 0 9 3 5 1 0 6 3 6 0 2 5 7 6 5 8 1 0 7 4 5 7 6 1 6 2 1 0 5 6 9 6 3 0 1 2 3 7 8 7 0 8 3 3 0 8 1 0 5 6 3 1 1 5 6 5 6 7 9 1 7 0 0 9 6 6 6 6 3 7 7 4 3 7 1 7 1 4 0 0 7 5 3 6 3 1 8 3 7 2 3 6 7 3 6 6 0 8 1 5 3 7 1 3 5 5 2 6 0 6 0 4 7 3 6 6 2 8 6 8 7 6 5 7 2 1 8 5 6 2 7 2 5 0 5 0 5 6 1 4 1 6 6 5 5 0 1 4 3 6 6 3 7 1 3 7 1 0 3 1 2 6 7 5 8 2 0 1 7 3 2 3 6 3 6 2 5 5 1 0 6 5 0 1 5 2 3 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 5 7 9 6 6 6 0 2 5 6 0 8 5 1 1 1 2 8 0 8 0 5 5 5 2 5 3 1 6 0 1 8 3 0 0 9 6 8 4 7 0 0 9 5 1 6 7 1 7 2 6 7 3 4 7 1 6 5 4 3 7 6 6 3 7 7 6 5 8 8 9 7 2 7 1 2 8 7 1 1 7 4 6 1 0 6 9 7 2 6 1 5 8 0 0 1 8 6 5 3 1 6 7 7 7 6 3 5 0 8 6 7 3 0 3 3 0 2 6 8 1 3 1 6 5 1 6 8 5 6 3 0 0 1 0 5 6 5 6 7 7 4 6 6 8 1 1 6 6 5 4 1 1 5 5 6 7 5 7 6 6 5 1 6 1 6 5 3 6 5 5 6 5 7 6 8 5 6 5 6 2 3 7 4 0

Dietetics

107
5 0 2 0 0 0 9 3 7

La tly , i t tic w s t c Iqu f xist nc i t t t it w t c te t t tr mit t vic f a ct r w ul th b xp ct t pply it i ivi u 1, w t i t ry f t i put b p iv ly. Wit ut g i g i t t tw m ICI gym tic v r t I U f t ir r p ctiv c mp t c t et rmin t pr p r r gim , w mu t k ep in mi d t at diet was t t ught f as a unqu sti i g b i c t the aut rity f a t r; it w i t t b a t i ividu 1, i v Ivi g p rt f d lib rat practic im If a b y. In r r t f 11 w t rig t r gim , it cess ry t li t t t s w w f cours k w, but t i rel ti hip w s upp t t ke t f rm f p r u i . If n bl , pr p rly a ju ti g its If t tim it wa t b r circum ta c s, th di t f t b y al t b a m tt r f lib r ti , a pru c . W r s m ic ti t ught, P r ti t b y ubmitt ct up t e b y, t t at acti , r gim ad r d it If t t ul, i cul c t pri cipl s i t u1. Thus, i t La ws, PI t di ti guis s b tw tw ki s f ct rs: th s w f r r sl v s (th y ar u u 11y slav s t ms lye ) an w c fi t ms Iv t giving pr scripti wit ut if ri g a y xpl ati ; a t fr b r ct r w att t fr m .17 N t c te ti g th m lye wit pr cripti ns, t ey t r i t c ver atio with t e pati t gat r i f rm ti fr m im and his friends; they i struct him, exhort him, and p rsuade him wit argume ts t at, c h i c nvi c , are lik ly t caus 1m t I a t e rig t ki d f life. Fr m t exp rt ct r, t fr rna c ul xp ct m re t a t e m ans f r cur i t strict s s ft t rm; h oug t t r c iv rati al fr m w rk f r th w 1 f is exist c . * A brief passag in t e Memorabilia s ws clear p rc pti f regim as a c cret a d activ pr ctic of t r lati t s If.
4 8 0 7 4 1 1 7 3 5 4 4 0 0 3 1 1 4 5 6 5 5 6 2 1 9 4 3 0 1 8 0 2 8 2 2 2 1 5 9 8 8 1 3 6 6 8 0 5 0 0 0 0 8 2 1 1 4 4 0 3 6 6 5 9 6 3 7 3 4 2 2 3 0 8 4 7 7 0 7 9 7 8 9 0 1 5 5 8 1 4 4 6 0 3 7 4 4 0 6 3 0 0 4 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 2 8 7 7 3 0 2 0 0 0 5 7 4 7 5 5 3 6 3 2 6 9 0 6 5 9 6 7 8 5 0 0 6 3 6 6 5 6 3 0 1 4 5 5 0 8 0 8 2 7 0 0 0 0 6 5 3 7 1 6 5 5 1 8 1 5 2 5 3 4 0 5 8 3 4 2 8 2 8 0 2 6 6 3 7 3 0 0 5 1 4 6 7 5 0 1 2 4 5 0 6 3 2 0 3 2 5 0 3 4 1 2 5 4 1 4 6 4 0 8 6 1 3 0 6 2 0 4 1 4 2 5 4 6 0 0 1 4 6 1 0 6 0 8 4 5 0 6 0 1 5 8 4 5 0 0 0 2 3 7 6 8 3 1 8 4 6 6 0 1 0 2 3 2 8 0 0 1 6 9 5 8 8 7 5 0 3 0 0 1 0 8 1 2 5 4 5 1 8 2 0 1 2 5 4 1 0 8 6 5 3 2 8 1 5 8 3 0 2 8 4 0 8 2 3 2 5 5 0 0 8 0 4 4 7 4 0 6 3 0 4 2 1 5 8 5 1 0 8 5 0 5 3 0 4 6 5 3 7 1 2 4 5 3 0 0 0 5 5 0 6 8 6 8 6 6 6 0 3 2 1 0 2 6 8 2 1 0 0 0 4 1 7 3 7 7 4 8 3 6 5 5 2 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 0 6 5 4 3 6 6 7 5 5 0 1 5 2 5 5 8 3 0 2 5 8 6 6 4 3 6 7 5 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 5 2 6 5 5 5 0 4 4 3 7 4 6 3 0 0 5 0 5 2 6 5 4 5 5 5 3 3 0 1 8 0 9 6 1 6 5 6 3 5 0 3 5 3 6 5 0 0 4 6 5 0 8 7 6 7 3 6 7 3 8 3 5 6 2 3 0 7 8 6 6 3 7 7 7 5 6 8 0 0 6 3 5 3 0 6 1 7 5 3 7 7 5 7 2 3 0 7 0 3 6 0 0 7 1 6 5 1 7 6 6 0 3 6 0 2 3 5 0 0 7 3 3 6 1 7 7 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 7 5 7 1 0 3 0 0 6 5 2 7

4.

See Plato's Timaeus. where the author sums up what he has just said concerning regimen as follows: "Let this suffice for the treatment of the living creature as a whole and of its bodily part, and the way in which a man may best lead a rational life. both governing and being governed by himself.""

1 08

The Use of Pleasure

3 2 7 7 4 6 1 5 0 4 1 2 0 0 2 2 7

I t is text, n se S cr t bs rb d i the if rt t mak P t," irr p ctiv f t ir s cial p sihis i cipl "i urg t m t I r ( ith r fr m im r ti . T this fr m an t r t ac r) w t v r g tI m ul k w, t i gb y wit i th fix limit f w t is u fuI, f g metry, t at: t y h ul learn t e se ti Is i t fi I t at t y Is r c mm a tr my, rit m tic. But "t k car f t ir It ." A t i "c r ," w ic ul b I d v I pi t a upp rt by acc pt d k wle g , s ul vigila t tt tiv s t t m Iv : If- b rvati , cc mul p i d- ig ific ntly-by t ki g t : "Ev ry watc im elf t r ug ut is lif , d n tic w t rt f tituti , m t ri k a wh t f rm f xercis suit hi c J y g h w h h ul r gulat t m i r r t h it . " T b c m a rt f xist c , g m ag m t f t b y ug t t i cIud tti g ow i writi g c rri ut by th ubj ct c c r i g ims If; wit t Ip f this t P taki g, t i ivi u I w ul b bi t g i l I c dc s ju ici usly b tw w t w g d ba f r I C v r him: "For by uch tte ti t Y ur Iv y u C b tt r t y ct r w t suits y ur c stituti I s rt, t rt f livi g w f r gime pr ctic s t f pr cau ti n d ig t pr v t s met i g m re t s s r c mpi t t ir cur . It w w I rna r f ill f rmi g If a a subj ct w a t prop r, c ry, a d suffici t c cer f r is b y. A c c r t t p rm t v ryday Iif , m king t m j r r c mm activiti f Xl f t ics. It d fi a Clrcumt ce a m tter b th f e lth t e el m ts t t . sta ti I str tegy i v Ivi g th b y a surr u d it; d fi lly, it pr p ed t quip th i ividu I fb vi r. W t pI c w it hims If f r a r ti n I m d av in thi r s bi gre d t t t e aphrodisia s ul n tural m nag m nt f life?
5 8 4 0 4 5 8 0 0 5 8 7 5 4 0 0 0 2 3 6 0 2 5 6 2 0 5 8 3 0 0 4 3 7 6 5 0 1 0 0 2 3 6 6 2 3 0 0 3 7 3 1 0 0 1 5 7 1 5 0 4 3 6 8 5 2 5 3 0 0 8 4 6 3 4 5 1 0 1 8 9 2 3 5 7 6 5 8 3 3 0 4 2 8 3 0 4 5 1 5 3 0 0 8 4 6 0 6 4 6 5 2 5 1 8 1 3 0 3 7 6 5 1 2 0 0 8 4 3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 7 3 0 1 3 5 8 3 4 1 7 3 3 4 3 6 8 0 4 2 0 8 0 0 5 6 8 0 3 6 8 1 4 2 0 0 2 5 2 9 1 0 5 0 5 0 4 6 3 0 4 0 0 4 4 6 4 5 0 0 2 1 2 1 5 0 4 5 1 1 5 5 6 0 4 7 5 2 0 4 3 6 8 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 3 0 1 5 2 7 3 1 4 6 2 7 1 1 5 8 8 5 5 8 1 6 6 7 7 4 2 5 4 5 2 1 5 8 2 4 0 2 8 0 7 3 5 0 2 8 7 6 0 5 6 6 2 8 0 1 3 2 0 2 0 5 1 7 5 2 0 0 2 2 8 1 5 0 5 0 2 3 0 6 8 6 3 2 5 7 1 4 0 5 8 5 5 5 1 7 8 6 0 4 0 6 9 7 5 5 3 7 3 3 0 3 0 2 5 2 0 5 3 5 0 8 8 1 6 8 0 1 0 6 1 5 3 4 5 8 0 7 5 8 5 0 0 5 3 1 2 6 0 8 6 7 5 3 0 0 1 1 4 6 2 8 1 5 8 2 4 5 1 6 5 6 2 4 0 0 4 6 5 1 8 4 6 0

"19

2
The Diet of Pleasures

b Two t e i of di ti v om dow to u . B 10 g to Hipp ti 011 e io . T Id of t w Is t o , 1 e Peri diaites hygiaine s (A Regimen f or Health); i w 10 g g d d I p f 0 s i uti g Peri diaUes, t t ti The Nature of Man. I T ot 1 I 0 mo d v lop d. I dditi , 0 ib iu i Iud d i 1 Medical Collection t x 0 ygi by Di I s, w ic giv m i ul u Iy d t il d s t of ule fo v yd y lif .2 A d I s Iy, is sam Di cle , w Iiv d t t d ft u y, fou b e dit d wi v y b i f text t a 011 t d i t e w k f P ul of A gi ; i t i text, t w aut 0 t lIs ow r g iz fi t sig f ill If a d ff f w g n I ul s of s 0 al eglm y wo d t W A Regimen f or Health do ri f ubj et f t aphrodisia, th Peri diaUes i Iud Ip 10 lati g th qu sti omm d tio d P T fi t pa f t e w rk i pr s d s fl eti t I p i ipl s t g uld d t rmi t rg lll Z 1 f k wI dg s th t m f 1 m ny gim . T ut p d rs av m ged t giv g d dvic v n us f t em w able t pr s t w v , par i ul p i t ; ad qu t tr atment f th ubjeet matt t y pr p s d t di eu , th r a n b i g t t i ord r t "tr t rr tly e 1 g urn di ," i i y t " qui kn wI dg d di s m " f uma tu 1 g al, f m ' ngl5 3 6 4 0 4 0 6 0 8 4 7 3 0 8 0 2 4 1 6 7 0 2 6 7 0 1 8 5 3 8 8 0 6 2 7 0 1 0 5 7 0 6 1 3 1 7 0 4 7 5 6 0 5 4 6 7 6 3 4 2 5 0 3 5 0 3 4 8 2 6 6 2 6 7 0 3 4 6 3 5 6 1 7 0 5 0 3 4 0 7 0 7 0 5 6 7 0 4 3 4 6 7 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 2 5 3 4 4 2 8 0 2 7 4 3 0 6 2 7 0 2 0 1 8 0 7 7 0 4 3 0 6 8 1 4 0 3 0 0 5 4 5 0 0 5 3 0 2 3 6 6 7 0 4 1 7 1 0 3 7 0 0 2 1 7 0 5 6 7 8 0 2 6 5 7 3 4 0 0 2 5 0 0 6 7 3 0 5 5 0 7 6 3 4 8 0 8 0 2 7 1 5 4 1 3 0 2 3 2 7 4 7 0 7 5 0 7 6 1 0 8 1 2 0 6 7 0 5 4 2 4 2 1 0 4 4 2 1 2 9 4 0 2 1 0 5 4 3 0 0 0 5 3 5 0 0 3 4 2 5 0 2 7 0 5 0 3 4 0 4 2 1 6 4 3 3 5 1 2 7 0 4 0 1 7 0 0 2 8 0 4 3 4 0 0 4 1 5 0 8 0 2 3 2 4 3 2 5 0 4 8 5 6 2 4 5 0 2 6 1 0 0 1 2 7 0 5 4 5 6 1 7 1 4 0 0 2 6 0 3 3 5 9 0 1 2 1 2 7 0 0 2 0 5 3 5 2 8 0 7 3 6 4 7 1 0 0 2 0 7 0 1 3 3 6 2 1 1 6 7 0 5 0 0 2 7 0 3 7 1 5 3 8 2 1 0 0 3 4 1 0 1 7 4 3 5 0 0 8 0 4 4 1 7 0 3 2 3 1 0 1 1 3 0 2 1 3 1 6 8 3 5 1 2 4 7 1 0 0 5 2 2 1 0 1 7 3 4 1 9 9 2 3 2 0 3 0 9 1 0 4 9 5 7 9 1 1 9 1 4 4 4 0 0 4 1 0 2 7 3 2 0 1 0 3 8 1 0 8 1 2 8 0 5 2 2 7 3 2 0 6 6 4 2 0 8 0 4 4 3 5 1 3 8 5 9 1 0 0 3 2 8 0 5 2 0 2 6 1 7 2 2 3 5 0 2 0 2 0 5 1 3 2 4 1

109

1 10
2 3

The Use of Pleasure

8 1 2 4 6

(he ex arches systasis), d f e p i iple t ug t ve I wi i e b dy (to epicrateon en toi somati). 4 T e ut ide e w fu d me I eleme f egime be lime t i a d exerei e; e I e u e expe ditu e t f d d dri k e v mp T 1 f di e i d pa f t x di u e t p s dp i t f e pr pe ie Ief m t d if f rne ts m rna k pI tg i t r gim . Af WI d Ig I w, d y r w , xp d sue d su u u d k vi w f f d (b I y w c id d i term f t e fi e of g i di g, t e tim t whi d ug w k d d, t qu i y fw tw mix d wi t ti t d i rms f t lr fl u ; m t , diif va i d igi ; f ui d v g t bl , v lu d e di g t v ri i ), b ( Id, t k b f r t i diif ft m I ), v miti g , I p, tu al x is (lik t s f i g, v i , ug , r w Iki g) d vi I x 1 ( u as ru i g, m m 1 ,w Ii g, d pu b 11, p f m d i th du t wit il d b dy). I is urn 1 ft lem f gim , xu I ac ivi y (/agneie) i b Iy id , a d v mi i ed-b tw e b t s a d iIi g m 1 g e - d sue m 1 s i d g IS Iy if c . Tw f t qu lit iv : w mwi g t i i g du t t vi I e f x rei e ( ponos), a d elimi ti f umid I m t; but Is m i i g b us X cau ed s m f t fl s -pa t m I . A t i d 1 ffe t is qu tita iv : v u ti cau w ig t I . "S xdu , m i t s, d wa ms. It w m WI g u Ii r u t f tigu d t ex r ti f m istu ; 1 du WI g m t i th t v u i ; it m i t b u f b dy f m t s m I d by t f tigu ."5 th r h d, i th third p rt f is Regimen, o th d s fi d e 1 g l umb f pr nptl s n aphrodisia. I it fi t P g s, thi p rt r s mble t fg nt 1m n f t se ale d f e I , P rm d th t gim s app pri t t t m. But the u
1 U 1
6 6 6 1 1 2 3 2 1 6 7 5 2 8 6 7 3 1 7 7 3 8 1 2 6 5 1 6 7 2 6 7 1 7 3 7 1 5 8 1 2 4 5 4 6 7 6 2 3 1 2 6 3 2 6 4 1 5 2 6 1 3 2 3 6 1 2 2 4 6 7 3 6 6 5 8 3 4 4 2 5 4 7 3 6 1 1 3 2 2 4 5 0 6 1 8 1 0 2 4 3 6 0 7 0 4 0 8 2 5 6 1 1 6 7 0 0 6 4 8 4 4 4 7 0 5 3 8 6 8 0 1 0 6 6 8 4 5 1 7 0 6 3 2 1 2 1 6 7 5 1 6 4 3 2 0 0 8 6 4 1 6 7 0 0 2 6 7 3 2 6 1 1 7 9 0 0 2 6 0 5 4 1 0 5 0 5 4 1 2 3 8 0 4 7 7 5 5 1 1 1 0 6 0 1 4 0 6 1 7 3 2 8 7 3 2 6 7 0 3 6 5 2 0 5 6 3 7 1 0 4 3 5 0 0 1 4 3 5 0 5 1 1 1 7 0 3 6 2 1 4 0 5 0 2 4 1 7 2 9 2 4 4 5 2 2 7 9 3 8 7 6 7 0 1 7 3 4 2 0 3 0 7 0 3 2 6 6 1 3 6 0 5 6 7 3 3 4 0 6 7 7 0 5 1 0 3 4 0 5 9 2 3 0 2 6 0 1 7 0 5 0 5 2 4 5 6 4 3 2 0 0 3 0 4 0 3 3 6 0 3 8 1 1 5 2 6 1 7 0 5 0 5 0 2 3 0 6 0 4 6 7 0 2 3 6 7 4 7 1 6 8 3 0 2 1 0 1 0 5 1 3 0 5 0 3 4 2 1 4 4 0 0 2 3 5 0 0 5 8 0 4 0 7 1 0 1 7 0 3 5 2 1 8 0 6 7 1 7 6 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 2 6 0 0 5 8 4 0 4 4 8 7 2 2 2 3 5 1 6 1 2 4 5 0 4 6 2 3 2 2 8 7 3 0 5 5 0 2 1 0 4 5 1 7 3 2 1 0 2 6 7 0 2 0 5 3 6 2 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 2 6 4 5 1 0 0 2 4 0 3 6 6 4 3 5 0 0 2 6 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 2 7 1 4 1 2 2 1 0 4 0 2 6 1 2 4 1 2 6 7 0 1 6 7 5 3 2 7 0 2 6 2 1 3 6 1 0 4 0 6 1 2 2 1 1 6 4 6 7 5 0 0 0 0 6 4 1 1 7 0 4 0 3 5 0 3 3 6 0 3 3 5 2 0 1 7 0 1 0 2 8 1 6 7 0 0 0 4 2 6 1 6 7 0 2 3 2 1 1 3 7 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 1 4 6 0 2 2 0 8 3 0 6 7 0 0 0 5 8 4 0 7 3 4 4 1 0 1 7 0 0 7 5 6 4 1 9 6 7 5 0 8 3 2 6 0 6 7 0 0 3 8 3 2 1 4 0 4 0 7 1 4 4 0 3 2 6 0 8 5 4 0 5 0 8 1 9 4 1 4 0 2 3 2 5 3 5 4 2 1 6 1 7 0 3 0 3 2 7 9 8 9 1 2 1 1 5 0 6 5 0 8 0 4 2 1 6 1 7 0 0 3 8 3 6 2 1 1 4 9 2 4 0 8 3 4 0 1 6 7 0 5 0 2 3 2 2 0 1 1 3 6 0 5 0 6 0 7 9 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 2 2 9 3 1 6 7 1 2 0 1 0 2 3 0 5 6 3 2 2 0 5 0 4 1 8 2 8 1 1 8 0 5 2 2 6 7 0 2 4 5 4 3 0 4 3 0 0 4 3 4 1 5 1 5 0 3 6 8 2 3 5 1 7 3 6 7 3 9 3 2 0 3 3 3 8 1 7 0 3 4 2 1 4 3 2 7 0 5 0 0 2 5 1 3 0 1 7 0 3 6 7 1 5 2 1 6 0 4 3 6

Dietetics

111
5 3 1 5 0 6 0 2 2 6 7

glv g I f mul f d rmi i g e X CI r e b i b w d f d . H f e diff d k C u m g hi g , i dividu- . t b d , a d im ;6 1m a Is, pi t u f imp IV ip bu st gi pri ipl t . I s o ,w mu k w w dapt t ir urns d p rt f t s t xt d It m r with t el me ts f glm i m Iv , wi a vi w to i i i i pr p i Iy i P si g), the thi d ( d t aphrodisia ar me ti ed pe i lly d wi itu ti al par , i its b gi I g, I v i bl . s s, f u s . Bu T y i divid d i t f u r ubdivid d i p i d fa f w w k I u t i ti f v f w d y . T i i b c u t p uli a f d v I pi s g d fu , 1 I Iw ys e isky I glm b up Iy; Iik x s , udd e' v a mful qu c -" 'Li 1 by Ii 1 [to g f ch g fr m kata mikron ] i f rule, p ially i "i e c s t . W i mea t i g a g d g dually [kata v i u items f gim s uld b mikron ]."7 T u , t e wi r gim sh uld b ubdivid d s eas n i If dem d , i t P i d f f y-f ur d y t at lstice, t i t xt d f om t e setti g f the PI i des t t ft e lax ti xa tly quiv len p i d f II w d by gime . Spri g b gi wit p i d of ir y-tw day , fr m t i i g f Arcturu a d t iv I f the sw II ws t th i im sp , t eas uld b divid d equin x; WIt 1 m st umme i t six p i ds f ig t d ys. Th w ich mpris s tw p se : fr m t flSI g f PI i d s qui x. Fr m th t th s isti e, d fr m th olsti t t tim t t s tti g f t e PI i d s, s uld sp d f rtyigh h urs p pari g f t "win er r gime ." Th ut r d s t pr vid mpl te r gim f s m II subdivi i s. R th r, d fi , m re r I s i d t il, a ve 11 str t gy t t d p d t qu Ii i s t t gy 1 a t isti fe f th 1m f t y . T is i i c
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1 12

The Use of Pleasure

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ba ed a pri ipl of eompensa i , if t pp i i d esis Id f s s s ould b e u t b i me ill d; i v ely, by w mi g r glm I st t b dy b 11 f t i g, Ii g gim . But i xr m uld Is b y t P i ipl f imi ti d e f rmi y: p g e g adu lly mild s d mild d gr duP i d w pi s pr p r f t i d glm ; 1 s uld d Iik wi e, p p i g dey I p gr w , urn i b di ; imil Iy, just tr d d br m Iv g i s th h rsh d y f wi te , m sh uld t ugh them1 ely by fl ing e Id but by xp i g th m Iv "e u g u ly." 8 T i is th ge e al e t xt i w ieh th aphrodisia e t b gul t d, taki g u t f ff t ym y v i ra i f d id, f d y d m i ture, ace rdi g t th g er l oti t t fi d i th s nd part f t xl. R mm d ti e n i g t m e plae d f t m st p t be w lim t y p ipti s d x IS d v U 1 Wi t , f m t s t i g dvi ft PI i d t t sp mg qui x, is in w ic egim uld av dryi g d w ming ff , 0 sid ri g Id e s nd w t ft e s e ast d at b il d m s, w I -w e bre d, m 11 p rti fd y v get bI , sIig tly dilut d wi , but i 8m 11 m u urn u ex r is f v ry s rt (run i g, w tli g, w Iki g); baths t t h uld b e Id ft r ru ing w k uts, whie 1II w ys t up t b dy, dh t f ot exer is ; m r fr qu nt s xu I r I tio , esp i 11y f r oid m w s b di s t nd b e rn hill d; m i t r im s p r m f th wit m i t stituti s, tw tim p r m th for a e d y. 9 Du ing t spring p riod, w e th 1 IS t o ew W rmer and d y r, d wh 0 mu t p ep r f r h g wt f th b dy, n sh uld at a rna y b iled m ts as r a t d, r wit m i t v g tabl s; t k b t ; d e s th qu g tity f xu I r 1 ti d m tics; v mit Iy tw tim s p r m nth, t eve I ss fr qu ntly, s t t the b dy will mai 4 5 6 3 2 8 0 6 7 0 8 2 1 1 1 0 0 3 1 2 7 0 1 2 0 5 3 3 2 8 0 3 3 5 2 0 0 2 0 7 0 1 0 8 1 8 7 0 2 0 5 4 0 6 0 0 7 0 3 6 8 3 4 5 1 3 4 1 1 7 2 8 1 1 2 5 0 0 2 6 4 7 3 1 1 1 0 7 0 5 2 8 0 1 6 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 6 3 0 3 4 1 2 6 7 3 6 5 5 1 0 4 4 4 5 3 2 0 0 4 3 3 2 3 3 6 0 5 0 0 2 2 6 7 0 0 5 1 7 9 2 3 2 6 0 3 0 5 1 7 0 5 1 6 7 7 3 2 4 7 1 1 0 4 5 0 3 5 2 6 1 0 1 6 7 0 5 1 0 4 4 3 5 3 4 0 0 4 7 3 5 0 2 3 2 3 8 0 6 7 0 4 0 0 4 3 3 2 6 0 3 3 4 1 2 5 0 2 1 1 9 2 4 0 4 2 1 6 0 0 6 7 0 1 0 1 4 2 0 4 0 0 4 6 1 6 5 3 0 1 1 4 7 4 2 0 5 2 1 9 2 7 9 3 5 1 0 5 0 3 0 2 3 8 8 1 2 1 6 7 0 0 0 8 6 4 7 0 3 7 3 0 2 1 6 7 0 2 6 0 8 6 2 1 1 7 0 3 6 3 2 8 5 1 1 2 0 4 4 3 2 1 4 2 9 1 1 0 2 3 2 1 2 4 7 3 2 1 0 2 4 2 9 0 8 1 1 6 7 0 0 0 8 1 0 2 3 1 2 4 1 8 0 5 2 2 7 0 3 5 0 1 5 7 0 1 3 5 6 0 0 2 3 0 2 3 5 5 0 4 8 5 1 2 3 2 3 8 0 2 1 0 0 5 8 0 4 3 2 0 3 8 3 6 1 2 4

Dietetics

1 13

lSI g f th Plei d , WI th i " pur fl ." Af r t mi g f umm , d y s is what gim mu fight b 1 y k , ,w i nd dilut d; g in : d i k lig t wi b wit ut v rw v g bI , if t y c b iled d r du ti g e b dy; bst i fr m m ti s xual tivity mi imum (toisi de aphrodisioisin hos hekista); th b dy, well e x i 1 s; v id u i g, w i h d 1 w lki g i t u , giving prefe 1 t ad t w tIi g r r t th 1 1 g f Arct u US a d g ts i t d U t.I A gim mu t b m d milder d u umn equi x, t m is ; thi g pe ifi i said ab u sexu 1 r gim n. m that f HipDio les' Regimen is muc less devel p d t H w v r, i is quit det il d i its t e tm t f d ily p r t xt: f m th utine, which kes up I g P rt f t g st h uld imm di t ly f II w g tting up f m b d, m der t duee th stiffn s f th b dy, t the p siti ns t 1 xt d d t ke i b d whe it is tim t li d w (" ither t n 's b ek), 11 t r t be t," d ev r imp t b ths, t rub m m t of th day r x mi d, wit t iii gs, evacu ti s, t w lks, a d t f ds d w s, mp y th m. I I T qu sti n f s xu 1 pleast ug t t a u s d t ir m dulati is e nsid r d ly i eti n al p in iwit seas n I v riati s, d ly ft r s m g pI f bala re called t mi d: "It i v ry imp rt t p i t f healt t ey t b dimi i d by u b dy's p t e p t cy." But t uth r stri t hims If t b i f r li i s: first, n should "m k fr qu nt a d e ti u I g f xu l int r urs "; t I tt r is m suit ble f "e ld, u m ist, at bili us, d flatul nt pers ns," d least suitabl f r nes; th r r p ri d in lif wh n it is more h rmful, as in the cas f old pe pI or f r thos wh are "i t e p riod t ext ds f m hildho d t d I scene . " 12 As f r th pr sumably I xt, k t b i tt r f m Di cl t Ki g Antig nu , th c n my f pI sur s it s ts f rt is v ry r I utlin t th t f Hipp rat s: at wint cl se i its g s lstie , whi h i t time wh n i m st sus ptibl t
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1 14

The Use of Pleasure

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This seasonal rhythm f6r sexual regimen was acce pted for a long time. One encoun ters it again in imperial times in the writings of Celsus . nocturnal emissions . I. tSee, however, Diodes' remarks about sleeping in the dorsal position, which induces

Dietetics
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1 15

ibi (hos hekista). W did n t m t t it wa u I c tr te 's t n i th pr bi m, but th t p ibi t d e mi i adv it wa df v y ' . th r yt m f ivi y t g g d 1 rpi y f qu liti -d yn t, m istur , Id-b tw th b dy d i mili u. l f i f t xu I cts w p p r c f gim , d if y qui d "m d ti IS wa b u t y P du dugh t m ti f b dy d j uI io f s m -w mi g, Ii g, dryi g, a d m ist i g ff t . Th y al d I w r d th I v I f f I m ts sp ibi f r e b dy's quilib ium. H th Y t tw r I i ship b tw e thi quilib ium d Is It d t i t ti f h I m si t u id w Id: i g dryi g, whic mig t b g d f r c Id, m i t b dy, w uid b I s s if s d th lim t w m Iv s a d t the functi n f regimen to prescribe quantiti s d y. It w s a d d rmi yt m : giv r l i s that uid Iy b I ch ct i tic , th I f d fi d i te ms f th i g glme w qu litativ g g I dm k u h eadju tme w it d by i urns es. W m y A i t li Problems t i p ssi g th t t e utho f m h v b t Iy 0 dr w f m f b s -k w p i ipies f this qu Ii tiv p y I gy ( am Iy, tw m lly Id nd m i t w ile m t g IV S f xu I I d d y) i fe e c tt s x : umm w wh m f r b I wa t exu I i u s , w w me wer m disp d t m f It t g t i li a i i wi t 1 T us, di t tic p bi mati zed s xu I P f ic s di f rm da b diff r i d di g " ivi y" e wh Ie i g t th v Iu f e ch f t m, but III cu ail d d pe di g fw i h uid b giv f t all w u t d w hr I gic I sid ti . Ap i ai egul I f u d p r Il l b w t i gim a d , i f I , i th Chri ti p t I mi is y. T ivity a e it ia us d f d limi i g xu I m f
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"

1 16

The Use of Pleasure

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mp Ii u . But t e i i 0 Iy mo p ; t Y P r t t w y: y d t mpi t Iy diff 1m ml 1m s w s xu I pr I i permitt d d t blis d i w it i f bidd d i i tP ri i i f diff t v i bi : th Ii urgi I y r, m t u I y, r th tim ubs qu t ycl , p i d fp g hildbirth. * l e i t m di I gim s, th t a d, t v iati ns w g du I; d i st d f b i g g bi y f m f p mitt d d f bidiz d c di g t st t cill i n b tw m dI s . d , t Y sugg t T e s xu I t w sid d s a li it illi it p ti c rdi g t th mp I b u d ri WI I W I I W p I fi t c I b W th I s rib d: situ t d d lim i dividu I d t w Id, mp m qu lif t b dy d s f s S, I w vi w d as ti activity th t could b m r r I ss p ici us i it c s qu d m s d s uld h f r b ubj I my. I wa p actic d m d d fl s I tiv t que ti S i w mi i g t fd d prude "w ki g d ys" f xu I pI ure , u if mly d f v yn , but f w b st I ul t th pp r u e tim a d I S. pp pna f qu
6 0 8 4 9 7 9 1 0 3 0 2 3 8 1 0 9 0 5 0 2 3 6 7 0 0 0 5 2 0 6 0 7 0 2 0 3 3 8 6 8 0 4 0 3 2 1 7 0 5 6 0 4 7 0 2 4 1 5 0 2 3 2 6 7 4 4 6 5 8 3 6 6 1 2 4 0 4 6 3 7 0 2 5 9 0 5 0 2 8 0 6 1 0 5 0 2 3 5 3 0 4 0 6 8 3 0 3 0 2 4 5 3 8 0 4 6 7 0 0 5 1 1 5 0 2 3 2 8 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 6 1 8 2 6 7 3 2 8 9 2 0 8 3 5 0 0 2 1 2 9 1 7 0 5 7 2 7 9 3 5 1 0 5 0 5 3 3 3 2 2 9 3 1 0 2 1 5 3 2 0 3 8 1 5 2 1 6 7 0 2 3 5 1 5 1 0 5 0 3 2 1 5 9 2 7 9 0 4 3 8 1 2 3 2 1 4 3 6 1 0 0 0 2 1 5 9 3 2 0 4 7 9 3 3 8 3 4 2 1 6 8 2 1 0 5 0 3 8 1 5 3 2 8 5 3 8 8 0 3 8 2 1 1 0 6 0 1 5 3 1 2 3 0 4 6 7 2 7 8 7 6 3 4 2 8 9 3 0 3 6 6 7 0 1 2 6 1 2 0 5 4 0 6 2 1 0 6 0 0 2 0 2 3 3 2 7 9 1 5 6 0 0 5 3 0 2 6 3 2 8 3 6 0 6 7 9 3 0 4 1 7 0 1 3 2 6 7 1 0 1 6 7 0 4 0 3 1 2 6 3 4 0 0 3 2 3 0 1 0 1 9 0 5 2 1 2 4 1 2 0 9 2 8 0 3 2 7 1 6 0 5 0 1 0 0 4 0 8 6 9 6 1 3 1 5 0 1 5 0 4 4 5 0 6 5 8 0 0 8 2 1 1 6 4 3 5 0 6 7 3 6 0 3 2 0 5 0 0 8 6 1 2 3 2 2 8 0

On this point, J. L. Flandrin's book Un Temps pour embrasser (1 983) should be consulted. Citing sources from the seventh century, it shows the importance of the divisions between permitted times and forbidden times, together with the many forms taken by that rhythmic ordering. One sees how this distribution of time was different from the circumstantial strategies of Greek dietetics.

3
Risks and Dangers

T glm aphrodisia, wi f e ed t m d r t s xu I h ir pr ti , did th a sump I p t t ur w r b d. Th y w s I t m Iv s d by p i cipl . T qu sti bj t f y di qu lific ti b d m d t d wit u , u th c m g t t was is d b dy f rdi g to c diti w s t b m dul d v d xt al I urn a . H wev , t d ful glm d t bri g vigila t tt ti t t a c u t t xu I pr ti w s ju tifi d by tw s ts f rea b r ff f thi ctivi y. v Ia r I xi ty b ut
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r h ffects f t exu I 1. T fi s t f eas the i dividual's b dy. G ant d t e w r c nstituti s ct f r w ic sexu 1 ctivity was b nefi ial n t w Ie: thi wa th c s f r t uff i g f m bu d c of phi gmf i t r u facilit t d h elimi ti n f fluid whi rrupt, givi g ri t th t urn would therwis be m b dy c sum d f r th se w s digesti w s b d, wh Id d d y . l But fo t e s, i If, d wh s b Uy w s wh b di d ad w g t d wit urn , its w r i g ly d trim 1.2 ff t x u 1 ambiv Y , d pi I eut 1 v lu ti , thi Ie xu I tivity w SUSplbj f r t p r s by Py go S I n. Di g La tiu p f as n 1 r gim r 1 qUi m W i t e g
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1 17

1 18
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d f c ti u us r r f ti di c Iy s ci t d wi d VI 1 t aphrodisia i trin i By h mful: umm bst i "K p t th wi t f sexu I pi sur s, i d sp i g, but t y a Y I s mful i utum h Ith." A d e g s Iway a mful d t c du iv sk d cit is sp se fr m Pyth g r s t th P rs n w 1m w t b st tim w s f r making I v : "Whe you w t w But t Pyt g I s wh t s r g y u V t th Iy s by y m s t m if st t is rt f ppr ul f "as litt! s p ibl " d th pu ui f e "Ies viI" x wh s ims I 0 i v k d i pur Iy m di I ygi i : Di de Regimen pr p s s t t bli h diti s in w i t u of pi sur s would cau "t e l m" (hekista enoch leO; d th A i t t Ii Problems, w t ff c ft xu I ct r mpa ed f puBi g pi t fr m t g u d, which Iw ys d mt f t h v g st ts, dvi I ti s Iy i d.4 I t i di t tics, w s bu i s it was t d t p es I g h mful p cmill w it w b n fi i I d w I W I pi ur , p r IV th me g f g I d y t w d r s I tlV ec my. T i distrust is appar i t idea t v I ft m t imp ta t rgans are ffe ted by sexual tivity d m y uff f m it bu . A i t t1 m ks th t b i i t fi t f I th qu f xu I a , f i i t g " Id p " f w I b dy; by wi hd wi g a "pu u I at" fr m t rg ism, t emls 10 f sem i I c Ii g ff t. Di I pia t gall bl dd , g du rg kid y , lu g , y , d pi I d m ng t p i ul Iy xp d t th ff ts of pi sur 's x Problems, it i p i By th Y s A di g t d h ff ct d, i r b au e th y ribut t l i t m th th rg s, r b cau t x sive h t P duc liqu f ti wit i t m.7 Th m if Id rg i rr I I s xpl i th v I u P t I gi I qu c h w s ia d wit xual
3 8 2 1 8 6 2 1 7 3 6 6 7 9 3 5 0 2 4 8 3 3 5 0 0 1 0 2 9 5 1 5 3 9 3 0 2 4 0 5 3 3 2 6 7 0 3 5 0 0 4 7 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 7 0 5 0 3 4 7 5 3 2 2 1 1 2 8 0 6 1 0 3 2 7 1 0 1 2 6 1 9 6 7 5 9 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 0 0 1 7 1 3 9 7 7 0 2 7 0 0 9 3 1 1 9 2 3 2 6 1 1 9 3 6 0 2 6 7 1 7 3 0

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Dietetics
5 0 2 7 6 7 2 1 9 1 0 5 4 0 3 2 2 1 6 7 3 0 2 3 6

1 19
0

ctivity w it b y t e ul f l i p bl ec my. It ul b r m k t fi litt! m 10 fm -i t c t 1 t*-of t e t ubI t t mig t be c u by t t l b ti c . III u p i tributi f xc s. of s xu 1 ctivi y w e muc m r f en ill Suc t ef m u " 1 pht i is" fi by Hipp c c ib wit t m etiol gy i the t tis Diseases v r ve y 1 g p n of We t n m lCI e: it w s 1 e t " t cks y u g m ie p pI i p ticul " "pe pIe f f xu 1 i t c u " (philolagnoO; it p i t f Igl ft b y w r w s t e rn w (c t b t P t e sp m i l c sw 11 s ); it g v ti gli g ion t t sc t 1 gth f t pi 1 c lum ; t e p m 1 c g sp u ly u i g 1 p, i t u 1 e t t w cools; t p ti b c m t ril . W a ac , e c ul c mp ie by br at i g ifficulti a ie f m i . A glm f ft i g f v cu ti mig f bst ti y cu , but bring b u ly f w f m wi x Cl aphrodisia. 9 Th Epidemics al 0 m bu f pIe u b ught ti ubj c 1 w m 1 u :1 t ec ill f i t f Ab , s xu 1 ti t t r i ki g ult i f ve , cc mp 1 by use , t p i , thi st, k u i e, p ch cu w fi 11y b gu ; t t tw ty-f u t y, ft s v 1 emi 10 a cur e ceS f feve ; but a t mi t f li ium ft 1 you g m f m M lib tw ty-f u - y ill s , w ic b gu wi i t i l n p at d abu e f aleo 1 t r spir t y t oubl s, ubs qu . 10 s xu 1 pI sur c iticiz f it By c t t, t gim f t Ie , f s x mpl of th b fici 1 if ct x gg ati s, W Cl ce. PI t c 11 t ti t coul ult f m xu 1 b i
1 2 1 3 5 1 7 0 0 6 4 0 7 5 6 9 1 2 0 2 7 3 0 0 2 9 2 2 5 0 6 3 0 1 0 2 6 0 8 3 5 4 1 0 3 5 6 5 8 3 0 7 1 8 6 3 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 3 0 3 7 0 9 1 6 1 1 4 7 3 2 1 0 6 6 9 0 4 5 1 0 1 9 2 0 3 3 0 3 1 0 0 3 5 6 3 5 6 1 3 7 4 1 3 5 3 6 7 0 2 0 7 1 4 6 9 0 3 2 4 0 8 0 6 2 7 4 0 7 0 3 4 0 7 5 5 0 3 8 0 1 1 0 4 6 1 2 3 8 3 0 4 0 7 2 8 6 7 3 0 8 3 9 5 8 8 9 8 2 1 6 4 4 7 0 1 0 2 8 4 8 4 2 6 7 1 1 2 7 1 3 0 8 2 0 4 1 4 3 0 3 1 2 1 1 4 2 6 5 6 4 4 1 1 2 3 7 0 4 0 7 1 0 5 0 6 4 9 1 5 0 1 7 5 0 0 5 0 4 3 1 6 9 0 7 8 0 3 5 6 0 0 6 0 6 2 2 3 0 2 3 8 9 5 8 7 0 0 2 7 0 7 5 0 0 2 1 5 0 3 2 2 5 3 0 4 6 1 7 3 5 4 6 0 7 1 2 9 6 2 0 1 3 7 4 2 3 0 0 2 5 0 4 2 6 2 7 5 0 3 9 5 0 6 0 2 9 0 6 0 3 0 0 5 0 2 5 0 7 3 0 3 6 0 6 3 6 1 6 2 7 0 5 2 7 0 3 2 7 5 0 7 5 0 3 5 1 7 7 4 1 9 4 0 0 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 1 1 7 8 2 7 0 8 8 1 2 5 9 6 1 9 8 4 0 1 2 6 9 0 4 8 5 1 0 0 4 6 1 6 0 2 1 2 4 1 2 0 0 0 4 3 0 6 2 7 0 3 0 2 1 2 3 0 9 3 2 5 1 2 6 6 3 0 1 8 3 4 0 3 4 1 1 2 3 0 4 1 3 2 0 3 3 0 3 2 5 6 3 0 4 1 6 0 3 7 0 2 1 7 0 4 8 0 8 4 0 6 1 2 3 8 2 7 7 4 2 2 5 8 7 4 0 3 0 7 2 6 0 4 6 1 8 2 0 7 8 9 5 0 3 6 9 2 8 6 5 0 6 4 8 2 4 7 4 4 2 6 6 2 7 6 8 4 0 7 9 1 2 0 5 0 4 0 6 3 2 8 1 9 6 2 0 7 1 2 5 0 0 2 1 4 5 7 8 6 0 4 0 0 4 6 4 3 3 2 3 2 7 4 0 4 2 1 4 2 6 2 4 1 0 1 0 6 7 0 7 2 5 0 7 3 1 6 7 0 4 8 0 4 6 0 2 1 4 7 6 2 0 3 5 5 5 6 7 0 2 9 5 2 0 3 9 2 8 8 7 0 6 1 4 4 0 3 0 0 2 9 1 4 0 0 0 3 3 1 5 1 8 2 7 0 6 0 6 0 3 2 4 1 6 3 5 0 4 0 0 2 1 6 5 9 0 3 1 9 0 2 4 0 7 1 4 3 0 8 0 4 1 2 8 3 9 0 7 2 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 3 9 5 8 7 4 0 3 4 1 3 0 6 8 3 9 2 0 2 8 1 8 3 8 9 0 2 1 2

*But we shall see further on that sexual intercourse was regarded as a health factor where women were concerned. The author of the Problems observes, however, that healthy, well-nourished men experience bile attacks if they do not engage in sexual activity .

1 20
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t t t i i t Laws, i g t Iceu fT tum, WI "p 1 IS ul Olympi : h w t VIC y, ue , a ue e u ge mix wit m ati t t ve t ue w m -0 b y, f r th t m tt -<iu ing t ti time f i i t iv t i i g." T Itl i t at t , A tylus, s me w s t u f C i Di p mpu 1 1 S V r 1 lat t em e V rg ubt: t f t i pr e ice itu I b te ti b t Ie alike, f m w Ie , 1 e est f e ft e c i ti uee ; th t f m I viet y w ie t t lete im Ifif WI t b e p bl e t WI V ; but I t t w t y f u 1 g i up i ity ver f a ee my eee y f r is b y In e t c n e V xu I et w ul w t t ut i e. t e g , w ie xu I I ti s t tt l e g W w me e yt t i g i m mig t eeu i gul m m e ul -i ee t i e 1 lI t i m f tl f mc u i gt m m, st iet b ti e t i p t w ul p erv t i f e i it ti e y, eeumul t 1 , e ee t it, e y it fi lIy t igh I V I . He e p x si es i this p e eeupati wit a r glug t b t quit bl i t ibuti f m by w ic e ivity t at e ul t i it If b VIC , a g trietiv e m 1m t Iw y my i w ie "I p f bl t "m t b Y . W il it w tu pr ue vig u ub t e vi g t e e p city t P e V y et t r u 0 g i m e it u i t w I etu lIy i k b i g g u I I S freet it w a rn i u wit tu e i it p i eipl . T e wh 1 b y, wit i m t imp rt t m s f gil g , i k itu t tu e xp ig p ie f p yl g t t i t t ub t e w Ie ug t t i s will by i w p w t e p , e ul b m fe ging t b dy wi it m t gy.
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Dietetics

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it was g a h t tu e g lll Z t u 1 ft xe I er t p vi e p pI with lin g n t ur t survival f th P CI ; 1 gr nt t, f r th m eh s ci t t xu 1 el i wit suc a k e r pI su , t i Ii g w c g Ize b i g f gil , t 1 i t m f it qu lity w t . It w ng r u f th om; bu if p c t I ivi u 1 k hi pI su t matt r w, t futu e f is f mily w ul t m b pI c y. I th Laws, PI t s 1 m Iy u I J P c Imp t c f p ecauti th t t b t k f thi pu p se t n th ci y c ce p t w I .T e we m u e t be t ke h time f t fi exu 1 ct b twee t e tw p ers on t cc io of m ri ge: 11 t e v Iu nd 11 the a ge tr iti 11y s ci t wit in ugu 1 ct we p ig t, e: th t Y a 1 W n ces y f i from ny mi wit p ct t g, w ich mo g hum h m tt t n , "f t e b gi g , i t b i g i t blis s vi u f 11 t i g -if 0 0 f m c f th w m k ecel v p p S fH But it w s I c ss ry t be c uti us e c y u w 1 life f e rn rri g : i , no 0 k w u i g t "wh t d y ight" e eity w ul a ist i a co c pti n; h nc " ug ut w 01 y ' Iif ," ped 11 e mu t "be c reful ci 11y uri g t P i d of p cre tion, a v i i g y hi g t t v Iu t rily bri g ick Ie ce r i j ustice. Ot e wise, 0 e will ecesr i v lye i ff c t e ul b I of h ms ily st mp th " r t e i k f "b g tting ffsp i g w b y ; i r gul , u t u tw t y, n n t t 11 t ight i c ct body. "12 T e ge th t w susp ct c th prec uti c mmen t t we Iat to t e imp t nt qu sti s. T g ft P ts, fi t f 11. T g t w ich m w t ug t t b cap bI f pr uci g the finest off pri g w I tiv Iy Iat : f m i ty t t i ty-five, cco ing t PI t w e e s i t e case f gi I h limit th ge f r m iag t
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In the Republic, the period is specified as twenty-five to fifty years old for men, and twenty to forty years old for women. " tIn the Laws, Plato dwells on the effects of parents' drunkenness at the time of conception. 1 7

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1 24

The Use of Pleasure

have ehil en. "22 We may eeall i this e n eeti an b rvapp ar I t e A i t t Ii Problems: if i i f ti t t e case that t e il en f huma bei gs d e embl n i th t th I tt r, t th tim f t I p t , t m y0 xual e , t i g t ir mi s i f 2 m m nt. 3 L t t i ki g ly f w at t y w I g tt ,I W I f fi , i W ul b uI n e ry f r xu 1 et, h t it mu t b p f m wit ju tifyi g m ml d, t at f p c ti . He , how v ingi pu p ue i t ni nw n t e yI e f r xu 1 i e u s v I bei g m I i . Y t, in r f r it e lev it im, bli g t I ivi u I live I hi chilco ibut t e eu ity f t city , w 1 m 1 deav r w n e sa y: U faili g e ce f t e f pI su s, t e t ni g t e g t t su u d u th t ur g v h m. * pu p
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Plato, in the Laws, would have women lead a life sheltered from overly intense pleasures and pains."

4
Act, Expenditure, Death

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1 26
1

The Use of Pleasure

4 6 0 9 2 6 4 4 1 8 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 3 1 4 1 5

t wi hi pp p i t limits, f k pi g t u ce f is f cc p i g i d e gy wit in im If, a w il p f vi i g f r t bir c t . T p ysical gim n aphrodisia w It p c uti h sam tim , of X Cl - askesis-of Xl c . it wa
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The violence o f the act. PI t w i ki g b ut he aphrodisia w , 1 Philebus, crib if ct f pIe u w i i mix WI li t1 i t : pI u "t k P Sl f rna , m im maki g im I ap ab ut i cst y, t a c g c mpl xi k up 11 ki f st ang POSIU n , pa 1 s a g w y , IS IV n c mu s. . . . H f I pletely u f i s n wit m cn b un s yt 1m If, t r , t i 1m yl g wit j ym t w i ulg i th light . T m r i t mpe ate [akolastoteros, aphronesteros] un e t i d f V Iy h g s ft t m i w I arte he i , m pursuit." Hipp c t b e c dite wi h t m nt a e f m f b i f pil ptic izu : t ny at , t t g mh 1 w Aulu G lliu r p t : "Hipp c t s, m f ivi it w s p t wi d m, b Ii v f v n y [coitus venereus] t whic u c u t ym c 11 com italis, h r ibl IS f t Y t ' I cti n IS '; f t r is ve y w w t u : 'c iti i b ief pilep y' [ten synouh v c m sian einai mikran epilepsian ]."2 Actu By h ph c me i The Seed, w ic Hipp c a ic t f m D moc i u . T i its fir t p g glV t il c ipti f t e xu I act, acc WI t t di i , th t f Di g f Ap 11 i ; It i t iti ( I ep t m by CI m t f Al xt w I f pil psy, t th P t I gic I m i ) ef but mec ic I m el f te , f mi g ftui : S me The Pedagogue, upp th t m n f p pI ," p 1 f my ub t c f t bl livi g cr u . T bl b i g gr tly git u i g h i t r wi i g f b i s, a ate by tu I w m h f h m Ie, f m f th
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"

"

Dietetics

127

t r ug p rma ic v i . Acc i g t Di g s pr f Ap 11 i , thi phen m w uld explai h te m aphro1 m f fiui , git i sp e i g disia. "J T i g f m is t I The Seed f m Hipp cratic c llec i c Ip 1 n gamz entirely ar un wh t 1 f m f might b call e " j cuI ry sc m "; it i t i c m t t is c 1 g fr m m w m V ru c u cip ips b tw m I f m 1 01 s i el ti m f c fr 1 c te t, but 1 mi ti n a t gul i f th by t T e xu 1 ct i alyz , fr m fi i , vi 1 that i ir et d t war the ml SI n f m c a ical acti m v m t ubbi g f t g it I p m.4 First, t gi v h wh 1 b y p uce g al w mi g eft' ct; t 1 , c mbi e wit gi ti , giv t urn , dift'u i t t e w 1 b y, g t r fiui i y, s t i b gi t "f m " (aph rein), "i h m w y 11 t fiui P uc f m w e t y a e agitat ." At this stag ph me on f " p i " (apokrisis) ceu ; t m vig r u p t f t i " (to ischyrotafIC f mi g fiui , "t m st p t t pi 1 m r w, ton kaipiotaton) i c rie t t b in n t de c i g it 1 gt t t l i . Th w rm f m p e h ugh h t tiel t e ki ey f m th t f vi I t pasm p is, f m which it i xp 11 d by me (tarache ). Thi p c s, w ic i v lu t Y t t b gi g " ubbi g f t e g it 1 , " c w t r i s xu 1 u 1 . T w t nti Iy i v Iu ry m I u f I i ccu 1 h c f ctu 1 emi i n, ccu c me ti by t e u h f The Seed: w w k th t e b y to be h at , the flui st ts t activity as cau 1 c iti , " a P v uc f m p t u ly; i "b m 1m g , by j cuI 1 t k pI c , cc mp 1 ubt f 11 wi g t e f equ tly inv k p 1 ciple t t e ms, t f t b y.5 t I t m f t m, v I t cu e t g r 1 is m T Hipp c tic sc ipti t bli s xual ct a d t t f t w man. p ism bet wee t m
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138

The Use of Pleasure

I w uld al be a y t fin i t C i ti t i f I s Iy lated t m of nxi ty: th involu ta y t fl vi I c f th t, it ki it plac i t ip wit vii, pi y f lif n a . But i t i P ibl f f d sir ft e xu I c , Sai Augu in w t d t promai tigmata f t Fall ( t i v lun y mov m n gain t G d); t e duce i t urn b dy rna ' rebelli ul f ee my, C i i n p t I mi i t y wa t tt o p e IS ale dar a ac r i g to d t il m rphoIgy f a t ; t e ti f rna i g w s t giv t p tiv fin lity t u I I f n u ing t urviv I r v t e p lif ati fG p opl , d f making it p ibl f r indivi ual t v i pie ging th i ul t t r death th ugh i ulgen e in that a tivity. In sh rt, this was a ju i i -m ral ifi a i n f t , m m ts, n int n f it If bea er of ti n that I gitim ted an activity t t w ft It in ib it in t dual d n g tiv valu ; a I iasti I i itu i n a t m 1m i I i sti uti . T tim of it a d t tim f I gitimate pr ation ul b Iv it f bI m . Am g e G eek , t arne a xi ty t me (vi I xp nditu d at ) t k p wi in a ft ti that I not aim at a c difi ti f a t , n at t c eati n fan er ti a ; a h , it bj tiv w t v I pat nique of exi t n . Thi e h iqu id n t qui e th t t a t be div t i it tt mp to augm t i I atu aln f t i p im t eir pi a u abl if t ; it ug t to i t ibut t m in t e I t c f mity with w at a u em nd . Th m t rial i ug t I b t w t, a i a tic t, t u f l ing f th ct; n r wa it th co iti n of t e a t's i titutional legi im ti n, a it w ul b i C i tianity; it wa mu more t e el ti s ip betw e ne elf a d t at ctivity " nside ed i t agg g t ," t bility t c t 01, limit, d pporti it i t igh man . T i techne t t p ibility of f rmi g If as ubj t i nr 1 f i n u t; t at i , t e p sibility f m ki g ting i ks If lik t
9 1 3 1 0 3 1 7 2 4 4 0 6 3 5 2 7 1 8 6 2 0 1 4 0 0 3 4 8 1 0 6 0 4 0 0 3 5 0 0 2 6 1 0 2 0 1 0 5 8 3 2 3 4 4 0 5 2 7 3 0 2 4 0 5 1 0 5 7 7 0 9 4 2 4 0 6 6 0 6 0 3 3 0 1 6 8 0 1 0 0 5 2 4 0 3 0 5 5 2 9 9 3 0 5 3 1 3 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 9 2 3 1 4 0 9 4 5 2 5 6 1 9 0 0 9 6 0 2 4 7 0 4 5 2 1 2 3 2 1 5 3 1 4 4 6 3 5 5 9 3 1 6 5 2 3 6 3 1 3 0 4 0 6 0 3 1 1 2 1 2 5 6 8 0 8 2 2 7 8 1 7 2 5 0 5 0 7 1 1 1 8 3 5 2 7 4 7 1 8 6 2 0 1 6 6 5 0 5 1 0 4 0 6 1 8 6 0 5 0 5 4 0 7 5 6 1 0 1 0 3 6 4 0 3 5 1 0 0 2 4 6 1 0 6 1 2 1 1 7

'

Dietetics

1 39

ne , e pil eering be w en t e r ck , r t e atesman g v mmg e ci y*-a skillful n pru en gui e f imself, t e rig mea ur . a n e f t ng time a ne w We c us un er an w y t e neces ity f a regimen f r e in i t ntly, w ile aphrodisia w un er c re few e ail were giv n r g rdi g e tr ubI t a an bu e c ul bri g ab ut, nd very f w particul rs c nceming w t ul r s ul n't B cau e it was t e m s vi lent f 11 t e pI ure , becaus i w m r c s Iy h n m s phy ic I ac m e g me f lif IVltl s, n b c use it p r icip t , i c n titute a privilege e m in f r e ic I f rm ti n f t ubj ct: subject w ug t be is ingui e by is bili y ub ue tumul u us f rce t were I e im, t st y in c ntr I f is st re f e ergy, t wit i oeuvre t t w ul n ur bey n wn m ke is lif int ep m r I xis enc T e p y ic I regime f pIe ure n e c n my i require were p r f w Ie rt f e elf.
8 8 3 4 5 3 8 3 3 0 4 5 8 4 8 5 3 5 0 3 4 3 1 9 9 3 9 4 5 4 5 5 4 1 9 8 0 8 7 4 0 4 3 2 9 4 4 3 8 0 1 2 3 4 9 8 3 9 4 4 8 5 5 3 4 1 8 9 8 5 9 8 5 8 8 0 4 8 5 9 3 8 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 8 4 3 1 8 7 9 2 5 1 0 1 5 4 1 5 2 0 8 4 5 9 4 5 5 9 9 5

These three "arts of governing" were often likened to one another. as arts that demanded a knowledge and prudence attuned to circumstances; they were also comparable because they were know ledges that were associated with an ability to command. They were f requently ref erred to where it was a question of an individual's search for the principles or the authority that would help him to "conduct himself."

P A RT TH R E E
Econom ics

1 The Wisdom of Marriage

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144
f rm
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We have to be careful not to schematize, not to reduce the Christian doctrine or marital relations to the procreative function, excluding pleasure. In actual fact, the doctrine was to be complex and open to discussion, and it was to have numerous variants. But the thing to bear in mind in our context is that the question of pleasure in the conjugal relationship and the question of the place it ought to be given, of the precautions that one had to take against it, as well as of the concessions that one had to grant it (taking account of the weakness and lustfulness of the other), constituted an active focus of reflection.

Economics

145

ma t ft lif , u l s i w bt i i g I gi i u b m t pr mi i g sc s. T us, i is qui I gic I t at e fin s i G ek t ug tech ical m ic I i quiri s ility d it c u / c si ra i c ce i g fr m h ygl f i IC vi wp i w h ve I y ci I c ild ( d b y girls)/ p Ii ic I n fl c i b P ssibl m c i g f m rriag part rs/ t d fi 11y, juridic I b c di i s i w IC sc t c ul b co si re I gitim e n v t b fi f ci iz ip ( i w w t was 1 u I Against Neaera). M r v r, f P bl m tiz ti f il t s w Y t xu I l i b w sp uses w ul k t f rms r b c m ttac d t the questi s, giv e st us f mari c upi I At t blig ti s t w ic b fi iti f wh t was alhusba d wif we e el . T l w , f bi P crib f r p us s by t i stitu i of s xu I P c ic w s simpl e ug , f m ri g i rna t a cle ly ymm t ical ug s t d iti Im I r guw m w I ti i pp c ss y. As f c ce n , i f ct, t y we b u by thei ju i ic } d s cia} tatus s wiv s; 11 t I S xu } ctivity t b wit i t t b t i xcluc njugal I ti s tp n t i husb d im hat sive p t r. T y w u is p w ; it w t th y t give t eir c ild n , wh would b citiz ns n f ulte y, t e pu ishme t met ut was irs. I cas p iv t , but it w s als public (a w rna guilty f dult y pp i public ligi us c em ies): I g r t e ig sD m t s ys, t I w " as cl d t t u w m f suffici nt to m k t m liv s be ly wit m y b i spi [so phronein ], d v id all vice [meden hamartanein ] , s t i uty is, to k p t th i h us ld sks"; th I w w r s t em t t "if a w m n is guilty f ny suc si , will b usb 's h m f m th sa ctu i f outc st f m civic s tus f m i w rna t city."6 T f mili I a made her subject to t e rules of a c nduct that w s c a act 0 2 0 8 3 1 8 3 1 0 6 7 4 0 4 8 1 2 9 8 5 1 2 2 0 3 1 0 1 2 9 5 8 2 9 0 0 2 9 1 2 3 4 3 3 0 7 1 4 2 5 9 2 6 0 4 5 4 3 2 1 2 9 0 9 1 2 0 7 2 6 2 2 8 3 0 6 2 1 8 1 8 0 8 5 2 9 0 3 2 8 5 5 3 0 0 5 2 3 7 9 0 3 0 3 8 1 2 9 4 0 2 0 5 2 4 7 3 7 1 4 0 1 3 4 4 6 0 2 1 2 5 8 6 1 3 4 0 6 3 4 1 2 5 3 1 1 9 8 7 1 6 0 0 3 7 2 8 7 2 3 4 0 0 8 3 5 0 1 3 4 2 7 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 1 1 9 0 1 3 0 8 5 2 4 0 2 5 3 7 2 2 4 4 9 0 0 2 9 1 2 8 7 9 0 2 9 0 9 0 1 3 1 9 4 1 0 4 0 0 2 0 3 5 3 0 2 8 4 3 4 8 1 8 4 1 1 3 8 8 0 2 7 0 5 0 5 2 0 1 8 5 0 0 4 4 0 6 5 0 1 1 7 2 5 8 0 1 6 0 1 3 5 2 8 0 3 0 0 2 7 5 9 3 1 0 7 4 0 6 5 5 0 5 0 1 4 0 7 7 6 5 2 0 2 3 4 1 3 5 6 0 9 7 0 8 2 4 0 2 8 1 2 9 4 0 7 1 7 2 7 4 4 5 3 4 2 9 1 2 0 6 4 9 4 0 9 0 2 7 2 5 1 5 0 9 5 6 9 9 0 2 1 2 9 6 0 8 0 9 7 8 7 0 4 0 2 3 7 2 7 1 6 1 0 2 3 0 6 8 0 1 6 1 3 0 1 0 2 5 4 2 9 1 6 8 0 6 0 2 7 4 5 4 1 3 1 9 7 2 1 7 6 1 0 1 7 2 9 9 2 5 3 1 0 1 6 2 0 0 1 6 1 6 1 8 5 0 2 0 6 0 7 2 6 0 9 2 1 4 0 6 0 7 2 9 6 6 9 1 1 2 5 8 1 0 1 4 0 6 0 1 1 4 1 9 7 0 4 2 4 0 6 5 0 1 7 2 4 1 9 4 0 6 1 2 4 1 9 7 0 4 0 6 0 1 6 2 4 0 0 0 6 0 2 9 0 6 4 5 0 6 1 8 7 4 3 0 4 1 9 7 4 4 6 0 7 0 0 1 9 4 0 2 0 7 1 9 6 4 2 2 0 9 7 6 1 0 1 7 7 2 5 1 0 6 2 5 7 2 0 4 1 9 4 6 4 3 3 7 1 0 1 6 2 6 0 5 0 6 7 2 1 0 5 8 4 0 2 0 8 1 4 0 1 4 9 0 1 6 0 4 1 7 6 7 0 2 1 0 2 6 0 9 4 1 0 1 6 0 1 0 4 0 0 7 6 1 2 1 7 1 2 9 1 4 0 6 9 0 0 7 0 6 7 0 4 7 3 1 0 1 1 2 4 4 1 7 1 7 1 4 2 8 4 0 0 1 6 7 4 0 6 4 1 2 9 7 0 1 2 9 6 7 0 2 1 6 0 8 7 4 0 4 0 1 1 2 9 3 1 7 1 1 6 6 0 9 7 2 4 7 1 4 6 0 6

1 46 IZ by virtu w
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The Use of Pleasure

tric ly c jug 1 xual pr ctic I w s t ha f u w m , f r fr m i ; bu i so phrosyne uri g t t y w ul m ag , by x r 1 f r f will I I , t r sp c rul s t W W

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One also finds evidence of an obligation in regard to conjugal duties in Pythagorean teaching, as reported by Diogenes Laertius: "Hieronymus, however, says' that, when he had descended into Hades . . . he saw under torture those who had neglected to fulfill their conjugal duties [tous me the/ontes syneinai tais heaufon gunaixi].'"

Economics

147
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IS U h i t I disp I. A m n's m rri ge I s ric im s xu lly. Juri ic lly, is m t ul y w b e f marn g e rae if i w e mmit f tw p by a i frae i ly i e w e m I e s. I e s I u m w w s w m a r I i wi usb v a ft m I w m ri I ta u f e w m fi a I i ul y . A d f m m d i p ibl a m ral sta poi t, it i clea t at h e did n t xi t f the Gr k e g ry f "mu u I fidelity" w ic w ul I in r ue i m rn lif f " xu I ig " vi g m r I w ig , juri ieal if e , nd ligi u ig ifie ne . T pri cipl f d ubI m p ly, m ki g xclu iv p t of e w p u ,w qui d i t m i l I io . F whil e wif b I g usb ub bel g uty, e mIy 1m If. R cip e I xu I fi lity, mi m t, f Ii g qu lly, i e stitu t eessary gu a tee t e ig st xp essi n f m ried life. All t i f v s t e e clusi n t t xu I pI su p sed t eir p bl ms f its w , pr bi m , n w il m rri life p f w m ti g P i b w e tw pr bI m lZ e w I Y a , m rn g A ugh t v IS y qu 1 S s fa Ie f pi a ur w e e , f as w av JUS e I : 1 ee f e ft p rt r wife-t ne I w fi d by s us, I w, eu m, y w gu n by pu is m ts r sa eti s; in t e e se f er-th usb -rna i 1 S U I imp s p cis ul 1m, xc p sig t ew m f mw m mu xp et t b I is I gitimat Ir p w v . I IS U t st t W e WI 1 m I g , exu 1 I ra, rna n g uri g t v y i t s e itu P t -{fi 1 b tw e ms t I v t ug f eus f que ti I g; I 1 U t t e might uet i t I 1 xu 1 e be glv t e migh av I r I ti ave wit ne' wif
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148

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wit 's wn b y, r, r 1 i hip w h 11 , I wit boy . But it w uid be i c ect t t i k t at t i gs w e simple a t e be vi of w me as wiv s-w s t f b VI y r fi cti n, imp i u ly t w n e t u b -w s s f m v m ys a m ques I s If c nc i g i . Fi , w ab ut f Ii g f j I u y; wiv c mm Iy repr c d t I j y, usb f r pI ur y w ul g Is wh r t i i im k xc P i t fickl wif f Eup il u m 1 v gi },10 M g 11y, public pi i ci wi x ibi xp ct d m w w b ut b m I I C t ge I x u 1 be vi ; I w S U c pp m t (i ft u i g y ut ful b c el w uld a w ul m y bef r hey re c t i y) t t it w I IY V I Y f pI su ily t I I I ug cu il ft m i g , V g d a y p ci limi ti . But p f m s xplici ly imp c mm be avi rs a a titu es, t I eXls c nc ptu I t rna IC f m i l us i y. T m Ii - m f i el t m -g V I b u s t m, t y I ulg i pI Ig Iy f I f m I m c uld ur s s if w r tm i . 0 w r Nic el , i t ribu t 1m, eel n t ly t t P c Is c ul i subj c s ju tly, bu t i c i m i g Iy wi I w wif . A A i t tl w s s xu I I ti WI SS I t e Politics I c ur " f t u b m " mus b c h w m wif wi u Imp bl cti . " A I 1 IS t Sl ? AIr a y t bi t f new e ie ? B u as f w p e orne sp cially c Sl n g w umbe s t ese texts r , y f m f m l s ci l p e Ie m v f f i ividu I , it i ill p I a k u VI eu Ib xu I Iv : W y id m r I fiecti n e cern its If wit t h tu f t is e fm I m ? W t w VI b f rms? w S I S Igi , w W e , w IS e v I W i t pe W will eI w 11 i f w ie it if Iy d qua I m
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1 49

O f t m w uld c is 1 i ki g t i t c u u b wif b tw f t e fu c 1 Greeks i the classical p ri t n the calculati n w lC Hied W lC w f tu w f mili s, w s tegi s, UCI g c d . T Against Neae 1 bj c iv f p ms s ply iff re tiat t 01 s i m, w ic era ap m 's life by t e c u t s , t t at ug t t be pI y i c cubi h wife, metim b s Ipa 1impli s xclusiv fu c i s: s xual pI u 0 ti n t SI , V Y y lif df wif t ing m s t m i c f Ii f ce t. But h- u i g m xim w c X 1 w ich hi c f li ig t's tt mp i v Ii t t f mul t . It w s p ppa tly legitim te rna iag f e of his e emi s, w 11 s t cl im ci iz s ip f t c il b r f m gume ts giv t wit t wif ' birth, ri g . A t cu t t us, W lC c ul p as p itu e, ly b that f c cubi e. T bject th f e was t b ug 1 w s w h pI asu w s t wit t t c ul t be bleg 1 wif , but th t legitimate esc xc pt wit t i wif self. T is is w y, L c y c mm t , it w ul b mi t k i t rpr t t is t xt ff i g fi i i ft distinct 1 ; it is m i tur f cumul tiv enume ti , t be re s f 11 ws: ly hi g c ur s c giv ; s f pI su 1 t f p vi i g i c pabl f c cubi , s s tisf c i 1 ly h wif c x Cl C v y y lif b i ; but fu cti t is owi g sp ci 1 s tus: c b c 1 ui y f 1 gi im t c ild n and e su e family 1 At s rna t 1 i uti .11 1 st b u s fu i h t w s cc pt ; 1 t ly ki 1 g W s p ivil g d u i , w lC 1 p icul c u lly f m c ul Ie 1 gitim t fft m trim ial c h bit tio g d 1 f VI sp 1 g. Furt Xl C t s ifyi g w t c d t h wif ' b u y, t v lu t t s xual 1 ti s Imp c f mig v wi h e , dt pI y f E Xl C f mutu 1 1 ve (
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1 56

The Use of Pleasure

1 7 4 0 5 0 1 1 7 3 8 0 3 6 9 7 1 2

C it bulu B f r oikos, f t be fit f S c S will glVl g dvic dmi i t ri g agricul u I m i , u Id pr pe , tu lly begi by p ki g f t quit wi e mi i tr ti mu t b w II t ug t u if w s t e field , t h v th im t t k care f h imal d s t w t II the eff rt xpe d th e t b w ted if cc u t f d me tic is r r.
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m c u ec II t fi t p i cipl f m rri g by Cl 1 g 1 c u r m mb VI g ed t e y u g wif rtly fte m I g , w e b c me " c" m tic t t xten e u b d cu t m " t that w c ul V di cus i s": "T II m , w m ve y u t gay y ur p t ug t Y t why it w th t i t k y u him If: " I y u t m ?" I ch m c u we th qu ti c sid red f myself, a y ur paren s f r y u, w m w I chilh u mig t t ke a t e b t P r er f r t pr t it igi I r ." 1 1 T e marri g b is t u i ymm try-t m cid f im If w it i t f mily t t CI f r h y u g w m i its u I u fi lity: t d t chil . We m y , fu th r, th t qu f sc t 1 left a i f t m m t , t ey u gw m tb f b i g i d f m th r mu t b c m g mi t f h h u . 12 A Isc machu ws t t t l I i that f p rt r; t p ctive c t ibuti n f e c d e t ave to be take i t c sider ti , * but Iy t w y ch ct with view t th c mm g I, w IC i "t ke p th ir ub t c i th b t c iti but I t a muc s p ibl t it by fi e ju t m . " 14 0 uld te this emp SI t e c a y f initi I differ ces betw e t e u b d nd t e qu liz ti wif , h p t hip t t mu t b t bli e b tw e t m; ye it is cl r t t hi c mmu ity, t i koinonia, t t bli h i the ual r I ti b tw tw i ivi u 1 ,
1.
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I c

*Ischomachus stresses this cancelling of differences between spouses, differences that may

be substantial in terms of what each partner contributes . " ,

Economics

1 57

us I : but i m i t by a e mm purp s , w Ie is t y mies f i i c e . T i will i s m i te e d Is v a tarti g p i t f a alyzing the f rm of tha "e mmu i y" p eific a u e f 1 s t t e tw m rn g p t e s sh ul play.
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r t fi t e p e IV fu eti f w p us i t h u e Id, X p f t ts fr m th ti h e " h it " (stegos): i em h t wh h g e t f the uma e upl , they w re thi ki g f tf pri g I I g , p p u 1 ft e , f th upp t n t live i t p ai , like b t " f c ity " el r." A fir I I ks if - urn " bvi u Iy esc a pr vi t f mily wit i mp I im I giv it i s p i 1 g iz ti . But i gs d littl m e mpi x h hat. Th " I " d d limit ut ide and a i si e, t fir t b i g t man' d m I th w m ; but i e e itu i g t privil ged pI e f I pI e w yb i gi , t dP s v b equt d; t l i p vi e f futu w Ie t th ig t tim Out ide, t ref , t e rna di t ibuti t d t fl ek ; e b i g b ek w , eultiv tes, pi w , t t i g e sp uce , r , r equi e t ug x eha g . I do r , t w man fo er p t ree iv s, pr s ve , II e t ee di g e .G IIy p ki g, it i usba d's activity t at brings provisi i t the us , bu gem t th t r gulat th i exp it i itu . 15 wif ' m T w Ie ar x e Iy e mpl m y h be e f g i t ibuw ul m k th th r u le s: " My gu ti f ei r i g w ul I k m w t i ieul u ," says th wife, "if it w e 't y u e c r t bri g i m hi g f m utsi e." T w ie t e u b d r pli t t if th r w br ug I t t k p eu the thi g th t idieul u "t s w e i t u , he w uld I k raw wat wi h I ki g j r. "16 T us, tw pi e , tw f m f ae ivity, and w ways f rga izi g tim : n id (t t
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1 58

The Use of Pleasure

4 0 3 5 1 9 8 1 5 4 0 4 4 4 1 2 0 2 1 6 2 3

, w iting ft m ), pr uc i , t r yt m f t e a rye t, e p cti g f i gt pp tu time; f t v ti x(t t f h w m ), p th t e si d, r ly p i u , i g d i t ibuti g w at i 11 th rage ab ve 11: I ch m c u w lIs t 1 g wt t e l g 1 vice e memb r givi g hi wif u e t t mig t fi wh t h a put th P c f th w y, t u m ki g m a pi c f a m m y. xe Cl of r er that th y might w k ge h 1 I iffe t fu cti tw h , h g w c ft sexe wit p rticular qualiti s. Physical traits, first f 11: t m , w mu t w k i the p i "pi wi g, wi g, pI tdu c Id, t, 1 g, e g," th Y g v th c p city t y f t; w m , wh w rk i d r , w re give b j u ies t 1 r ist t. C a ct t it s well: w m v a u 1 f r, but n th t s p itive ff ct -it i uc th m b ml ful f t pr vi i , t w y b ut 1 1 g h m, t b in r d f usi g th m up. T m t t r a , 1 b v , f e i blig t f im elf u g 1 V yt i g t t mig t c u t, " t im i ju y. I W k g i ectly p p d h w m 's tu f 1 1 qmpp t rna f w k f th pe i ." 1 7 But p ctiv 1 qu Iitie : si c i t i h m wi c mm m v "giv a t k ," i c 1 h i ctivi y w me g t i me ut, s u I m g s t y hay epiilig c (mneme y b t r c ive m m y meleia). ur , H c c ft w m i g p fi Ia i pI c , w ic f m f c ivity, t ce siti f h oikos. T t th Y r m i f t P rtt i gi t ye f t "I w," t e nomos-I. ., r IS g c f rms xac Iy n ture's i e regula cu m t ch p r i I , fi s w at i g ti , a ig a d fi a t . T i "I w" d cl g d (kala) "w t t e g ha b ug t f ch t b c p bi f" : c ay 1 t "it i fi e hi g [kallion ] f t w m t
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IS

Economics

1 59

t p he 1m 1 t pe " goo f m "t stay i r i ste f c ncer ing himself with utd hi g ." T I e 1 lVI I , g i g f m ctivi y t b i r, 1 C t mp f is nomos; i i m im , t g ag t ure and b pI ce: "Whe s m C 1 w yc t y w a h g d ha b ug t f rt tic by p r p 1 cau 1 g me 1 d [atakton ] g p pay lty f r gl c i g i w w rk r f rd I g w m ' w k ."19 T tu I pp 1 f p cifici y f w m m 1 P1U t 1 ci bly ti d t th g d r use I ; th Y ar ft f 1 v Ig 1 ly, r rna t rn a bligati
1 2 0 5 9 7 8 0 5 4 0 1 5 3 5 9 5 1 8 9 1 7 8 4 0 3 5 1 5 9 1 1 2 6 3 9 1 1 1 5 1 1 7 8 5 2 1 3 8 7 8 4 2 9 2 1 5 1 5 7 1 1 5 0 3 1 8 8 4 0 1 8 4 0 2 8 1 0 5 1 6 0 8 1 8 4 8 2 3 8 8 4 0 2 3 0 8 0 1 1 3 5 2 5 3 8 8 1 3 3 5 9 1 5 1 5 0 2 3 5 1 0 1 5 0 3 8 2 5 3 3 1 6 7 3 7 8 1 4 8 8 0 1 2 7 1 4 1 4

T 1 x ,s ail wh 1 1 m tt f t rmi i g f use ld a k , is qui e i c e e divisi qu ti f xu I I i , b th i t m f t 1 pI c h m i al I ti Ip 1 g t t t t P ibiti mIg ul f m m ri g Imp uc . l i t t fact c f VI g c d t i gl c ed; t te V ral tim s i c u f I c m c u ' p c m ks t I l ft mai bj c iv f m i g ;* al u th t tu d wed h w m wit p Cl I p 1 if cti t m k b sui t ak c f c ild gr w I t fi m k w f r u te it i w h t upp t at ' c il r .21 But t i g i said i thi t x b u i h pr cr ti it If r the pr c uk i r t V t fi t p ibl if p i g: i ti f qu ti wit t y u g Y t tim t t k up t i ki 1 brid V r Ip g f t exu I c duc , t th A y ecess ry m d r ti d t th P y ic 1 attachm nt betwe n u ba d a d wif . We fi t ve t call the V ry begin i g f t x, w tw i te I cut s rt t t lk b ut
3.
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He specifies that the deity brings the man and woman together with a view to children, and the law makes them partners with a view to the household. "

1 60
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3
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th b gi Oth t xt , d i g f m t f u t ce tu y fifth, al th m t ta of ft v I p t m g t m f m f xu 1 m ti n . t I m I g c lls f p ci lly w t y: p g I t xts T f th i cuss s th rul a bligation f th Laws w r PI t m i g ; I c t ' xp iti c c 1 g t W Y Nic cl s m g i lif s m i m ; t ati c mics t A i t I a d fi it Iy pr uc f hi c 1. tt ibu T t xts v y iff f m th i th i ubj ct y t m f uth ita i gul ti f m t : t fi t ff r ch ct h c t xt of a i l city; th c b h vi fa utoc t w is p c ful f 1 lif yl . iz t P hir k t fi th pri cipl t im If y will fi u ful f i cti g hi h u 1 . I ym p c , u lik X ' Oeconomicus, 0 e f t m r f t w w y f lif f 1 r co equ tly th appr pri sk t t k a ciat d with th rna ag m t f urn i c mpl m t rity wit i wif I pi th t h mu f th iffer c t t s pa t hem, t t xts 11 s m mph a iz -m cI arly th th t f X n ph n- em d s mbling m i g t c ul be call t pri cipl f " ubI xual m p ly"; t t i , t Y s m t wa t t l c l IZ a w ol cl of xu 1 activity, b th f th m f r al I t m w y s t w m , I th marit 1 1 ti i p t b i g blig t , at I t I P u , h m
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1 66

Economics

1 67

k i plea u e wit y I bu .A te d cy m f r c tai ymm t y, t f ; a th privil g pi c , but p rh p fi m I g ju th Iy pi c f r m lly cc p bl xu I r I i . Howt xt h w h t it w ul cl rly v r, i g ft b ml k pr j c t t m r tr p ctiv Iy pri cipl f "r cip c I xu I fi lity" lik the t t rv a a juri ic -m r I pill f i t r f rm f m trim i I pr ctic . text , t e bligati n th hu b nd The fact i that i 11 th 1 u th r c mm ati th t i mad im, t b m t th x t f aVI g t r exu I p rt r but w wif i t ult f p r al c mmitme t mig t m ke wit r p ct t her; i i the r ult f p Ii ic I PI t lC f gul ti t i imp ed by fiat i ec law , r-i th ca e f I cr t u r A i t I -by th ba hims If thr ug f lib r If-limi ti f i P wer.
9

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T u , wh it i tipul t i th Laws that h ul th g f w tymar y at t pr p r g (fo m , b tw flv a thirty-five), b g t childre i t b st p ible c 1tio , a d t av I ti -wh th i a m a w m -wi h marn g p r , all y th r h i ju cti tak th f rm, t f v lu tary thic , but f a c rciv r gim ti ; It 1 t u th t t u h r r mark v ral time n th ifficulty f I gisla i g i this ar a a d me m ur t ke th f rm f a th esirability f di c Iy i c f i or er a d wh r th gr ate t umber i I g capable f m der i I I a y ca e, h f thi m ral c d ar alway ir ctly ef rr d t th principl eed f he sta e, an v th i rn I dema f he au h i , t f mily, r rna ried lif : h uld b ar i mi that h g mar i g i the ne th t b efit th city i f r th k f th I tter th t h c ildr n ug t t b "th bl t a b t p ibl ."2 U i s t at-wit r p ct t pr p ti b ficial h t -sh ul b i ta c f th
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1 68
6

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Economics
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1 70
mul ti ns. Ace
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orbidden to a married man. At any women who are "free" and of "good birth" are f rate this is how Dies translates the passage. Robin interprets the text as meaning that this law applies only to free

Note that, at least in the first f ormulation of the law, Plato seems to say that only

men of good birth."

Economics

171

fp I juri dicti n , nd in t fin nei I affairs, in m tt t bli h d r tabli d wit th g d lati n h ha phrosyne. I m der ti , w IC f r Ign p wer ; 13 n xt, is so t i g but th c ntr I f xu I sp k f a if it w r xpl ins t f rm and r aso f t IS m dpI a r . And ti n m dir ct c nn cti n wit t v r Ign ut nty x CI in I C ntry. T e l t C nsideratl n v k s e ne rn i Ii eage and c ity f b tardl ac t t e n claim t di tinct h n f bl blft nd t c tl ity f g al gy t t c n be t e d all t e way back t t e g ds: "N r was I f th arne mind a m st kmg in g d t t b g tung f c tId . I f did n t t ink I uld v m c tId by w m r t at h mbl r stati n d t e by ne f ig e degre , pr g ny f I s uld I v ft r m ba t rd pr g y, w II I gitlmate birt ; but t at all my children s uld be bl t g back t r gh t sam f t r d th me tr c t elf Ii m t r t Evag r , my f t , am g m rt I , t t A m ng t d mig d , nd t Z u m ng t g ds, nd eid t at t f t c ild en p u g fr m my 1 s s uld b c t d f t is n bl Igm. "14 An t a n f Nic cl t b m d r t t d Wit t e e ntm Ity nd m g ity b tw n t gOY m nt f Id. T i c tinUity i d fi d in tw t t nd t at f Id r p ct II w y : by t pn cipl t t n CI ti th r ; t (komoniai) th t n ha f rm d Wit Nic cl d m w p ct th I t r t w t t b hk t c mmitm t b t b v b dly t w d wif , d spit t lif I g ci ti (koinonia pantos tou biou) t y v f m d Wit h : I C n d s t f I blig d t ff r y ' wif , m t t m k h r s ff a y b rt fr m that e J y ; th ki g w WIS t c s f t pI b j st m t b s wit i als t I w Wlf . 1 5 B t t c ti ity d a ki d f isom p i m b tw t g d d t t o ld ig i the mo a c 's h d rt t dt s Id pr v i1 in is g ve m t: "If ki gs a e t r I w 11,
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172

The Use o f Pleasure

2 2 3

t y m t try t pr s rv arm y, t Iy i t tat v r w ic they Id d mi i , b t al i t lr w Ids f ab d ; f r aIl t s t i g a e t w ks a d 1 t ir plac f t mp ra c a d j tic T li k b tw m d all a d p w t at NIC cl s r g o t th text IS C C IV d primarily a a s e fr t t hal latt ip b tw e d mI I v r t d domi ion V I f, f 11 wi g th ge I p i cipl t t w s t t d 1 t e di c rs dd sed t Nic cl : "G ve y rs If I s t y r bj ct , dc Id t at y ar i t ig e t y lav t pI a ,b tr I V r s a ki g w pe pI . " 17 As f t is y r desl e m re firmly t an v y elf-rna t y s a m I p c ditl f r leadmg others, NIC cl s t t t by p vi g t t h It: lik s rna y ty a ts, he as t sed i p w t P ss ss imse1f f t r a b ml df I f h w WIve d c tld n by f c ; m aU c d m a t t ir p s s d t i p g y d f w fte p Ii tical cris a d r v luti rigl t d in abuses f t i nat re;18 * he a ther f r t k n th gr at t car t void c r p ach s: 0 c c a g im wit aVl g had phy ic I I tio "wit yp r t rt a IS wlf " fr m t tim h to k t P m ffic . 20 Nic cl a m s s f r b i g m d rat , w v r. Fi st, h w ts po ihv t is d s t t b a xampl t I f II w citiz ; d btl t Y t P achc m an th t xp ct t bita t f 1 C the s m xu I f it f 1 s s he; it IS likely t t e i t ds t m k ag i l of It; th trictn s f IS m 1 sh Id b d st d ag ral i vit ti t b vi t 0 s d a mf 1 t t m del sta di g agam t t laxIty t t is alw ys t m ral T I P i clpl f a g a al gy b tw st t f t p I C a d th f t P pI w s lI d d t i t phrosyneJ add es t Nic cl s: "Let y r w self-c tr 1 [so stand a a xampi t the st, r allZl g t t t m s [ethos] f t w i t t r c pi d f m it I L t it b
3 6 8 4 1 6 6 0 3 1 2 2 1 1 0 4 0 4 1 6 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 8 4 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 1 8 4 6 3 1 9 2 2 3 6 0 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 6 2 8 4 6

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We may note that lsocrates does remark on the people's forbearance for leaders who take their pleasure everywhere but still govern justly."

Economics
9

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9

m k it cl a th t 1 vi t i not just matter of v r, It f i g (/ogismos) s w II: co set r b t a q tly, 1 g d b VI will t b d to c ce or C1rc msta c ; It will b d lib r t a d c sta t. , t p i c ' m d ti , t st d i t m st z rd us T x rei f r a,a d r d by t C t1 f it ah t r ier s V t ba is f t f c mp ct b tw a d t r i d: t latt r c b y im, s i g t t is mast r bject ' b di c , si c it f 1m elf. 0 c d m d t i wa t d by t pn c ' virt . T e p I C i i d d c p V r ot r by m a s bl f m d ti g t p w r x rei tabhs s v r ims If. T is i i f ct ow f t mast ry t p sag ds w r Nic cl s, vi g fi i d t iki g b ut him If, d aw w at id i rd r t x rt is I V P k at m s bj ct t b y him: "T r xc e I gt ab t my If . . . i t t I mig t I v y f n t d i g willi gly d z I Iy w t v r I cou s i d c mm d. "25 Th P I C ' el 11 ip wit im If a d t m 1 w 1C f m 1m If t ical bj ct ar t f t P litic I tr ctu ; 1 a t rity imp rta t c mp i part f it, c t ibuti g t its s lidity. T pri c , t , m t p actic a c Sl a d x CIS im elf: "T r f r , t I te is s calI d p t trai 1 b dy s 1 k1 g t t i l; f t il t P blic f tiv l i t w rid if r a pric c mpa re ki g striv v ry d y rab] to t f r which y w 26 of y r liv " *
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A f th Economlcs ttnb t d t Ari t tl , w ar awa f t diffic lti wit p ct t t d te f it c mp i d II i rat r g tio . Th t xt t t f rm B k I r lly r c g ized a b i g fr m t "ng t p ri d"-eit r edit d t w k fr m n te by 1mm di t diseipl f A i t tl of ne f the v ry fir t g erati f P rip tetIc I yc s , w ca 1 v id t thi d pa t f r t m m t, r t ] t
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*The theme of the prince's private virtue as a political problem would merit a whole study of its own.

Econom ics

175

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1 80

The Use of Pleasure

2 1 3 4 2 4 2 4

q it cl t t p :t b d' r sp ibility fX i t m r I t ammg f i sp e d th critlC1 1 f ad m t (kosm esis) m dacity tb d t ick y th t m t p n 11 w d t c m betw n p u e . But w rea X appr p iat tyl f r a h b d' m d ti mak t v1g1lant a d W1se rna t r f ld, t Ari t t 11 n text m ltif n u i t r ctl ft s m t plac it W1t i t Id g ve n relati f dllf r t f rms f j stice t at ci ty. m 1 d ubt difficult t 1dentlfy xactly w ic exual It 1S pr ctic s t t r f t Economics w ld 11 w f rb1d the hu ba d w W1 d t c nduct ims If pr p rly. Ev , it d mt tt b d' m d ati -w t v it prec1 f rm-d es n t d riv fr m the p r anal b d b tw t sp u d t at it i t imp d im i t same w y t at trict fa1t fulness ca b r q ired of t wife. fp w a d It 1 i t e c t xt f a q 1 di trib ti functi s t at t e u band has t pnvil g i wife; a d it is i te e t a d wlsd m t r g a vol tary ttlt d -ba d -t at e will be abl , a one wh k w h w t rna ag a ist cr tic a t ity, t judg w t i W1 g t ac i dividual. Th usband's m derati n i t i ca e is still a et ics f x ci , b t t i t ic is c c iv d p w r t at f th form fJu tic . This i a negalitanan a d f rmal way f defim g t e a s clatt b tw n usb d and wif nd t pI ce that t ir resp ctive vlftues ug t to av 1 t at a SOCl atlO L t s t f rg t t t t i way f t 1 ki g ab t m it I r lations dId n t i t e Ie st exclud t e kind f 1 tensIty t t f f i d ip. T e Nicoma w s ack owl dg d I r 1 tl chean Ethics bnngs t g t r all th s lements-justice, i eri t c atic f rm f g V me t; a d It i qualIty, VI t , t tu e f t e t r ug t em that Anst tl d fin s t e pecI 1 h b d's f I d ip f hi wif ; t is philia bctw p "is t e sam as t at whIch IS f u d in rist c acy; f r it I i cc d c wit xc lle c -t b tt gets m fw is g d, a d ac g t w t b fits im; d s , t , with t e
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relations between husband and wife are defined in a way that is rather similar to what one finds in Plato. The obligation to procreate will be lifted when the parents risk being too old: "from that time f orward we must regard them as indulging in inter course for reasons of health, or for some similar cause." As for adulterous relations of the husband with another woman or the wife with another man, they will rightly be regarded as a disgraceful action (me kalon) "in whatever shape or form, during all the period of their being married and being called husband and wife." For reasons easy to understand, this offense will have legal consequences--atimia-if it is com mitted "during the period of bringing children into the world.""

1 82
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1 84

The Use of Pleasure

1

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1

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1
A Problematic Relation

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1

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1 87

1 88

The Use of Pleasure

r e tly b m d t im, g d d irr pi ifi t bl f t I Id t fri d, b t im, d m k i p f t t if h br ug t t m u d t sl v m I d b u y, it ur d f ? "2 W Al ibiad w t f t f m ki d i t di ti ti t t e l tt , w i w , s Bi t B rysth it put it, "t t i is d Ies ene u b d f m t i wiv , d y u g d w w Yt m t WIV f m t ir u b d . " J w t d t w t at m w IfC v r Iy, if t II d, i w id f Im- PI to id i gI u um4-t t w bi t b t i f m fT i n wit ,t b y dw m Iik ; d, p ddi g t X va t g t Cyrus saw in elyi g o u ue s f r urt e vic p ble of if di g t wa t at t y w r i f it b y . 5 S it s m d t P opl t f t e tw w m r, d he i eli 1 S ne w n m r Iik ly han uid ily xi t i t m i dividual. tw W t Gr ks bi xu 1, t ? Y , if w m by i t t , b u Iy i tu m d f Gre k uId, imult b y r girl; that a marri d m e uld av paidika; th t it P ef f w m mm f r a m 1 t g t w af r "b y-I vi g " i Ii ati i y ut . But if w wi t ur t ti t t way i w i t y u eived f t i du 1 p ti , w dt t k t f t t t t t y did t g iz tw ki d f "d i , " tw diif nt mp tat pp i g "d iv ," claimi g fm ' W a t lk b ut th i "bi xu lity," thi ki g f th tit Ie t y all w d t m Iv b tw t tw x , but f f t mt i pI wa t f d t a du 1, mbiv 1 t, nd "bis xu 1" u tu e d sir . T t i way t inking, m r w m w imply w t mad it p ibl t d i t pp tit t tu ad impl t d i m ' a t f "b au iful" urn b i g , w t v t i s x mig t b .6 Tru , fi d 1 Pau a i ' p th Y f tw 1 v ,7 se d f w i -U ia, t v ly 1 v -i di t d x Iu iv Iy t b y . Bu t disti ti t t i m d i t
0 6 0 9 9 1 0 0 2 5 1 4 3 2 9 5 4 3 2 0 2 6 9 0 0 2 9 0 2 0 2 4 0 5 4 3 1 0 3 0 7 0 2 4 2 7 2 0 4 3 2 5 0 7 3 2 0 3 1 4 1 3 0 1 4 0 5 3 0 4 1 4 0 7 0 5 4 0 3 2 0 5 4 1 1 0 6 9 0 3 2 3 1 5 4 3 9 0 6 3 0 0 2 9 4 0 5 2 3 7 1 1 5 4 0 1 5 0 5 7 7 9 1 7 5 3 2 6 9 1 6 1 4 2 0 5 8 2 3 2 1 7 4 0 1 0 7 4 0 2 7 4 2 1 9 0 4 5 0 0 2 2 4 0 4 3 2 6 3 5 1 4 0 5 0 3 2 7 2 3 2 1 7 2 6 4 0 0 3 5 1 4 0 4 3 2 6 3 1 7 0 3 0 1 7 0 2 6 0 1 3 4 4 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 0 9 1 7 5 1 0 8 2 3 3 2 1 4 2 3 3 2 2 9 1 6 9 0 5 7 7 9 9 3 1 2 5 0 7 8 4 2 4 0 2 3 2 0 1 2 3 2 7 5 1 5 0 2 8 1 3 4 1 3 2 6 1 0 7 2 0 2 7 2 9 9 1 5 7 1 0 6 1 4 1 7 4 0 2 6 2 0 8 4 2 5 7 7 7 4 0 1 9 1 3 5 0 3 4 4 0 0 0 7 9 2 2 1 0 7 6 4 0 4 1 7 1 5 1 0 4 0 5 1 0 7 1 5 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 8 1 4 0 3 1 6 6 2 8 1 6 1 2 3 1 8 1 0 0 8 8 4 0 1 8 4 0 2 7 8 1 9 1 0 2 3 9 1 0 3 7 4 0 3 2 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 2 4 0 7 0 3 0 0 2 6 8 4 3 4 2 2 0 9 1 3 2 7 0 1 3 1 5 7 5 7 0 0 6 2 1 5 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 2 7 1 4 0 2 2 3 9 1 1 7 1 2 0 1 9 4 2 7 0 1 2 5 0 5 0 6 9 0 1 5 1 0 7 8 0 1 1 6 7 9 6 1 6 3 6 4 3 1 4 0 3 4 1 8 5 7 1 2 8 0 6 1 6 1 4 0 7 4 4 4 0 9 9 1 7 9 1 4 3 2 5 2 9 9 0 0 6 0 0 1 2 0 7 4 1 0 1 0 2 9 4 2 4 0 6 1 5 0 9 1 7 0 1 7 3 1 0 3 5 0 1 0 5 0 1 5 9 1 0 5 6 0 3 0 2 9 4 7 2 3 4 2 5 0 1 0 6 3 4 0 5 3 1 5 2 0 0 3

Erotics

189
1

b
0

w
0

4 0

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0 1 3 7

xu I I v
2 1 0 0 0

da
4 7

m s xu I love; P us
1 0 2 2 2 0

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3 1 5

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5 1

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3 0 0 0 7

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8 1

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1 0 9 0 7 2 7 1

4 8

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0 2 1 6

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1

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3

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1

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0 0 2 9

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8 8

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0

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3 1

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4 0

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2 6

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7 8

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6

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4 1

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3

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1

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7 0

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3 0 6 9 9

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5 1

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3 1 7

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4

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7 1 7 6 1

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3 1 7

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1 90

The Use of Pleasure

wi t e be uty f y f It c mm c w m girl or the charm of b ys, men of various ages kindled the m would r ri u I v -I v t pp ti f pI u I k f i w m , th r i y u g m T b u , th P f r f rb y girls w ily r gh t r t ait: m c uld b di i guis d by iz d m t f d fi l l m tt f t pI u t y w t c uld u t tm t, t m f top I gy I d i If t urn u 1 v Ivi g t individu I' v ry tu , t f i d si , r tur I I gitim y f hi pr dil i . P pI did v t f tw di ti t appetites 11 tted t differ t i the ti dd wit c t 1 t m uI; t r, dividu I ' pI u , fw 1 w t y aw tw w y f j yi g t i i dividu I rt i p ri d f xi m uit d t itut j ym t f b y .T d f w m did t c whic individu I c uld w I ifica ry t g i s b tw b di ibut d; m w p f r d paidika did t i k f im If b i g "diff t" f m t w pu u d w m . A for t oti ns of "tol n " r "i I r c ," y w uld b complet ly i ad quate t ccou t f t complexity id i g. T I v b y w ft P m w t ly permitt d by "fre " pr cti i t e s t t it w s), it w ac pt d 1 w ( x pt i p i ul ci urn by pi i . M r v , it f u d lid upp t i diff r (milita y educati aI) i stituti s. It h d ligi u guara te s i d f tival w r t p e i f t divi P w s it wa 1 v k d it b If. 12 A d fi lly, it wa a cultu 1 1 h t j y d th P tig f w I lit atu ha p s g f it a d b dy of eftecti t t v uc ed f r its ex el. Mix d i wit II t i , w v , r w r m quit I t itud : t mpt f r y u g m wh w t diff " y," t If-i e t d; disqualific ti f ff mi at d t ft m k d by A i t p m , w w * f t i m ful b avi di 11 w c ml ut
4 0 5 0 4 8 0 0 2 1 1 7 0 7 4 2 7 8 0 7 8 8 4 4 2 1 2 1 2 0 8 0 1 5 0 2 3 5 0 1 3 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 4 2 8 3 1 0 1 1 1 5 6 1 0 6 1 0 3 7 1 7 0 6 1 0 3 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 9 0 1 1 3 1 5 2 3 0 2 3 0 9 1 6 0 2 3 2 9 2 5 2 9 0 5 0 6 1 0 3 8 6 4 0 8 4 0 0 2 3 5 0 4 0 0 5 0 1 3 1 7 1 2 2 0 5 1 8 2 3 0 8 4 2 1 0 6 8 3 0 1 4 1 5 1 3 5 0 2 0 7 7 1 2 2 8 8 0 5 1 1 1 4 6 1 6 0 2 3 0 7 2 5 0 4 0 8 5 8 4 1 4 3 0 5 0 1 4 0 6 2 2 0 2 9 1 3 0 0 9 8 1 6 0 1 0 6 1 8 4 2 0 7 1 1 7 1 1 3 7 9 2 1 1 0 6 6 2 3 1 5 2 8 1 3 4 0 2 4 1 4 0 5 6 4 0 3 2 0 3 1 5 2 4 0 4 0 3 1 2 3 1 0 7 1 6 1 7 0 3 0 2 3 5 0 1 7 0 1 4 9 4 2 3 1 5 0 3 0 1 9 0 5 2 7 7 2 3 1 5 9 0 2 7 0 1 3 1 0 3 8 0 7 9 0 4 0 0 6 1 0 7 1 1 3 2 6 1 1 0 6 7 1 1 6 3 8 0 8 1 9 2 3 3 8 1 9 2 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 7 4 2 3 1 0 3 8 5 0 2 2 7 4 1 5 0 0 5 0 7 1 8 4 6 1 4 3 0 2 3 0 7 0 5 0 7 5 1 4 1 3 0 4 1 5 3 0 1 0 7 3 4 0 7 1 0 5 2 9 0 1 7 8 1 0 2 7 0 8 4 0 8 1 1 1 0 0 6 0 1 2 7 1 5 4 0 1 4 0 4 0 7 1 0 7 2 0 2 5 0 9 1 7 3 0 5 6 1 1 0 1 3 2 3 2 0 2 9 0 7 4 3 0 6 0 4 2 2 3 6 1 1 6 0 4 8 0 2 3 0 9 0 7 2 5 8 9 2 5 5 9 3 8 2 6 9 0 2 3 9 0 0 1 7 1 7 1 0 1 0 5 1 7 3 1 3 1 5 6 0 0 7 8 5 1 5 1 7 7 1 6 2 5 0 1 3 6 0 7 5 0 3 2 6 0 3 3 4 0 0 4 0 5 1 8 9 8 1 7 1 4 0 6 0 1 0 5 3 7 1 0 1 7 3 0 4 2 7 6 2 3 5 2 5 2 9 8 9 0 8 2 0 6 1 0 0 5 0 3 0 1 2 4 1 0 0 5 5 0 8 8 2 6 1 6 2 1 5 1 6 4 2 1 4 1 9 4 0 6 9 0 0 6 2 4 3 4 1 0 0 5 8 4 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 5 0 7 8 2 8 0 3 2 9 1 6 0 1 1 6 0 7 1 0 5 0 1 1 0 2 3 1 5 1 1 3 0 7 8 5 0 3 0 2 2 1 7 1 0 0 7 0 0 7 4 1 0 5 0 3 1 1 0 6 1 9 0 5 3 1 4 2 7 0 3 2 7 4 0

-For example, Cleisthenes in the Acharnians or Agathon in the Thesmophoriazusae.

Erotlcs

191

st ft t m i s, w i suc C Hiel s c uid 0 b r s of p c , a d t t lk bout d spit is b ld ss d plai w ich h s w th pr f h t v ry pI ur uld b d bi * I d d, it ms is p c i g d th ugh i wa c mm d a c pt d-was sur und d by ubje ed i te pI y f div rsity fjudgme t , t t i w c mpi x t mak e d g IV ppr i I p I IV t at g V r d it diffi ult t d iph r, A d h w I wa s f is c mpi xi y t im ; I s, h t is wh t em rg s fr m the p s age i Pausa ias' spe ch where ws w a d i i k w if p pI i Ath r I a d, i w s f V r f il 0 hat f m f I V , 0 ig Iy-t ccep ed 0 w ll-b tter till: it wa V lu d I ki d f be vi r t p f m 1 1 V w r c e w r judg d t b f 11y r di ty r d w i 1 , t e ubborn t pa t f y ne el e: e pr yers, d, t d w i g , 11 t eir fal V w , But 0 t e th th r f h r k t P t t Ir f m 1 v ff i , w t ey d m d d t a ut rs pr v th m fr m ccurri g, pi g d rf r rd b y ' c mrad i g u I ti hip Y Simpl Ii ear m s do ot able u t under t d th i gul r ki d f a e ti p pi of t f urt c tury g ve t t l v fb y , W d t t k up t e qu ti th s f "t I r ce" t w rd f e h, usi g t rm t er th "h m xu Ii y," A d i t d f yi g d t mi t x ( if we t I t r w fr i i t G t t t w i were d aling with an unvaryi g experience uniformly subi m f p s i t at g i t u f t di g m tim ) , it w uid b m w rt w il k w di w t f rm t pi a ur j y d b w m w pr bl m tic, H w did p pi t i k f it i r I ti t m Iv ? Wh
4 2 4 2 8 1 4 0 2 2 8 0 4 9 9 4 2 0 1 7 8 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 4 1 7 0 2 7 6 7 0 3 3 0 0 4 7 4 0 2 2 3 0 1 1 8 2 8 7 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 9 1 0 1 1 2 6 4 1 6 1 5 2 0

" Socrates. The life of the catamites (ho ton kina idon bios) isn't that strange and shameful and wretched? Or will you dare to say that these people are happy if they have what they need without restriction? -Callicles: Aren 't you ashamed to lead the discussion to such things. Socrates?""

192

The Use of Pleasure

specific questions did it raise and what debate was it brought into? In short, given that it was a widesprea practice, an the I w in no w y con mned i , d it a t c ion w commonly recognized, why w s i t e objec of peci 1- n especially intense-mor I p eoccupation? So muc 0 that it was inve te wi v lu , impe iv , dem nds, rul s, vice, ion h w e s num rou h y w re mn exho ph tic nd singul To pu t ings in very c m lC way: we n now ays pie ur , w en t y caro hink h t P c ice im d ne out betw en two p rtners of t e rn ex, r gOY n sir who uc ur i p r icul r; but w gr -if w by r " 01 r n "-th t thi i a on to f h m t mor I t n r , to ay not ing of legisl tion, iffer nt f om th on h i s d by 11. W focu u qu ti ning on th ingul rity of de i t t i not direct d t w d th ot r ex; n t the m tim , w affirm that this type of relation should 0 b as ign I s v lu , no giv n a p ci I u . Now, i se m h t h Gr ks hough v y iff n Iy bout t s things: they believ th t the same esire att c e to nyt ing a w i ble-boy 0 gi I-subj c 0 th con ition h h pp tit w nobl t incline tow rd what w mor b utiful n mor onor bi ; but th y also hought h t thi si c 11 d for particul mo f b h vior wh 1 m pi c f r its If in I ions ip b tw n two m Ie in lVl uals. Th Greeks coul not imagine that a m might iff n n tur - n "0 he " n tu -in 0 lov m n; but th y w indin 0 think th t t o pI asur s 0 njoye in suc relations ip ought to be given wh n n thic I fo m iff nt fr m t e on th t w s equi I this rt of I tion, th pie s it cam to loving w m P son w exu es i not v al an lien nature i t m d speci I stylistics. p i ced them; bu t i us f ct th t mal I v s we t And i i bj c , in Gre k culture, of a w Ie agitate pro uction of i eas, obse v tions, k rt n i cu ions conc ning th fo m th y s ul
9 9 3 7 3 9 0 5 3 2 7 5 4 3 5 8 7 3 5 6 5 8 7 3 3 9 3 4 6 7 7 9 5 6 3 0 7 4 3 5 0 7 3 0 8 9 3 9 4 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 0 4 3 0 7 3 7 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 4 5 6 3 7 6 0 3 5 5 0 9 3 9 5 5 5 3 4 3 5 7 3 0 3 5 3 7 0 6 6 0 3 4 0 9 0 3 6 7 3 0 7 3 0 0 4 0 9 3 9 0 0 7 0 7 5 4 5 0 7 3 5 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 5 0 8 5 3 7 7 2 1 5 3 4 0 7 4 0 0 4 5 0 1 8 3 7 3 9 3 9 7 6 3 3 9 0 4 0 0 5 3 5 7 6 3 4 0 3 0 7 1 4 0 7 1 0 7 3 3 7 4 0 6 3 7 0 1 3 4 0 6 0 7 3 9 3 7 8 0 0 0 2 5 0 7 0 9 3 0 7 0 4 3 0 4 0 7 0 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 0 7 5 3 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 4 9 0 4 0 5 3 6 0 0 0 9 3 9 3 6 9 3 6 5 6 5 8 7 9 0 7 4 8 4 4 0 5 5 0 9 5 3 5 5 0 3 0 0 8 7 0 4 6 3 5 9 8 8 7 0 0 3 3 9 0 6 3 0 0 5 5 3 7 9 0 4 0 3 0 3 3 4 9 0 1 0 8 0 2 5 3 9 0 8 8 0 1 0 3 4 0 8 5 6 0 0 0 3 9 9 0 9 3 2 2 0 0 9 8 9 0 4 0 5 8 0 8 5 4 3 4 0 4 9 0 4 5 0 3 3 0 0 4 0 0 9 5 3 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 9 6 3 6 8 0 4 8 9 0 4 0 1 6 0 3 4 4 8 0 9 0 0 3 1 3 2

Erotics

1 93
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Although

the texts often refer to this diff erence of age and status, it should

that the real age that is given for the partners tends to "fioat."" Further, we see characters who play the role of lover i n relation to some, and that of beloved in relation to others: e.g., Critobulus in Xenophon's himself." tIn the their eyes upon, adults

S ymposium. where he tells of his

love for Cleinias, whom he has met at school and who is a very young man like

Charmides. Plato describes the arrival of a youth whom everyone fastened and boys, "down to the very smallest. " 1 1
IS

tThere was the long cited example of Euripides who still loved Agathon when the latter was already a man in his prime. F. Buffiere notes in this connection an anecdote told by Aelian.

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0 2

f h
2 0

eI
3 8

ionship; i
7 0

fae , it was w at m
5 6 8

it valu ble
8 8 1 9 4 9

d i
2

co e iv ble. Beeau
3

of it, th
0 0 8 0

r lati
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ship was e nsi e e

2 9

po i iv
7 5 0

light, rna
9 4 0

subj et
1 1

f efleetion; a
1

w
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e it was
0 1

not appa ent, p ople s ught t t Ik

3 8

disc ver it. Thus,

9

ne lik d t
2

b ut
1 5 0 4

he r I tio ship of Achilles an

0 3 2 0 0 2

P t
8 4 1 2

clus, tryi g
1 8 2

t
1

d t
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mi
2

what diff re tiated them from he tw

1 6 8

e an ther
0

which of
5 4 0

d precede c
2 0 1 1

over th
1 2

other (si ee
2 8 1 2

Home 's t xt wa ambigu us

7 7 6

n this p i t). * A m Ie reIati

1 0 2

ip g ve ris
3 0 3 7 0

t
1

theo
4

tic I and m ral interest wh

8 2 0 4 2 1

it was
0 1

d 0
2 8 6

ath
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p
4

ou e d diffe e ee
9 1 0 1

n
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it e
6 4 1 1 9

SI
9

f the

t
6

es old s pa ating
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lese nce fr m man

2.
8

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0 1 8 3 1 4

pp
0

that the privilege accorded t

1

t is
6 8

p rtieul r type gogic I c

1 8 6 5 7 2

f elati
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ea
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b attributed solely t
0 1 2 1

t e ped 6 0 2

c r
0 2 0 2

f m r lists a d philos phers. We ar i

8

t e
6 1

abi of e i g
8 1 3 2

cl s
1 0 0

e
1 8

eeti
1

between t e Gr ek 1 ve
6 0 1 2 1 1 6

b ys
7 4

d G
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k
1

due ti
1

al pr ctiee a d phil s p ieal in8 4 2 6 9 1

t uetio . The st ry of S c ates i vites t is, as

1 2 6 1 1 1 1 4

es t e way
6 9

w ieh the 1 ve of b ys was e nstantly p rt aye

2 4

in
8

tiq
1

uity. I z ti
3 1 2

eality, a v ry I
0 8 1 1 2

ge c
1 6

text contributed t
1 1 6

the v I ri
8 0 0 8 2

and elab rati

7

f t e relati ns ip betwe n m n
1 0 8 1 1

a
9

l
0

e
0

ts. T
6

p il s phieal refl etion th t t

6 1

k it
8

s a

'Homer gave one the advantage of birth, the other that of age; one was stronger, the other more intelligent.19

1 96

The Use of Pleasure

0 3

m
0

c u lly
5 3 6 9

a
9 4 0

i
5

1 5

si
2

practic
0 0

6 8

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0

,
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7

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ther s xual
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8 1

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6

nt
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6

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old
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p
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2 0 0 1 2 5 6 0 7 0

bef re they w
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up by
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p
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c mplexity f u d i
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the
4

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7

of loving suc Ag s. But by

0

as t
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se that w uld be d vel ped in t e Mid Ie

1 6 9 0 1 6 0

s m t ken, t
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y wer s m t i g quit diff

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tf
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4 3 1 2 9

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i
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qu lify
8 0

fo

t e
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and of
2 2 9

y u g la y. T ey deft
8 1 8 0 0 8 1

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2 6 7 0

set
1 1 2

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5

tio al a
8

ppr pri t b h vi rs, m ki g t i r lati

8 4

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4 5 6 0 4 0

lly a
2

m
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ally
1

veri
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ded
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ality of w ich h s b e
4

amply d cum n
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d by K. J. resp ctiv
0 0

D v
1 0 4

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6 1 6

mutual b
6 1

VIO
4 1

a
2

t
6 2

st at gie th t b t
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partners s
3 1

uld
8

bserve i
7 1 2

r er to give
9 8 0

ei r l
4 0 3 8 2 8

i
1

s
8 1 4

"be utiful" f rm; th t i ,

8

et
6 2 0

t was
0 1

st
6 1

ti
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c lly

d m
2

lly v luabl . T ey
8 0 6 9 1 6 0

t
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mi
4 7

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r 1
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erastes a d t at f t
6

eromenos. The fi t w s in a p siti n f

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i i i tiv 2 5 8 0 6 8 1

was t
6 0 8

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oblig ti ns;
6

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2 8 1 2 7

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6

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make, servic s t
1

re der;
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7 1 0

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0 7 8

the eromenos; a
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8

xpec a j u t rew rd. Th

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th r partner, the
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ne w
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I v
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a d c u t d,
2 1 4 0 6 6 8 9

a
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to be c reful
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tt
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t
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easily;
6

Is
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t
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m gra ting his fay rs heedlessly and out of self-interest,

6 1

wit

ut testi g the wort

2 6 9 0 1

f his p
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tner; he must
8 1 4 6

Is
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s
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gratitu
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done f wit
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5 0

i
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c urtship p actice ti n between m

1 8 2

I ne shows v ry well that th

1 9

sexual r I 0 2 6 8 9

and b y

id
2 2

t "g

ut sayi g" : it
8

t
1

b
0

acc mp nied by conve ti ns, rules of conduct, w ys

1 1 8 1

Erotics

1 97

g i g ab ut it, by
1 2 1 8

w
6 1

game
1 2

f
9 7 4

lays a
2 2 1

bstacl s de0 0 0 2 1

sig
2 8

dt
1 0 7

pu
5 1 7

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6 0 3 4

t f cl
1 1 5 2

u e, a d t i t grat it i t
2

se i
4 6

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5

y
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was fully accepted, i

5 2 0

was
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4 6 2

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1 2 0

iff
8 4 9

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7 2 5 1 2

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se p

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1

s the pr ig
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6 9 7

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be t
1 6

the

i tinc i
1 0

t
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was rna e betwee this sexual be avi

1 4

4 8

n
9 0

all the t h rs w c nc
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1 8

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1 9 5 1

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hold, we saw a bi ary sp tial structur wh re the spac s f th

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tw
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pa t
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fully disti gui h d (th

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8

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1 1 0 8

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sium); but t at
6 1 2

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theme of i
4

nic c mplaint
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the part
8

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*In the schools. this freedom was supervised and limited."

1 98

The Use of Pleasure

0

with th t
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Erotics

1 99

i d u b i f h tut y l I t mp we e u b n g ve wif , divi uals, t e a , d h h us e ial que ti c c rn d t m dld; th t ti d d b w i xe ci i g p w . I t c e f th I ti ship with b ys, t t ics f pIe su s w ul h v t b i g i t play-ac oss ge diff ces-subtle w uld m k 11 w nc f t t at gi s r's fr m, fu , his r qui d c is bili y t.
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2
A Boy ' s Honor

I c mparis with the two gre t Symposiums, Plat ' s' Erotic Xe ph 's, and wit th Phaedrus, Oem sth r t r medi c . A f rmulaic p c , it i b t Essay ppe th c mium f y u g rna d a xh t ti d s d im. T i was i f ct th t Itt I fu cti f c mium , nd t e functi n t at Xenop llu e 0 in th Symposium: "i v ry ct f fta t i g C lli , y u a uc ti g im t t e i 1."1 P is I at t am 1m , c f m th f . Bu d pit th ba lity f th them d th i t tm t- ki f i ipi PI t i m-it i p ibI to i c v r f w trait t at w r ch cte i ic f e ISCOU s I v f "pI u " of t w y 1 W ic t qu ti w s p d within th m.
2 1 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 9 2 2 2 1 1 5 0 1 0 0 3 3 6 4 3 5 8 6 1 0 1 4 0 0 5 4 1 5 0 0 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 8 1 6 3 1 2 3 9 6 0 4 0 7 1 5 5 4 2 3 6 3 9 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 8 2 1 4 3 5 1 5 5 1 2 3 9 4 7 8 2 7 5 8 0 3 1 7 6 0 2 3 3 4 1 6 0 0 9 3 2 5 1 2 6 7 1 1 1 5 9 0 3 6 3 0 3 2 9 8 4 4 1 2 5 4 7 0 0 0 0 6 8 6 1 0 7 4 2 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 3 2 6 0 6 0 3 2 3 2 9 0 1 2 4 9 3 1 2 4 4 4 4 1 0 9 4 1 0 3 0 4 5 0 3 6 3 6 4 7 0 1 1 7 5 6 9 6 0 4 1 2 1 0 3 2 9 5 8 3 2 5 5 5 2 0 0 4 1 1 0 3 4 6 4 0 3 1 4 0 0

e pre ccupati nim tes the e ti t xt. It fi s xp IOn 1 v c bulary t t f c t tly to f aischyne, sh m . T ug ut th sp ch it i qu tio m w ic is b t t i wi h whic 0 c b t t br n e nd th f Ii g th t caus s n t turn away fr m it; m ful (aischron), it i a qu stio of t at whic i ugly i c t t t t t w ic i fi , or b t fi a d h bl . Muc is id, to , b ut that w ich ults i blame n t t at w ich b i g c t mpt (oneidos, epitime), as pp ho or a s to a g putati (endoxos, en timos). I 1 y c , Epic t ' dmir stat v y is bj ctiv f m
2 2 1 1 3 3 2 6 8 2 9 0 6 0 0 4 4 2 3 1 3 5 3 6 8 6 2 0 4 1 4 3 2 5 2 6 1 1 3 2 9 3 8 5 6 1 5 1 0 0 0 4 3 8 4 2 1 5 3 4 5 3 0 5 5 1 5 5 9 0 4 5 1 2 6 1 7 5 2 3 0 2 0 3 9 9 3 8 0 0 2 3 8 1 0 1 1 4 2 0 5 5 4 3 2 9 4 5 3 0 2 1 2 6 3 4 1 5 3 5 5 4 2 5 0 1 2 0 2 2 6 1 1 3 8 5 4 3 1 3 1 5 6 0 4 2 3 9 2 1 0 1 1 4 9 0 1 5 5 6 2 4 2 2 9 8 3 9 1 1 9 6 8 2 2 1 3 2 3 4 6 0 3 4 0 3 8 6 8 4 5 1 6 0 0 1 7 5 0 6 0

1.

204

Erotics

205
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w
4

Aristotle's

Rhetoric shows the importance of the categories of kalon and aischron

in speeches of praise.'

206
ve y w 11 i
6 2 0 1 1

The Use of Pleasure

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1 7 8 9 7 1

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med, exercised, and measured all at the same time. A few

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Erotics

207

that th boy's beh vio ssum d in this period of his life. In i g Epic tes, u r f h c mium r mi s im x that h will be put t the test (agan), a d th t the eb te will t slg at h x mlb dokimasia: 11 is wa t w atio upo whos completio you g m were e rolle m g t ephebi 0 ci iz s w mitt c tai magist ci . The y u g m 's c uc w i imp a c t to giv i , t e f c hat e I h t ev y s w i s qu lify i g very . Th t x s y i plai ly, m v : "I hi k . . . ha t city will ppoi t you to b i c g f som pa ment f r bu i ss, a d i p p r io tur I gif r m e co picu us i will ju g you y u one i et w rthy f gr at r r p sibiliti s and will th 12 " . m k ial f y u bili i
0 3 6 3 0 0 5 1 6 7 2 6 3 7 5 3 7 5 0 1 1 7 2 0 0 1 0 2 9 5 8 2 3 1 9 3 3 0 7 5 4 5 6 0 1 9 5 3 7 9 0 2 8 9 7 0 0 3 2 2 2 8 2 2 8 2 2 9 3 1 2 5 8 6 7 2 6 0 0 0 3 9 0 9 7 1 6 2 0 6 3 0 4 2 3 2 1 1 2 9 7 1 8 9 7 4 1 6 7 2 8 3 2 9 5 0 3 7 7 2 7 2 1 7 3 6 2 8 2 8 8 9 0 1 0 9 0 7 7 1 5 3 7 7 2 0 1 0 3 7 3 3 3 2 7 8 4 7 7 3 0 0 4 7 5 4 2 6 1 0 1 0 6 7 2 7 7 5 8 3 2 0 2 5 3 6 0 1 8 9 6 7 0 1 5 0 4 2 2 0 2 6 1 1 7 2 3 4 1 6 2 3 3 7 4 3 6 2 0 1 4 7 1 9 8 1 1 8 8 0 4 2 1 8 8 4 6 1 9 8 4 6 1 3 8 7 6 1 6 1 3 7 8 4

Wh t x ctIy w b i g t st d? A d with re pect to ype fb vio was Epic a upp w r w t Ii b twee that which w s h ble d that which was is gr c ful? T t p I t f milia p i fG k duc ti n: t d me r of t e b y (c refully voi rhawhic w alw ys f mat y thymia, t e luggi ig ); ' g z (i whic aidos, ignity, coul b ), 's w y f Iki g ( 't k t y pti f il e , bu b bl t mix i us t lk wit c u I lk); d t qu lity f o ' cqu i t ce . But it w s especially i the sp r f am us c uct a t is i c i b w w w bl w t w s m ful p ated. On t is p i t, w m y t fir f all t a ul gy f uth I I W at m k th t x b h I v d p ai f y u g m -en ICIZ t pI I t t f uit rs: would ti b y' h t th yst m tic j cti fil t lati i If (lymainesthai ub I s c r i I v t put them i th arne cl to; pragmati), but e should t s ml s w w m de I . Th xt t draw t e b u d ry line f h n r betw en t s wh spu w ace pt t m. F a Gr k y ut , a t ir uit
3 3 3 4 8 2 8 2 0 0 4 5 3 7 7 1 8 5 3 6 6 7 0 4 4 1 4 8 9 7 1 9 3 5 2 0 0 8 2 3 2 1 1 6 3 3 2 9 3 0 5 0 0 4 7 6 0 7 3 2 0 9 7 1 5 8 3 6 2 7 4 1 1 6 8 8 8 3 1 5 0 0 3 2 1 5 1 9 3 3 9 5 4 4 5 2 0 4 4 5 3 4 3 3 9 0 3 6 1 4 2 1 2 8 4 3 2 0 5 9 9 6 3 0 0 9 2 1 0 3 1 7 3 2 9 2 1 7 3 0 5 0 8 3 4 2 1 1 1 4 8 2 0 7 0 3 0 1 4 6 0 1 3 5 3 4 3 7 3 3 2 5 8 3 1 2 8 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 5 0 8 6 1 1 1 2 1 9 7 5 7 5 0 9 7 2 7 2 7 8 1 0 0 2 5 3 7 3 4 5 2 1 1 6 3 0 3 2 9 5 3 3 4 5 3 0 1 6 5 2 0 1 0 3 2 1 8 4 7 1 5 7 7 5 0 3 6 1 3 2 9 7 5 4 4 5 3 0 4 0 0 7 1 7 3 0 1 1 1 0 3 2 6 4 8 1 3 2 1 3 2 7 0 4 5 2 2 0 1 1 5 3 3 0 1 4 2 6 4 8 3 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 4 1 1 1 9 1 7 4 0 0 7 3 2 6 1 0 4 9 0 0 5 8 6 2 0 1 7 4 0

3.

Il

208
t
1

The Use of Pleasure

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Erotics

209

tion-th so phrosyne -th t i f th m jor qu litie r f boys clea Iy impli qui isc imi ti i p ysic I t p ibi t i f r fr m thi text the cts c t ct . But it is g u e th r w ul c mp l o t refuse. I ul is 1m st be te that i t Phaedrus th 1 ck f precisi t m i v I p m as g , v t ugh fully. T roug ut the firs tw sp eches the advisability f yi 1 I v r I v r, i g t f bl f t s ul i gt as a t am with its stive st ed a d it bedi t te , Plato's ws t t que 1 fw c sti u " r bl " t x practice is crud 1: y tt cts neve Ig d xcept lik " g ify" r " g t 's f v s" by xp si flV (charizesthai), i g" (diaprattesthai), " pos ibI pi u f m t b I v d, " " b i gr " ( pleithesthai), "t j y (apolauesthai). A w at w ic c i i t i yp f isc u ? Wi u ub , w ul t G k w ul h v f u it imp pe t t s m c II by m , i s w r Iy v gu Iy p c , hi g t allu d v i p 1 mic 1 w c u t a s . 0 ry t insi t di ti cim gi s, t , h t it w s h dly ec t w c mm k wle g : V y ne mus av ti bi m ful f r b y to c s t k w w i was l our . But we may al 0 r call a b e vati n t at was m discussi f i tetic d c n mics, w er it b cam pp n th m ral r flecti wa I ss co c wi p cifyi g b p cte d t Ii t f ct t at w p mitt c with cha ac lZl g a p hibit tha it wa c ce hip with s If th t was the typ of attitu , f 1 ti r qUt d.
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Actu lly, whil th t xt 0 n t i icat p ctic I P ct d a d the physic 1 bou daries th t f rm t t ar 0 b t t b c s , it t i t ig at t g I P i cipI th t d t mi e If in th se the w y t c duct ti ulogy f Epic t f m tt . Th t g i tic brillia c of th y u g rna c text i which th w rth
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210

The Use of Pleasure

must affirm its If through his sup ri rity ov r 0 hers. L t u quickly review th s m tifs th t wer f qu t i set T i ividual b i g ul giz i g t t sp ec off s him, d th w d ri k b i g I s b auti P is that ful t o o w m y a s ; h b y surpass s all ot e i physical and moral qu liti s; n t ly is gif but i co v s i n pI c him b v 11 m g all x ci s i w ic c xc 1, h c os em s bl , e m t w rdi g; is ul i pr p ed f r t di ti gui riv l i s f mbi i ," n t c "t himself by 0 e quality, e combines "all t qu liti s f w ic m mig t ju tly f I p U H weve , the me it f Epicr tes is t ju t i this abu c f qu liti s bl him ut rip II i ivai d bri g gl y t hi p r ts; 19 it Is c sists i the f c th t wit spec t 11 t ose w appr ach him lway maintai i ml w th; t all w im If b d mi t d by y f m; h y II w n raw im i t t i i im cyw d synetheia h s b g I m a I g f livi g t p cific m a I g f s xual 1 I -but t g t r sc da cy surpass s t em i such w y, gal s such ver t m t y iv II ir pI u f m fri s ip t ey f I for him.20 By yi ldi g, ubmitti g, m ini g th stro g t, triump i g v r uitors I v rs ug 's I C , ' firm s , ' m d rati (so phrosyne )- the young man proves his excel1e ce 1 the ph fI v I i Giv this g e al indic ti , mu t w 1m gl a pr CIS c d b t l gy- f mili t t G k -b c b tw tw p iti i t ci I fi Id (with t diff "the first s" a d th t er , t e g eat w 0 rule a t se va t ) w b y, m s t e h f m fs xu 1 lati s {wi ml d ub I at p si i , c IV a p siv r 1 , p ut by t m a ti c r I mu yi 1 , t u g by i pa t )? T yt 1 t thers get t e be t f t cc pt a subo inat p si io
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Erotics

211

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Erotics

213

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The Use of Pleasure

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Tra nslator's note . Foucault says here: "accusateur ou denonciateur salarie." The Greek Homosexuality , reads: "or take money for threatening false accusations." Dover notes that this disqualification is fictitious, a rhetorical maneuver by Aeschines.
relevant phrase from Aeschines' speech, as translated by K. J. Dover in Obviously, slander was not something that Athenian law explicitly condoned.

tK. J. Dover points out that what was punishable was not prostitution itself; rather,

it was the f act of violating the disqualifications that resulted from having been a prostitute. '

Erotics
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220

The Use of Pleasure

bj cts. A Arist p p ke ir ic lly f n A eman c c s fb i g h t the s mbly d m c cy wh r w re gr at t m a tast f pI sur s f his rt.7 I th s m w y th m pirit, Di g m e fun s fD m t s d the m Is he ad w i1 pret ndi g t be At P pl .8 Wh r (demagogos) f the 1 pI y 1 f ub r i t P r n r i t g m f pI ur relati ns, n c ul n t b truly m) t i th g m f civic an p litic I ctivi y. Th xt nt t whic t critici m nd ti s m y v be n justifi t Ii y mat e s littl . The e is t I t y s w cl Iy by t i m xist nc : m Iy, i g the difficulty caus , in this sod ty th t accept sexu I r lati n b w m , by t juxt p si i f an f m Ie superi ri y c c pi f 11 xual i c u i terms f th chema f p net i n mal d mi ati n. T co sequ c ft i w s t t t " c iv " d h h min nt I w s alw ys ssig positiv valu s, but n the ther hand it wa c y ribut t n f h p t r p iv , d mi at , inf ri r p si i in h xu I ct p bl m w n i inv Iv d w man And whil this was a slav , c w It r w i i v Iv m n. I i doubtless th xistence f this difficulty that explains both the ul s wa actually silence in w ich is reI ti s ip b w env I pe , and t e n isy isqualificati n f t s wh br k t is sil nc by d cl ring th i cc pt nc f, r r ther, th ir pref r nc f r this "sub r inate" I . It w als in view f this difficul y t t 11 t a ti wa c c t at h la i nship betwe n me a boy , si c in t i ca n f tw p th f c t t r , wi g t hi y uth a had n t yet attaine manly status, c ul be-f r a peri d that ev ry k w b bri f- n mis ibl bject f pi ur . Bu while b y, bec u f is p culi ch m, c uld b pr y th t m n mig t pu su wi h u e using scan al a t y w ul c m p bl m, n t k p i mt when w uld h ve t b a man, t ex ci e p w rs an
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Erotics
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1 2 1 3 2 1

In th fir t plac , h
0

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3 3

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3 4 1

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2

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4 0 1 4 6

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9

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2

11

m vement that carried

1 1

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1 3 1 8

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2 6 7 3 8

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3 7 2

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7 9 5

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9 2

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9

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9

222

The Use of Pleasure

I v . But th v ry p
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7 1 7 2 4 6

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7 0 4 6

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male in ividuals on the gr unds

4 2 3

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1

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4

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(akrasia),
vide
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4

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institutions t at ar
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or th

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pervert citiz ns' m rals. \0 Similarly, in the p s ag fr m B

VIII wh re he f res
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s the n ed-an
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ifficulty-of a law
1

c nc rning sexual relati ns, the have

7 0 1 6

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7 5

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2 5

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6

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6 0

(mixis aphrodision): in th "cour geou , manly i p iti n [to

2 6 2 0 2 0 8 0 3 0

te s andreias ethos J be f rmed? And in the seducer, w at w uld

nurtur
1

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f a m derate man"? "Ev0 0

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ne w
8 8 1

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3 0

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6 7 4

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the resemblanc in image of the * ti n f the f m 1 . " 1 1

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7

"four-f ooted beast" is said to be unnatural." "

*In the

Phaedrus.

the physical form of the relation where a man behaves like a

Erotics

223

Th pr bi m
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the fact t at t e b y
8 8 0

224

The Use of Pleasure

."17
2 9

"c mplied" and "grante ,his fay r that there wa s m thi g th r h

0 6 0 2 0 1 9 0 1 7 4

Th w r e a imp I " urr

3 0 6 6 0 2 2 3 2 1 5 6 6 2 1 4 9 4 6

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2 0 4 6 0 5

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0 0 0

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0 0 1 7 7 1 6 6 0

his fay rs"

thr ugh a m vern nt ha yi l e t a e ir d em n the part of the t er, but was t f t h arne ature. It was a r sp ns ; it was n t the sharing f a s nsati n. The b y was t supp ed t xperi nc a phy ical pi a ure; h w t even supp sed q uit t tak pl ea ur i t e rna ' plea ur ; was supp sed to f el pi as ab ut givi g pI ur t th oth r, pr vid h yi I wh h h ul -tha i , n t t hastily, r t relucta tly ei th er Sexual r lati thu d rna d d particular b havi r n t qu nc f th f c t th th b y part f both par n r . A c c uld n i ntify wi h he p rt h ha t pi y; h w s supp se t r fu , r is , fie , e cap . 1 8 H w Is upp t mak his c nse t, if e fi ally gay it, subj ct t c diti ns relating t h man t wh m he yiel ( i m ri , his atus, his vi rtu ) a t he b fi h c ul xpec t g i fr m him (a benefit that was rather shameful if it wa ly a qu sti n f m n y, but h n rabl if it i v Iv traini g f r man social c n ecti s f r the future, r a la ti g frie d hip). A d i fact i wa b nefi s of this kind that th I v r was suppo e t b abl t pr vi , i a iti n t th cu t m ry gif , which tatu c i rati s (a d wh s imp rdep ded m r tance an value vari with the c iti n f th P rtn rs). S t at t s xual act, in t e r lati n betwe a m n a a b y, n d d t be tak n up i a game f r fu als, vasi ns, n e capes that t d t P stp e it as I g as possible, but als f xch g th t . t rmin t h ri gh t time a d i a pr c th right c n iti ns f r it t tak place. xp ct t giv -out f ki dn an Thu , the b y w t f r i w pI asur -s m et hi g t at his part r h c nj y; bu the w ul sought with vi w to th pi sur ut a m tching ff r part r c ul righ fully ask f r i wi of presents, services, pr mises, a d c mmitments th t w re alt g h r iff r t i n tur fr m th "gift" that w s rna
0 8 5 0 0 3 2 5 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 2 0 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 5 0 0 3 0 3 2 3 9 8 5 2 2 3 8 3 0 3 3 1 6 0 5 1 4 2 1 0 3 3 0 1 6 1 1 6 3 6 1 9 3 2 0 6 7 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 9

Erotics
to him. Which
1

225
cy which wa
9 1 2 1 0 0 2 0

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5 6

ue Love

Er tics, as a purp s ful art f I v (the I ve of b ys in particular), will b ur t pic in this s c i a w II. But his time it will b tr a s a v I pm tal c xt f r th f ur h of h great aust ri y th m s t at hay ru t r ugh he f its hist ry i th et ic f pi asur v r the tir c ur W s r w rid. Aft r t r lati t t b dy a d t health, aft r the relati t wiv s a d t t i stituti n f marriag , and aft r th relati b y , heir fr e m a their virility-t r m tifs in t pr bl matizati f exual activ ity-I w ul like w t e n i r the r lati t truth. F r it f th m t r markabl a p ets f Gre k r ft c i n is 0 th I v f b ys that t Iy s it s w h w-f r r as s we have seen-this I v cons itute a s n itive p int hat rna ded an elab rati f b havi r a d a rath r d lica tylizati fth u f th aphrodisia. but it wa ar u this issu that th ques i of the r lati ns b tw th us f pleasur s and ace ss t trut was d v I ped, i the f rm f a i quiry int th natur f true 1 v . I th Christia n m d r cultur s th s sam qu sti s --oftrut , oflove, and of pI asure-were t b framed, rather, in t rmS f th constitu n el m ts f t rna -w rna rela ti ship: th them f virgi ity, f spiritual matrim ny, f he s uI-wife so n marke th shif from a ba icaIIy masculine by th erastes a h eromenos-t 0 e sc n --oCCUpl f th r lati ship by t figure f f mi i ity a d mi a betwe th tw s x * Muc la r, Faust w ul be a exam f pi asur a d tha f pi f th way i which th questi ace sS.t k wledg w uld be li k d t th th m f I ve f r
0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 7 0 9 2 3 7 1 3 7 3 6 4 6 1 1 0 1 9 0 5 7 3 0 3 0 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 8 3 9 8 0 7 8 2 0 3 1 0 3 3 9 1 0 2 3 0 0 9 3 3 7 3 9 0 3 8 3 3 0 9 0 8 3 0 9 0 1 0 9 0 3 5 0 8 3 5 0 0 3 3 3 0 9 7 0 0 2 7 0 7 3 6 0 9 6 8 3 3 0 8 1 0 1 0 9 0 2 0 6 9 0 0 0 2 6 3 3 0 5 0 0 9 3 0 3 0 2 3 3 2 3 0 3 1 3 7 0 0 9 3 0 3 0 0 9 0 0 9 6 0 3 8 0 0 0 3 0 9 0 3 7 6 3 2 0 7 6 1 9 0 0 9 0 3 0 9 3 3 7 3 2 0 9 0 3 2 3 0 3 2 0 9 6 3 3 7 0 9 3 0 1 3 3 9 3 3 0 3 3 8 0 3 1 0 9 0 0 9 9 0 3 3 0 0 3 9 3 9 4 6 0 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 0 9 8 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 7 3 3 9 0 8 3 9 0 9 0 9 3 3 2 0 9 0 0 0 7 0 0 6 1 7 2 3 3 3 6 3 9 6 7 3 0 5 0 9 7 3 6 8 3 2 0 1 9 9 9 6 0 3 3 0 9 3 9 3 0 3 3 2

Which does not mean that the figures of male love disappeared entirely. 1

229

230
w m
0 4 9

The Use of Pleasure

,f r
0 8 1 1

r virgl Ity,
5 8 8

r purity, her f ll,

4 4 2 0 5

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3 1 1 1

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8 1 1 0 7

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3 1 2 1

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1 1 5

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True Love

23 1

r wit t t of pI c h pr bl m ic f "c urt hip " a trut r f re c sp ch , el me t i asce i . I t es en ial: thr ugh h pr i f l v , f it pow r n it IVtn ity, qu ti fe s c m up g i gai : sh ul the y u g m yi I ? T wh m? I wh t co ditio s wit what guara t s? A c n th in ivi u I wh loves him ju im yi I a ily? A que ti n c aract ri tic tifi bly h p to s f r ics c c iv s n rt f give a d t ke be wee th e wh c urt an t e o e wh i c urt . It is this questi t at pp rs i t f rm f a ab lut Iy g ner I n amu ingly t u 01 gical pri ciple in th firs p ech f t e Symposium at Ag t ' hous : "s am [aischyne] at w t i isgr c ful [aischrois] f r wh t i d mbi i ble";2 but Pausa ia imm i t Iy t k up t pri cipl 1 a m r seri u w y, iff r tiati g b twe n tw v , h "wh s nly 1m 1 th i fac i n f i d sir ," n h o h r whic e ir s b ve all t t t h s ul. J W m y I t t i h Phaedrus t fir t tw speec -b h f which will be i mis , the fir b c mi g th obj c f n ir ic r capi ul ti , a t c , t at f a r p r tive f "to pali 0 -p e, ach i its wn way, th que i wh m ul yi I ? " ; that th y a swer t questi by saying h t n must yi 1 t the p rson wh loves. A d f all h firs spe ch s app al a c mm n hematic : h r it ry I v s t at i i t gr w t e b I ve com f ag , I vi g im tr d;4 th t f is r ble r lati s t at pI c th b y u r the mi ati f th I v r,5 c mpr mi him i y s f v ry , a ali at him fr m hi family r fr m h n rabl rei i s fr m which h c ul b fi ;6 h t f t f Ii g f i gu t d c t mp t e l v r mig h v f r t b y ue t t s ti fac i s th I tt r gra t im, r h f eli gs f h tre h y u g rna might xperi c f r th agi g rna w 0 imp isagr able relati s im; t at ff cts f t f mi i r I the b y i I to a urn , a t of phy ic I a d m r I et ri r ti t t t i ki f r la i ti n , be fits, i vit S;8 that f th f bur s m c mp
4 3 2 7 3 0 1 4 7 2 0 0 2 5 6 8 0 9 0 8 8 4 8 4 9 6 2 2 5 8 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 2 0 5 1 1 5 2 2 7 0 7 1 4 2 1 0 0 3 0 2 1 4 6 2 6 7 8 1 1 2 0 5 0 0 9 1 5 7 0 3 2 4 4 5 4 9 6 4 9 0 6 0 5 4 5 1 6 0 0 5 4 5 5 4 5 6 8 9 3 1 9 6 4 1 6 6 4 0 2 4 0 1 1 8 1 1 6 1 2 2 0 8 3 2 0 4 5 1 0 7 0 9 1 1 6 4 4 4 0 9 4 7 5 1 0 5 0 0 2 6 8 5 0 2 0 1 6 0 9 8 4 1 4 5 8 1 0 0 5 2 0 1 1 4 4 6 2 4 7 0 5 1 7 2 1 0 8 4 8 0 5 2 1 8 3 8 4 2 6 4 1 4 5 4 7 0 5 0 4 2 5 0 9 2 1 6 4 1 4 1 2 8 1 5 1 9 0 1 0 2 4 6 3 1 5 5 1 1 0 0 3 2 7 1 0 5 1 0 1 0 4 2 3 2 4 7 2 7 0 0 7 2 1 1 2 4 6 7 3 7 1 8 6 2 1 4 0 0 1 2 7 1 0 1 4 4 2 0 9 0 7 1 8 4 9 7 1 8 1 2 0 8 1 2 0 7 0 6 2 2 1 6 2 7 1 0 5 1 1 7 0 4 0 9 1 7 4 0 5 5 6 8 1 2 3 0 5 6 8 0 3 4 4 5 6 1 0 2 9 1 0 1 2 7 0 5 0 0 2 8 0 6 0 5 1 1 6 4 9 6 1 5 8 3 0 9 7 4 0 1 1 6 0 1 0 5 7 1 2 3 7 3 1 3 7 0 0 0 7 2 7 4 7 0 7 4 9 2 0 0 1 8 6 2 5 1 4 7 1 8 5 1 8 1 0 6 1 2 0 1 3 4 5 8 2 4 5 6 1 4 0 6 8 0 9 0 4 1 0 5 8 4 1 1 0 5 6 1 6 0 9 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 3 9 7 8 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 9 1 5 6 1 5 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 0 9 0 1 0 6 1 9 3 7 7 4 0 8 1 1 1 9 2 0 6 2 2 4 9 0 5 1 7 8 0 1 8 7 4 3 0 8 1 0 6 0 8 1 4 2 7 9 0 1 4 1 5 2 8 0 7 1 1 9 0 4 6 7 1 0 5 5 1 1 9 1 0 1 9 9 8 0 2 1 2 6 1 1 0 9 0 5 8

232

The Use of Pleasure

a
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True Love
aft r years they are the
3 0 1 3

233
h w any real manliness
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Iy me
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in public lif . " 1 1 In th ir y uth t ey gave t emselves to me because th y w r

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3 2 3 0

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234

The Use of Pleasure

b y is suffici mus I ev y ehm f its I yes " th b y nd the s ul physical im si s (whe mm , a s m ime, " i is t fi st t t will th n f di g f y uth c us s f i ship its If wi h w y); shoul f II w th x mpl f S e t s shu II c t et, ev t k f g th kiss s h e lik Iy hi r th s uI, c th t 's b y s 't uch t 's, s 't fe I its "bi ."16 I p sitiv ms, v ry I ti s ip must b b se . h c sti u t I m s f frie ship: b n fi s s VIces , ff s f imp V m t f h b y I V s, mutu I ff e i , p rm e t b st blish c a f n.17 D s his m th t f X ph ( f t S c t s th t Xe ph p rt ys) there sh ul t be a y eros betw e tw m , but Iy el i ship f philia? This is i f ct th claims t c g iz i th Spa ta f I I th t X p im, Sp t m wh w re at Lycu gus. IS Acc r i g tr c d h b i s f b ys we cl d "viI , " wh s p pI p is e ur g ul s wh I v "h es " hi g bu th s ul f y u hs a splr Iy b c m fri s wi h h m; s th t i Sp r "I v s w e I ss t we f hers wit es r i e i h i 1 ve f r child h i s s, b t s wi h r spec t h ir b thsp ct ers. " Bu i h Symposium, X ph glv s I ss sch m tic im g f is ivisi . H u Ii s c c p i f eros 1 s pI sur s ha w ul h v fri s ip its If as g I. F i s ip, ins f r s it impli s lif i c mm n, reciprocal attenm ti , ki ss t h , sh r f Ii gs, is a substitute f I v r s met i g that w ul tak v f m I I u tim . X ph m k s it th v y hi g I v s s ul b m d f: erontes tes philias, h s ys, mpl yi g c actenstlc xpr ssi th t m k s it possibl t s v eros, to m 1 i i s f c , bu wi h u givi g it c c c f m h b h vi r t a suIts f m h mutu I ap s ip. 19 f fri las i g ffee i PI t ic ics is c st uc v Y iff ly, ve if t IS I h famili r qu s i f h starting p i t f r fl cti
1 7 3 1 5 0 3 5 1 3 0 5 6 7 0 6 4 5 5 4 0 3 5 1 7 0 3 1 3 3 8 3 0 0 8 8 7 4 8 4 5 5 2 0 4 0 5 5 2 0 6 2 4 7 1 4 5 0 3 7 0 4 3 1 1 4 0 6 0 3 7 0 5 1 5 0 6 4 4

True Love

235

pI ee assig e aphrodisia in th I v r I ti . F r I f et Iy in Plat t kes up t ese tr Itl al qu sti s e t s w ow, i the as y r plies that ar giv to h m, t basic pr bl m is v I k . awe speee The first two sp ee es f the Phaedrus, f Lysias t e f eeti us sp eh f S e t s, a gue t at a w I v s im. Sue talk, b y s ul not yiel t t e t t 11 t trut : "F Is is t tale [ S erat s emarks, ea ouk esti etymos logos] w ic says th t bec us t e l v is rna a th -I v s ne e -I ve s ul be giv t p f nc w n n mig t ave a I v ."20 I c tr y f s i , an out f c cer t p ais I v inste f ff i g it, t begi i g sp ch s of the Symposium ss t t t it d s so i t ig t way, t a is fine t yi I P vi e bl I v ,21 that t e is t ing in ece t shameful i I , and that under t e law f 1 v "w e t e is mu ual c sent the e is w at t law p claims t b ig 1. "22 T se s t make speech s ar m e sp ctful f I v , but that IC m any m r etymoi tha t s f Lysias a d is i fault-fi e in t Phaedrus. s of Di tima, repo te In C unterp s d t them, th w t e Symposium, and t gr at f ble f t Phaedrus, ars ise u s s etymoi: true r t d by S c t s ims If, stan r lated by t i igi t t ut t a t y ise u s s, tell. W at mak s th m such? H w t y iff r t f m th pan gyrics r disqualifieati ns that prece e t m? T iffe e ce is n t i t e f c that Diotima Soc a es m ig r us r m r us e t n t e t e i I cut s; t ey I te n t pp se t ese t r sp ec s b c us t t ace mmo ating, maki g t muc 11 w c f t b dy Iy t pI asu s i a I v t at s uld b ir cte tP s t s uls. T y set th ms Ives pa t b caus t y t p bl m in th sam way; t y car y ut ce tai umbe f b sic t a sf rma i s a d ispl c m s wit g r t th game f qu s ions t at we t a iti I i iscussi s b ut I ve.
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236

The Use of Pleasure

1. From the question o f amorous behavior to an inquiry into

the natur o f love.

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True Love

237

ch r ct ris ic ruth ly if at trut is s ugh i i s tu t in i s bj ct. S It IS c ss ry t I av fi' 1 ki g about t b I v n ir ct n 's inquiry to the n wh loy s (to eron), qu sti i g him i his w c .26 Th 1 1 s m thi g will b in t Phaedrus w , r plyi g t t first tw c u t r-p n gy ics, S crates makes his I ng d t ur via th t y f s uls. But as a r suit f t is isplac m t, isk f b ing n th isc urs on 1 v will hay to f c t ing m r than an "e c mium" (in the comp sit form f prais b 1 v ) ; i will hay t t r ss b t l v sp ak- s in t e Symposiu m- f t "in erm di te" n ur f I v , th fici ncy t at c a act riz s it (si c it s n t p ssess t b au iful t i gs that it d sir s), t pa ntag f c triv c , f ign r c a k wI g fr m p v rty w ic it is b r ; it will ais av t speak, as i t Symposium, f t way i w ic f rg tful ss m mb c f th supr c lestial visi n mix d i 1 v , n 1 ng f r a f sufi' i g t at will I d it fi lly t its g a1.
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2. From the question of the boy's honor to that of love oftruth.

T s y, as Di tima d s, t t it is b tt r t tur 's th ug ts bj ct th 1 ving p incipl fr m th b I v s t mea qu sti f he obj ct is no long p s : t c t y, th w Ie d vel pm t th t f II ws t t b sic f t mul ti n is v t t rmini g w t is 1 v wh is love. But as s n as n undertakes to sp ak f I v in a disc u s that aims t d fi e its natu inst a of p lSI g t t w ic on 1 v s, t qu sti f th bj ct will b p s 1 ifi'e ent t ms. In t t aditional d bat , th starti g p i t f qUI Y w s Sl of t I v bj ct its If: giv w t th P s t was, n w at he w s supp sed t b -t e w m o l v b auty n t nly f his b dy but f his s uI, t duc ti t t d , t f , n bI , rna Iy, n c u ag us c a act r h must acqui e-what form of I ve was h orable, f r him a d f t I v r? It w s sp ct fo t b I v d, f his r I
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238
n
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True Love

239

is f u i " ccup i s," " ul s f c n uct," " scienc s," g z s t 1 st up "t v st t m ti is c ti u us, u til s m 1 s f r Phaedrus. c f b uty."27 A While it prais s t c urag p rfee i n f s uls wh h v , 1 S t P mis pu is m f r s w yi I t rt p il s p y, I 1 g lif v t t 1 hems Iv s b t k n by surpris , s h , carrie w y by 1 , t Y c nce t "c mmit t t i g." N ub , P SSI m m t w t ir s uis I v t i b i s, ir liv s r b 1 w h ving run h i r c urs , t ey will fin t ms Iv s withu wi gs (u lik w t pp s s w v r m i "m st rs f ms Iv s"). S y will b c mp 11 t v Y g i t un rw rid; t tw 1 v rs will cc mp ny n v yag b av s, u til y in tu n r c ive wings, "bec us f h ir 1 ve."28 F r PI t , i is n c r c nz s ru 1 v m fu xclusi f b y m nt 1 way; it is r r t t, b y t app r nc s f t ru . bj ct, I v is r 1 i n
1 3 7 3 6 1 4 5 1 3 0 8 1 7 5 2 0 0 2 0 1 8 3 8 3 3 1 3 1 3 0 4 0 4 4 1 3 2 0 4 1 0 4 3 8 0 4 3 7 5 2 0 4 0 2 1 7 1 5 2 0 0 2 0 1 9 4 3 7 0 5 1 1 1 1 4 0 3 1 5 0 7 0 7 5 7 8 0 3 1 6 1 0 2 3 0 3 5 1 5 2 1 0 2 1 0 4 7 3 4 0 7 0 1 0 7 8 2 1 3 1 6 6 4 2 0 2 4 3 5 1 2 1 1 2 0 5 5 9 0 0 4 0 0 1 5 4 5 7 4 4 5 2 0 6 4 1 3 2 0 2 4 1 1 2 0 2 3 1 7 8 5 4 5 5 2 0 1 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 1 0 4 0 2 0 6 1 7 0 5 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 4 5 0 8 0 2 7 2 9 0 0 1 5 3 3 0 2 4 2 4 0 3 5 1 5 2 1 0 2 1 2 4 0 0 4 3 0 7 4 0 1 5 2 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 3 1 5 9 1 0 0 7 1 8 4 0 3 2 0 7 0 1 2 0 8 1 0 4 1 4 1 0 4 3 1 5 2 0 6 1 3 5 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 4 5 2 5 2 0 2 0 0 3 3 5 2 0 6 9 9 4 9 1 5 9 1 1 4 1 5 1 5 0 1 3 1 5 2 0 1 7 5 2 4 5 2 4 4 5 9 0 5 0 1 0 4 3 7 4 0 4 4 5 2 0 2 4 0 1 3 7 2 0 0 4 4 0 1 2 0 1 9 1 0 4 9 4 5 1 5 1 5 5 2

From the question of the dissymmetry o f partners to that cc pt c v of the convergence of love. Acc r i g t rs th Eros cam fr m t e l v r; s i s, 1 W S U c ul b a ctiv subj c f 1 v f t b 1 v , t sam basis s t erastes. D ubtl ss c rr sp i g att c m t, Anteros, w s xp ct f im. But th tur f is r sp ns w s pr bi m tic: i c ul b x ctly symm tic 1 t w ic g v ris t it; m r t n th 1 v r's SI pI sur , it was is b v 1 nc , is g u s, is te c re, an is xampl t r CIP boy w s supp s d c , n it w s c ss Y t w i tim w t t g w ul c 1m p ssi s sp s f 1 v w ul c s a s r m v h g rs b f th w fri nds c ul b c m b u t a t r by a l i s Ip f x ct CIP Cl y. But ifEr s was r Iati n t t uth, th two 1 v s c ul nly t tt b l v t b m v b pr VI J 1
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3.

240 1
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The Use of Pleasure

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244

The Use of Pleasure

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Tru e Love

245

f t ug t t t t m f m Plat w s t play imp t t f s xu I b avI w e , muc I t r, t pr bi matizati t ms of th Upl t woul b w k t ul th iph i g f its i g b ys ugg ts This p ilo p i I fl tio hist ic I pa d x. T this m I I v , a d m r p i ely t t is I v of y u g b y a I t -a I v t t w s I t to b s s v ly m f u h I g tim -th G ks f t g as p f f g t a I gitimacy, w i w ar f m th y g a t th ms Iv i t i omai . A yet t f n tion with thi lov , much m t n with it wa m alt (w i Is p cupi th m) a mu h m t e Ii e s f w i t ey d rna iag (t e wit w m ev t I s s ug t t m i t i ), t t t y sp k f t t P ti t t i t t u t iti . T b u , xc pt i fw ,t Y i t m it p ibit it. An y t it i st I ve f b ys t t s t p i cipi i i t e fl ti f "i fi it ab t ti " f mul t ; t i eal f u t t s x mplifi s by i f ultl ss i t e of ti , w i S temptation; a t e them t at t is re u ci tio has a igh w y t t m y b u p i i g at pi itu I v lu by it elf. I i t f matio , t Gr k ultu e fi st, e ti wit t e l v f b ys, f orne f t maj r el m ts f xu 1 t i t t will u t t l v by pp Ii g t t b v p i ipl : t qUI m t f a symm t y tp city i t I v I ti s ip; t e s ity f I g a u us struggle wit self; th g adual pu ificati of lov th t i ly t b i g p , i it t ut ; a m 's i qui y ss im If as subj t of si . i t On would b missi g th ucial p i t if imagin d t at t e love f b y g v i to its w i t icti t t mbiguity pe ulia t p il op y ept it lity ly by SSt . 0 ul k p t ml t t t is ema di g it sup "a c ti ism" was t m s of i qu lifyi g t loy ofb y ; t c t y, it w s m s of styIizi g it a , by f m, f v lorizi g it. T fa t m I , p givi g it ti
6 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 5 5 3 4 0 4 6 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 6 3 2 0 5 2 5 3 0 5 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 3 0 5 9 7 0 6 0 1 6 0 7 2 0 9 0 8 1 2 8 4 8 0 2 4 1 3 2 7 0 7 0 8 0 9 2 1 3 9 8 3 2 3 5 4 1 5 8 3 6 0 0 8 2 8 1 2 8 0 6 2 2 1 4 0 4 3 1 9 3 6 3 1 1 3 0 1 0 2 1 0 6 0 8 4 1 5 1 0 1 2 1 4 2 7 3 7 1 0 4 8 0 2 4 1 0 5 3 3 6 3 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 8 1 2 7 0 2 0 7 1 6 4 8 3 1 2 0 0 9 0 0 6 3 2 0 7 0 5 8 5 0 0 1 2 7 1 4 0 0 2 6 1 1 1 5 0 6 0 0 7 1 0 6 2 0 7 0 0 0 4 2 5 4 7 2 2 7 4 8 1 2 0 8 4 0 1 6 0 5 3 5 0 5 5 8 5 3 1 6 0 1 8 0 7 0 2 7 8 1 6 0 5 3 2 5 1 0 2 3 2 9 6 0 5 1 6 7 6 2 4 1 5 8 5 5 2 0 6 5 0 0 4 1 5 1 3 2 3 2 5 3 5 0 1 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 7 1 9 3 8 8 0 5 0 4 6 8 0 4 3 4 0 9 0 4 1 0 4 6 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 3 2 8 0 4 5 0 7 7 2 1 8 1 2 7 0 2 1 6 6 1 5 7 0 4 2 5 6 0 0 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 1 2 0 0 0 4 5 0 6 2 0 1 2 7 0 2 0 4 0 2 1 2 1 9 3 0 7 5 0 7 1 3 6 0 2 2 8 3 1 2 5 8 5 1 8 6 3 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 9 0 4 4 3 2 8 2 7 5 0 5 5 2 2 3 2 5 4 6 3 3 0 4 2 3 3 5 3 3 0 4 9 9 4 2 9 1 2 4 0 0 4 5 0 1 9 2 2 0 0 8 9 3 2 7 2 8 1 2 2 0 8 1 2 5 5 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 5 0 1 0 0 2 1 3 4 0 3 0 5 8 4 5 3 6 0 2 1 2 8 5 0 3 1 0 3 0 3 2 1 5 0 3 1 0 9 2 8 0 5 0 9 0 6 0 0 2 1 0 6 3 2 7 9 0 8 6 1 2 5 0 1 0 6 0 3 1 2 5 5 0 2 8 0 4 1 3 1 2 2 7 3 6 7 1 5 1 2 0 0 6 9 1 2 3 0 3 4 3 7 7 6 0 0 7 1 2 1 0 2 0 9 4 0 2 4 6 5 2 7 3 2 2 6 2 1 5 4 0 3 0 8 7 0 9 0 0 0 2 0 8 6 1 2 1 2 0 0 5 5 1 1 4 3 0 9 2 2 4 0 1 0 6 7 1 2 1 9 5 3 3 2 3 8 6 1 5 1 4 5 3 8 8 0 7 4 6 0 3 1 2 7 2 2 4 0 9 8 0 1 2 2 5 0 4 1 7 0 0 2 2 7 5 3 5 2 4 0 8 1 3 0 3 2 7 4 3 2 5 0 0 1 4 1 2 5 0 1 2 6 3 6 3 3 0 3 2 2 2 7 5 0 2 8 0 2 4 5 3 0 3 2 7 1 6 1 3 2 5 0 8 9 0 3 2 4

246
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ts ituat
2 1 9 7 0 9

I
2

ag
5 0

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1 9 5

ff c
1 6 0

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3 3 4 6 3

t
9

1. I
ti
3 1 3

to t ke t
3 4

m
1 4

f
3

duct t h t w
6 0 7

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1 1

ally and morally admis ible, t e e act

4 1 7 0 9 2 3 2 7

qui
9

a t
4 6 2

t gy
0 2 7 5

fm
4 6

timi g,
2 1 3

f qu
3 8

tity a
2 3 4

ppo tu ity;
3 8

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0

t a
2 2

x
3 5

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4

t
0

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a
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2

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1

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5

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1 7 4

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4 8

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2 1

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ipli
2

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was n t pr
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ent
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1 1 7 5

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at
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iple f tyliz ti

fe
1

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5

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5

WIS

t glv
1 0

Conclusion

25 1
ae
8 1

t ei exi t nee t e m
5 6 4 0 5 1 4

t gra eful a
8 2 1 3 4

mpH
4

e
7 1 4 0

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7 7

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sig
2

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2

t
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t
0

t ern s t at s b i
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7 3

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0 1 3 2 0 6 1

a that ple
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ur t
1

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1

t e
5 1 2 1 3

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3 1 6

P
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1

lity, t
0

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fp
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11
0

mi t k t aU ibut t m t ly w ul it b " Ju -C i ti " m lity, it w ul b

1 7 3 1 0 5 1 7 0 1 5 6 4 3 2 1 6 3 1 7 0

bigg r mi take t
4 1 1

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1 0 1 9

i
2 6

t
5 3 2

m f
1 6 1 6

t e timde s
5 4 1 1 3 5

pe ati
9 1 0 4 0

P m e t f m f I w. T xu 1 au t ity t at wa pr maturely ee mm n by Gr ek p if I w that w ul I s p y is t i t tim I t

f p
4 0 6 1 5

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aphrodisia; t
2 1 2 8 0 2 0 2 7 1 2

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1

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8

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1
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mutu I fait ful es of rna

3 4

iag

252

The Use of Pleasure

t
2 0 6 4

P
3

but by
3 1 2

rt i
3 2 3

p ivil g , w i h t
6 0 0 5 8 5 0 1

u b
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5

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6

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me
3 2 9

s of i t
2 0 1 2 4

lizi g, j u tifyi g,

r f
1

m lizi g g

l i te dicti

Im-

Conclusion

253
0 2 1

p
1 5

2 0

v ry n ;
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t
5 1

, it w s a m a s
3 0

f eveloping-f
7 1 6 7 0

t e rn 11 st mi
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ity f t
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1 3 1 0 2 8 0 5

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3 6

up f f
1 6 0 0 3 1

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7 3 6 0 0

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3 0 2 3 0 4 5 1 0 6 8 0 0 7

tic
4

ful rt f f f xist , t e pu p gam . T i xu 1 t i , f m a p w

1 4 1 0 6 0 5 0 6 4 0 3 0 5 8 6 4 1

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6

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2

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6

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5

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6 0 0

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0 0

254
t e
5 1 9 0

The Use of Pleasure

tic 1
3 0 1 2 1 2 4 0

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g me
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7 8 1

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u e ,
6 4 3 2 1

2 7

t ugg1
6

g i

t
8

2 8

upi ce
2 4 1

e.
1

S t
1 5 4 0

t w
5 8 1 2

t w
3 8

w at t
5 2 1

e
1

f t e pr b1em tizati
5 1 3 9 0 3 2 7

xu I
3 4 0

u tw
3 4

I
1

g
0 9

pI
0 2

u
0 6

t e
5 3 0 4

sth ti
0 8

f its rna
9

, but
7

I
9

D
7 3

its pu ifyi g h
4

me
2 1 0

utic .
0 9

T i
5 4

g w
0 3

t e
5 6 0

u1t
1 5 0

f
3 0

wh 1
2 2 2

1
0

ft
9 4 0

sf
1

ti
1

s. W
0 2

v
0

VI
7 1 6

DC
0 5

ft

b gi
1 0

i gs f t
1 5

t
9 2

sf
1 6 2

m
3

ti
1 9 0

s, ev
0 8 1 2

b f
0 1

e t e
7

evel pm
4 5 1 4

t
1

f C
5 6

istia ity, I
7 7 1 8

the f t e
5

fie ti
6 4

f t
5 0 2

m
1 0 4 1

fi

t two
8

tu i
6

Ii t , P il f u e .
6 3 4 1 9 6 3

p
5

s,
3

t
1

9 4

Notes

F r titles bri fly cit d h r , fuller ref r nees ar giv n in th Bibli g r phy.
2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1

INTRODUCTION Chapter 2: Forms of Problematization

1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
6 6

10. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 14 1 5. 16.
6

Ar t us, On th Cau and Signs o f Chromc DI a , , 5. L. R n ud, in ibid, Fr nel) tr ns., p. 163. S int Fr ncis f S I s, Introduction to th D vout Lif , I , 39. Pliny, Natural Hi tory, VI I, 5, 13. Plut reh, Lif of Cato th Young r, V . s erat s, To Nicocle , 36. Arist tl , Politic , V , 14, 1 335b. H D uv rgn , L Forrat , p. 289. Apuleius, Th Gold n A s, V I , 26tf.; Di Chrys st m, Fourth Dlscour , On King hiP, 101-1 1 5; Epiet tus, Di cour , , 1. S n e the Eld r, Controv r lQ , I, Pr f ee, 8. PI t , Pha dru , 23ge-d. Arist ph nes, Th Th mophoriazusa , v. l 30ff. Phd str tus, Th Lif o f Apollomu o fT yana, , 1 3 X n ph n, Ag t1aus, 5. PI t , Symposium, 2 1 7 -2 1 ge emm t I pr 'tr . S G Duby, L Ch valt r, la f
6 6 3 1 3 5 7 5 7 7 5 7 5 7 4 4 6 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 5 5 4 4 7 4 1 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 3 7 6 9 3 7 4 4 6 1 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 4 4 2 2 2 8 8 7 5 7 3 7 7 5 7 4 4 4 6 3 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 1 1 9 5 7 2 1 5 5 7 5 8 0 2 1 5 5 7 4 6 8 3 2 2 5 7 1 9 1 6 0 3 3 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

255

256

N
2

t s
3

PART ONE: THE MORAL PROBLEMATIZATION OF PLEASURES Introduction

1 . E Leski, "DI Z ugungsl hr d r AntIk ," p. 1 248. 2. S e K. J. D v r, "el SSIC I Gre k Attitudes t S xu I B h k Popular Moralzty. p 205 ; nd Gre k Homo I r," p. 59; Gr uality, p. 63.
0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 0 6 2 5 5 0 1 5 7 5

v x

Chapter 1 : Aphrodisia
1.

2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
6

8. 9.

1 0. 1 1. 12. 1 3. 1 4. 15
6

16 17.
6

18.

Xen ph n, Memorabilia, I, 3, 1 3. K J D ver, Gre k Popular Morality. pp. 206-207. See K J D ver, Gr ek Homosexuality. p. 4fT S int AugustIn , Confe ion , IV, ch p. 8-1 0 Arist tI , Nicomachean EthIc . , 1 0, 1 1 1 8 -b. Anst tIe, Eud mian Ethic , III, 2, 8-9, 1230b. Anst tie, Nlcomach an EthICS, I , 10, 1 1 1 8 -b. Se also Aris t tIe ( ttribut d), Probl m , XXVI , 2. Xen ph n, Memorabilia, I, 3, 1 2- 1 3. On the dang rs f music, s PI t , R public, I, 398 (th Lydi n m des are h rmful even to w men, I t alone men). On th mn m nic r I f od rs nd f the VISU I im g , se Aris, 1 0, 1 1 1 8 . totl , Nlcomachean Ethic , On finds a repr ach f this kInd repeated much 1 ter In th Aff air o f the H art (attribut d t Luci n), 53. f Anzmal , V, 2, 5 39b. Arist tie, HI tory o Ibid., VI, 1 8, 5 7 1 b nd 572b f Ammals, 660b. Aristotle, Part o Plat , Philebus. 44fT. PI t , Gorgias. 484d nd 49 1d, Sympo lum. 196c; Pha dru . 237d; Republzc. V, 430e and 43 1 c-d; X, 57 1 b; Law . , 647e, Is V, 7 14 , VI, 782e; VI , 802 nd 864b; X, 886b, etc. S Aristotle, Nlcomach an Ethics, VII, 4, 1 1 48 Xenoph n, MemorabilIa, I, 2, 23; I, 4, 1 4; I, 8; V, 5, 3, etc. On Episthenes, see Xen ph n, A naba is. V I, 4, n M n n, ibid. , I, 6. On Agesil us, s e X n ph n, Ag szlaus. V; n Arc silaus, see Di gen s L ertius, Liv o f Emzn nt Philo oph r , IV, 6. Plu0 6 2 9 6 0 2 5 6 6 2 5 0 0 1 3 7 7 7 1 0 0 2 3 7 4 4 4 1 0 9 5 7 6 0 0 2 5 4 4 1 3 2 1 3 5 7 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 5 4 4 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 0 3 7 4 4 4 1 0 0 3 2 2 1 3 6 7 5 3 2 1 6 0 9 7 7 6 1 0 0 7 2 0 0 1 9 1 7 5 7 0 6 4 4 7 4 6 4 1 4 3 1 3 3 1 2 8 5 1 0 8 0 4 2 6 2 9 7 4 2 3 2 4 0 1 3 3 2 2 5 9 3 8 9 3 1 5 7 5 7 5 7

Notes
tarch n tes, similarly, that Hyp r ides was given ov r t
2 3 3 3 2

257 the

aphrodi ia.
7

19. PI to, Laws, I, 636c.

1

20. One finds

2 2

m rgenc fI v f r b ys thr ugh xc ssiv s If-induig nc in Dio Chrys st m, Di

1

simi I r
1 3 3

xplan t1 n f r the
0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3

cour
7 5 1 2

, V
4

, 1 50.
7 6

2 1 . PI t , Timaeu , 86c--e. 22. Arist tl , Nlcomachean Erhics,

2 3 4 4 4

, 1 1 , 1 1 1 8b.
3

23.
4

bid., V
4 1 1 2

, 5 , 1 1 48b; X, 3, 1 1 73b. On th
3 1

questi n
2 2 0 2

f d me, 1tS
0 0 3 4

n tur I bj cts, d.

nd its v ri ti ns, s
1 1 2 3 6

PI t , Republzc,
1

V, 437c

24. Arist tl , Hi tory o fAnimal , V I , 1 , 5 8 1

2 3 7 7 4 4 1

PI t , in t h R pub
1 2 3 5 0 1 2 3 1

lic ( V, 426 -b), t Iks

4 1 1 1

b ut slck mdiv1du Is wh , mst

0 0 0 2 2 3 1

d
2

f II wing
9 2 1 3 2 9

regim n, c ntinue t
3 2 0 7 4

t, drink,
1 0 1

nd aphrodi iazein.
7 8

25. X n ph n , S ympo lum,

V, 38; AnstotIe ( ttnbuted), On Steril-

ity, V, 636b.
26. Arist tie, HI tory o f Animals, IX, 5, 637 ; V I, 1 , 5 8 1 b.
6 0 9 7 1 4

27 Xen ph n, HI ro,
6 0 2 2 5 4 0 0 2 1

I , 4.
4 7 4

28. Anst tie ( ttnbuted), Problem , 29

6

V, 26
0 3

P. M nuh, "Fis1 I gi
6 8 1 2 2 1

e p t I gi
1 2 9 1

d I femmil
0 3

negh scritti hlP0 6 0

p cr tici," p. 393tf
2 1 6

30. Anst tl , G n ratIOn o f Animals, I, 2 1 , 729b.

0 0 2 3 5 5

3 1 Hipp cr tes, Oath,

6 9 1 4 6 1 2 7

, p 300.
0 3 1 1

32. PI t , S ympo lum, 1 89d- 1 93d. R g rding th r

3 3

mythic I tim wh n
1 3 3 0 0 7 1

w s n
1 2 2 3

s xu I g n r t1 n, s
0 3 1 3 3 1 2 3 0 5 5

PI t , Polztlc , 27 1 -272b.
1 2 4 6 5

33
6

Arist tl , G n ration o f Animals, I , 1 , 73 1b; cf On th I , 4, 4 1 5a-b.

4 0

Soul,

34 PI t , R pubbc,
6 1 9 5

VII , 5 59c; Arist tie, Nicomach an Ethic ,

4 2 5 7

VII, 4, 1 1 47b
6

3 5. Rufus
9 0 2

f Ephesus, 0 uvre , p. 3 1 8.
5 7 8 0 3 5 7 1 6

36. D1 genes La rtius, Lives o f Emin nt Phzlo oph ers, IV, ch p 6. 37

6

On this s rt
2 2 8 1 1

f pi asure s a ch r cteristic held m c mm n with

0 3 1 1 1 2 9 0 9 2 2

nlm Is, see Xen ph n, H,ero, VII;

8 0 1 3 1 2

n th
3 8

m1xed ch r cter
8 1 1 2 0 9 1

f
3

phYS1C I pi
1 9 1 0

sure, see Plat , Republzc, IX, 5 3 8b tf,

3

n pie sur
1 3 8

cc mp nying th
1 2 5 7

rest r ti n of
8 9 1 2 1 0 1 9

prevl us b dily st t , see

2 2 5 7

PI t , T,ma u , 64d-65 ; Anst tie, Nicomach an Eth,c , VII, 4, 1 1 47b. 3 8 . PI t , Law ,

1 2 7 4

, 636c.
1

39.
4

b1d , VI, 783 -b.

0 6

258
6 1 4 4 4 1 2

N tes
2

, 403 . 40 PI t , Republic, 4 1 . On hyperb I (hyp rbol-' hyp rball in) f pie sur s, s , f r x mpl , PI t , R public, I , 402 ; rima u , 86b; Arist tie, Nlcomach an Ethic , , 1 1 , 1 1 1 8b; V , 4, 1 148 ; V , 7, 1 1 50b. On r v It ( pana to i , to iaz m), see PI t , R public, V, 442d; V, 444b; X, 586 ; Pha dru , 237d. 42. Plato, La ws, VI, 783a; Anstotle, Nicomocheon Ethics. III, ] 2, f Em in nt Philo oph r , , 8. 1 1 1 9b; DI g n s L rtius, Liv o 43. X n ph n, M morabllla, , 3, 1 5 . I s X, 580e. 44. PI t , R public, 1 1 1 , 389 ; s 45. Arist tie, Nlcomach an Ethic , I , 1 1 , 1 1 1 8b. 46. bid , , 9-10, 1 1 8 . 47 PI t , Sympo lum, 1 8 7 . 48 Arist tI , Nicomach an Ethic , V , 14, 1 1 54 .
2 3 5 5 5 5 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 5 4 4 3 5 7 2 0 6 5 7 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 6 0 3 2 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 1 2 5 4 4 4 3 5 7 6 6 0 6 2 3 3 1 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 4 4 0 6 3 2 2 5 4 1 2 5 3 3 3 1 2 4 6 6 2 5 7 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 1 6 0 1 2 7 3 6 6 2 3 5 7 4 4 1

Chapter 2: Chresis

f Animal , V , 1 , 58 1b; G n ration ofAni1 . Artst tI , Hi tory o mal , , 7, 747 . 2. Plat , R public, V, 45 1c. 3. P lybius, The Hi tories, VI, 7. 4. Arist tI , Rh toric, , 9. On th n ti n f nomo , s J d R milly, La LOi dan 10 p ns ' gr cque. 5. Di g n s L rtius, Liv s ofEmin nt Philosoph rs, V , 2, 46. S Is DI Chrys st m, DI cours , V , 1 7-20; G i n, On th Aff ect d Part , V , 5 f Emin nt Philo oph r , V , 2, 69. 6. Di g n s L rtius, Liv o 7. Xen ph n, Sympo ium, V, 38. 8. X n ph n, M morabilia, I, 3, 14. 9. bid., , I , 33. 10. bid., V, 5, 9. 1 1 S e PI t , Gorgia , 492 -b, 494c, 507 ; Republic, V II, 561b. 1 2 X noph n, Memorabilia, II, 1, 30. 1 3. Ibid , IV, 5, 9. 14. Ibid , I, 3, 5. 1 5 . PI t , Law , , 636d--e On th n tl n f kalro nd its Imp r t nee In Gr k thlcs, s P. Aub nque, La Prudenc ch z A ri totle, p. 95tf.
0 2 3 7 7 4 4 5 5 7 4 4 1 2 5 2 7 2 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 7 3 3 0 3 0 2 7 5 5 5 5 2 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 4 3 3 0 0 1 2 9 2 2 7 5 7 4 1 3 5 5 7 4 6 2 3 3 1 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 4 2 2 7 4 3 2 2 5 0 4 4 4 0 4 4 6 3 1 2 7 1 3 4 0 6 3 2 6 0 6 0 0 0 1 2 7 4 6 3 2 2 2 7 1 2 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7

Not
5 7 6

259

1 6 Arist tie, Hi tory 0 / Ammal , VI , 1 , 582a.

6 9 7 7 4

1 7. Plut rch, T ab! -T alks.

1 5 4 0 0 3 2 9 6

I , 6.
4 4 4

1 8 X n ph n, C yropaedla, V I . 19. Xen ph n , M morabllia,

2 2 5 4 2 7

V, 4, 2 1-23.
0 1 9 7

20. Plat , S ympo ium, 1 8Oc-1 8 1 , 1 83d; Dern sthenes, Erotic E 7

ay, 4.
0 6 0

2 1 . IbId , 34-3 5. 22. Xen ph n, He ro, V

2 2 5 4 9 2 5 7 7 4

23. Xen ph n, Ag ilau , V. 24. Xen ph n, M morabiba,

0 2 2 5 4

I, 6, 1-5.

25.
4 0

bid., I , 1, 1 -4.
4 0 6 0

26 IbId , I, 5 , 1
6 9

27 Plat , Republic,
4

V, 43 1c-d.

Chapter 3 : Enkrateia
1
0

Xen ph n, C yropa dia, V II, 1, 30 On th n ti n

2 2 5 4 0 3 2 2 2 1

f o phro yn
7 7 5 1

nd
0 3

Its evolutt
8 8 9 8 9

n,
8

see H North, So phros yne: the author emph 6 9 2 2 7 7 1

SIZ s the pr
0 9 2

Xlmlty f the tw w rds o phro yne nd enkrateia

6

In Xen ph n (pp
0 9

1 23-1 32). V, 430e

2. Plat , Gorgzas, 49 1 d. 3 . Plat , Re publLc,

0 9 4 0

4. PI

t , Gorgia , 507 -b. 5. PI t , Laws, III, 697b

1 9 7 1 1 2 6 6 6 6 9 0 4

6 H N rth, So phrosyne. pp 202-203. 7 . Anstotle, Nicomachean Ethics,

I , 1 1 and 12, 1 1 1 8b-1 1 1 9a;

4

VII, 7, 1 1 50 - 1 1 52 . 8 PI t , Laws, I, 647d

1 1 0 1 2 6

9. Anttph n, In St ba us, FlorileglUm, V, 33. ThIS is fr gment

0 0 8 8 2 2 3 1

no. 1 6 .

to. Xen ph n, HI ro, VII; Arist tie, Nicomachean EthiCS, III, to,
6 0 2 2 5 9

1 1 1 7b
6

11
0

One thus finds a wh Ie s nes

0 2 3 9

f w rds like ag
9 5 7

m,

ag Isthai ("t
8 5 9 4 8

lead; t
2 2

be led"): PI t , Protagora , 355a; Republic,

1 2 0 5 8 0 6

V, 43 1e;
8

Arist tIe, Nlcomach an Ethics, VII, 7, 3, 1 1 50a. On kolazern

t , Gorgla , 49 1e; RepublIc, VII , 559b, X, 571b. On antiteinem ("to pp se"). Anst tIe,
("t
4 2

h Id In check, keep in"). PI

2 0 4 0

Nicomachean Eth iCS, VII, 2, 4, 1 146 , V I, 7, 5, and 6, 1 1 50b.

0 1 4

260
0 5 7 5 9 2

N tes
9

12.

13. 14. 15. 1 6. 17

8

18 19 20 21. 22 23. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31. 32. 33 34.

0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0

On phras In ("t bstruct") Antiph n, fr gments n . 1 5 nd 1 6. On ant ch in ("t resist"): Arist tie, Nlcomach an Ethic . VII, 7, 4, and 6, 1 1 50 -b On mkan ("t defe t") Plato, Phaedrus. 238c, Laws. I, 634b; VIII, 634b, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. VII, 7, 1 1 50a VII, 9, 1 1 5 1 a; Anhph n, fragment n . 1 5 On. kratein ("to rule"). Plato, Protagoras. 353c; Phaedrus. 23 7a-238a, Repubilc. IV, 43 1 a-c, Laws. 840c, Xenophon, Memorabllw. I, 2, 24, Anh ph n, fragments no 1 5 and 16 , Aristotle, Nlcomachean Ethics. VII, 4c, 1 1 48 On hettasthal ("to be defeated"). Plato, Protago ras. 352e, Phaedrus, 233c, Laws, VII, 840c, Letter VII, 35 1 ; Anst tie, Nlcomachean Ethics. VII, 6, 1 , 1 1 49b; VII, 7, 4, 1 1 50a; VII, 7, 6, 1 1 50b; Isocrates, Nicoc/es. 39. Xenoph n, Memorabilia. I, 3, 14 Xenophon, Oeconomicus. I, 23, Plat , R public. VIII, 560b; IX, 572d-573b Ibid., IX, 57 1d Plato, Laws. VI, 783a-b. Plato, Phaedrus. 232a; Repubilc. IV, 430c, Laws. I, 626e, 636e, 633e; VIII, 840c, Letter VI. 337a Plat , Republic. IV, 43 1 a. Plato, Laws. I, 626d--e. Ibid , VIII, 840c Plat , Republic. IX, 57 1b. Arist tie, Nlcomachean Ethics. II, 9, 1 109a. f Eminent Philosoph r . IV, 7, 49. DlOgenes L ertlUs, Lives o Arist tie, Nicomachean Ethics. V I, 2, 1 1 46a Ibid , III, 1 1 , 1 1 1 9a f Emment Philosophers. I I, 8, 75 DlOgenes LaertlUs, Lives o Anst tie, Nlcomachean Ethics. III, 1 2, 1 1 1 9b. Xenophon. Oeconomlcus. I, 22-23. Plato, Laws, III, 689a-b. Plato, Republic. IX, 592b. Ibid , IX, 592b. Plat , Laws, I, 647d Xenoph n, Memorabllw, I, 2, 1 9. Ibid , I, 2, 24.
6 2 1 2 1 8 0 5 5 9 2 5 7 1 6 8 0 0 9 1 0 8 6 0 6 9 9 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 0 0 8 8 9 8 8 0 1 8 8 0 0 1 8 8 0 9 9 8 8 9 5 0 0 8 0 0 0 8 9 8 0 0 8 9 8 9 8 8 1 5 7 8 9 4 0 8 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 8 8 9 0 8 6 9 0 8 8 9 8 0

Notes
0 0 1 9

261

35 PI t , Gorgzas, 527d. 36 On the c nnectl n between exercIses and care f the self, see Plato, A lelblades, 1 23d. f Eminent Philo oph r , VI, 2, 70. 37 Oiogenes L ertius, Lives o 38 Plato, Republic, IX, 57 1 c-572b. 39 Plat , Laws, I, 643 40 Xen ph n, ConstitutIOn o f the Lacedaemonians, 2 nd 3. 4 1 . Plato, Republic, 4 1 3d if. 42 Plato, Laws, I, 647e-648c 43 Anst tIe, Nlcomachean Ethic , , 2, I I 04a. 44. Plato, Republic, III, 4 1 3e 45 Plat , Laws, I, 643e
8 0 8 9 9 2 0 8 8 8 1 7 5 7 8 6 8 9 0 8 0 9 9 1 8 8 8 0 8 0 9 7 4 4 8 6 0 9 8

Cha pter 4: Freedom and Truth

I
0

2. 3.

4. 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 0 6 6 0 6

II
0 6

12 13 14 IS 16 17 18. 19 20
0 6 0 0 6 6 0

Xen ph n, Memorabilia, IV, S, 2-3 Arist tIe, PolitiCS, VII, 1 3, 1 1 32 01 genes L ertius, Lives o f Eminent Philosophers, V , 2, 66 Enslavement t pie sures is a very frequent expressi n. s e Xen ph n, 0 conomicus, 1, 22, Memorabilia, IV, S, Plat , R pu blic, IX, 577d. Xen ph n Oeconomlcus, I, i, 1 7ff, Memorabilia, IV, S , 2-1 1 . PI t , Republic, IX, 590c Ibid., IX, 580c Anst tIe, Politics, V, 10. Xen ph n, C yropaedza, VIII, 1 . Is cr tes, Nicocles, 37-38. Aristotle, Politics, V, 9, 1 3 1 5 . , Plato, Gorgias, 491d. Xenophon, Oeconomicus, X, 1 . Anst tie, Polltlcs, I, 1 260 01 genes L ertlUs, LlV s o f Emment Philo ophers, V , 54. Arist tIe, Nlcomachean Ethics, III, 12, 1 1 1 9b Xen ph n, Memorabllza, III, 9, 4 PI t , R public, IV, 44 1 e-442b. Ibid. Arist tIe, Nicomachean Ethic , II , 12, 1 1 1 9b PI t , Laws, I, 63 6d-e.
8 9 9 6 6 9 1 0 8 6 9 1 4 6 6 9 1 9 3 0 6 9 9 5 9 5 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 1 9 0 8 0 8 9 8 9 9 9 1 8 1 8 8 8 9 1 6 8 8 8 0 6 9 1 5 7 4 8 9 0 0 8 9 9 6 0 1 9 5 9 7 4 6 1 9

262 21
6

N tes
2

Xen ph n, MemorabIlia,
6 6 2 4 2 1 2 5 7 6

V, 5, 1 1 .

22. PI t , Pha dru , 254b

1 2 7 0

2 3 . PI t , Gorgia , 506d-507d
0 1 9 0

24. PI t , Repubhc, 402d-403b. 25. Xen ph n, C yropa dla, VII , 1 , 3 3 .

2 9 5 4

PART TWO: DIETETICS Chapter 1 : Regimen i n General

1
6 0

Hipp crat s, Anci nt Medicine,

0 8 9 3 5 4 8 2 4

I .
4

2 Plat , Republtc,
0 6 2 0

I , 405e-408d.
4 1

3 H mer, Ilhad, 624

1

nd 833
6

4. PI to, Republzc, III, 407c. 5. On the necesSity

8 9

f regim n f r the cure of Illness s, see PI t

0 3 2 3 1 9

Tima us, 89d.

5

pidemic , VI, 6, 1 . On the different interpret tion 6. Hlpp cr t s, E

8 2 1 3 7 1

of this text in antiquity, See Hlpp cr tes, Oeuvres (trans. Littre),

0 2 1

vol. V, pp. 323-324

0 8 1 1

7 . PI to ( ttnbuted), Th
5 2 9

Lov r , 1 34 -<1.
5 7 1 0 0 1 3 5 1 0

8. See R. J Iy, "N tice," in Hlppocr t s, Reglm n, French tr ns , p. Xl.

f Pythagora , 34; s e o 9 P rphyry, Lif

0 6 9 7 3

Is
2

1 5.

1 0. Xen ph n, Memorabiha,
8 9 9 4

II, 1 2
0 6

1 1 . PI t , Repubhc,
8 1 2 4 0 3 6 4

X, 59 1 c-<l
8 6 2

1 2 . S e ibid , I I , 404a , Anst tie, Politic , VIII, 1 6, 1 3 3 5b; V I , 4,

8 7 4 4

1 3 38b- 1 3 39 .
1

1 3 . Plato, Republic,
0 4 8 0

I I , 406 -407 .
1

1 4. See Ibid. , 407c--e; Timaeus, 89b-c. 1 5 . PI t , Repubhc, I I I , 404a-b.

1 2

1 6 Hlpp cr tes, Regimen, I I , 69 , 1 ; cf. R. J ly's n t

6 6 2 1 4 2 2 3

in Hippo-

cr t s, R glmen, Fr nch tr ns., p . 7 1 .

0 1 3 5 3 1

1 7. PI t , Laws, IV, 720b--e .

1 2

1 8. PI t , Tlma us, 89d

8 1 2 5 0 0 9 2

19 Xen ph n, Memorabilia, I V, 7.

Chapter 2: The Diet of Pleasures

1. See W. H S . J nes, "Intr duct! n" t
8 0 2 9 9 2

w rks
2 2

f Hlpp cr t s
0 2 1 3

(Loeb Cl SSIC 1 Libr ry

8 1 1 1 3

d ), v 1. I V.
6 9

Not
5 6

263
2 6 0 4

2 Orib sius, Coll ctlOn d m decins, v 1 II , pp. 168- 1 82 3 Paul f Aegin , Chlrurgi , trans R Bn u. On dietetics III the c1 sSlcal pen d, see W D. Smith, "The Devel pment of CI SSI c I DietetIc The ry," pp. 439-448. 4. Hipp cr tes, Reglm n, I, 2, 1 5 Ibid , II, 58, 2 6 Ibid , II , 67 , \ -2 7 Ibid , I I, 68, 10 In the s me sense, see Hipp crates, The Nature o f Man, 9, nd Aphorism , 5 1 . The same theme is f und III Anst tie ( ttributed), Probl ms, XXVIII, I , and III Di c1es' Regimen, in Orib SIUS, CollectIOn d s med ems, III, p 1 8 1 8 Hippocrates, Regimen, III, 68, 6 nd 9. 9 Ibid., III, 68, 5. 10. Ibid., III, 68, 1 1 1 1 . Orib sius, CollectIOn des med ems, , pp. 1 68-1 78. 12 bid., P 1 8 1 . 1 3 P ul f Aegin , Chlrurgle. 14. Orib sius, Collection d m d cin , I , p. 1 77. 1 5 . Anst tle ( ttributed), Problem , V, 26 nd 29. Cf. Hipp cr t s, Regimen, I, 24, 1 .
0 1 5 5 7 5

Chapter 3 : Risks and Dangers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12. 13 1 4.
0 0 6

Hipp cr tes, Regim n, , 80, 2. Ibid., II , 73, 2. 01 genes L ertIus, Lives of Emin nt Philo opher , VII , 1 , 9. OnbaslUs, CollectIOn d medecms, III, 1 8 1 ; Anstotle ( ttributed), Probl m , V, 9, 877b. Arist tie, G neratzon of Ammal , V, 3, 783b. Orib sius, CollectIOn d medecin , I , p. 1 8 1 Arist tie ( ttributed), Problem , IV, 2, 876 -b. bid., IV, 30. Hipp cr tes, DIS as s, II, 5 1 . Hipp crates, E pidemics, III, 17, c s 10, I, 1 8, c s 1 6. Plato, La ws, VI , 840 . Ibid., VI, 775d--e. Ibid , IV, 72 1 -b, VI, 785b. PI t , R publzc, V, 460e.
2 1 5 4 4 4 4 8 0 8 2 1 5 7 7 4 8 8 0 6 8 5 7 1 5 7 4 8 8 9 5 7 6 1 5 7 7 4 4 0 9 1 7 1 4 0 2 1 5 5 0 2 1 3 4 4 1 3 4 1 0 0 6 1 0 1 2 5

264
0 9 4

Notes
1 3 1 2 3

1 5 . Anst tIe, Politics, VI , 1 6, 1 3 35 . On th ges f r marriag in y in Cia leal Greece, pp. Athens, s W. K. L cey, Th Famil 106-107, 1 62. f th Laceda moman , , 4. 16 Xenoph n, Constitution o 17. Plat , Laws, VI, 775c-d. 1 8 Arist tie, Politics, V I, 1 4, I 335b. f the Lac da moman , , 5. 19. Xen phon, ConstltutlOn o 20 PI t , Laws, V , 784 -b 2 1 Anst tIe, Politic , VII, 1 6, 1 335 . 22. PI t , Law , VI, 78 3d--e 23. Arist tIe (attnbuted), Probl m , X, 1 0. 24. Plat , Laws, VII, 792d--e
3 3 1 5 7 7 6 0 9 5 5 7 4 9 6 9 4 8 0 0 9 5 5 7 4 0 1 9 4 1 0 8 0 8 9 7 1 1 9 7 6 0 2 5 7 9 6

Chapter 4: Act, Expenditure, Death

1 . Plat , Philebu , 47b 2. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XIX, 2. 3 Clement f Alex ndn , P dagogu , , 6, 48. Cf. R. Joly, "N tice," m hi S edtti n f Htppocr t s, 0 uvre (C.U.F.), v I. X . 4 Hipp cr tes, The S ed, 1-3. 5. Ibid , 3. 6 Ibid., 4. 7 Ibid., 1 . 8 Ibid., 4 9 . Ibid 10 Oi genes L ertlUs, Live of Eminent Philosophers, VIII, 1, 28. 1 1 . Hipp crates, The Se d, 2. 12 Ibid , 1 nd 3 1 3 . Ibid , 4 and 2 14 Ibid., 1 1 5. Plat , Timaeu , 73b. 16 Aristotle, G n ration o f Ammal , 724a-725b. 17. Ibid , 725b 1 8. Ibid. See Is Arist tl ( ttnbuted), Probl m , V, 22, 879a. 19. Arist tIe ( ttributed), Probl m , V, I I , 877b. 20 Ibid , IV, 4 nd 22. 2 1 . PI t , Laws, IV, 121c. 22 PI t Sympo tUm, 206 . 23 Ibid , 207 -b. 24 PI t , Law , IV, 121 b-c.
9 7 0 8 8 8 9 1 1 5 5 4 2 8 8 0 8 8 9 2 1 3 5 7 9 4 6 9 1 5 8 0 0 0 6 6 8 6 0 6 9 1 7 9 5 0 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 9 7 6 6 0 5 5 7 8 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 1 5 7 4 9 1 5 7 4 6 6 1 1 9 0 6 1 9 7 3 0 6 6 1 6 1 9 7

Not s
6

265

25. 26. 27. 28 29. 30.

4

Plato, Symposium, 209b Anst tie, On th Soul, I I , 4, 4 I Sa-b. f Animals, II, I , 73 1 b-732a. Arist tie, GeneratIOn o Plato, Laws, IV, 72 1 b-c. Ibid , 723a R. Va Gulik, La Vi s xu II dans la Chine anCl nn .
4 4 5 6 4 5 1 4 1 2 6 6 6 6 6 6

PART THREE: ECONOMICS Chapter 1 : The WIsdom of Marriage

1

I D m th ne , Against N a ra, 1 22. 2 R. Van Guhk, La VI s xu II dans la Chin anci nn , pp 1 44- 1 54 3. S th t atl On Sterility attribut d t A 1St tl nd I ng e n id d to be Bo k X of History o f Animals. 4 S ab v , Pa t Tw 5. A in X n ph , 0 conom icus, VII, I I , Plat , Laws, 772d-773 . 6 D m sth n , Against N aera, 1 22. 7. Pluta ch, Llf o f Solon, XX. 8. Di g nes Lae tiu , Lives of Eminent Philosoph rs, VIII, I, 2 1 f Eratosth n s, 3 3 . Cf. S. P m 9 Lysia , On th Murd r o y, Godd ss s, Whor s, Wiv s, and Slaves, pp 86-92. l O Ibi d , 1 2 S al In X n ph n' Symposium (IV, 8) th allu i n t th us a hu band might mp\oy t c nc al th s xual pleasur s h i t ded t s ek el wh e. I I . W. K. Lac y, The F amdy in Classical Gr c , p. 1 1 3 . 1 2. X noph n , Symposium, VIII, 3 1 3 G Mathi u, "N t ," in I oc at s, Nicocl s, p. 1 30
4 0 5 3 0 3 6 6 4 1 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 1 4 0 9 0 8 9 3 0 0 5 8 5 0 7 5 5 3 9 8 0 5 1 0 9 5 0 8 5 4 4 3 9 5 5 2 6 5 9 1 0 5 0 0 3 6 4 8 6 5 0 8 3 6 4 4 3 6 6 6 6 5 9 8 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 3 5 9 5 5 3 0 3 5 5 0 8 0 3 3 9 5 5 0 0 0 9 9 2 9 2 5 9 3 0 8 0 4 9 6 6 6 0 5 1 4 1 0 5 9 3 8 9 6 1

Chapter 2 : Ischomachus' Household

I X n ph n, 0 conomicus, IV, 2-3 2 Ibid., I, 5 3. Rega ding thl prai of gricultu e a d e urn ratio of its b II of Chapt 5 of X n ph 's 0 conomicus. fici I eft' c t , s 4 X n ph , Memorabilia, III, 4. 5. X n phon, 0 conomicus, IV, 1 8-25. 6 Ibid , XXI, 4-6 7. Ibid , III, I S 8 . Ibid., III, 1 2- 1 3
1 0 5 5 6 4 1 1 4 8 3 3 9 7 8 2 2 0 2 9 2 9 7 0 3 9 9 7 0 8 0 2 5 5 6 4 1 0 5 5 2 0 5 6 4 4 4 1 4 4 4

266 9 Ibid . , III, 1 1 .

1

Notes

10 Ibid., VII, S
1 4 4

1 1 . Ibid , VII, 1 1 . 1 2 . Ibid , V I I, 1 2

1 4

1 3 . Ibid , VlI, 1 3
4 1

1 4. Ibid., VII, 1 S. 15
1

Ibid., VII, 1 9-35. On th

9

importance of patial fact r

4 3 5 3 9 3 9 9 0 1

III

dome 3 9

tIC organization,
4

s
0 0 9

J -Po V mant, "H

4 9

tia-H rm ' s ' Sur I'

0 3 6 6

x
6

pr
0

s
3

io
2

r ligi u
0 9 3 6

l'
9

P c
7 9

ch z 1 s Gr c , " M yth
9 9

et p nse

chez les Gr cs, I, pp. 1 24-- 1 70. 1 6. Xenoph n, Oeconomicus, VII, 39-40.
5

1 7. Ibid., VII, 22.

4

1 8. Ibid., VII, 26. 1 9 . Ibid., VII, 3 1 . 20. Ibid., VII, 30.

4

2 t . Ibid , VII, 23
1 7

nd 1 2.

22. Ibid . , I, 22-23. 23. Ibid , II, 1

4 1 1 4

24. Ibid , VII, 27. 25. Ibid . , X, 1-8

1

26. Ibid . , X, 7. 27. Ibid . , X, 9. 2 8 Ibid., X, 1 0

1 1

2 9 . Ibid., X, 1 I . 30 S
1 0 9

X nopho
0 2 9

Hi ro, I
6 1

3 1 . Euripid 32 Euripid
1 9 9

s,
3

Medea,
v.

v.

465ff.
1

, Ion,
6

836ff
1

33. X noph n, 0 conomicus, VII, 4 1 -42

5 1

Chapter 3 : Three PolIcies of Moderation

1
1

Plat , La ws, VI, 773c and

5 9 1 7

2. Ibid., VI 783e, cf. IV, 721 ; VI, 773b. 3 Ibid , VI, 7 73 -e.
1 1 7

4. Ibid., VI, 784

7 4

--{;.

5. IbId., VI, 7 84d-e. 6 . Ibid., VI, 784 .

9

7 . Ibid., VIII , 8 3 5e.

8. Ibid , VIII, 8 38a-839 .
1 0

Notes

267

9 10 11 12 13 14. 15 16 1 7. 18.
1 4 4 1 4 1 1

19 20 21. 22. 23 24. 25. 26 27. 28 29. 30 31 32.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

33 34. 3 5. 36
1 1

37. 38. 39
4

40.

41.

Ibid , VIII, 840 -c. Ibid , VIII, 840d-e. Ibid , VIII, 841 a-b Ibid , VIII, 841 c-d. Is cr t , Nicocl s, 3 1 -35. Ibid., 42 Ibid., 40. Ibid , 4 1 . I ocr t , To Nlcoc/ s, 29. r quent them , se AnsI crat , Nicocl s, 36. R ga ding this f t tl , Poizucs, V, 1 3 1 1a-b Isoc t , NICOc/ s, 37 Ibid , 36 Ibid., 37. I c at s, To Nicoc/es, 3 1 I oc at , Nlcocl s, 39. Ibid., 45 . Ibid , 47 I oc at , To Nicoc/ s, 1 1 . Ari totl (att ibuted), Economics, I, 1, 1 , 1 343. A i t tl , Politics, I, 1 3, 1 2 59b. An t tl (attribut d), Economics, I, 3, 1 , 1 3 43b. Ibid , I, 2, 1 -3, 1 343 -b Ibid , I, 3, 1 , 1 343b. Anst t1 , Politics, 1, 2, 1252 , Nicomachean Ethics, VIII, 1 2, 7, l 1 62a. An totl (attribut d), Economics, I, 3, 1 , 1 343b. Ibid., I, 3, 3, 1 343b Ibid , I, 4, 1, 1 344a. A i totl , Politics, I, 1 2, 1 259. In the Nicomachean Ethics (VIII, 1 0, 5, 1 1 6 1 ), Ari t t1 Hud to th authority of h lfe WIves. An t t1 , Politics, I, 12, 1259b. A i totl , Nicomach an EthiCS, VIII, 1 0, 5, 1 1 6 1 a. Ari t t1 , Magna Moralia, I, 33, 18. Arist tl , Nlcomach an Ethics, VIII, 1 1 , 4, 1 1 61a. Ibid., VIII, 1 2, 8, 1 1 62 0 th r 1 ti ns betw phllia and m rriag I A i totl , J .-C. F i , Ph ilia, la notIOn d'amitl
4 7 4 4 1 4 4 5 7 0 3 6 4 4 4 1 4 3 7 0 3 6 4 3 5 9 3 6 0 8 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 1 4 8 7 0 3 1 6 1 1 4 3 5 8 0 4 4 3 8 0 3 6 1 1 1 3 8 0 3 6 3 9 8 4 8 3 5 0 4 4 3 5 0 0 1 7 1 1 4 4 5 0 7 4 3 0 0 1 1 8 3 9 4 1 7 3 5 0 7 0 3 0 0 3 3 4 1 3 5 9 4 8 3 9 6 3 5 9 1 5 9 6 4 1 7 1 2 0 0 7 5 0 0 2 4 4 4 7 0 2 8 3 0 3 0 0 8 7 3 3 0 6

dans la phzlosophl
4 1 6 4 1 8 3 0

antiqu .
6 1

42 A i totl , Politics, VII, 1 6, 1 335b-1336a

268

Not s
0

PART FOUR: EROTICS Chapter 1 : A Problematic Relation

I . Plat , R public, IX, 573d. 2. Ibid. , IX, 574b-c. 3. Diog n s La tius, Liv s of Eminent Philosophers, IV, 7, 49. 4. Plat , Laws, VIII, 840a 5. X n ph n, Cyropaedla, VII, 5. 6. 0 thi point, cf K. J D y , Gr ek Homosexualzt y, pp. 60-63. 7. PI t , Symposium, 1 8 1 b-d 8. X ph n , SymposIum, I, 9 9. Ibid., II, 3 10. Ibid., IX, 5-6 1 1 Cf. X noph , Anabasis, VII , 4, 7. 1 2 S F. Buffi ' r , Eros ado! sc nt, pp 90-9 1 . 1 3 PI t , Gorgias, 494 . 14 Plat , Symposium, 1 82a- 1 83d 1 5. Cf. F. Buffi ' , Eros ado! scent, pp. 605-607 1 6. R gardi g th se two b y and th ir y y light age difference, PI t , Euthyd m us, 271b. 1 7 Plat , Charmid s, 1 54c 18 F Buffi ' r , Eros ado! sc nt, p 6 1 3, n. 33, A Iia , Varia Historza, XIII, 5. 19 Hom , [Iliad, XI, 786. On th di cu ion ab ut th 1 r p ctiy , Against Timar01 , Plat , SymposIum, 1 80a-b; A chi chus, 143 20. K 1 . Doy r, Gre k Homos xuality, pp 87-97 2 1 . Cf. what A Chi S says ab ut th ch 01 nd th pr cauti ns th choolm t had t tak in Agamst Timarchus, 9-10. 0 th m ti g plac , F Buffi' r , Eros ado! sc nt, p 56 1 ff 22. X pho , Riera, I . .23. Plat , Protagoras, 309a. 24 Cf. th c itici m f M n i X n ph , AnabasIs, II, 6, 28. 25 Plat , SymposIum, 1 8 1 d-e. 26. X oph n, SymposIum, IV, 1 7. th tu dy boy a d th we kli g, 27. 0 th ppo itio b tw Plat , Pha drus, 239c--d, d Th Lov rs. R gardi g th r tiC
5 6 1 9 0 0 8 6 5 4 4 0 5 5 4 1 2 3 4 4 5 0 8 6 7 5 1 4 0 2 5 5 1 4 4 1 0 5 2 4 0 0 9 0 6 6 4 1 7 5 0 4 5 1 9 8 0 6 4 4 0 2 0 5 3 9 0 8 3 3 0 0 7 5 6 4 5 6 1 4 1 1 4 9 0 6 6 1 9 2 1 4 1 0 8 0 3 3 3 5 9 8 0 3 9 0 4 8 9 3 3 0 9 5 0 3 2 0 3 4 4 0 6 6 1 1 4 0 3 2 0 5 0 3 5 3 7 0 9 5 4 9 3 7 3 9 8 5 0 2 9 0 0 2 9 3 3 9 1 9 0 9 6 6 1 4 0 2 5 2 5 4 4 1 0 8 3 5 0 5 2 0 5 5 2 4 1 5 4 0 2 5 4 2 9 5 3 2 9 0 0 2 0 3 8 2 0 7 2 3 9 0 4 5 6 7 2 6 6 9 2 0 0 5

Not s
6

269 evolutio
9 2 9 7

value of th
9

masculi
2 4 9

boy a d th
2 9 7

of taste toward a
9 8

mor
9

if mmat
0 0 8

physiqu , perh ps air

9 0

dy und
6

way in th
0 1 1

fourth c ntu y, s 73. In a y c

2 7 3 0

K J D
1 4 5 0 2 5 5 4 4

Y
0

, Gr ek Homos xualUy. pp 696 0

, th
7

ti n that th
2 2

ch
7 7

m of
7 1 0

y u g boy was
5 2 9 5 9

c
5

2 0

ct d with
9 5 2 9 4

f mmi Ity that i h bit d him would b c m

0 0

a c mm
5 4

th m
2 5

i t r
7 0 4 5

28. On the d fi Iti n

9 6

f phzfia. s
4 0 1

J -C. Fr iss , Philia. la notion

4 7 9

d 'amai ' dans La philosophie antique.

29 X
4 9 1 2 5

ph
5

, SymposIUm. VIII, 1 3- 1 8.
4

30 Ibid., VIII, 3

Chapter 2 : A Boy's Honor

4

X
0 0

2 5

ymposium. VII I , 1 2 a pho , S

2 1 2 7 2

th
0 0

r I tio ships between

0 7 2 6

ul gy
5 0

d P
8 0 2 3

c pt,
9 3

0 0

I
3

Art totI , R h toric, I , 9.

1 3 4

2 D mosth
1

e , Erotic Essay. 1

3 Ibid., 5.
1

4 Ibid , 53
1 4 1 8 3 5 0

5. A i t t1 , Rhetoric. I , 9
1 1 5 7

6 Plat , Symposium. 1 82 --d

1

7. Ibid., 1 7 8d
1

8 Ae chme
4 1 3 3

Against Tzmarchus. 39-73.

4 4

9. D m
9 5 4 1 4

thenes, Erotic Essay. 1 7- 1 9.

1

10 Ibid., 5 5
1

1 1 . Ibid , 5 3 . 1 2. Ibid., 5 5 . 1 3 . Ibid , 3.

1

14. Ibid., 5.
4

15. Ibid., 4. 1 6. Plat , S ymposium. 1 8 3d;

5 3 0 0

al
3 1

1 8 1 a.
a
2

1 7. D m
0 5 4 4 4

th n
9 0

, Erotic Essay. 20
1 1 7 2

1 8 Ibid., 7, 33, and 1 6, 8 1 9 Ibid., 3 1 .

4

d 14, 2 1 , 23
4

d 25; 30.

20 Ibid , 1 7
4 1 1

2 1 . On th
9

imp rta c
5 2 0 7 0 0 0

f
2

ot b i g doml at d a d
4 0 2 2 0 2 5 5 3

0
2 4

th
9 0 0

mlsglv
4 4 7 2

i g
2 3 5

th t w r
5 3 0

f It apr p
0 2 3

of
3 4

domy a d pa
2 3 0 6 6

SlY

f 11 tio
6

10
4

h m
1

xual r latio

,
3

K J. Doy r, Gr k Homos xuality,

pp 1 00- 1 09.

270 22. D mo the

9 3 2

Notes
s,
0

Erotic Essay, 39-43.

23 Ibid., 38.
1

24. Ibid , 37.

1

25 Ibid., 28-29.
1

Chapter 3 : The Object of Pleasure

1 . Ari t tl , Politics, I, 5, 1259a-b.
3 5 0

2 Ibid , I , 5, 1 260b.
1 1 1

3.

Cf.
4

th
0

law cit d by A SChl

4 3 0 0 2

s, Agamst Timarchus, 9-1 8.

1 4

4. Ibid., 19-20. 5. K. J D v
1 5 0 1 1 9

T,

Gr
6 6

k Homos xualu y, pp. 19-20.

6 4

6 A schmes, Against Tlmarchus, 52. 7. A i t pha

8 3 5 2 9 0 3

, Knights,
4

v.

428ff, Ass mbl ywomen,

1 6 1

v.

1 1 2ft'.

Cf. F.

Buffier , Eros
8 Diog
1 9 2 4 0 0

ado lescen t, pp. 1 85- 1 86

6 6

s La rtius, Llv s o f Emin nt Philosophers, VI, 34.

9. IbId., VI, 2, 59

(
3

al
3

54 and 46)
1

10. Plato, Laws, I, 636b-c. 1 1 Ibid., VIII, 836c-d

1 1

1 2 Plat
4 5

Pha drus, 250

6 0 4 1 1

1 3. Or diaprettesthal, cf tbid. , 256c.

1

14. Xe ph , S ymposium, IV, 1 5 . d VII; Plato, S ymposium, 1 84c-d. See 15. X e opho , Hi ro, I K. J Dov , Gr k Homos xualit y, pp. 44-45. 16. Xe pho , S ymposium, VIII, 2 1 .
2 5 5 2 1 2 2 6 7 2 1 9 8 6 6 6 2 5 2

1 7 . Plato, S ymposiu m, 1 84e. 1 8 IbId , 1 84 .

4 1 1 7

PART FIVE: TRUE LOVE

1. S
0 9

I. Bo w II, Christianity, Social T oleranc , and H omosexual

3 0 6 1 1 2 3 9 0 9 0

ity.

2 PI to, Symposlum, 1 78d 0 the p ch s ofth S ymposiu m, see L Bnsson, "Eros," Dictionnalr d s mythologl s. 3 . Plato, S ymposium, 1 8 1b-d .
4 7 1 1 1 1 6 6 6

4. IbId , 1 83d-e, Phaedrus, 23 1 a-233a.

4 1 1

5. Plato, S ymposium, I 82a; Phaedrus, 239a.

1

6. Plato, Phaedrus, 23 1 e-232a; 239e-240 .

7

7. IbId , 240d
4 1 4

8. Ibid., 239c-d
1

Notes
9. Ibid. , 24 1 a-c.
1

27 1

10 PI to, S ymposium,
1 7

191 .
0

1 1 . Ibid . , 1 9 2a.
4

1 2 Ibid . , 1 92b
4 1 1

1 3. On Socrat
9

'
8

ymposium, 205e. ply to A Istophanes, se Plato, S

4 8 9 1 1 1

1 4. X
9

oph
5 1

, S ymposium, VIII, 1 2; VIII, 25, V II I , 1 3

1

1 5 . Ibid , VIII, 1 4
1

1 6 Ibid. , I V , 26;
4 1 3

al
3

0
1

M morabliza, I, 3 .
1 1 6 1

17 X
4 0

ph
5

n,
2

S ymposIum, VIII, 1 8
6

1 8. X
0

ph
5 5

, Constitution o f th

Lac da monzans, II, 1 2- 1 5 .

4 6 6

1 9. X
0 1

ph
5

n,
6

S ymposium, VIII, 1 8.
7

20 PI t , Pha drus, 244 .

7 5

21
4

PI to, Symposium, 1 84e, 1 8 5b.

7

22. Ibid., 1 96c. 2 3 Plato, Pha drus, 244a.

1 6

24. Plat , S ymposIum, 20 1 d.

4 5

2 5 PI t , Pha drus, 259

4 7 5 6 0

26 Ibid , 204 .
4 1 9

2 7 Ibid ., 2 1 Oc-d
4 1 4 1

2 8 Ibid. , 256c-d. 29 Ibid , 2 55b-c

1 1 1 4 0

30 Ibid., 255 -256 .

7

3 1 . Plat , S ymposium, 222b

5 4 7 2

Reg
7 6

di g th
2 0 1 4 4 6

I tion
7 3 6

of S cr t
5 7 0 6

d E o ,
8 3 3 6

P. Had t, Ex rClc s s pmtuel s

5 1

t philosophi

an-

tiqu , pp. 69-82. 32. H: JoIy, Le R nv rsem n/ pla/omcien, pp 6 1 -70

6 6 6 1 1

3 3 PI t , Laws, V, 734
1 7 5 7 4 5

34 Plat , Phaedrus, 256a-b

1

Conclusion
I . K J Doy r,
1 4 0

Gr k Homosexuality, p. 203.
6 6

B ibliography

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1 4 7 3 7 7 8 2 0 3 2 3 8 0 0 2 0 5 8 7 7 4 4 4 1 2 2 3 0 9 5 2 5 3 0 3 0 3 7 2 7 3 0 4 0 8 2 3 5 8 9 0 9 2 7 0 1 3 5 9 8 2 3 0 3 7 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 5 5 2 3 0

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1 0 3 0 3 4 8 0 2 0 1 2 1 7 8 2 4 4 1 0 5 9 0 2 0 8 3 0 8 7 2 0 1 8 7 2 3 7 5 0 7 3 3 7 8 4 2 6 1 8 0 2 0 8 7 2 3 4 0 4 5 0 2 0 9 4 0 3 6 5 6 6 9 2 8 2 3 4 4 7 8 4 7 7 8 7 7 0 4 8 0 7 0 3 6 6 6 9 6 6 1 2 0 2 8 2 3 4 1 4 4 0 2 4 8 3 1 2 7 2 3 1 1 0 2 5 1 7 0 7 7 8 2 5 2 1 7 0 1 8 3 7 2 0 3 6 8 0 2 0 1 5 2 8 2 3 7 2 9 9 9 5 2 0 3 2 0 3 9 8 7 2 0 6 6 1 0 2 0 5 5 2 8 2 3 1 7 4 0 2 0 8 8 1 4 1 6 8 0 2 0 4 5 5 2 8 7 2 3 1 2 1 7 0 9 4 4 5 9 5 2 0 2 0 3 3 0 8 2 0 4 6 6 6 4 8 2 0 0 1 2 8 7 2 1 3 4 2 7 0 0 4 5 9 2 0 3 2 0 3 9 2 9 4 8 1 6 6 3 5 0 2 3 0 7 7 7 2 5 0 3 3 7 8 7 8 1

273

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Blbh gr phy
4 1 5 7 8 9 0 1 7 2 7 2 3 4 5

d tr . P L uis. . Gen ration of Animals. F nch d Coll ctlon de u iv ite d F c [E gli h t A PI tt I ., d. J Ba Compl te Works of Amtotl R v. Oxf d T Pri c to : Pri c to U IV rSlty P ss, 1984 ] History o fAmmals. F ch d nd t P. L Ul C 11 ctio d u iv sites d F c . [E gh h t . d' A. W Th rnp I Compl t Works o fAmtotl R v. Oxf d T a ., d. J. B r Pri ceto Pnnc to Umv ity P ss, 1 984.] . Magna Moralia. E gli h tra . G C A rn tro g. L b Cia ic I Libr y d t a . H Rack . Th Nlcomach an Ethics E gli h d. rna L b Clas ical Lib ary F ch t . R -A. Gauthi d J.-Y. Johf Louv 1 -P ri , 1 970. [E gh h tra . D Ro , R v. d J O. U rn 0 N w Yo k: Oxfo d U IV r tty J L Ack ill Press, 1980.] . On th Soul Fr ch d. A. Ja , t a . E. B b tl . Coll ctlO d u iv r ite d F a c . fAnimals. F ch d dt P L uis CoIl ctio --- Parts o d u iv site d F c . Th Politics o fAristotl . Engh h d nd tra . H. R ckrna E B k Lo b CI ic I Lib y [E gli h t N w York . Oxf d U iv sity P , 1958.] --. Rh toric. Fr ch ed. & t J. V ilqUl a d J. Cap 11 . P I , 1 944 A i t tl ( tt ibut d) Economics. Fr ch d. d tr A W t 11 C 11 cti de u iv site d Fr c . [E gh h t a s E. S. F t . In Compl t Works ofAristotl R v. Oxford Tran ., d. J. B rn s. P i c t . P i c to U iv ity P , 1 984.] . P. L uis. I History o f . On St nlzty. Fr ch d. a d tr Animals. B k Ill. C II ction d u iv r ite d Fra c . [E glish s. J B r I HIStory o f Animals. Book X, i Compl t t Works o P i c to . fA nstotl R v. Oxfo d Tr n , d J. B Pri c t U IV sity Pr , 1 984.] Probl ms E gli h d. a d t ans W. S. H tt L b Cia ic I Lib Y Aub qu , P La Prud nc chez A ristot . P ri . Pr U iv it i s d Fr c , 1963. Augu ti , Samt Conf ssions F nch d. M. Skut 11 , tr n E. T ho I G. B ui s . I Oeuvr s, vol XIII. Pa i , 1962
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2 7 2 3 0 1

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4 8 5 5 5 5 5 8 7 5 4 7 8 4 4 4 9 5 4 7 5 4 5 8 8 5 7 8 4 7 5 5 4 4 5 8 7 8 7 7 5 8 5 4 4 8 8 4 5 5 5 7 4 5 5 5 8 9 4 5 7 5 5 5 4 7 8 5 7 4 9 4 8 4 4 4 8 5 8 4 7 4 8 4 5 5 7 7 7 5 4 8 4 7 4 4 7 5 4 4 8 8 5 7 4 7 4 8 4 8 4 7 8 4 4 8 7 9

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Index

bstin c , s xu I, 1 4, 1 6, 44-45, 88, 1 19 d cc ss t truth, 20 m d I f r, 20 I r glm f thl t s, 1 19-20 dult ry: pu ishm t f r, 145 worn 's m rit I st tus s condi tl n f r, 1 47 A schi s, 2 1 6, 2 1 7- 1 9 sth tics f xist nc , 12, 89-93 Aff aIrS o f the Heart (Luci ), 230 Against Neaera (attnb. D m s th s), 1 43-45, 149 Agamst Tlmarchus (A schmes), 2 1 7-19 Agath n, 1 9 , 2 1 Ag sil us, 20 alschyne. 204 ako/asla, 40 lim t ry r glm n, 1 0 1 x rcis nd, 1 10 Anabasis (X ph ) , 44n AnCIent Medlcme, 99 " nti omy f th b y, " 22 1 Antiphon th S phist, 66 aphrodisIa, 35-52, 66 d ct, d Sir , and pI sure, 42-43 aphrodlslazem vs. aphrodlslas thehai d, 46 aust rity i , s styliz ti , 250-5 1
3 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 0 0 2 0 9 9 1 6 2 1 0 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 9 0 0 6 1 2 9 3 2 2 0 2 2 2 9 9 3 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 9 9 9 2 0 2 3 9 9 9 3 2 1 3 2 6 2 2 2 3 6 1 0 0 1 9 9 9 3 1 0 2 0 2 0 9 9 3 1 3 6 2 2 3 9 9 9 9 9 3 1 2 1 3 3 0 1

d g t , s gr t st d g r f, 79 d fi d, 3 8 f ctivity d , 44-45 d gr dy mics vs m rph logy i , 42-43 s thic I probl m, 36-38 f rms f Imm r lity i , 40-47 hmlt ti ns I cki g f r, 3 8-39 s tural, 47-48 d-r gul t d us f, 55-57 pr scnpt! ns for, 1 1 2 priv cy i , 54 r l s i , 46-47 s as I v ri tl s a d, 1 1 3-1 4 s If-i dulg c nd, 40 suspici n exclud d fr m, 4 1 t c h iqu f xist c a d, 1 3 8-39 tr nsl tl f, 35 vi I c j , 1 26-30 aphrodIsia, r gim f r, 1 09- 1 0, 1 1 2, 1 1 3-26 b dy's quilibrium I , 1 1 5 c Sid r d i ggr g t , 1 1 4- 1 5 s x rcis of xiste c , 125-26 pr g y s m tivati f r, 1 20-24
0 1 3 2 0 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 0 2 1 2 6 2 2 0 3 3 1 1 3 9 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 9 0 0 0 3 1 9 9 3 0 3 1 0 3 1 3 1 6 6 2 3 6 6 0 9 9 2 0 3 1 0 6 1 9 2 0 1 3 3 3 0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 0 6 0 9 2 1 6 0 2 2 1 2 1 9 3 3 0 1 0 0 6 1 6 1 9 2 2 1 0 9 0 2 1 9 0 1 2 2 1 3 6 3 6 3 2 6 6 2 1 6 0 2 1 3 0 0 1 0

qu t1ty i , 1 14- 1 5 risks nd d g rs f, 1 1 7-24 Ap 11 ius of Ty na, 20 app tit s, 43 desp tlsm f, 1 60 i s tisfactl m sturb ti f, 55 st Sl stic p t tl I of, 49
9 3 1 1 3 3 1 6 0 0 0 1 3 2 2 9 0 0 9 3 3 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 9 9 3 3 0 6 1 3

281

282
6

I dex
7

Apul ius, 1 9 A r t us, 1 6 Aristlppus, 48, 70 Arist ph s, 2 1 , 48, 1 90 p ssiv r I m ck d by, 2 1 9-20 i PI t 's S ymposium, 232-33 Aristotl , 1 8, 36, 39-43, 48, 70, 8 1 abst ti n, 75
6 3 6 9 0 3 1 6 3 6 0 6 0 6 9 1 3 0 2 0 1 6 1 0 0

b st rd pr g ny, 1 7 1
3 3 0 6

baths, 1 10 Bi n th
0 6 6 9

B rysth nit , 1 8 8
9 0 6 6

bis xuality, 44
3

s Sl gl
1 6

d sir , 1 8 8-90, 1 92
2 2

b dy, 36 be ut y of, 200

0 3

uth rity in f mili s, 2 1 6- 1 7 d s xu I act, 1 3 3-36 d th n ff cts f s xu I ctivity on b dy, 1 1 8 n xc ss s in pI sur , 45, 5{}-5 1 , 52 f mi i virtu s, 84 g d ss f citlz s, 79
1 3 0 3 2 1 6 3 3 1 2 3 6 2 0 6 3 3 0 6 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 6 2 9 1 0 0 1 6 0 6 1 9

n logos, 87 m nt I fid lity, 148 m d r ti , 54n, 70, 87 n par t I g , 1 22, 1 32 o p litic I n tur f marn ge, 1 7 7-78 f r pr cr ti , 1 22-23 o r gim rul rs' s If-r str I t, 8 1 -82 s xu I m d r ti i m rnag e,
0 0 1 3 3 6 0 1 0 3 2 0 1 0 2 1 3 3 6 9 1 0 3 3 6 0 3 1 2 6 1 0 0 6 3 0 1 9 0 1 6 2 6 3 1 9 0 1 2 3 0 6 3 0 1 1 3

1 66-67 s xual r les nd, 46 so ph rosyne vs. enkratelQ, 64-65, 69-70 sp rm, 1 3 1-32 tim lin ss, 58n truth and m d r ti , 86 "arts f xist c ," d fi d, 1 {}-l l aske sls, 30, 72-77, 126 thl tes, bsti c by, 1 1 9-20 Augusti , S i t, 40, 1 3 8, 253 Aulus G Ilius, 1 26 ust rity, 1 4-24 cl ssical th ught, 2 1 d c rciv n ss of m r I systems, 22 s d riv d fr m ethics, 2 5 1 m rit I , 148 p w r d, 23 qu dri-th m tics f, 2 1 -22 w m nd, 22
2 0 3 9 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 6 3 0 1 0 6 2 1 2 6 1 2 9 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 6 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 0 3 1 0 2 2 2 0 3 3 2 2 0 3 3 0 2 3 1 3 6 3 0 0 2 1 3

ff ct f s xu I cts , 1 1 7-20 v f, vs. I v f s uI, 2 3 3-34, I 238-39 b ys, 36, 59, 1 87-225, 229-46 f, s I v rs, 1 99-200 g cons t by, 23 1 - 3 3 , 235-36 f, 200 ff mi iz ti s r tic b J cts, 1 94, 221-25, 242-43 i f mili s, 2 1 6- 1 7 f v rs gra t d by, 208, 209, 223-24 futur st tus f, 206-7 ho r a d sham f, 2 1 , 204- 1 4 infi I t abst t i p n clpl d, 245-46 I v b tw m vs. I v f, 2 2 1 -22 m d r t I v rs s ho r bl f r, 207-8 m d r ti r quir d f, 208-9 s p SSIV , 21, 46-47, 211, 22{}-22 phil s phy s imp rt t f r, 2 1 1-12 physic I b auty f, 200 pI c s f r pursUIt f, 1 97-98 pr f re c f r, vs. pr f r nc f r gIrls, 1 90 pr p r c duct f, 204-7 prostltuti n f, 2 1 7- 1 8 pr t Ctl f, 1 9 1 , 2 1 3, 2 1 7- 1 8 rapid ch g s I , 200-20 1 r lati s b tw n, 1 94 r I f, s u c rt i , 2 1 7 , 223 s If-m st ry i , 21 1 - 1 2 s xu I pI asur f, 223-24 st tus f, 2 1 6- 1 7
2 6 0 2 3 3 0 1 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 6 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 0 1 0 9 3 2 0 0 2 1 3 2 3 0 1 2 2 3 0 1 0 1 2 0 9 9 9 1 6 2 1 0 1 1 6 3 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 2 0 0 6 3 2 0 2 3 1 0 3 6 0 0 2 3 0 1 2 2 0 3 3 6 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 3 2 0 9 3 2 0 0 2 2 1 6 0 2 2 2 6 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 9 0 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 9 3 1 2 1 2 1 0 2 6 2 0 6 0 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6 2 0 3 0

Index
sup ri rity pr scribed for, 2 1{}-1 1 t sti g of, 207-8 Buffi ' r , F , 194n
6 0 2 2 1 6 6 9

283
m rit I s x
3 3 6 2 0 6 0 1

catamit s, 19{}-91
6

C t
3 0 2

th
2 9

You g r, 1 7- 1 8
1 2

C Isus, 1 1 4n Charm Ides (PI t ch stity, 14, 88 see also bsti

3 0 3 3 1

d, I44, 1 8 3 f c n my by, 1 3 8 C I m t f A I x dn , 1 5 , 1 2 6 coitus i t rruptus, 1 1 4 c cubi s, 1 49 Conf essIOns (Samt Augusti ), 40

3

rul s
2 1

),
2 1 2

c
0

trac ption, 1 1 4
2 9

194n

c , s xu I
2 3 9

chlldr
9 2 3

:
9 2 2 1 3 3 2

s obJ ctiv i m Tn g , 1 59 p r nts supp rt d by, 1 76

3 2 0 6

Cor pus Medlcorum Graecorum, 1 6n c urt s s, 22, 1 49 courtship pr ctic s, 196-97 cr ftsm n, 1 52 Cynics, 54, 73, 223
0 2 3 1 3 2 3 6

Cyr
2 1

ics, 48

r p
3 6 0 2 3

f, 2 1 6

Cyrus, 58-59, 9 1 , 1 53-54, 1 88 th, s xu I ct a d, 1 3 3-36 D m critus, 1 26 D m sth s, 59-60, 143-45, 149, 204- 1 2 u l gy f Epicr t s b y , 203- 1 2 d sir , 5-6, 254 d
2 3 2 3 3 1 2 0 6 0 6 1 2 2 0 0 3 2 2 6

s xu Iity of, 253 see also b ys; girls

0

Chi
1 3 1

s
2 9 2

cultur :
2 0 2 3 3

ty v r sexu I ctivity m, 137 pr scnptl s f r WIV s i , 1 43-44 ch re sis. 37, 53-62 d fi d, 53-54 strat gy f d f r, 54-57 str t gy f st tus i 59-62 str t gy f tim Ii ss f r, 57-59 Christi nit y : d virgl ity abstl nc , c h stity,
XI
9 9 9 6 0 1 0 6 1 6 1 6 6 0 1 6 6 0 3 2 0 3 1

I , 14
9 1 3

sc
2 0

tic m v m
0 2 2 1 2

ts i , 2 1
1 1 3 1

d ctri

s
0

f p ga
3

tiquity
3

nd,

1 5, 2{}-22 m rg c f m rital m d I i 22n thics- ri nt d m r liti s i , 30 d f ar f s xual chvity, 1 5- 1 6 i t ri nty i , 63 I gitlm t p rt ers i , 1 4 m d I f bst ti I , 20 m dul t d u iv rs Iity i , 2 1 , 60
6 6 2 1 2 0 3 0 6 1 6 0 2 2 0 3 2 1 9 3 1 2 0 6 3 9 1 2 0 1 9 2 3 6 3 1 1 9 0 2 0 3 2 1 0 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 3 1

m r Iity f s xu I b h vior summariz d f r, 92

0 3 0 6 3 2 3 2 0

p
2 1

it
2 3

ti I syst m i , 30
3 2 1 6

pI
2

sur
1 9

d v lu d i , 42
2 3 6 1

Christia

past r I mi istry,
9 0 3 1 9 3 0 1 0 3 1

d pI sur s b und to, 42-43 c fro t ti f, 65-67 fid Iity s m st ry f, 26 h rm utics f, 92 hyp rbolic pot nti I f, 49-50 I t si ty f, c tr II d, 69-70 pI sur sust I ed by, 55-56 d, 43 privati di t, s first m did , 99 di t tics, 3 6, 95- 1 39 circumst tial vigtl nc f r, 1 06 s d lib rat pr ctic , 1 07-8 f s xu I ctlvlty nd ff ct b dy, 1 1 7-20 f d a d dri k i , 1 0 1 , 1 1 4 f d vs. aphrodISIa I , 1 1 4 m d r ti in, 25 1 s ri I tt ntio f r, 106 see also r gim Di Chrys st m, 1 9 Di c I s, 102, 1 09, 1 1 3- 1 5, 1 1 8 DI g s La rttus, 54-55, 1 30, 146,
3 3 1 2 3 6 3 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 6 3 3 2 0 6 6 1 2 0 2 6 3 0 9 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 6 9 6 3 6 3 1 0 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 6 6 9 3 1 3 6 0 3 6 6 2 3 2 9 9 3 2 2 0 6 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 9 9 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 1 6 3 3 6 1 0 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 6 9 9 0 2 1 2 6

ct

codlfic ti

of m r hty i , 30, 3 1 32, 1 1 5-16, 1 8 3

193 D m sth
6 0 2

1 2

s a d, 220
1

284

Index
9 1

s L ertius (contm ued) If minacy, 8 5 ha rmful If c t s f aphrodls/Q, 1 1 7- 1 8 sl v s t d sir s, 79 n tr ini g, 73-74 Di g s f Ap II ia, 1 26-27 Diseases (Hipp c r t s), 1 1 9 d ct rs, typ s f, 107 d mi c . s h nor bl , 2 1 5 virtu s r lated t , 70 "d rs I phthisis, " 1 1 9 d ubI s xu I mon p ly pri cipl , 1 66 D v r, K H , 1 96, 2 1 8 n, 252 dri ks, i di t tic pr ctic , 1 0 1 Di g
0 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 6 2 9 9 2 2 0 0 1 3 6 0 6 2 0 3 1 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 9 0 3 6 0 0 2 0 9 0 1 3 1 6 3 0 3 2 6 3 6 0 0 3 0 6 6 3 0 0 1 2 0 2 9 9 1 1 6 2 3 6

mics, 36, 1 4 1-84 c mm dl g d, 1 5 3-54 m d r ti n a d, 25 1-52 see also h us h Jds; h us h Id m nag m nt; m rTi g Economics ( ttrib. Arist t1 ), 1 6667, 1 74 B k I i , 1 75 g v r i g i , 1 75 d justic t ward sp us 1 76-8 1 sexu 1 b havior a d, 1 76-77 wiv s as suppJi ts i , 1 7 6, 1 78-79 educati J pr ctic , 1 95 elf mi cy: imm d r tion a d , 84-86 mocki g f, 190 E ff emina tus. 1 9 j cuJat ry sch rna, 1 27-30 1 ph ts, s x mpl f c jugal virtu , 1 7 c miums, 204 enkrateia, 37, 63-77 civic lif nd, 7 1 -72 c mbati ve rei ti nshi p with s If in, 67-69 c fr t ti f d sir s d d f r, 65-67
2

delin d, 64 d m stic Iif a d, 70-7 1 as h aut cr tic, 70 j t nsity f d sir s c ntr Iled In. 69-70 1 ad rship d, 75-77 so phrosyne a d, 63-64 t r ini g f r, 72-77 Epicrat s : asc d a c y f r , 2 10 chari t rac a d, 2 1 i u l gy f r. 203- 1 2 sup r i rity f, 2 1 0 Epict tus. 1 9 Epicurus, aust rity r commended by, 2 1 E pidemics, 1 0 1 , 1 1 9 epith umla, 43 erastes, 1 96 erom en os, 196 Erotic Essay ( ttrib. D m sthenes), 59-60. 204- 1 2 r tics, 36. 1 85-225, 229--46 b ys as bj ct f pi sur In. 194, 22 1-25, 242--43 m d rati n i , 252 PI t ic, 242--45, 252 S cr tiC, 243--44 see also b ys thical subJ cts. m ral c d s a d, 29-3 1 s 1f-f rm ti s, 25, 28 lelos f. 27-28 thical subst c , d t rmi atlO of. 26-27 thics. 27, 9 1 -92 addr ss d t m 22-23 history f, 29 as r 1 ti nship b tw fr edom. pow r. d truth, 253 shift of mph sis i , 253 unificati f I m ts i , 253-54 Eudemian Ethics (Aris! tl ), 40 Euripid s. 1 94n nd b tr y d w m 1 64 v cu ti s. 1 0 1
2 0 6 6 1 6 0 3 9 1 6 0 2 2 0 0 2 6 3 1 1 1 3 0 6 1 1 2 0 0 6 1 6 0 0 6 0 0 2 2 2 9 3 2 0 2 0 9 0 0 2 0 6 3 6 0 6 0 1 3 0 1 9 0 3 0 9 9 6 2 0 0 2 1 2 0 3 0 1 3 0 9 2 3 1 6 6 6 1 1 6 6 6 0 2 1

Index
vd, associated wIth s xual activity, 1 4- 1 5
9 9 2 2 6

2 85
m ans of p rsu Sl n, 1 6 8
9 1 2 2 3 0 2

glory, i

Golden Ass, T he (Apul ius), 1 9 Gorgias (PI t ) . 90

3 0

x rcis s, 73-74, 1 0 1
2 2 3

lim
2 6

tat!
9 0 9

a d , I to
1

Greek Homosexuality gymn siums. 1 97-98

3

(D ver).
0

2 1 8n

xist nce'
3 6

sth tics
6 0 0

f, 1 2, 89-93 h aith, 1 5- 1 7 , 23, 97- 1 39

6

arts
2

f, Ic}- I I

ey s, 4On- 4 1 n famih s, 149

9 2 3

music and, 1 02 s ul
0 3 1 1

d, 103-4
2 0

d us

f pi asur s, 97-98
2 2 9 2 6 2 2

b ys i , 2 1 6- 1 7
0 1

see also di t tics, r gim n H sychius, 3 8 h t r s xuality. h mos xuality vs., 1 87

2 2 6 0 2 0 2

W m
0 2

1 , 2 1 6- 1 7
9 1

F aust, 229-30 f
2 3

r, 50
0

f s xu I
2 3 3 9 2

ctivity, 1 5- 1 7 ds, 1 65, 1 8c}-82

Hi r
2 0 9

198
9 9

lid lity. f r husb

0 3 1 3 3 1

Hippocrates and Hippocratic tradl

ti
0 0 1 6 9 1 9

i m rri g , 1 7- 1 8 , 1 63, 1 65, 1 8c}-82

2

j cui t ry sch m , 1 27-30

3 3 0 6 3 0

as mast ry
2 0 3 1

d m d
0 6 0 3 0

f d sir s, 26 f subj ctlvity, 27

2 6 9 6

Perl diaites r gim

2 6 0 1 1

f, 109- 1 3

i , 1 05-6
3

m r i c d s and, 26
2

Hipp cr tic 0 th, 47

3

m r i c
0 3 0

duct a d, 28
1 2 3

state
3 0 9

s r
1

s
0

f r, 1 67-70
0

History o fAnimals (Arist tle), 4 1 -42 H m r, 1 00 , 1 95

0 0 2

as v lu tary, 1 8c}-82
0

f WIVes. 1 63
9 1 1 9

h m s xuality, 23, 1 87-93 b tw boys, 194

0 0 2 6 2 6 1

FI

dn , J L., 1 1 6n flesh. d ctrin f:

3 0 2 0 3

b tw
2 6 1

tw
0 2

duits, 1 4, 1 94-95
0 1

a d civic r sp
1 0 6 0

sibiliti s, 2 1 9-20
2 9 3 3 0

nXlety over s xu I act i , 1 38

9 6 3 2

susp IC I

xc SSIV
9 6 2 0

c mpl x pr bl m tlZ ti n of,

2

f rc
0 2 1 3 1

f pie sur
3 2

i
1

50
0

1 92-93 c urtship pr ctic s a d, 196-97

3 2 1

d, 4 1
3 2

foods. in diet tic pr ctic , 10 1 , 1 10

6

ditf r
2 2

c s i
2 1

g
6

a d stat us tn,
9 1

Fr
3

cis
0 0

f Sal s, Sai t, 1 7
2 1 6

1 9 3-95 duc ti
3 0 1 3

fr
2

d m. 78-80. 253 f cities, 78-79 s p W r, 80

I pr ctic
3 6

a d, 1 95
1

erastes i , 1 96
1

eromenos i
1 6 1

1 96
0 1

s If2 2

slav m
6

t vs
9

79-80

fr
6 6

d m
0 6

futur sis f d sir 40n-4 1 n g z i g Generatlon o f Animals (Arist tl ).

3 6 1 6 1 6 0 6 2 9 9 0 2 6 2

f d cisi n i , 1 9 8, 203 status d, 206-7

0 3 1 2 3

h t r s xu lity vs., 1 8 7
0

h n r
0 0 3

d sh m
3 6 1

1 3 2. 1 34-35 girls:
3

love vs. fri m rri g

3 3 6 3

i , 204- 1 4 dship in, 20 1

6 1

d. 1 9 8-99
3

g
6

f r m TTl g
9 0 3 3 6 6 6 3

f. 1 54
0

m d rati
0 6 0 0

sh
0

1 0

r bl i
3 6 1

207-9

ag
0

for s xu I activity
6 2 2 0

f, 46

P n
6 1 2 3

ss of. 1 97-99
0 6 6 3 0 1

b ys pr f rr d t
3

1 90

pr c ri usn ss of r I ti nships i , 20 l n prohibitions ag inst, 1 8-20, 1 70

3

s
0

bj ct
2 0

f desir
2 6

192

see also worn n

286
0 0 6 3

I dex
7

h m s xu Iity (continued) ritu lizatl f, 1 95-97 s If-m st ry i , 2 1 1 - 1 2 sp ei I stylisties f r, 1 92 sup ri rity i , 2 1 1 1 timi g i , 1 99-200 t I ra e f, 190--9 1 see also b ys h mosexuals d, 220-22 m I s xu Iity gativ im g f, 1 8-20 d s x r I i v rsi , 1 8-20 h r' f b ys, 204- 1 4 d mi ati and, 2 1 5 futur st tus d, 206-7 f human b ings, 168-69 I v and, 237 passivity a d, 2 1 1 philos phy a d, 2 1 1 - 1 2 t sting f, 207-8 h us hold manag m t, 1 5 1 -65 and b auty f wif , 1 62-63 e mma di g a d, 1 53-54, 1 75 s co test, 1 64-65 fu eti n f wiv s i , 1 54-59 husband's r I i , 1 5 1-54, 1 57-59 husba dwif partn rship in, 1 56-59 nomos a d, 1 5 8-59 s xual qualiti s and, 1 5 8 shelter in, 1 5 7 h us holds' g v r m co tinuity betw a d, 17 1-72 of land w rs vs. craftsm , 1 52 marnag a d, 1 5 1 husbands eha g in sexual b havi r x p et d fr m, 1 48 fidelity f r, 165, 1 882 as master f h useh Id, 1 5 1-54, 1 75 bligati ns of, t w rd wiv s, 146 pr mi e f wif f r, 163-65
9 3 0 1 0 2 3 6 1 6 3 0 6 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 6 0 0 9 0 9 3 2 6 3 3 1 1 2 6 3 2 0 3 1 2 0 6 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 3 1 0 2 0 6 1 0 1 6 0 0 6 6 6 1 2 0 6 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 6 1 1 0 2 1 6 2 1 6 6 0 6 9 1 2 6 1 0 6 1 6 1 1 0 1 6 6 1 2 1 9 9 1 6 2 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 2 6 1 6 1 6 0 6 0

f, i h usehold in n g ment, 1 57-59 s xu I m d rati s v lunt ry f r, 1 882 wiv s tr i d d gUJd d by, 1 54-56
0 6 0 1 0 3 3 2 6 3 0 2 0 1 3 0 3 0 9 2 3 1 2 3 1 2

r I

Ieeus f T r tum, 1 8 8 Iliad ( H mer), 1 00 i m g , st r typ d, f h m s xuals, 1 8-20 imm d rati , serib d t w m , 84-86 imm rt lity, s xu I act d, 1 3 3-36 i c st, s "u tim Iy," 59
0 3 6 1 9 0 3 2 6 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 6 1 0 3 6 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 2

Introduction to the Devout Lif e

f S i s), 17 ph n's Oeconomicus, 1 5 2-65 Is er t s, 8 1 , 150 fid lity, 1 8, 148 Nie cI s d, 1 8 , 1 66 on s xu 1 m d r ti i m rriage, 1 66-67, 1774, 1 82
3 3 0 3 2 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 6 0 2 3 1 2 3 0 2 3 0 1 1 3

(S int Fr ncis Iseh m ehus i X

J Iy, H
0 2

ri, 93n

kairos, 57-58
L lius, 1 8 I dh Id rs, 1 5 2-53 law, s r str i t f r s xu I eti vity, 50 Laws (PI t ), 30, 44-45, 49, 57, 6569, 74n, 75, 77, 1 19-20 d et rs i , 107 n m d r ti , 244 pr cr ti , 1 2 1 , 1 22n, I 24n 1 3 3, 1 34, 1 3 5-36 r gi m t ti n f m rri g , 1 67-70 n s xua1 m d r tI i m rri g , 1 66-70, 1 82 s x with m I s vs f m i s, 222 logos, 86-88 a d a sth tics f xist e , 89-9 1
3 6 3 1 0 6 3 6 3 1 0 2 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 3 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 1

Index

287 fi elity i , 1 7- 1 8, 1 63, 1 65,

4 3

m d r ti , 86-88 s I -k wI g , 87-88 s supr m m d rate hum s, 86-87 us pI sur s r gul t by, 87 7-46 I v , 1 93, 0 1 -3 , a e s nt, 3 1 -33, 35-36 e nv rsi n , t ri n ship, 0 1 as qui val nt, r eith r s x, 1 8 7-90 ri ship vs., 34 h m s xu I r I ti ships, 0 1 -3 , 37 h r I v bj t , 36-37 f r I v r vs. b I v , 36-37, 239-40 In m -w m r I ti ship, 9 m rri g n , 0 -3 m st r n , 40-42 m ning , 23 6-44 r ti i , 90-9 1 m right vs wr g i , 08 s I -k wI g n , 43-44 s ul vs b y, 33-34, 38-39 spiritu Iity i , 238 symm try vs. issymm try I , 3 -33, 39-40 truth , 9-30, 43-44 Lovers, The (PI t ), 102 Ly urgus, 1 2
1 0 2 1 3 2 3 4 0 9 3 1 0 4 0 2 3 4 2 0 0 3 1 2 3 0 0 1 9 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 1 0 7 7 7 3 4 1 3 0 7 7 1 0 1 1 9 1 9 0 4 7 0 0 9 1 0 0 9 0 3 4 7 3 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 3 7 1 3 1 2 3 4 7 1 0 1 0 8 2 3 4 7 1 1 0 0 1 0 4 7 2 3 1 2 3 0 2 1 3 7 7 2 2 0 2 4 7 7 2 0 2 4 7 0 2 1 9 1 4 0 2 1 3 3 6 1 3 3 7 0 9 3 1 0 4 0 2 4 7 1 9 1 6 1 4 7 7 2 3 0 4 0 3 7 7 7 2 3 4 7 7 7 2 1 8 7

Magna Moralia (Arist t I ), 1 78

1 0

m k up a p i t, 1 6 1 -62 m rri g , 23, 1 3 5-36, 143-84 as rr ng by ture, 1 75-76 aUr eti i , 1 6 1 -6 as b n fi i I t ity, 1 67 s mmu ity, 1 6 1-6 as e t st, 1 64-65 d s n nts s bj tlV I , 1 59 ubI s xu I m p Iy i , 1 66 du I r I , 1 38 I pha t as x mpl r, 1 7 m rg Christi mod I 2
6 2 0 3 4 9 2 8 0 2 3 2 2 0 2 2 0 4 3 2 2 1 3 5 7 0 0 8 2 1 8 2 8 1 3 7 1 5 0 6 6 0 8 0 4 0 2 1 0 8 0 3 4 1 0 0 2 1 5 1 1 3 2 1 0 1 9 0 0 5 0 2 0 9 1 0 0 0 3 8 0 1 9 2 3 0 1 9 7

1 80-8 h m s xu I r I ti ns n , 198-99 h us h l , 15 1 imp rt ee sex i , 1 8 3 in qu Iity i , 1 56, 1 77-78 justie t w r wi in, 1 76-8 1 I v , 20 -3 keup i , 1 6 1-6 m mutu I fi lity i , 147, 1 67 pI sur i , 1 43-44, 147, 1 49-50 pr min wi e, 1 63-65, 1 79 s pri vii g u i , 149 s t s xuality i , 1 4 pr er tiv tr I in, 1 50-5 1 , 1 60 s 1s xu I m rati i , 1 66-84 s xu I pI sur s utsi , 1 43-47, 1 79 s xu I r lati s in, 1 43-47, 1 59, 163 n gui d i , wiv s tr i e 1 54-56 see also p Iyg m us s ei ties m sturb ti , 55 r , 16 M xlmus Tyr , 30 Medical Collection (Orib SIUS), 109 Memorabilia (X ph n), 4 1 n , 44n, 50, 59, 6 1 , 79-80, 86, 87 e mies, 1 5 3 I v , 33-34 r gim n, 107-8 m , 46-47 tlv r I in i t r urs b st p r nt I g r, 1 1-22 h r ter tr Its f, 1 58 as m Is r m d r ti n, 8 physl I tr its , 1 58 s xu I t r, 125-39 mistress s, 1 43 m subj tivlty, 7 m r ti n th s uI, 89-90 nd b auty , 7 1 -7 Ivi Ii a fi , 70
7 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 2 4 1 0 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 9 3 0 2 3 0 1 2 4 9 0 1 0 2 3 4 7 2 3 7 2 4 0 3 0 2 0 3 2 3 4 0 0 0 3 8 0 1 9 9 2 0 0 4 3 1 3 1 0 2 0 0 3 4 1 0 3 0 9 8 1 3 1 0 2 1 4 0 1 3 3 2 0 0 2 0 1 4 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 2 3 4 2 4 4 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 3 9 0 2 1 9 6 2 1 9 0 7 6 6 2 0 3 1 1 1 5 0 1 3 1 1 3 1 0 7 1 3 0 0 0 3 6 6 2 8 0 1 0 3 0 8 1 0 1 9 0 2 0 2 2 0 9 1 7 6 8 2 2 8 2 1 1 4 0 9 1 1 0 2 1 7 6 8 2 2 1 9 2 0 2 8 9 1 0 6 1 4 0 1 9 0 8 7 6 1 4 2 1 6 0 2 0 1 9 0 1 6 8 8 9 0 5 4 7 4 5 0 0 4

288
mod r ti (continued) m sti It n , 70-7 1 , 25 1 -5 logos a , 86--88 m s m Is r, 8 mist k id as b ut, 49-50 as d st t , 1 67 -r gul ti , 55-57 t I glc I r r an , 89-9 1 P Itti I p W r n , 1 70-74 P Itti I r gul ti , 167-70 re u I ti n a d, 5 st tus , 6 1 -6 , 1 8 -83 st tus s r s n r, 1 8 -83 tim lin ss , 51 , 86--89 truth n vinl h r t r , 8 -84 s v lu t ry, r husb s, 1 80-8
6 0 2 1 3 6 4 1 0 8 9 0 2 4 7 3 4 0 3 2 1 4 0 9 1 7 2 0 3 0 2 1 7 3 0 0 1 9 2 0 3 0 0 4 0 2 1 3 2 3 4 6 1 3 1 1 2 1 4 0 4 6 1 8 2 1 0 2 4 6 1 8 2 0 2 1 3 1 9 6 3 3 8 2 1 5 7 7 2 2 3 4 7 7 2 2 0 2 1 9 1 7 0 0 2 3 4 7 2 4 6 0 8 2 2 8 0 1 9 7 2 1 3 2 9 1 2 3 4 7

Index
, s xu 1, s r gul t r pi sur , 55-56 I s, in X n ph 's Wrltl gs, Ni 1 8, 2 1 , 148, 1 66, 1 70-74 , 1 82 n b st r pr ge y, 1 7 1 t l uity b tw n h us h Id g v rnm nt, 1 71-7 a justifi ati p liti I P W r, 1 70-7 1 sel -g v r m t, 1 72-74 I ers, 1 73 sup rionty Nlcomachean Ethics (Anst tl ) , 40, 45, 50-5 1 , 64-65, 69n, 87, 1 75, 1 77-78, 1 80-8 1 tury, h m s xu I t nth imag i , 1 8 nomos, 3 1 , 1 5 8-59 N rth, H I n, 64
3 0 0 4 0 2 2 0 2 1 1 9 0 2 0 8 1 8 0 0 1 1 3 3 1 2 2 4 1 3 6 1 3 8 1 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 4 1 0 0 7 1 5 8 1 3 1 9 1 8 2 1 0 1 3 9 1 0 3 0 3 6 1 5 0 1 9 0 2 4 6 6 6 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 8 0 3 1 1 0 2 0 3 1 0 0

see also so phrosyne m n r hs, see rul rs

1 2 8 0

m ral b h vi rs: hist ri I vi W f, 9 n tur , 7- 8 a r I ti ship with th s If, 8 m r lity, 5-3 b h vi rs, 5-2 6 Chnsti ity vs. p g ism, 1 4- 1 5 - ri t , 9-32 r IV n ss i , Ii , 25 s xu I tlvity, 44-45 gr thi I subt rmi ti n , 6--27 st I b r ti 0 thi I W rk n s If, 7 thi s- rie t d, 30-3 1 , 26 Ii lity h ut r ti stru tur subj ct a , 70 history 0 , 29 n m subj tlvlty, 7 s rul n u t, 5 subj tiv ti d, 29-3 1 th thi I subJ t, telos 7- 8 musi , 102
1 0 2 1 1 8 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 9 7 7 6 6 3 4 0 2 1 3 0 0 7 1 2 7 7 1 9 0 2 1 7 6 1 9 2 3 2 2 3 8 1 4 0 1 0 3 0 4 7 6 8 1 0 8 0 0 3 7 7 4 0 3 0 4 6 2 3 4 4 0 0 0 1 9 0 2 2 8 2 3 4 4 0 0 5 2 1 1 9 0 8 2 2 3 8 0 7 2 3 4 0 2 1 2 1 3 9 0 8 2 1 1 3 1 0 0 7 0 8 1 3 0 4 0 2 3 4 0 2 1 8 2 8 8 0 1 9 0 3 4 9 2 4 1 4 0 1 9 0 8 7 2 0 1 9 8 1 4 8 7 0 8 2 1 3 2 3 6 2 3 4 1 9 0 0 8 2 0 8 7 7 8

), 7 1 , 79, 83 Cnt bulus i , 1 60 h us hoi m n g m t, 1 52-65 Olkos, 1 5 1 see also h us h i m ag m t On Generation and Corruption (Arist tl ), 1 34 On the Murder o f Eratosthenes. 146 On the Soul (Arist tl ), 1 34 Orib sius, 109 Oeconomicus (X
6 1 3 1 5 1 0 4 0 3 1

ph
2

ntiquity. , 89-93 xist sth ti s Christia tri s , 1 5, 0xt ri rity i , 63 h m s xu I image i , 1 8-20 in, 20 m d Is f bst ti s xu 1 m r lity in, 1 4 - 1 5 styliz ti ttitud s i , 9 -93 subje tiv m r Ittles in, 30- 3 1 p ssivity, 194 b ys, 1 , 46--47, 2 1 1 , 220-22 m I superi rity , 220-22 e r, 2 0 pr r P ul f A gin , 1 09 P usa i s, 188-89, 1 9 1
6 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 8 1 9 0 0 5 8 0 2 5 4 5 4 1 8 3 0 2 3 4 7 7 7 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 2 5 1 0 1 2 0 3 1 3 0 2 1 2 2 1 5 1 9 2 0 5 7 6 6 8 0 1 2 2 2 5 4 1 7 2 1 0 2 5 4 0 9 0 0 3 8 9 1 7 2 1 0 2 2 5 2

p g

Index
Pedagogue, The (Clement of Al x
1 0 2 3

289
tyranmcal m
6 5 2

, 1 8 7-88 x
8 0

dri ), 1 5
2 1 6 0 1 9

v letu inary
2 4 0

ss, 1 04-5 t , 4 -43

4 1 7

Pedagogue, The (DlOg nes

I
1 3

Ap I1

pi
0

sur '
0 6 8

i ), 1 26-27
2 2 6 6 1 0 2

Peri dialles (Hlpp crat s), 109- 1 3 Phaedrus (PI t ) , 1 9, 39, 88, 09,
2 1 7 8 7

t
2

d
4

sir
0 2

s b u
1 5 0 1 0

tiv
0

vs. p ssiv
2 2

r I s in, 46-47
0

2 n
7 4

mb tive evalu tio

2 3

tutu
6 4

tow r s, 65-67
2 4

o
5

I v ,
1 0 7 6

30-33,
7 2

35, 237-4 ,
7 7 7

44
4 2

of, 4
7

Phileb us (PI to), 43, 1 6 phifla, 201

phil sophy, 8-9, 36
6 1

i t
0 1

, 109
8 1 0

s
0 8

thi al pr bl m, 36
0

ex
2 3

ss s
0 1

, 5 0-52 f sexu I
2 2 8

PI t , 1 9 , 36, 39, 43, 44-45, 48, 49, 50, 65-66, 70-72, 90-9 1 , 1 3 1 ,
2 1 7

fear
1 0

tivity, 1 6

immod ratl n i , 56-57

6 1 3 2

09
3 0 3 8

s i f ri r, 48-49
3 0 1 0 3

on absti
1 5 2 0

e by athl tes, 1 1 9-20

0 8 0

int
3

sity
1 3

, 49-50
9

o
3

x ss, 1 04 thl ti ivic m el m

8 0 1 4 1 9 1 7

t
0 5

sity
1 2 3

, c
1 5

tr II
1 0 0

, 69-70
5

r tl n,
6 2 1 5

-woma
0

r lati
1

ship,
7

7 1 -7
1 5

marriag , 1 43-44, 147, 1 49-50

9 0 5

d
2 0

g rs 0 pr cr
0 9 1 0

ti
1 8

, I
7

o m
1 2

vs. worn
0 1 0 2

, 1 28- 9
7 2 1 3 1 9

d ath and sexual a t, 1 3 3-36

3

m r I pr bl m tlz ti
6

, 33-93

do t rs, 107
8 1 3

ne d as r gulat r
0 0 1 1

f, 5 5-56

importa
5

pr
1 6

r
0

ti
1

sust ined by
2 4 6 0 0

sir , 5 5-56
0

I 3-24
7 1

tim 1m ss in, 5 8 tyr nts

2 2 3 4

n logos a d m
5 1 5

love, 230-33,
7

r tI , 8 7-88 35-45
2 1 5 1 0

, 81
2

a
5

virtu
0 5 2

s r i ti
0 2 1 6 6

ship
1

f d mi
1

n
7

I v
1 0

s ul vs. I v
1

0
9

b
1

y,

tI
6 1

, 70

38-39 m rn g , 1 3 5-36
6 2 2 0

see also aphrod/SlG

Pliny, 1 7 Plut rch, 39, 5 8 , 1 83, 230
2

m ans
0 1

p rsu sion, 1 68-69

0 2

moderation and, 6 1-62, 64, 1 6670, 1 82

1 5

politi
8

I p w r.
6 1 0 8 2

justifi
2

ti
1

f, 1 70-7 1
2 1 0

p r
2 0 1

t I
2 2

g , I
0 7 3 5

1-2
7 4

n
4 5 2

passiv
0

sexu I r I
1

,
9

21 9-20

"p ssessio a pr tic " w m d childr , 5 3n

2 8 0 1 1 0 3 2 3 0 5 2 3 4

d power
2 1 0 6

ver
1 2 1

n sel , 1 72-74
0 5

s xu 1 m d r ti
0

an , 170-74
4

, 78n purity o r gim , 1 00, 103

5 0 0 3 1 3

Politics (Aristotle), 79, 8 1 , 1 48 , 1 75,

177, 1 8 1 n
1 3 2

r str i ts s xual activity, 50 s Iftr I, 68-69

0 2 3 1 5 0 0 8 1 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 0

uth rity in
1 9

mili s, 2 1 6- 1 7
0

Polybius, 5 3n p Iyg m us s
1 2 1 1 8

on s xu I m d r ti n in marri g , 1 66-70, 1 82 o
5 1

i ti s, 143-44
0 0

p w r, 6, 253
1 0 9

s x with mal s vs.

6 0 0 9

m i s, 222
2 0

r
0 0

m
2 1 3

s, 80 , 80-8
2 3 4 7 0 1

n sperm, 1 3 1
0 3

s I 9 8 0

tr I
9

on st tus
2

on status and mod ratio , 6 1 -62 d s I tr I, 80

2 5 0 9 8 1 5 1 5

th mes 0 aust rity and, 23

o o
5

tim Ii
0 3 5 5

ss, 57

see also p litical p w r privati n, d sire a d, 43

1 1 0 1 5 0

trai i g, 72-77

pr bl m tiz ti n, orms
1 0 2 2 1 9 1

, 1 4-24

290
2 1 0

Index , 107 o t rs 1 m ts , 1 1 0 f x r is s , 1 0 1 s first m l i e, 99 Hipp r ti , 105-6 0 ormity I , 1 1 imlt ti , 1 35-36 marriage me sur st blish by, 10 n tur I h styl , 100 P rs I dilf r s , 108, I I I f r I ti s pra ti t s If,
4 8 1 2 5 4 0 0 3 1 9 0 1 0 0 8 0 6 2 0 4 8 3 1 8 2 8 6 6 2 1 3 2 3 4 8 3 9 3 7 2 3 4 2 0 0 2 0 4 7 6 2 2 9 0 0 2 5 4 0 1 3 2 0 0 5 8 0 2 3 4 2 8 8 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 0

Problems ( ttrib. Arist t1 ), 46, 1 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 4, 1 33, 3 pr reatl n, 1 20- 4, 1 8 1 n b st tim 0 y r r, 1 3

7 7 7 6 7 1 8 1 0 9 0 2 9 1 7 0 2

s r as
0 1 8 0 2

r s xu I m
0 2 1 1 3 1 2

4 0

r ti
2 1

1 67-70
pr r tiv m g my, 1 4- 1 5 Pr i us, 56 pr g y, 1 0-24 b st r , 1 7 1 I gltim y , 145 , 1 1 P r tal g see aIso hil r pr stltuti , 1 7- 1 9 b ys, 1 7- 1 8 penaltl s f r, 2 1 8 pubh Opl i , 1 68 pu Ish me t, 29-30 punty, 78 Pyth gor tr It! n, 74, 2 30 ust rity I , 2 1 Jugal uti s I , 146 i t tics , 10 s xual tivity If ts b dy, 1 1 7- 1 8 origi of sp rm i , 1 30 punty a , 78
1 0 1 4 8 1 0 3 7 2 2 4 6 0 2 8 1 9 2 0 5 2 0 2 3 4 7 8 4 0 3 6 1 1 3 7 1 9 1 7 6 0 1 6 6 8 5 1 5 6 5 3 6 6 6 2 0 2 3 2 4 1 6 2 0 5 6 6 6 8 1 3 4 3 0 4 0 0 2 3 4 7 1 3 0 0 8 1 9 0 2 8 1 3 0 5 6 3 4

107-8
qu ht tiv
6 2 2 0 8

ha g s
5 0 3 6 2 2 0

g t\ t
6 1 2 0

by,

1 15
situ t! n I v n bl s in, 1 10-1 1 r sl p, 101 s ul , 10 -4 r spri g, 1 1 1 - 1 3 or summ r, . l l l , 1 1 3 tim It ss nd, 58 us ful ss , 105-6 v I tu I ry x ss i , 1 04-5 r wmt r, 1 1 1- 1 see also h m t ry r glmen , aphor rodislQ, r gim RegImen (Di I s), 105-6, 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 RegImen f or Health, A (Hipp cr t s), 109 R u , L., 1 6n Ren versement platontcien, Le (J Iy),
6 2 1 2 9 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 7 9 1 3 9 0 6 6 0 3 0 2 5 0 0 1 9 6 2 0 4 3 2 0 8 3 0 6 9 1 0 7 6 6 6 2 0 3 2 0 6 0 0 3 9 6 1 8 0 6 1 2 0 0 3 2 4 6 1

on

r p
2 0 1 0 2

1 46
8 0 3 2 0 5

f hildr vs. sl v s, 2 1 6 r s , 50 R rm ti , 30 r gim , 99-1 24 r aphrod,slQ, 109-10, 1 1 2,

1 0 9 1 2 1 3 0 0 5 6 6 9 1

1 1 3-26
ar s c v r by, 101athi ti x ss i , 104 for utum , I I I , 1 1 3 b st, r pr r tl , I - 3 I pr ti a h g s i m
0 2 1 0 0 4 7 0 8 0 8 0 3 2 5 6 0 9 1 1 8 0 2 1 3 7 7 7 5 4 8 2 3 0 5 0 4 8 2 2 8 8 0

100
gi g Ii styl s mm by, 105-6 c mpens ti pnn Ipl r,
8 2 5 3 9 0 0 2 8 8 1 1 4 6 6 1 2 1 3 8 0 9 1

at
0

93n Republic (PI to), 30, 49, 50, 64, 68, 71-72, 74, 90-9 1 , 122n r glm in, 103 Rhetoric (Aristotl ) , 54n ntlquity R m s 1 ti s, see p g Rufus Eph sus, 48 rul rs, 1 70-74 s If-rul , 80-8 , 172-74 virtu f, 1 73 rul s valu s, hlst ry , 9
2 6 0 0 3 0 6 6 1 2 5 1 8 0 0 2 2 5 2 1 9 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 7 0 1 6 0 2 3 4 0 1 1 9 7

1 1 1-12
4 2

ily r uti
1 3

i , 1 13
3

s du ti , 146 Seed, The (Hipp 1 7-30

0 8 1 5 1 8 7

r t s), 1 26,
2 0

Index

29 1

T he Seed (continued)
6

Ja ul tory sch rna in, 1 7-30 sp rm i , 1 30-3 1 s I 0 thic I work , 7 I b rati P w r v r, a d power ov r th rs, 172-74 m ral rei tl ship with, ti , 8 as subj t, 6-7 s I 0 trol abstenti r m r I ti ns with b th s x s s, 1 8 8 s r m , 79-80 i marri g , I SO-5 1 , 160 P wer , 80-82 s If- slaveme t, 79 s I -i ulg 45 self-kn wi g , 87-88 s I -m st ry: f b ys, 1 1-1 s rna Iy, 82-84 s I -r I ti ship , 63 r stru tur
6 0 8 2 0 7 0 5 6 0 9 6 0 2 1 1 5 9 0 2 1 3 7 1 0 1 0 5 0 1 0 6 2 1 5 2 3 4 1 2 8 1 3 7 0 8 6 0 9

degree , 44--45 ting d, 50-52 if cts of, 1 1 0 I pha t's go d habits i , 1 7 evil ass ciated with, 1 4- 1 5 expe diture rom, 1 30-33 fear of, 1 5- 1 7 moderati vs. xc ss i , 44--4 5 moral discrimi atl n e d i , 50 s natural, 47--48 org ic correlations with. 1 1 8 s s I v riatio s an , 1 1 3- 1 4 temporal modulation 0 , 1 1 3-1 6 vs. virgi ity a d bsti , 16 sexu I b h vior 15 domi a c as ho r bl , 1 68 glory h alth a d rm lit y r lat t , 53 nd ho r 0 hum ity, 168-69 ide I of, 1 7- 1 8 public opi io d, 1 68 r fl cti on, 252-53 r, restrictive uthority I cki g
1 9 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 5 9 1 3 3 0 0 6 5 1 3 0 4 0 3 2 2 3 0 2 1 5 2 2 5 4 9 5 3 2 5 0 5 8 0 6 2 0 2 6 5 5 0 5 1 2 0 3 7 2 3 4 0 5 3 1 2 0 0 4 1 7 2 3 1 9 2 5 2 5 5 2 3 0 0 1 3 2 2 3 9 1

252
sham d, 1 69 sex ual i ter urs , as mal nat d, 220 s xu lity, 35 x s c stituti g, 4 , 5 sir s xp rie ce, 3--4 pi sur d v lued i , 42 study , 3-6 SUSpl I d, 4 1 s x u I r I tio s , 1 7- 1 8, 3 r gim r, 1 0 1 n s cial r I Uo s , 2 1 0- 1 1 ,
0 2 3 3 8 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 2 0 1 3 3 4 0 0 2 5 4 2 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 2 3 1 9 8 1 5 2 5 0 2 0 2 5 7 0 0 3 9 1 6 2 4 1 0 2 5

see also enkratela s I -r str i t, 1 4- 1 5

6 0 9 0 2 5

ml-

s s S s s
0 0 0 0 0

m , p t Y f, 1 3 1 mi I w k ss, if ts f, 1 5-16 n c th EI r, 19 f, 1 8-20 x r I s, i v rsi xu I a t, 1 4, 4 1--4 i Christl nity, 1 4 , 9 o ifi ti imm rt lity r I t t , th
0 5 1 0 5 8 1 3 2 0 2 5 0 0 0 8 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0 3 0 1 3 1 2 8 7 6 3 2 8 4 8 2 1 3 1 9 7 4 0 2 2 3 4 1 2 0 2 0 4 1

133-36
sir pie sur s s mble with, 42--43 if t 0 bo y , 1 1 7-20 m I , 1 26-30 r mal vs m i g , 14 s If-r I ti ship , 1 36-37 s I -str gth mg rom, 1 37 0 , 1 26-30 viol I r, 1 9-30 viril m s xu I tivlty a xiety v r, 1 25-39
4 0 0 2 3 4 2 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 0 8 3 4 1 9 9 1 0 6 9 0 2 0 6 0 2 3 3 1 9 0 0 2 1 3 2 3 4 6 0 9 0 3 0 3 9 0 5 8 0 9 0 1 4 0 9 1 7 6 6 0 2 2 8 6 3 1 0

2 1 5- 1 6
supen rtty i , 2 1 0- 1 1 sh me, 2 1 , 1 69, 204-1 4 sh Iter, 1 57 Simo i s, 60-61 sl v s. s passiv p rt rs, 47 rape , 1 6 s sexu I bj cts, 2 1 5- 1 6
6 6 1 3 2 0 3 4 0 6 2 0 2 0 2 5 0 1 9 7 2 2 1 0

292
sleep, 1 0 1 soci I r I t l
6 2 0 2 1 3

Index
r gim
0 0 3

and, 1 02-4

S, S xu I r I tl
6 0 2 0 2 1

sa
5

truth and, 88 Sp rt , 1 2 3n
2 2 0 4

2 1 0- 1 1 , 2 1 5- 1 6 Socr t s, 19, 20,

2 7 0

I , 39, 49, 50, 76,

41
7

u
8 0

ti
1

i , 74-75
3 7

1 89 Alcibi
2 4 0

lov s a
3 4 0 2 6

for boys in,

6

34

, 69, 72-73,
7

sp rm.
0 1

o
3 1

boys' pi
8 6

sure, 2 3 f
1 2

rigi
5 0 8

, 1 30-3 1
3 0

n
1

atamltes, 1 9 1 n pp tit s, 160

0 0 2

pr

ious

ss
1

, 1 30-3 3 , 6 1 -62, 1 8 -83 , 80-8 1

4 7

n despotIsm
5

st tus, 59-62 m d rati

1 0 1 0 9 8 3 3

eco
5 0 0

mics, 1 5 3 t , 1 54
3

a
3 2 5

o
3 1 3

x r ise, 103
8 0 0 0 1

s I - 0 trol

hous hold manag m

0 2 5 4

St icism, 1 7, 86, 1 99
2

I v
1 2

s lav
0 3

, 23 3-45 obj t, 24 1 -4
0 8 7 5

ust rity i , 2 1
0 5 0 8

subj
6

tivity, m
1 6

,
7

7 of th
0 0

moderatio , 6 1 , 64, 86, 87 on need-regul t d us f aphrodI

1 2 0 0 1

Suda, 3 8 SUSplCI n,
6 1 0

and
0

x p ri
0 0

sia, 55-57 o
5 1

"ft sh," 4 1
S ymposium (Plat ),
1 7 0 0 0

r
4

rly s uls, 89-90

1 0 1

and precariousn ss f mal lov r I ti

2 1 1 5 0 3

0, 5 1 , 1 34, 1 99

Arist pha
1 3

s I , 48, 232-33
6 3 7

ships, 20 1 n
0 5

Di tim
1 2 1 3 1 0

i ,
3 7

35-38, 24 1
7

r gim

, 1 08
1

I v ,

08, 230-33,
6 1 3

35-4 ,
7 7 1 0

44 05

d self-rule
3

f rul rs, 8
0 7 4 0

right vs wr
2 0 2 5 4 3 6

g i
5 1 9

l v , 208

sl v ry to
2 0

sIr s, 79
6 0 3 4

spiritual combat a
1 3

, 88 r ti
2 1 3

sh m S ymposIu m , 61
0 2 1 9 6

(X
1 3

ho r n ph
1 0 1 1 5

st tus a
2 5 0

mo
4

n supr macy of logos, 87 trai ing

5 2 6 1 5 5

b uty b dy i , 00 bls xu lity i , 1 89-90

7 0 2

),

b ys i ,
1 3 7

5 5 , 1 94n

d, 72-73, 77
1

b ys' pi
1 0

sure i , 2 3
5 7

virilIty

fw m
1 0 2 5 1

, 8 3-84
6 0 2 1 3

I v
1 0 2

i ,
3 7 1 6

33-34
1 2 3 4

n wisdom

d m d r t1

, 86, 87

pI y

f Er s

Ant r s in, 1 50
0 1

so phrosyne. 37, 6 1
1 9

synousial, 1 79 telos,
1

boys, 208-9
3 0 4

eft

, 64
5

th
0

ethi
8

I SUbject,
7

7- 8
7 2 5

enkrateia a d, 63-64
2

Temps pour embrasser,

4

s fr
0 8 1

dom, 78
0

ri
3

),
0

Un (FI

1 1 6n The (Arist 1

Ni
2

cl s on, 1 7 1 , 1 73
0 1

Thesmophoriazusae, son, 87 ph
2 6 3

nd sup riority o wome , 146

9 3

fr
0

s), 1 9
2 1

T,maeus (PI t ), 45, 1 05n, 107n, 1 3 1 Timar hus

8 2

see also moderation Sora us, 1 6

5

If ir,
2 7 8 3

06,
7 6

17-19
,
4 7

b d
2 8 8

o n u t i , 2 1 8- 1 9
4

soul.
6

iVI
6 8 3

r sp
0 1 0

sibillties a
3

19

b auty i , 89-90
0 5

tlmeli
6

SS, 57-59
0 2 0 0 3

h
0 1

lth a
3 0 1 9

, 1 03-4
6 1 0 1

i
5 1 4

i t ry r gim 3, 36,
7 7 0 8 1

s, 5 8 9-46, 53 , 8 9-9 1
8 0

I v

, vs I v

f b

y,
7

3 3-34,

tr imng; 72-77
6 2

238-39 music
1 4

truth, 20,
2 3 4 0

d, 102 r er in, 89-91

2 5 2

a sth ti s d etymoi, 235

9

xist
0

Index
a
3 4

293
co strai ts 0
5 5 5 0

re
0

4 1

m-p w r
1 0 8

mbin ti n,
2 1

2
7

86 g m s
2 0 1 2 5 4 9

thics
2 3

d, 2 -23
7 0

, 6-7 -w rna
1 5

i r I ti nship, 229
0 2 1

famili s, 2 1 6- 1 7
1 4 0

m
2

as imm m
1 2

r t , 84---8 6
2 0

master of, 242 m

1 4

masculi.nity of, 83-84

4

er ti
2 1

a
3

, 8 6-89

er ti
2 1 6 2 0

5 2

, 83-84

a
5

soul, 8 8
0

s P SSIV , 46--47
8 9

true lov

a d, 229-30, 243--44
5

physi al traits 0 , 1 5 8 qualiti s

0 1 9

, 1 15
1

V
2

Gulik, R , 1 3 7, 143
6 5

s xual a t f r, 1 26--30
0 8

virgi ity, 14 sexual activity vs , 1 6

6

s xual activity as h althy f r, 1 29

0 0 1

sexual pleasur
0

, 1 28- 9, 2 5 3
7 0

viriilty, s r -mast ry
6 0 9 0 2

d, 82-84 dommatl n,
6 6 1

sexual r I ti
0 2 1

s
3

ede
4

r , 1 20

virtu
0 2

so ph rosyne
1

, 1 46
0

relatIOnship
6 1

spe ial co cern ov r, 2 1 3

8 5 2

70 of rul rs, 1 73
0

s wiv s, 1 45--46
0

w m
1 0

5 2

s m
1

e\s f r, 8
1 7

x
0

pho ,
5 7

0, 36, 39, 4 1 n, 44n,

46, 50, 57, 7 1 , 1 75, 1 79-80,

WIV
0

s:
1

1 8 8, 1 94n, 223 r m
5 0 1 3

a
4 2

t
1

, 1 6 1 -62 t
3 2 0 0 0

art
1

ruli g
5 4 6 2

s rib d by, 1 5
8 0 7

be uty
b auty
0

f, 149
1

f, guar
2 3 0

by h us 1 0 7

bisexuality nd, 1 88-90 Cyrus n , 58-59, 8 1 , 9 1

2 4 1 3

h i
1 4 9 2

m
3

ag m nt, 1 6 -63
1 5

mily i stituti
0 1

a
5

, 1 49
1

Er s, 1 50, 20 x rcis , 103

1 7 0 0 0

tid lity
9

f, 1 6 3
1 1

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Michel Foucault was born in Poitl rs, Fra ce, I

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1926 He
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I ctuted i
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rna y u iversities throughout the world and

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served as director at the I stitut Fra ais i Hamburg , and the Institut d Philosophie at the Faculte des Lettres In th
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U i
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versity of Clermo t-Ferra d He wrote frequently for French

3

ewspap rs and r Views, and held a chair at France's most

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prestigious mstltutlo , the College de France. In addition to The History o f Sexuality, his works available in Vintage are Madness and Civilization, The Order o f Thmgs, The Birth a f the Clinic, and DIscipline and Punish .
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Michel Foucault died i June 1984

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