BTEC National Health and Social Care

Unit 4: Development through the life stages

Our current objective

To know the stages of growth and development throughout the human lifespan.

Quick Quiz!!
In 2001 Britains population was 58.8 million, Do you think there is the same % of girls and boys? What % of the population are aged 65 and over? How long can boys and girls born in England in 2004 expect to live? How old was the oldest person to have ever lived?
A French lady of 122 who died in 1997 16% Females 30.2 million Vs Males 28.6 million

Boys: 77 and Girls: 81

What do we mean by growth and development?

Growth is
an increase in quantity height, weight, size
Physical and bodily changes

Development is
related to an increase in abilities and skills talking, walking, writing, smiling. Some people grow but do not develop

Other important terms

Maturation Life course Life expectancy Developmental norms Delayed Development Developmental milestones Holistic development
Use the internet to fill a glossary of key terms.
Make sure you write the definitions in your own words rather than simply copying.

Key Terms
Maturation
Different to growth and development. Genetically controlled changes influence development, for example puberty.

Life course
A map of what is expected to happen at the various stages of the human life cycle. In todays modern world biology alone no longer controls the life course and huge variety is now found.

Life expectancy
An estimate of the number of years a person can expect to live, on average.

Key Terms
Developmental norms
AKA developmental milestones
The average set of expectations for a childs development, however it is important to remember that each child is unique.

Delayed development

AKA arrested development

When a baby or child does not show developments within the expected time range

Holistic development
P
physical

I
intellectual

E
emotional

S
social

Understanding the importance of examining human growth and development as a whole. All the PIES aspects are likely to interact with each other.

What do we mean by human lifespan?

The lifespan is split into several life stages.
How many do you think there? With a partner try to think of the accompanying ages of each life stage.

What do we mean by human lifespan?

We will examine holistic development (PIES) at each of the 8 life stages Conception Pregnancy Birth and infancy Childhood (4-9 years) Adolescence (10-18 years) Adulthood (19-65 years) Older adulthood (65 + years) The final stages of life

We are going to examine physical growth and development through each life stage before moving on to intellectual, emotional and social development.

Physical Development

This includes motor skills, co-ordination and the influence of hormones.

Not the same as growth

Physical Development: Life Stage 1: Conception

The beginning of a new life occurs when sperm fertilises an ovum/ egg cell.
Only about half of fertilised eggs become babies.

Complete Internet research task

Physical Development: Life Stage 2: Pregnancy

How long does pregnancy last for? 3 days after fertilisation the egg is the size of a pin head and becomes embedded in the uterus
Attached by the placenta Known as an embryo until the 8th week, when it is renamed as a foetus.

Task!
We will watch 5 short clips about the physical development of a baby through various stages of pregnancy.
Fill in the accompanying sheet and we will have a discussion after each video.

Task!
Using your notes summarise the main physical developments through pregnancy in a paragraph.

Next 2 lessons
Physical Development through:
Birth and infancy (0-3 years) Childhood (4-9 years) Adolescence (10-18 years) Adulthood (19-65 years) Older adulthood (65 + years) The final stages of life

Life Stage 3: Birth and Infancy: 0-3 years

Birth Labour begins when a womans waters break.

Physical Development:

This is the amniotic fluid protecting the baby.

A newborn baby is called a

Neonate

Midwife checks health of baby using Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Life Stage 3: Birth and Infancy: 0-3 years

A score of 5 or less is an automatic transfer to special baby care unit.

Physical Development:

Life Stage 3: Birth and Infancy: 0-3 years Loving care and protection is essential for the helpless baby A neonate can see and hear but its brain is not yet fully developed. A newborns digestive system cannot absorb foods except milk. No control over bladder or bowel
Potty trained at about 2 Fully toilet trained by 4/5

Physical Development:

Life Stage 3: Birth and Infancy: 0-3 years During the first 3 years babies learn to control their muscles.
The control of large muscles, such as in the arms and legs, is called gross motor

Physical Development:

skills.

The control of smaller muscles and movements, such as those in the fingers, is called fine motor skills.

Life Stage 3: Birth and Infancy: 0-3 years A baby is born with a number of physical reflexes.
A reflex is an automatic and uncontrollable response to a physical change requiring no thought.
For example, removing your hand quickly from a hot plate

Physical Development:

Task!
Research the following reflexes:
Rooting Grasping Startle Walking

Research the development of muscle control in terms of fine and gross motor skills at:
Life stage 3 (0 - 3 years old)

Life Stage 4: Childhood: 4-9 years

The physical appearance of children begins to change as they get older and he or she loses his or her body shape and begins to look like a small adult.
The infants fast rate of growth begins to slow down during childhood. As children begin to develop their balance becomes very good.

Physical Development:

This means that they can run, climb, and jump. By 6/7 they can ride a bike.

Task!
Research the development of muscle control in terms of fine and gross motor skills at:
Life stage 3 (0 - 3 years old)

Life Stage 5:Adolescence:10-18 years Puberty prepares the body for sexual reproduction.
It is triggered by the action of hormones secreted from endocrine glands. Boys and girls may experience a growth spurt where they grow taller at a faster rate.

Physical Development:

Task!
Label the diagram and fill in the flow chart on the worksheet.

Adolescence: Puberty
Female Changes Male Changes

Gains weight Grows pubic hair Menstrual periods start Breasts enlarge Shape changes increased fat layers under the skin Skin and hair change

Gains weight Grows pubic and body hair Penis and testicles enlarge Voice breaks and deepens Shoulders broaden and muscle strength increases Skin and hair change

Life Stage 6:Adulthood: 19-65 years Young adults are at peak of performance between 18 and 28. Women are most fertile in late teens early 20s.

Physical Development:

Sperm production in men declines at around 40, although they can continue to father children in to their 80s

Life Stage 6:Adulthood: 19-65 years Menopause Reduction in sex hormones causes menstruation to cease.

Physical Development:

Tasks!
Research physical changes which occur to a person during their forties.
Answer the questions on menopause from http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/con ditions/menopause

Menopause

Life Stage 6:Adulthood: 19-65 years As people enter their 40s:

Men may start to lose their hair. Eyesight begins to deteriorate. Skin loses elasticity so wrinkles appear. Women continue to menstruate until about 45/50 years old. When they reach the menopause the ability to reproduce ceases. Sperm production in men declines although they can continue to father children in to their 80s.

Physical Development:

Life Stage 7: Older Adulthood: 65+

Continual gradual decline on most physical measures including hearing, sight, responsiveness.

Physical Development:

TASK! Research physical changes which occur to a person during their mid sixties.

Life Stage 7: Older Adulthood: 65+

Skin loses elasticity and becomes thinner Muscles become weaker Sense of balance becomes impaired Sense of taste and smell deteriorates Bones become more brittle and may break Joints stiffer and painful

Physical Development:

Life Stage 7: Older Adulthood: 65+

Cataracts develop in the eyes. Breathing is less efficient. Blood pressure increases
Insufficient production of insulin can lead to diabetes. Metabolism slows down which may cause weight gain.

Physical Development:

Height reduced due to a rounding of the spine

Physical Development: Life Stage 8:Final stages

Incidence of disease and disability increased.
In 2002 the ONS reported that the biggest cause of death in 50-64 year olds is cancer, whereas the greatest cause of death for those aged 65 and over is circulatory problems

Intellectual Development

This includes the ability to reason, use language, learn and think logically.

Intellectual Development
Involves cognitive and language skills
Cognitive skills include reasoning, learning, memory, decision making and understanding.

From birth whenever the senses are stimulated the child will try to interpret and make sense of what is happening.
Encouragement, support, interaction, communication all necessary to maximise intellect.

Intellectual Development
Not applicable Task! Fill in the
worksheet as we discuss Piagets theory

Stage 1 Conception Stage 2 Pregnancy

Piagets Theory of Intellectual development is applied to

Stage 3 Birth and Infancy (0-3 years) Stage 4 Childhood (4-9 years) Stage 5 Adolescence (10-18)

Intellectual Development
Piaget (1894-1980) was a psychologist who studied how our ability to think and reason develops. He proposed a cognitive-developmental theory.
This means that learning and the ability to think are based on experience but constrained by maturation (physical development of the brain)

Piagets stages of development

1. Sensorimotor stage (0-18months /2 years)
Development of understanding of objects is through exploration using their senses.

By the end of this stage a child develops object permanence. This means that they understand that objects still exist even when they move out of sight.
For example if mother left room they may fear that she had gone forever.

Watch a video clip!

Piagets stages of development

2. Pre-operational stage (2 years- 6/7 years old) A child is egocentric and cannot see the world from other peoples perspectives. They assume that everyone sees the world as they do. A child can engage in imaginative play and manipulate and use objects in play. For example, a doll may be a mummy.

They lack conservation which means that they do not understand that just because something appears to have changed it is still the same.
For example if a class of water is tipped into a taller glass they believe that there is now more water. Watch a video clip!

Piagets stages of development

3. Concrete operational (7-11 years) A child can now understand object conservation. Children begin to understand logic and that there are rules for examining and interacting with the world.

These strategies are known as operations and include adding and subtracting.

Piagets stages of development

4. The formal operational stage (11+years) Children can now understand in a more logical way. Can think about objects and situations that they have not directly experienced. Can make abstract judgements on hypothetical scenarios. Watch a video clip!

Intellectual Development
Piagets theory stops at adolescence but psychologists have suggested that there is a post-formal operations stage of thinking where adults develop an ability to make more skilful and flexible judgements making intellectual development peak at middle adulthood. However some research suggest that memory becomes less effective as we age. Life stage 6 - 19-65 years

Intellectual Development
It has been suggested that adults develop wisdom when they become older. Also some research shows a further decrease in memory (possible dementia) and problem solving abilities.
Life stage 7 65+ years

Intellectual Development: Language Development

Children must be able to move and control the muscles in their lips, tongue and larynx before they can speak. Babies always understand more words than they can speak. Psychologists Noam Chomsky (1959) and Steven Pinker (1994) suggest that we are genetically programmed to develop language through experience and interaction with other people
Language acquisition device

Intellectual Development: Language Development

The rate at which speech is acquired varies from child to child but there is a general pattern of development which is followed.
Pre-lingusitic (birth to 12 months) Communication by sounds and not words. Linguistic stage (12 months onwards) Single words develop into complex sentence providing practice is possible.

Task!
Research on the internet the development of language in
Birth and infancy (stage 3) at around 3 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years. Childhood (stage 4) at 4 years and 5 years

Type your findings up into a table

Language Development
Pre-linguistic.
At 6-12 months old the baby makes noises and babbles.

Linguistic
At 12-18 months the baby can use a few words with meaning.

Holophrases
At 12-18 months the baby uses 1 word to mean several things. For examplethe word teddy is used for look at teddy or wheres teddy.

Telegraphic speech
At 18-24 months the infant uses 2 word sentences. For example wheres teddy? The child also has a vocabulary of around 200 words

At 4 years old a child can talk, using grammar correctly. They can also sing nursery rhymes and give their name age and address

Task!
Investigate the case of Genie who was isolated from human company until she was 13.
What effects did this have on her cognitive development?

Social Development

Social development is related to the interactions and relationships that we form with other people.

Social Development
Rememberthe following descriptions are generalisations or rather developmental norms, which are the average expected milestone at a certain age Social development is not applicable to stage 1 (conception) and stage 2 (pregnancy).

Life Stage 3:Birth and Infancy :0-3 years

Babies seem to come into the world prepared to make relationships and interact with others
At 1 month they can follow a moving person with their eyes. At 2 months old babies can smile at human faces and recognise their mothers face At 3 months babies respond when adults talk and also try to attract their attention by smiling and making noises

Social Development:

Life Stage 3:Birth and Infancy :0-3 years Infants recognise themselves at around 18 24 months Infants understand that they are a boy or girl at around 2 or 3 years old and begin to learn their gender role, which is the behaviours deemed appropriate for males and females.
Watch clips on youtube!

Social Development:

Life Stage 3:Birth and Infancy :0-3 years First proper social relationship forms with their main carer at 1 year old.
This first relationship is known as a bond or attachment. The baby becomes upset when parted from the main carer. Uses carer as safe base to explore environment.

Social Development:

Life stage 4: Childhood: 4-9 years Attachment to main carer still important but child is less clingy and starts to make relationships with others. We will complete a task on the main social developments in childhood!

Social Development

Life Stage 5:Adolescence: 10-18 years

Peers become increasingly important as a source of knowledge about norms, behaviour and the world.

Social Development

First romantic/ sexual relationships begin due to impact of hormones at puberty. Less reliance on family as independence develops and transition into adult roles begins, which may cause some conflict with parents.

Life Stage 5:Adolescence: 10-18 years Around 16 a persons social network extends as they begin work, college or university. At 18 a person has the right to vote in the UK and is considered an adult.
Smoke, gamble, drink

Social Development

Other cultures
Drive at 16 in America Drink 21 in America In some Jewish cultures people are considered an adult at 12 or 13 In Yemen girls are expected to be adult enough to marry at 9 years old.

Life stage 6: Adulthood: 19-65 years Early Adulthood (19- 45)

Friendship networks continue to be important. Early adulthood dominated by the formation of a stable sexual partnership and finding employment or establishing a career. Marriage and parenthood bring new social roles to fill.

Social Development

Life stage 6: Adulthood: 19-65 years Middle Adulthood (46- 64) Previously established lifestyle is maintained. Provide for children and support parents. Pressure may be removed when kids leave home but then a feeling of loss of social purpose.

Social Development

Life stage 7: Later Adulthood: 65+

Retirement around 65 which increases free time.
Some older people lead very active lives once they retire and they make new friends and get about more or more quality time with friends and family. Health problems and impairments can create difficulties that mean they are very isolated and lonely. Also many may live alone.
It has been reported that 3 in 5 women live alone

Social Development:

Socialisation
Socialisation begins in late infancy and early childhood.
This is the process of becoming social by learning social rules and norms with regard to what is appropriate behaviour.

Anti-social behavioural problems maybe due to poor socialisation neglect, isolation, dysfunctional parents

Socialisation
In early childhood socialisation is called primary socialisation.
Attitudes and beliefs are learnt by observing and imitating family members. Media, such as TV and computer games is also influential.

In later childhood and adolescents the range of influences on their behaviour grows larger.
Secondary socialisation becomes important whereby peers are a main source of information about how to act.

Task!
Childhood play also shows a childs ability to socialise and interact.

Using the internet research the following stages of play and produce an A4 poster describing each stage and giving relevant pictures.

Task!
Solitary play occurs before 2 years At around 2 Years children engage in parallel play At 3 years they can share with others and engage in looking on play At 4/5 years old they play in small groups with simple rules. This is called co-operative play At 7 children prefer same sex friendships. At around 10 years friendships are made with those who share the same interests, attitudes and beliefs.

Emotional Development
How people view and feel about themselves and others

Stage 3: Infancy: 0-3 years

At around 6 months babies smile, laugh and enjoy contact with others showing the ability to feel happiness.

Emotional development

Stage 3: Infancy: 0-3 years

By 12 months babies can also recognise emotional expressions for anger, happiness and worry in others.
Evidence that when a parent looks worried a child is less likely to play with a new toy

Emotional development

Stage 3: Infancy: 0-3 years

A child must develop a loving emotional bond, known as an attachment, with a carer. If this does not happen in the first 18 months then the childs social and emotional development will be damaged.
A person may struggle to form relationships and become a loner or may become stressed or depressed easily. Unable to feel compassion and guilt

Emotional development

Stage 3: Infancy: 0-3 years

Until around 12 months a child becomes upset when separated from and also fears strangers .
Also seeks attention and reassurance from main carer.

Emotional development

From around 12 months a child feels more secure in the company of familiar people and can even show affection, sympathy and care for others.
They become less egocentric

Stage 4: Childhood: 4-9 years

If a child has a strong and healthy attachment to their carer then they should begin to feel safe getting to know other children and adults and also adjust well to starting nursery and school.

Emotional Development

Stage 4: Childhood: 4-9 years

A child begins to develop a sense of self. This is known as their self-concept. A child who feels secure and loved will gain self esteem which is important if people are to develop well emotionally.
Self esteem/ confidence is part of the self-concept. It relates to how much you value yourself and feel capable of doing things.

Emotional Development

Stage 4: Childhood: 4-9 years

A childs self-confidence and feelings of failure and inferiority can be influenced by friends, family, peers, teachers.
This shows that social and emotional development are entwined as self-esteem and confidence can affect the quality and quantity of our social relationships and vice versa.

Emotional Development

Stage 5:Adolescence: 10-18 years

Self concept continues to develop and psychologist Erik Erikson (1902 1994) believed that a successful life depends on people developing a secure sense of self and clear understanding of their identity in adolescence.
Being secure in who you are will guide you through life choices and decisions at work and in relationships.

Emotional Development

Stage 5:Adolescence: 10-18 years

Emotional Development

Hormones may be out of balance and this can lead to mood swings or aggressive behaviour. Conflict and stress from becoming more independent Family situation may change Experience emotion of being in love Lack of confidence can be a problem at this age due to life changes

Starting work or college

Stage 6: Adulthood: 19-65 years

Self Concept and self-esteem continue to develop through adulthood. Research shows that adults feel more confident and satisfied with their lives in their 30s and 40s than they did in their 20s.
Could be due to the stress of trying to establish lifestyle in 20s. Should be more financially secure and settled.

Emotional Development

Stage 6: Adulthood: 19-65 years

Erikson suggests that key emotional task in early adulthood is intimacy and learning to learn to cope with an emotional attachment to a partner.
Not becoming too defensive or self centred

Emotional Development

Stage 6: Adulthood: 19-65 years

Adult life can contain a range of life events which involve psychological and emotional adjustment. Holmes and Rahe (1967) created a list of life events requiring emotional adjustment and causing possible stress. What do you think the top 3 are?
Death of a partner Divorce Marital separation

Emotional Development

Life stage 7 (Older adulthood) and final stages of life

Peoples concept of themselves continues as life progresses
Retirement can affect them as they do not have a clear idea of who he or she is anymore. Apart from health problems they can suffer from being stereotyped which can affect their confidence and self esteem. They can be regarded as less able because of their age. The death of their partner or friends can leave older people feeling emotionally isolated

Emotional Development

Life stage 7 (Older adulthood) and final stages of life

Erikson argued that older adults need to now develop a secure sense of self which allows them to deal with the physical changes associated with aging and death.
The key task is to be able to make sense of life and accept the inevitability of death. Many experience despair anger, resentment and jealousy, depression.

Emotional Development

TASK!
Using the internet, produce a leaflet on either of the following topics How to bond with your child and increase their self esteem Self-help tips for dealing with the stress of everyday life (aimed at adults) How to improve your confidence/self-esteem (for adolescence)

Developmental Delay
AKA Arrested Development Delayed development occurs when a baby or young child within the first 5 years of life, has not shown developments within the expected time range. Health visitors may check developmental progress, however parents may be the first to notice any issues.
Referral to specialist may be necessary for advice and therapy.

Developmental Delay
Causes include Brain damage or physical problems
These may occur before/ during birth or in childhood.

Congenital disorders are those which are present at birth and include
Downs Syndrome Spina Bifida Muscular Dystrophy Cleft pallet Rhesus factor Cerebral Palsy German Measles

Developmental Delay
Socio-economic factors
Smoking and alcohol intake are more likely in the manual classes and can lead to low birth weight.

Parenting
Poor interaction with carers

Genetic disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities such as Downs syndrome

Task!
Research and present to the group one of the congenital disorders that may cause developmental delay. Describe the cause of the disorder, the effects of the disorder and the impact on a childs PIES development

Unit 4: Learning outcome 1 completed!