Answers (EXTENSION 1 MATHEMATICS HSC MATHS IN FOCUS)

562
Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
Answers
Chapter 1: Geometry 2
8.
Exercises 1.1
1.
2.
+ABE = 180 +ABD

+CBE = 180 +CBD
= 180 +ABD
= +ABE
(straight angle 180 )

(straight angle)
(corresponding sides in congruent s)
(+ABD =+CBD given)
+DFB = 180 (180 x) (+AFB is a straight angle)

=x
` +AFC = x
(vertically opposite angles)
+CFE = 180 (x + 180 2x)
` OC bisects AB
9.
(+AFB is a straight angle)
=x
` +AFC = +CFE
` CD bisects +AFE
3.
+WBC + +BCY = 2x + 115 + 65 2x

= 180
These are supplementary cointerior angles.
`VW < XY
4.
x + y = 180
(given)
` +A + +D = 180
` AB < DC
Also +A = +B
(similarly)
` AD < BC
` ABCD is a parallelogram.
5.
+ADB = +CDB = 110

(given)
(BD bisects +ABC)
+ABD = +CBD
BD is common
`
by AAS,
ABD / CBD
6.
(a)
AB = AE
( given)
+B = +E ( base angles of isosceles )
( given)
BC = DE
` by SAS, ABC / AED
10.
(corresponding angles in congruent s)
` AC bisects +DCB
11. (a) +NMO = +MOP
(alternate angles, MN < PO)
(alternate angles, PM < ON)
+PMO = +MON
MO is common
` by AAS,
MNO / MPO
(b) +PMO = +MON
(alternate angles, PM < ON)
(given)
MN = NO
(base angles of isosceles )
+MON = +NMO
` +PMO = +NMO
i.e. +PMQ = +NMQ
(c)
MN = NO
PM = NO
(given)
PM = MN
+PMQ = +NMQ
MQ is common
` by SAS, PMQ / NMQ
`
+ACD = 180 +BCA

(BCD is a straight angle)
= 180 +EDA
= +ADC
` since base angles are equal, ACD is isosceles
AB = AD
(given)
(given)
BC = DC
AC is common
` by SSS, ABC / ADC
`
+DAC = +BAC
So AC bisects +DAB
Also +BCA = +DCA
DC = BC
( given)
( given)
+B = +D = 90
1
( given)
DM = AD
2
1
and
BN = AB
2
`
DM = BN
` by SAS, MDC / NBC
`
MC = NC
+CDB = +BEC = 90
(altitudes given)
+ACB = +ABC
CB is common
` by AAS, CDB / BEC
`
CE = BD
(b) +BCA = +EDA
7.
+OCA = +OCB = 90
(given)
(equal radii)
OA = OB
OC is common
` by RHS, OAC / OBC
`
AC = BC
(d)
(from (b))
+MQN = +MQP
But +MQN ++MQP = 180 (+PQN straight angle)

+MQN = +MQP = 90
`
12.
ANSWERS
Let ABCD be a parallelogram with diagonal AC.

+DAC = +ACB
(alternate angles, AD < BC)
(alternate angles, AB < DC)
+BAC = +ACD
AC is common
` by AAS, ADC / ABC
19.
13.
ADC / ABC (see question 12)

` +ADC = +ABC (corresponding angles in congruent s)
Similarly, by using diagonal BD we can
prove +A = +C
` opposite angles are equal
14.
15.
17.
20.
AB = DC
(opposite sides in < gram)
(given)
BM = DN
` AB BM = DC DN
i.e.
AM = NC
(ABCD is a < gram)
Also AM < NC
Since one pair of sides is both parallel and
equal, AMCN is a parallelogram.
AD = BC
BC = FE
` AD = FE
Let ABCD be a rectangle with +D = 90

`
+DEC = +DCE
Also, +DEC = +ECB
` +DCE = +ECB
` CE bisects +BCD
= 90
+B = 180 90
(+B and +C cointerior angles, AB < DC)
= 90
+A = 180 90
(+A and +B cointerior angles, AD < BC)
= 90
` all angles are right angles
21.

(alternate angles, AD < BC)
AB = CD
(given)
(given)
+BAC = +DCA
AC is common
` by SAS, ABC / ADC
`
AD = BC
+C = 180 90
(+D and +C cointerior angles, AD < BC)

(similarly)
Also AD < BC
(ABCD is a < gram)
(BCEF is a < gram)
and BC < FE
` AD < FE
Since one pair of sides is both parallel and equal, AFED
is a parallelogram.
16.
Let ABCD be a rectangle

AD = BC
+D = +C = 90
DC is common
` by SAS, ADC / BCD
`
AC = DB
AD = CD
(given)
(opposite sides of < gram)
AD = BC
Also AB = CD
(similarly)
` AB = AD = BC = CD
` all sides of the rhombus are equal
22.
Construct BE < AD
Then
AD = BE
But
AD = BC
(given)
Then
BE = BC
` +BCD = +BEC
(corresponding angles, AD < BE)
Also, +ADC = +BEC
` +ADC = +BCD
Since two pairs of opposite sides are equal,

ABCD is a parallelogram.
18. (a)
AE = EC
(diagonals bisect each other in < gram)
+AEB = +CEB = 90
EB is common
` by SAS, ABE / CBE
`
AB = BC
(given)
(b) +ABE = +CBE
23.
AD = AB
(given)
(given)
DC = BC
AC is common
` by SSS, ADC / C
`
+ADC = +ABC
563
564
24.
AD = BC
(given)
+D = +C = 90
DE = EC
(E is the midpointgiven)
` by SAS, ADE / BCE
`
AE = BE
Exercises 1.3
1.
2.
AD = BC
AB = DC
(similarly)
DB is common
` by SSS, ADB / BCD
25. (a)
3.
(a) AB = AC =
4.
Show m XY = mYZ =
5.
(a) Show AB = AD =
(b) +ABE = +CBE
+AEB = +BEC
But +AEB + +BEC = 180 (AEC is a straight angle)

`
+AEB = +BEC = 90
Exercises 1.2
1.
(a) 14 452 mm2 (b) 67 200 mm3
3.
V = 2x3 + 3x2 2x
4.
V = r2 h
250 = r2 h
250
= r2
h
250
=r
h
6. A =
5.
V = 5 r3
8.
S = 24 h2
9.
V = x ] 3 2x g2
= 4x3 12x2 + 9x
2.
3b2
2
7. V = ] x + 2 g3
= x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
16. V =
19. l =
20. y =
h2 + r2
4
400
17. h =
r 2
850 r2
r
810 000 x2
r =1
7.
(a) 2x 3y + 13 = 0
(b) Substitute (7, 9) into the equation
(c) Isosceles
8.
+AOB
OD
OB
OC
OA
OD
`
OB
= +COD = 90
4
= =2
2
14
=
=2
7
OC
=
OA
(a) OB is common
OA = BC = 5
AB = OC = 20
` by SSS OAB / OCB
(b) Show mOA = m BC = 1
1
(6x3 5x2 34x 15)
3
x2 y
72 = 6 2,
6.
9.
14. (a) V = 18x3 12x2 + 2x (b) S = 54x2 30x + 4

15. l =
26 ,
Since 2 pairs of sides are in proportion and their

included angles are equal, OAB<;OCD.
12. V = 2h2 + 5h
13. V =
1
5
(c) E = (1, 2), CE =

AE = 18 = 3 2
90 m
11. V = 3h2 + 2h
10. 262 cm3
73 , BC = 6 (b) 8 units (c) 24 units2
BC = CD = 80
(b) Show m AC m BD = 1
AB = BC
(adjacent sides in rhombus)
+ABE = +CBE
(found)
BE is common
` by SAS, ABE / CBE
(c)
(d)
Show m AB = mCD = 4 and

4
m AD = m BC =
7
7
4
Show m AC m BC = = 1;
4
7
right-angled triangle with +C = 90
750 r2
18. h =
r
1
and m AB = mOC = 2
3
10. +ABC = 90 and AB = BC = 2

So ABC is isosceles
` +CAB = +ACB
But +CAB + +ACB = 90
(angle sum of triangle)
` +CAB = +ACB = 45
Similarly, other angles are 45.
11. PR = QS = 145
Since diagonals are equal, PQRS is a rectangle.
12. (a) X = (2, 2), Y = ^ 1, 0 h
(b) m XY = m BC = 2
So XY < BC
(c) XY = 5 , BC = 20 = 2 5
So BC = 2XY
ANSWERS
13. m AC m BD = 1 1 = 1
So AC and BD are perpendicular.
5.
a a
Midpoint AC = midpoint BD = d , n
2 2
So AC and BD bisect each other.
So AC and BD are perpendicular bisectors.
14. (a) Distance from X = distance from Y = 1 unit
1
(b) Z = d , 0 n
4
1
(c) 1 units2
4
1
15. Midpoint AB: W = d 2, 1 n
2
Midpoint BC: X = ^ 2, 3 h
6.
Reflex +AOC = 2y
(+ at centre is double the + at the circumference)
But
`
`
7.
So WX < ZY
7
5
So XY < WZ
WXYZ is a parallelogram.
(+s in semicircle)
(corresponding +s in congruent s)
1 1
Midpoint CD: Y = d 4 , n
2 2
1
Midpoint AD: Z = d , 2 n
2
3
mWX = mZY =
8
m XY = mWZ =
+ABC = +ADC = 90
AC is common
BC = DC
(given)
` by RHS, ABC / ADC
`
+BAC = +DAC
+AOC
2y
y
x+y
= 360 2x
= 360 2x
= 180 x
= 180
(+ of revolution)
(a) +BCA = +BAC

(base +s of isosceles )
(alternate +s, BC < AD)
+BCA = +CAD
` +BAC = +CAD
` AC bisects +BAD
(+in a semicircle)
(b) +ACD = 90
(+ sum of )
` +CAD = 90 +ADC
(found)
But + CAD = +BAC
` +BAC = 90 +ADC
` +BAC and +ADC are complementary
AB = BC
(given)
+AOB = +COB
8.
`
(equal chords subtend equal +s)
Exercises 1.4
1.
+OCA = (180 90 ) 2
= 45
(+ sum of )
(similarly)
+OCB = 45
` +ACB = 45 + 45
= 90
(a) 40
2r
(b)
units
9
3.
OC
+COD
OD
` by SAS, OCD
`
CD
= OA
(equal radii)
(given)
= +AOB
(equal radii)
= OB
/ OAB
= AB
4.
(a) +AOC = +BOC

(equal +s on equal arcs)
But +AOC + +BOC = 180
(+AOB straight line)
` +AOC = +BOC = 90
` OC = AB
(b) +OAC = +OCA
2.
AB
OA
OB
` by SSS, AOB
`
+AOB
(equal radii)
AO = CO
+OAC = +OCA
= CD
(given)
(equal radii)
= PC
(similarly)
= PD
/ CPD
= +CPD
+ADO = 180 (+AOB + +OAC)
(+ sum of )
= 180 (+COB + +OCA)

= +CDO
(+ADC straight +)
But +ADO + +CDO = 180
`
+ADO = +CDO = 90
`
BO = AC
9.
+XOZ = 2+XYZ
(+ at centre is double + at circumference)
(equal radii)
= OY
= +XYO
(equal radii)
= OZ
= +ZYO
= +XYO + +ZYO
= +YXO + +YZO
` +XOZ = 2 (+YXO + +YZO)
OX
` +YXO
OY
` +YZO
+XYZ
10. Let +BAE

Then +BAD
+BDC
+DBC
`
+BCD
= y and +DAE = x
=x+y
=y
(+s in same segment)
=x
(similarly)
(+ sum in BCD)
= 180 (x + y)
= 180 +BAD
565
566
11. (a) Let +RQP

+MQP
`
+MQR
+QMR
=x
= 90
(+ in semicircle)
= 90 x
= 180 (90 + 90 x)
=x
+QMR = +RQP
(perpendicular from O bisects chord)
1
CD
2
(similarly)
= DY
=
+RQP = +NMR (+s in same segment)

+NMR = +QMR
+NRM = +QRM = 90
(given)
MR is common
` by AAS, MNR / MQR
`
MN = MQ
(b)
`
Also,
12.
13.
+DAC = +CDE
+CDE = +BAC
` +DAC = +BAC
` AE bisects +DAB
(given)
+FEH = +FGH = 90
FH is common
EF = FG
(given)
` by RHS, EFH / GFH
`
EH = GH
(+s in semicircle)
(b) +ABC = +ODC

[from (a)]
These are equal corresponding angles.
` AB < OD
20.
14. +ADB = 90
(+ in semicircle)
(+ADC straight +)
+CDB = 180 +ADB
= 90
(+CDB angle in semicircle)
` BC is a diameter
+BDC
AO
` +BAC
` +BDC
= +BAC
(equal radii)
= CO
= +ACO
= +ACO
16. AC = EC
(perpendicular from O bisects chord)
(similarly)
BC = DC
AB = AC BC
= EC DC
= DE
17.
OF = OE
(equal chords are same distance from centre)
` OEF is isosceles
` +OFE = +OEF
18.
+OXE = +OYE = 90
OE is common
AB = CD
(given)
`
OX = OY
(given)
(equal chords are same distance from centre)
` by RHS, OXE / OYE
AE = AX + XE
= DY + YE
= DE
CE = DC DE
= AB AE
= BE
19. (a) +ABC = 90

(+ in semicircle)
(OD bisects chord BC)
+ODB = 90
` +ABC = +ODB
(equal radii)
OB = OC
` +OBD = +ACB
(+ sum of s)
` +BAC = +BOD
(3 pairs of +s equal)
` ABC <; OBD
` EFGH is a kite
15.
AB = CD
1
AX = AB
2
(+ sum of MQR)
XE = YE
CE = EG
(OE bisects CG)
(given)
AD < EO < FB
ED AO
`
(equal intercepts)
=
EF
OB
AO = OB
(equal radii)
` ED = EF
CD = CE ED
= EG EF
= FG
21. (a) OA = OB
(equal radii)
(similarly)
PA = PB
` OAPB is a kite
(diagonals of kite)
` OP = AB
(b) OA = 18cm
22. (a) Since CE is the perpendicular bisector of AB,
it must pass through the centre of the circle.
DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB similarly, so it
passes through the centre.
` CF and GD are diameters
(b) CE = 28.125 cm
23. AB < DC and AD < BC so ABCD is a parallelogram.
+A = 180 +C
(opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
(cointerior +s, AD < BC)
+A = 180 +B
` 180 +C = 180 +B
`
+C = +B
(cointerior +s, AB < DC)
But +C + +B = 180
`
+C = +B = 90
` ABCD is a rectangle
ANSWERS
24. +B = 180 +D
= 180 90
= 90
` AC is a diameter
25.
+DAC
+BCA
` +ADC
But +ADC
(b) +AOB = +COB
(opposite +s in cyclic quad.)
(+ in semicircle is 90 )
= +BAC
(given)
(given)
= +DCA
= +ABC (+sum of )
= 180 +ABC
32. Let +ACD

+ACO
` +DCE
+CDE
` +CED
(+ sum of )
=x
` +ACD = +CED
(opposite +s of cyclic quadrilateral)
` +ADC = +ABC = 90
(+ in semicircle is 90)
` AC is a diameter
26.
`
`
OB = OC
^ equal radii h
+OBC = +OCB = y
+ABC = +ABO + +OBC
=y+z
+ODC = 180 +ABC
33.
(+ sum of quad.)
+BAC = +BCA =
` +ABC = 180 2
+ADC = 180 +ABC
= 180 (180
= 2
28. +D is common
+DEC = +ABD
` +DCE = +DAB
` ADB <; CED
29.
(+sum of )
2 )
(+ sum of )
= 180 (180 x)
=x
Also, ABEF is a cyclic quadrilateral.
`
+BEF = 180 x
+FED = +BED + +BEF
= x + 180 x
= 180
` +FED is a straight angle
` F, E and D are collinear
31. (a)
34. BD and AB are both tangents to the larger circle.

` AB = BD
BD and CB are both tangents to the smaller circle.
` BD = CB
` AB = CB
(ext. + equals int. opposite +)
30. Let
+FAB = x
Then +BCD = 180 x
(cointerior +s, AF < CD)
BCDE is a cyclic quadrilateral.
`
+BED = 180 +BCD
+BAO = +BCO = 90
(tangent = radius)
OB is common
OA = OC
^ equal radii h
` by RHS, OAB / OCB
180 + +AOC + +ABC = 360

+AOC + +ABC = 180
Opposite angles are supplementary.

` OABC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
35.
+DEC = +DCE
(ext. + equals int. opposite+)
+DEC = +ABD
` +DCE = +ABD
`
AB < EC
+OAB = +OCB = 90
(tangent = radius)
`+OAB = 180 +OCB
+OAB + +OCB + +AOC + +ABC = 360
`
`
x = 180 (y + z)
` x + y + z = 180
27.
=x
= 90
(tangent = radius)
= 90 x
= 90
(+ in semicircle)
= 180 (90 + 90 x)
36.
AE = BE
CE = DE
AE BE
`
=
CE DE
` AB < CD
(tangents from external point are equal)

(similarly)
(equal intercepts)
AD = BD
(D bisects AB, given)
(tangent = radius)
+ADO = +BDO = 90
OD is common
` by SAS, AOD / BOD
`
AO = BO
37. (a) AE = BE
DE = CE
(similarly)
AC = AE + CE
= BE + DE
= BD
AE BE
(b)
=
EC ED
` AB < DC
(equal intercepts)
38.
BC = DC
(BD bisects +ABC, given)
+ABD = +CBD
(base +s of isosceles ABD)
+ABD = +ADB
(base+s of isosceles DBC)
+CBD = +BDC
`
+ADB = +BDC
Also,
BD is common
` by AAS, ADB / CDB
`
AB = BC and AD = DC
`
`
AB = BC = AD = DC
ABCD is a rhombus
567
568
39. (a)
+OXA = +OYC = 90
CB2 = BD BE
= BD (BD + DE )
= BD (BD + 4BD)
= 5BD2
46.
(tangent = radius)
AB < CD
(corresponding +s equal)
+OAX = +OCY
` CB = 5 BD
But CB = AB
(corresponding +s, AB < CD)
and
`
+OBX = +ODY
OAB <; OCD
(b)
40.
(similarly)
(tangents from external point B are equal)
(3 pairs of +s equal)
+OBA = 90
(tangent = radius)
(similarly)
+PBA = 90
` +OBA + +PBA = 180
i.e.
+OBP = 180
`
+OBP is a straight angle
So
O, P and B are collinear.
42. CE is a diameter of the smaller circle (line through

centres passes through point of contact).
` +CDE = +ABC = 90
(+ in semicircle)
(vertically opposite +s)
+BCA = +DCE
` +BAC = +CED
(+sum of )
` ABC <;CDE
+EAB = +BCA
(+s in alternate segment)
+BOA = 2+BCA
(+ at centre double + at circumference)
` +BOA = 2+EAB
=x
=x
(+ sum of ACF)
= 90 x
(+ in semicircle)
= 90
= +ACF ++FCB
`
90 = 90 x ++FCB
`
x = +FCB
Since +FCB = +BCE = x,
BC bisects +FCE
44. Let +BCE

Then +BAC
` +ACF
+ACB
45.
5 BD
CD = 19.2 cm
41. Let +ECB = x

Then +BCA = x
(BC bisects +ECA, given)
Also, +ECB and +BAC are +s in
alternate segments
` +BAC = x
+ECA = x + x
= 2x
` +ADC = 2x
` +ADC = 2+BAC
43.
AB =
+ACE = +DEC
(alternate +s, DE < BA)
+EDC = +ACE
` +EDC = +DEC
(base +s equal)
` EDC is isosceles
47.
+EBC = +EDB
+DBE = +BEC
` BDE <; BEC

(alternate +s, DB < EC)
+EFC = +EDF = 90
48.

(similarly)
+FEC = +EDF = 90
` +EFC + +FEC = 90 + 90
= 180
These are supplementary cointerior +s.
`
AC < BC
`
the diagram is impossible
+EDF = +ECD (+s in alternate segment)

+BAE = +ECD
49. (a)
(ext. +equal to int. opposite + in cyclic quad.)
`
+EDF = +BAE
(b) D is common
+ECD = +BAD
`
ADB <; EDC
[from (a)]
(c)
+EDF = +BAE
[from (a)]
These are equal alternate angles.
`
AB < FG
AY = BY
(Y midpoint, given)
AZ = AY and XB = BY
50. (a)
(tangents from same external point are equal)
`
Also,
(b)
`
BX = AZ
CZ = CX
(similarly)
AC = AZ + CZ
= BX + CX
= BC
AZ = XB
[from (a)]
ABC is isosceles
(AC = BC, found)
+ZAY = +XBY
(given)
AY = YB
` by SAS AZY / BXY
(c)
+AYZ = +YXZ
+AZY = +ZYX
ZY = XY
(similarly)
` by AAS, XYZ / AZY
ANSWERS
51. (a) OA is diameter of the smaller circle (line of centres

passes through point of contact A).
` +OCA = 90
(+ in semicircle)
(similarly)
+BDC = 90
+OCA and + BDC are equal corresponding angles.
`
OC < BD
(b)
EF2 = AE BE
= AE (BO + OA + AE)
= AE (3AE)
(AE = OA, given and BO = OA, equal radii)
= 3AE2
`
EF =
(c)
OC = 3.5 cm
3 AE
4.
BC = (7 1)2 + ( 5 3)2
= 10
AC = (4 1)2 + (1 3)2
=5
Since AB = AC BC, ABC is isosceles.
h=
6.
(a) +ADE = 45
+EAD = 90 45
= 45
So ADE is isosceles.
(b) AE = DE
CD = y
AB = y
AB < CE

(alternate +s, DC < FG)
+ DCE = +CEG = x
(+BCE straight +)
+BCD = 180 +DCE
= 180 x
`
+BCD and +BAD are supplementary
(alternate +s, DC < FG)
+CDE = +DEF = y
(+ ADE straight+)
+ADC = 180 +CDE
= 180 y
`
+ADC and +ABC are supplementary
Since opposite angles are supplementary,
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
`
A, B, C and D are concyclic points
1.
2.
=y
(corresponding+s BC < AD)

(+ sumof )
(isoceles )
(CD = DE, given)

(given)
So ABCE is a trapezium.
1
A = h (a + b)
2
1
= y (y + 2y)
2
1
= y 3y
2
3y2
=
2
+COB = 2 (x + y)
7.
(+ at centre twice + at circumference)
OC = OB
(equal radii)
(base +s in isosceles )
+OCB = +OBC
180 2 (x + y)
` +OCB =
2
= 90 (x + y)
(a) AB = AC
(given)
So BD = EC
(midpoints)
+DBC = +ECB
(base +s in isoceles T)
BC is common
`BEC / BDC (SAS)
(b) ` BE = DC
(corresponding sides in /Ts)
(a) x = 94, y = 86
(b) +A ++D = 94 + 86
= 180
These are supplementary cointerior +s.
` AB < DC
50 r2
r
5.
52. Let +CEG = x and +DEF = y

Then +BAD = x and +ABC = y
Test yourself 1
AB = (7 4)2 + (5 1)2
=5
8.
(a)
CB CG
=
BA GF
CG CD
=
GF DE
CB CD
=
`
BA DE
(equal ratio of intercepts)

(similarly)
(b) 20.4 cm
3.
9.
1y
2
1x
2
c2 = a2 + b2
2
x 2 eyo
n +
2
2
2
x2 y
=
+
4
4
x2 + y2
=
4
x2 + y2
c=
4
x2 + y2
=
2
=d
10.
4 4
=0
2 5
4 3
=7
mCD =
56
33
=0
m AD =
1 6
4 3
=7
m AB =
2 1
BC < AD, CD < AB
So ABCD is a parallelogram.
m BC =
+DEB = +DBE
+DEB = +CBD
` +DBE = +CBD
So BD bisects + EBC.
569
570
(corresponding sides in / s)
(c) BE = DE
` AC bisects BD
(corresponding+s in / s)
+BEA = +DEA
(straight +)
But +BEA + +DEA = 180
` +BEA = +DEA = 90
So AC is perpendicular to BD.
11. DC2 + BC2 = 122 + 52

= 144 + 25
= 169
= 132
= DB2
`
+C = 90
(Pythagoras)
So ABCD is a rectangle.
12.
9.18 5.13
=
= 2.7
3.4
1.9
+Y = +P = 39
` PQR <; WXY
1
, BC: m2 = 2
2
1
m1 m2 = 2 = 1
2
So AB and BC are perpendicular.
19. (a) AB: m1 =

(given)
(two pairs of sides in proportion, with included+s equal)
13.
OA
OB
+AOB
` ABO
`
AB
= OD
(equal radii)
(similarly)
= OC
(given)
= +COD
(SAS)
/ CDO
(corresponding sides in / s)
= CD
14. Let +BAC

Then +DAC
+DCA
`
+BAC
(b) (3, 2)
1
)
2
(d) 5 units
(c) (3,
20. (a)
=x
=x
(givenAC bisects +BAD)
(base+s of isosceles DAC)
=x
= +DCA

` AB < EC
(exterior+of DAC)
+EDA = 2x
(base+s of isosceles AED)
+DEA = +DAE
180 2x
(+ sum of isosceles )
+DAE =
2
= 90 x
+EAC = 90 x + x
= 90
` +EAC = +ACB
(b) V = 2x2 h
250 2x2
o
3x
2
250 2x
= 2x e
o
3
500x 4x3
=
3
= 2x2 e
Challenge exercise 1
1.

` AE < CB
So ABCE is a parallelogram.
15. ^ 1, 0 h
16. (a) +A = +D
+B = +E
(similarly)
(vertically opposite angles)
+ACB = +DCE
` ABC <; CDE (AAA)
(b) x = 2.9 cm, y = 7.7 cm

17. (a) 4x 3y 1 = 0
(b) 2.4 units
(c) 12 units2
18. (a) AB = AD
(given)
(given)
BC = DC
AC is common
` ABC / ADC
(SSS)
(b) AB = AD
(given)
+BAE = +DAE
(corresponding +s in / s)
AE is common
` ABE / ADE
(SAS)
500 = 4x2 + 6xh

500 4x2 = 6xh
250 2x2 = 3xh
250 2x2
=h
3x
2.
BD is common
+ADB = +CDB = 90
(given)
AD = DC
(BD bisects ACgiven)
` by SAS, ABD / CBD
`
AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent s)
So ABC is isosceles.
1
AB
2
AD 1
`
=
AB 2
1
AE = AC
2
AE 1
`
=
AC 2
AD AE
`
=
AB AC
+A is common
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their
included angles are equal,
ADE <; ABC
` +ADE = +ABC
These are equal corresponding angles
` DE < BC
(a) AD =
ANSWERS
571
Let +BAC = x
Then +CDB = 180 x
(+CDY straight+)
`
+BDY = x
(given)
+BAC = +BCY
`
+BDY = +BCY = x
(impossible!)
`
BC < BD
`
XY is a tangent to the circle
(b) Since ADE <; ABC,

AD DE 1
=
=
AB BC 2
DE 1
`
=
BC 2
1
`
DE = BC
2
3.
8.
70 cm
9.
(a) +OCA = +CAB

(alternate+s, CO < BA)
+BAD = +BCA
+OCB = +OCA ++BCA
= +CAB ++BAD
= +CAD
Let ABCD be a rhombus with AD = DC

To prove:
+ADE = +CDE
(b)
Proof
AD = DC
(given)
` ADC is isosceles
`
+DAE = +DCE
(diagonals bisect each other)
AE = EC
` by SAS, ADE / CDE
`
+ADE = +CDE
+CBA
+OAE
+CAE
` +CBA
= +CAE
(tangent = radius)
= 90
= +OAE + +CAO
= 90 + +CAO
10.
(Note: We can prove other pairs of angles equal

similarly.)
4.
1189 mm 841 mm
4000
x
5.
S = 2x2 +
6.
Each angle =
7.
+EAF
+ADC
+ABC
` +ADC
(n 2) 180
n
(180n 360)
=
n
360
m
= c 180
n
= +ACD
= +ABC
= +AEF
= +AEF
(alternate angles, AB < DC)

(opposite angles in < gram)
(corresponding angles, BC < EF)
Since 2 pairs of angles equal, third is equal by angle sum

of
` AEF <; ADC
11.
Assume XY is not a tangent to the circle. Draw a circle

through, A, B and C so that XY cuts the circle at C and D.
(a) Midpoint of BD: d
a + a b + b
n = (a, 0)
,
2
2
0 + 2a 0 + 0
n = (a, 0)
,
2
2
` diagonals BD and AC bisect each other at E(a, 0)
BD is vertical and AC is horizontal
`the diagonals are perpendicular
Midpoint of AC: d
Ans_PART_1.indd 571
6/30/09 12:06:16 PM
572
16. Draw in OD.

Then
(b) AB = (a 0) 2 + (b 0)2
= a2 + b2
BC = (2a a)2 + (0 b) 2
= a2 + b2
CD = (2a a)2 + (0 + b)2
= a2 + b2
AD = (a 0)2 + ( b 0)2
= a2 + b2
` all sides are equal
(c)
12.
13.
OC = OA
CD = AD
(P and R are midpoints)
` PR < AB
(equal ratios on < lines)
Similarly PQ < CB and QR < AC
+QPR = +PRC
(alternate +s, PQ < CB)
(alternate +s, AC < RQ)
+CPR = +PRQ
PR is common
` by AAS, PQR / CPR
(b)
=x
= 90
(+ in semicircle)
= 90 x
(+ sum of ABD)
(tangent = radius)
= 90
(+sum of ABC)
=x
= +DCB
OA = OD
(equal radii)
+OAD = +ODA = 90 x
15.
+COA = +AOD + +COD

= 2+AOD
+COA = 2+CBA
But
(+ at centre twice + at circumference)
+AOD = +CBA
17. (a) (2 + 3 ) r units

(b) (2 + 2 3 ) r units
(c) (2 + 5 3 ) r units
18. FE = EB and EB = ED
` circle can be drawn through F, B and D with centre E

`+FBD is the angle in a semicircle
`+FBD = 90
19. 3R + r units
20. 188 mm
DS 1
DP
=
=
DA DC 2
+D is common
21. (a)
(P, S are midpoints)
Since 2 pairs of sides are in proportion and the included

angles are equal,
DPS <; DAC.
DP DS 1
(b)
=
=
PA SC 1
` PS < AC
(equal rations on < lines)
Similarly,
BQ
QA
BR
RC
` QR < AC
+AOD = 180 2 (90 x)

= 2x
= 2+DCB
(given, D midpoint)
DE = BE
(digonals bisect in < gram)
(given)
+AEB = +AED = 90
AE is common
` by SAS, ADE / ABE
` AB = AD
14. (a) Let +OBD

+ADB
`
+OAD
+OBC
`
+DCB
`
+OBD
(equal radii)
` by RHS, OCD / OAD

`
+AOD = +COD
BC = CD (from (a))
BE = ED (from (a))
CE is common
` by SSS CBE / CDE
` +BCE = +DCE (corresponding +s in congruent s)
So AC bisects +BCD
CP CR 1
=
=
PA RB 1
+ODA = +ODC = 90
(line bisecting chord from O is = to it)
`PS < QR
(+ sum of AOD)
+ACD = +DGC
+ACE = +EFC
(similarly)
+DCE = +ACE +ACD
= +EFC +DGC
+FCG + +DGC = +EFC
(external + of FGC)
`
+FCG = +EFC +DGC
= +DCE
(c)
AP AQ 1
=
=
PD QB 1
` PQ < DB
(P, Q are midpoints)
(equal ratios on < lines)
Similarly SR < DB
`PQ < SR
Since PS < QR, PQ < SR.
PQRS is a parallelogram.
ANSWERS
Chapter 2: Geometrical applications

of calculus
Problem
^ 0.25, 1.125 h
14. p = 12
1
15. a = 1 , b = 6
2
Exercises 2.1
1.
dy
= 3x2 6x + 27
dx
(b) The quadratic function has a > 0
b2 4ac = 288 < 0
So 3x2 6x + 27 > 0 for all x
The function is monotonic increasing for all x.
16. (a)
(a)
17.
(b)
18.
(c)
x
4
19.
(d)
x
1
1
3. x < 0
4
4. (a) x < 1.5 (b) x > 1.5 (c) x = 1.5
2.
x<
5.
f l(x) = 2 < 0 for all x
6.
yl= 3x2 > 0 for all x 0
7.
(0, 0) 8. x = 3, 2 9. (a) (1, 4) (b) (0, 9)

(c) (1, 1) and (2, 0) (d) (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 0)
10. (2, 0) 11. 1 < x < 1 12. x < 5, x > 3

13. (a) x = 2, 5 (b) 2 < x < 5 (c) x < 2, x > 5
20.
x
-2
573
574
21.
17. d 1,
1
n minimum
2
18. (2.06, 54.94) maximum, ^ 20.6, 54.94 h minimum

19. (4.37, 54.92) minimum, ^ 4.37, 54.92 h maximum
20. (a)
dA
=
dx
3600 x2
x2
3600 x2
3600 2x2
3600 x2
(b) (42.4, 1800) maximum, ^ 42.4, 1800 h minimum

22.
Exercises 2.3
1.
7x6 10x4 + 4x3 1; 42x5 40x3 + 12x2;

210x4 120x2 + 24x; 840x3 240x + 24
2.
f m(x) = 72x7
4.
f l(1) = 11, f m( 2) = 168
x
-2
-1
5.
2 13
23. (2, 0) and c , 3
m
3 81
24.
x
2 x+1
x+1 =
6.
2 2 3
p
; f ,
9
3
2 x+1
3x + 2
25. a = 1.75
26.
1
2 x
!0
27.
3
!0
x4
Exercises 2.2
1.
(0, 1); yl< 0 on LHS, yl> 0 on RHS
2.
(0, 0) minimum 3. (0, 2) inflexion
4.
( 2, 11); show f l(x) > 0 on LHS and f l(x) < 0 on RHS.
5.
(1, 2) minimum 6. (4, 0) minimum
7.
(0, 5) maximum, (4, 27) minimum
8.
f l(0) = 0, f l(x) > 0 on LHS and RHS
9.
(0, 5) maximum, (2, 1) minimum
10. (0, 3) maximum, (1, 4) minimum, (1, 4) minimum
3. f l(x) = 10x4 3x2, f m(x) = 40x3 6x
7x6 12x5 + 16x3; 42x5 60x4 + 48x2; 210x4 240x3 + 96x

dy
dx
= 4x 3,
d2 y
=4
dx2
7.
f l(1) = 16, f m(2) = 40 8. 4x 5, 20x 6
9.
g m(4) =
11. x =
1
32
7
18
10.
12. x >
d2 h
= 26 when t = 1
dt2
1
3
13. 20 (4x 3)4 ; 320 (4x 3)3

14. f l(x) =
f m(x) =
1
2 2x
1
15. f l^ x h =
16.
4 (2 x) 3
16
96
; f m(x) =
(3x 1) 2
(3x 1) 3
d2 v
2
= 24t + 16 17. b =
3
dt2
18. f m(2) =
3
4 2
3 2
8
19. f m(1) = 196 20. b = 2.7
Exercises 2.4
1.
x>
1
3
2. x < 3 3. y m = 8 < 0 4. y m = 2 > 0
5.
x <2
1
3
6. (1, 9) 7. (1, 17) and (1, 41)
13. x = 3 minimum 14. x = 0 minimum, x = 1 maximum
8.
(0, 2); y m < 0 on LHS, y m > 0 on RHS 9. 2 < x < 1
15. x = 1 inflexion, x = 2 minimum
10. (a) Nominimum at (0, 0)

(b) Yesinflexion at (0, 0)
(c) Yesinflexion at (0, 0)
(d) Yesinflexion at (0, 0)
(e) Nominimum at (0, 0)
11. (1, 0) minimum, (1, 4) maximum

12. m = 6
1
12
dP
50
=2 2
dx
x
(b) (5, 20) minimum, ^ 5, 20 h maximum
16. (a)
ANSWERS
11.
Exercises 2.5
1.
(a)
(c)
(e)
2.
(a)
3.
12.
x
1
4.
(a)
13. None: (2, 31) is not an inflexion since concavity does

not change.
12
x4
14. f m(x) =
x4 > 0 for all x ! 0
(b)
12
> 0 for all x ! 0
x4
So the function is concave upward for all x ! 0.
So
15. (a) (0, 7), (1, 0) and ^ 1, 14 h (b) (0, 7)

16. (a)
d2 y
dx2
= 12x2 + 24
x2 0 for all x
So 12x2 0 for all x
12x2 + 24 24
So 12x2 + 24 0 and there are no points of inflexion.
(b) The curve is always concave upwards.
(c)
17. a = 2 18. p = 4 19. a = 3, b = 3

20. (a) ^ 0, 8 h, ^ 2, 2 h
(b)
dy
dx
= 6x5 15x4 + 21
At ^ 0, 8 h:
dy
dx
= 6 ] 0 g5 15 ] 0 g4 + 21
= 21
0
At
^ 2, 2 h :
dy
dx
= 6 ] 2 g5 15 ] 2 g4 + 21
= 27
0
So these points are not horizontal points of inflexion.
(d)
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
> 0,
> 0,
> 0,
d2 y
dx
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
> 0 (b)
< 0 (d)
dy
dx
dy
dx
< 0,
< 0,
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
<0
>0
>0
dP
d2 P
> 0,
< 0 (b) The rate is decreasing.
dt
dt2
575
576
5.
13. (a) a =
14. m = 5
2
3
1
2
Exercises 2.7
1.
6.
7.
dM
d2 M
< 0,
>0
dt
dt2
8.
(a) The number of fish is decreasing.

(b) The population rate is increasing.
(c)
9.
The level of education is increasing, but the rate is

slowing down.
10. The population is decreasing, and the population rate is

decreasing.
2.
3.
Exercises 2.6
1.
(1, 0) minimum 2. (0,1) minimum
3.
(2, 5), y m = 6 > 0 4. (0.5, 0.25), y m < 0 so maximum
5.
(0, 5); f m(x) = 0 at (0, 5), f m(x) < 0 on LHS, f m(x) > 0 RHS
6.
Yesinflexion at (0, 3)
7.
^ 2, 78 h minimum, ^ 3, 77 h maximum
8.
(0, 1) maximum, ^ 1, 4 h minimum,

^ 2, 31 h minimum
9.
(0, 1) maximum, (0.5, 0) minimum,

^ 0.5, 0 h minimum
10. (a) (4, 176) maximum, (5, 175) minimum

(b) (4.5, 175.5)
11. (3.67, 0.38) maximum
12. ^ 0, 1 h minimum, ^ 2, 15 h maximum,
^ 4, 1 h minimum
4.
(b) maximum, as y m < 0

15. a = 3, b = 9
ANSWERS
9.
5.
6.
10.
7.
11.
8.
(a) ^ 0, 7 h minimum, ^ 4, 25 h maximum

(b) ^ 2, 9 h
(c)
12.
577
578
13.
2.
3.
14.
dy
dx
2
0
(1 + x) 2
(0, 0)
-1
(-3, -3)
4.
15.
5.
Exercises 2.8
6.
1.
1
2
ANSWERS
12.
7.
1
-1,
2
x
1, - 1
2
8.
13.
(2.16, 30.24)
x
2
9.
(2.16, 30.24)
f(t)
14.
10.
(2.41, 4.83)
t
(0.41, 0.83)
11.
6
5
4
3
2
1
(0.24, 0.66)
x
4
( 4.24, 0.1)
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
579
580
15.
6
5
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
1
0, 2
4
h
1
2
3
4
5.
Maximum value is 2.
6.
1
Maximum value is 5, minimum value is 16 .
3
Exercises 2.9
1.
2.
Maximum value is 4.
7.
Absolute maximum 29, relative maximum 3, absolute

minimum 35, relative minimum 35, 8
8.
Minimum 25, maximum 29
9.
Maximum 3, minimum 1
Maximum value is 9, minimum value is 7.
3.
Maximum value is 25.
4.
Maximum value is 86, minimum value is 39.
ANSWERS
10. Maximum , minimum
1 2
1 2
xn + d yn
4
4
y2
x2
=
+
16 16
x2 + y2
=
16
x2 + (30 x)2
=
16
x2 + 900 60x + x2
=
16
2x2 60x + 900
=
16
2 (x2 30x + 450)
=
16
x2 30x + 450
=
8
A =d
Problem
30
cm. (This result uses Stewarts
7
theoremcheck this by research.)
The disc has radius
6.
(a) x2 + y2 = 2802
= 78 400
y2 = 78 400 x2
y=
Exercises 2.10
1.
A
50
50
`
x
P
= x 78 400 x2
78 400 x2
7.
= xy
= xy
=y
= 2x + 2y
= 2x + 2
= 2x +
2.
2x + 2y
2y
y
A
3.
xy = 20
20
y=
x
S =x+y
20
=x+
x
4.
V
400
400
r2
S
V = x (10 2x) (7 2x)

= x (70 20x 14x + 4x2)
= x (70 34x + 4x2)
= 70x 34x2 + 4x3
50
x
100
x
= 120
= 120 2x
= 60 x
= xy
= x (60 x)
= 60x x2
8.
Profit per person = Cost Expenses

= (900 100x) (200 + 400x)
= 900 100x 200 400x
= 700 500x
For x people, P = x (700 500x)
= 700x 500x2
9.
= r2h
= r2 h
=h
= 2 r2 + 2 rh
= 2 r 2 + 2 r e
= 2 r 2 +
5.
(b) A = xy
400
o
r2
800
r
(a) x + y = 30
`
y = 30 x
(b) The perimeter of one square is x, so its side is
1
1
x. The other square has side y.
4
4
After t hours, Joel has travelled 75t km. He is

700 75t km from the town.
After t hours, Nick has travelled 80t km. He is
680 80t km from the town.
d=
=
(700 75t)2 + (680 80t)2

490 000 105 000t + 5625t2 + 462 400
108 800t + 6400t2
= 952 400 213 800t + 12 025t2
581
582
10. The river is 500 m, or 0.5 km, wide Distance AB:

d=
=
x + 0.5
x2 + 0.25
distance
Speed =
time
distance
` Time =
speed
x2 + 0.25
t=
5
2
Distance BC:
d =7x
distance
Time =
speed
7x
t=
4
So total time taken is:
t=
10. V = r2h = 54
54
h=
r 2
54
= 2
r
S = 2r (r + h)
54
= 2r d r + 2 n
r
108
2
= 2r +
r
Radius is 3 m.
11. (a) S = 2 r2 +
13. (a)
Exercises 2.11
2 s, 16 m 2. 7.5 km
3.
2x + 2y
2y
y
A
= 60
= 60 2x
= 30 x
= xy
= x (30 x)
= 30x x2
(b) 100 cm2

from (1)
(1)
= 2x + 2 c
from (1)
17. 301 cm2 18. 160
5.
4 m by 4 m 6. 14 and 14 7. -2.5 and 2.5
8.
x = 1.25 m, y = 1.25 m
9.
(a) V = x (30 2x) (80 2x)

= x (2400 220x + 4x2)
= 2400x 220x2 + 4x3
(b) x = 6
2
cm
3
(c) 7407.4 cm3
15. 1.12 m2
14. 20 cm by 20 cm by 20 cm
16. (a) 7.5 m by 7.5 m
(a) A = xy = 4000
4000
`
y=
x
P = 2x + 2y
4000
m
x
8000
= 2x +
x
(b) 63.2 m by 63.2 m
(c) $12 332.89
xy = 400
400
` y=
x
A = (y 10) (x 10)
= xy 10y 10x + 100
400
400
m 10 c
m 10x + 100
= xc
x
x
4000
= 400
10x + 100
x
4000
= 500 10x
x
(1)
Max. area 225 m2

4.
(b) 2323.7 m2
12. 72 cm2
x2 + 0.25 7 x
+
5
4
1.
17 200
r
(b) 2.4 m
1
cm2
6
19. 1.68 cm, 1.32 cm
20. d2 = (200 80t) 2 + (120 60t) 2

= 40 000 32 000t + 6400t2
+ 14 400 14 400t + 3600t2
= 10 000t2 46 400t + 54 400
24 km
1
21. (a) d = ] x2 2x + 5 g ] 4x x2 g (b) unit
2
2
2
= x 2x + 5 4x + x
= 2x 2 6 x + 5
22. (a)
y
1
(2r) where r =
2
2
y
1
1200 = 2x + y + e 2 o
2
2
y
= 2x + y +
2
y
= 2x
1200 y
2
y y
=x
600
2 4
2400 2y y
=x
4
Perimeter = 2x + y +
ANSWERS
1 2
r
2
2400 2y y
(b) A = xy +
y 2
oy + 1 e o
4
2
2
2400y 2y2 y2 y2
=
+
4
8
2
2
y 2
4800y 4y 2y
=
+
8
8
4800y 4y2 y2
=
8
=e
2.
(e) f (x) =
3.
2x 2
3
+C
x 3
+ 2x 1 + C
3
2
(d) y = + C
x
(b) y =
(a) y = x5 9x + C
x4 x3
+C
20 3
x4 x2
+x+C
(e) y =
4
3
(c) y =
4.
(a)
2 x3
+C
3
(b)
x 2
+C
2
1
Substitute ^ 1, 2 h
(c)
1
+C
7x7
b
(1) + b
a
b
= +b
a
2a = b + ab
= b ] 1 + a g
= b ]a 1 g
2a
=b
a1
(e)
x 6
+ 2x 1 + C
6
10. y = 4x2 8x + 7 11. y = 2x3 + 3x2 + x 2
(b) a = 2, b = 4
12. f (x) = x3 x2 x + 5 13. f (2) = 20.5
2 =
24. 26 m
25. (a)
d
t
d
So t =
s
1500
=
s
Exercises 2.12
(c)
x6
x4 + C
6
(e) 6x + C
x4
1
x3 + 5x
4
4
y=
7.
f (1) = 8 8. y = 2x 3x2 + 19 9. x = 16
x3
+ 4x2 + x + C
3
x3
x2 + x + C
(d)
3
(b)
6. f (x) = 2x2 7x + 11
14. y =
x3 x2
1
+
12x + 24
3
2
2
16. y =
x3
2
2x2 + 3x 4
3
3
15. y =
1
3
4x3
1
15x 14
3
3
17. f ] x g = x4 x3 + 2x2 + 4x 2
19. f ] 2 g = 77
18. y = 3x2 + 8x + 8
(b) 95 km/h
(c) $2846
(a) x2 3x + C
(d) 2x 2 + 6x 3 + C
5.
s=
Cost of trip taking t hours:

C = ] s2 + 9000 g t
1500
= ] s2 + 9000 g
s
9000 1500
= 1500s +
s
9000
c
m
= 1500 s +
s
1.
(b) f (x) =
x2
2x + C
2
(c) f (x) =
(c) x = 168 m, y = 336 m

23. (a) Equation AB:
y = mx + b
b
= x+b
a
x5
x3 + 7x + C
5
x3
(d) f (x) =
x2 3x + C
3
x2
+C
2
(a) f (x) = 2x3
20. y = 0
Test yourself 2
1.
( 3, 11) maximum, (1, 15) minimum
2.
x >1
4.
(a) -8
6.
(0, 0) minimum
8.
(a) (0, 1) maximum, ( 4, 511) minimum,

(2, 79) minimum
(b)
1
6
3. y = 2x3 + 6x2 5x 33
(b) 26
(c) -90
5. 50 m
7. x > 1
583
584
9.
5x3
1
+ 6x2 49x + 59
c , 1 m 10. f (x) =
2
2
11. (a)
V
375
375
r 2
S
18. (a)
= r 2 h
= r 2 h
=h
= 2r2 + 2rh
= 2r2 + 2r d
= 2r2 +
375
n
r 2
(b)
750
r
(b) 3.9 cm
12. (a) (0, 0) and (1, 1)
(b) (0, 0) minimum, (1, 1) point of inflexion
(c)
(c)
13. (a)
19. (a) x2 + y2 = 52 = 25
y2 = 25 x2
y=
S = 2x2 + 4xh
250 = 2x2 + 4xh
250 2x2 = 4xh
250 2x2
=h
4x
2 (125 x2)
=h
4x
2
125 x
=h
2x
2
V =x h
125 x2
n
= x2 d
2x
x (125 x2)
=
2
125x x3
=
2
25 x2
1
xy
2
1
= x 25 x2
2
A=
(b) 6.25 m2
20. (a) (4, 171) minimum, ( 6, 329) maximum
(b) (1, 79)
(c)
(b) 6.45 cm 6.45 cm 6.45 cm

14. x < 3
15. y = x3 + 3x2 + 3
17. For decreasing curve,
dy
dx
16. 150 products
<0
dy
= 3x2
dx
<0
(since x2 > 0 for all x 0)
` monotonic decreasing function
21. x < 1
22. f ] x g = 2x3 3x2 31x + 68
23. (0, 1) and ^ 3, 74 h
24. 179
ANSWERS
25.
10. r = 3.17 cm, h = 6.34 cm
x3
x2 15x 1
3
12. 110 km/h
11. y =
13. y = x2 + 2x + 3 (There may be other solution.)

14. (a) c 0,
x
2
1
m maximum
2
1
(b) Domain: all real numbers x; range: 0 < y
2
(c) 0; 0
(d)
1.
20x2 120x 1
;
(4x2 + 1)4
3
2
8(60x 420x 9x + 15)
(4x2 + 1)5
2.
15. (a) (3, 2) minimum; ( 3, 2) maximum

x2 + 9
(b) y =
3x
(c) As x " 0, y " 3
As x " ! 3, y "
x
3
(d)
3.
1
x < ,x >4
2
4.
16 m2
5.
27; -20.25
6.
f l(0.6) = f m(0.6) = 0 and concavity changes
7.
Show sum of areas is least when r = s = 12.5
8.
25
9.
(a)
5
6
dy
dx
1
2 x1
x4 2x3 3x2
4
3
2
1
7
(b) (0, 0), c 3, 11 m, c 1,
m
4
12
16. (a) f (x) =
(c)
0
(b) Domain: x 1; range: y 0

(c)
17. 4 m 4 m 4 m
585
586
18. f (3) = 22
1
6
19. (a) -2
(b) -1
20. yl= 0 at (0, 0);

(a) y m > 0 on LHS and RHS
(b) y m < 0 on LHS, y m > 0 on RHS
21. 21
1
cm3
3
22. (a) (0, 1)
b3 b2
+
+C
3
2
8.
x 2 + 4x + C
11.
x3
+ x2 + 5x + C
3
10.
x 8 3x 7
9x + C
7
8
14.
x6 x4
+
+ 4x + C
4
6
15.
x4 x3 x2
+
2x + C
2
3
2
17.
4x3 5x2
8x + C
3
2
18.
19.
3x4 5x3
+
4x + C
2
3
20. x 3
23.
a4 a2
a+C
4
2
12. x4 x3 + 4x2 x + C
x5 x4
+
+C
5
2
13. x6 +
(b) k = 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .
9.
16.
3x5 x4 x2
+
+C
5
2
2
x 2
2x 1 + C
2
1
24. minimum 1; maximum
5
Exercises 3.1
2.5
6.
0.39
2.
10
7.
11. 0.94
3.
2.4 4.
0.41 8.
0.225 5.
1.08 9.
12. 0.92 13. 75.1
24. x 2x2 +
4x3
+C
3
1
+C
2x2
28.
29.
Chapter 3: Integration
1.
22.
27.
25. 87 kmh1
y3
3
8.
16
2
3
2
20. 6
9
14. 4
35.
1.
(b)
3.
125 4. -1
5.
10 6.
54 7.
(x + 1)
1
3
3
(f)
3
+C
x
3 3 x4
+C
4
33.
2 x3
+x+C
3
x6
+C
2.
2
6.
2x5
+C
3.
5
(7x + 8)13
h8
+ 5h + C
8
7.
y2
2
3y + C
(5x 1)
(4 + 3x)5
(e)
+C
(g)
15
(1 x)7
7
(i)
(j) 3 (x + 7) 1 + C
(k)
33 (4x + 3)4
16
(g) 4
2
3
+C
(b) 1
(h)
1
8
1
4
+C
+C
2 (3x + 1) 3
+C
1
+C
16 (4x 5) 2
1
(m) 2 (2 x) 2 + C
+C
5
2 (t + 3)
+C
5
(a) 288.2
(3x 4)3
+C
50
+C
(n)
2.
(c)
+C
(2x 5)3
(h)
m2
4.
+m+C
2
+C
24
91
(ii)
10
(3y 2)8
Exercises 3.4
t3
7t + C
3
26.
t4 t3
2t2 + 4t + C
4 3
1
+C
2t4
(l)
5.
x 3 3x 2
+
10x + C
3
2
(a) (i) 3x3 12x2 + 16x + C
25. 0.0126
1.
30.
2 x5
+C
5
1
2
2
9. 50 10. 52
11.
12. 21
13. 0
4
3
3
1
1
1
15. 1
16. 4
17. 0 18. 2
19. 0
4
3
3
3
1
2
1
21. 101
22. 12
23. 22
24. 2
4
4
3
3
x3
+C
3
+ 5y + C
34.
(d)
10
x4
x3 + x2 + C
4
3
4
7
x+ 2 4 +C
x
4x
2x
32.
Exercises 3.3
2.
23.
Exercises 3.5
1. 48.7 2. 30.7 3. 1.1 4. 0.41 5. (a) 3.4475

(b) 3.4477 6. 2.75 7. 0.693 8. 1.93 9. 72
10. 5.25 11. 0.558 12. 0.347 13. 3.63 14. 7.87 15. 175.8
+C
25.
2 x3
+C
3
14. 16.5 15. 650.2
Exercises 3.2
1.
y 6
31.
(a) 28 (b) 22
0.75 10. 0.65
3x 3
1
21. 7 + C
7x
(o)
7
2 (5x + 2)
+C
35
(c)
(i) 1
1
5
1
8
(j)
(d) 60
3
5
2
3
(e)
1
6
(f)
1
7
ANSWERS
Exercises 3.6
1.
5.
9.
1
units2
3
1
units2
6
2. 36 units2 3. 4.5 units2 4. 10
2
units2
3
4.
7.
2
units3
3
992
units3
5
14.
1
units2
6
15.
2
units2
3
1
12. 9 units2
3
16.
1
units2
3
8.
18. 18 units2 19. = 3.14 units2
a
units2
2
units3
7
5.
39
units3
2
6.
5
units3
3
10.
9.
12.
64
units3
3
13.
16 385
units3
7
14.
25
units3
2
15.
65
units3
2
16.
1023
units3
5
5
units3
3
3
20.
units3
5
344
units3
27
72
22.
units3
5
18. 13 units3
19.
2
units3
5
21.
y = r2 x2
` y2 = r2 x2
b
V = # y2 dx
a
r
= # ] r2 x2 g dx
Exercises 3.7
1.
4.
1.5 units
7.
10
2. 20 units
2
3. 4 units2
3
1
5. 1 units2
4
1
6. 2 units2
3
2
units2
3
8.
1
units2
6
9. 3
1
units2
4
12. 60 units2
13. 4.5 units2 14. 1
1
units2
3
15. 1.9 units2
1
2. 1 units2
3
1.
4.
2
10 units2
3
7.
2
units2
3
( r)3
r3
oH
n e r3
3
3
2r3 2r3
n
=d
3
3
3
4 r
=
units3
3
Exercises 3.10
8. 166
2
units2
3
2
10.
units2
3
1
11.
units2
12
13. 36 units2
14. 2
2
units2
3
+C
(b)
+C
(d)
24
(x2 9)6
12
6. 8 units
+C
(x2 + 4x + 1)5
+C
10
3 2x 2 1
(f)
+C
2
9. 0.42 units2
2.
1
12. units2
3
15. ( 2) units2
u = ax + b
du = a dx
# (ax + b)n dx = 1a # (ax + b)n a dx
1
= # un du
a
1 un + 1
n+C
= d
a n +1
n +1
1 (ax + b)
o+ C
= e
a
n +1
=
Exercises 3.9
3.
2.
2 (x + 3)3
1
+C
2 (x2 + 3x 1)2
1
+C
(g)
9 (x3 + 1)3
206
units3
15
243
units3
5
(3x 4)8
(e)
Problem
1.
(a)
(c)
1
3. units2
6
5
5. 20 units2
6
x3 r
F
3 r
= > d r3
1.
Exercises 3.8
1
1 units2
3
= < r2 x
7
units2
9
10. 2 units2 11. 11
485
units3
3
9
units3
2
27
units3
2
23.
1
21 units2
3
758
units3
3
11.
17.
1
17. 5 units2
3
20.
376
units3
15
6. 14.3 units2 7. 4 units2 8. 0.4 units2
8 units2 10. 24.25 units2 11. 2 units2
13. 11
2
units2
3
3.
4.
(ax + b)n + 1
a (n + 1)
+C
x2 4 + C
(2x + 7)5
10
7 (2x + 7)3
6
+C
587
588
5.
6.
7.
2 ] x + 2 g3
8 x+2 +C
3
10 (5 x)3
(2x 5)3
6
2 (5 x)5
+C
5 2x 5
+C
2
40 (x + 4)3
8.
2 (x + 4)5
9.
5
1
y=
2 (x2 1) 6
10. y =
(b)
6.
+C
3
units2
4
206
12.
units3
+ C 13. 3 units2 14. (a)
15
84
2
(b) units3 15. (a) x = y 3 (b) 3 units2
2
3
8.
(3x2 1) 2 + 11
12
(x 2)5
3
11. f (x) =
16. 36
12. (a) Domain: all real x 2 1

2
(b) y = 4
3
20. (a)
Exercises 3.11
1.
(a) 1
3
4
(c)
7 2 (c) 0
(b)
(f) 24.51 (g) 3

2.
(a) 63.05 (b) 4

2
(e) 2 2 +
3.
6.
2
2
10.2 units
211
units3
15
2
units2
3
(7x + 3)12
2
(c)
+1
15
3 units2 7. 1.1 units2
(d)
1
8
(e)
15
256
1
3
(c)
1
4
(d)
19
72
4=3 2 4
4.
3
units2
8
5. 65 536
40
units3
7.
3
8. 2
2
3
1
units2
4
9. 6
2
units2
5
1.
2.
3.
5.
(2x + 5)8
14.83
16
11.
17. 10.55
(2x 1)5
2
18. 85
+C
6 (x + 1)5
(b)
1
units2
3
19.
3
units3
5
x6
+C
8
2 (x + 1)3 + C
1
units2
12
(a)
2.
(a) Show f ( x) = f (x) (b) 0
3.
27.2 units3 4. 9 units2 5. (a) 36x3 (x4 1)8

(b)
(x4 1)9
(b)
2
units3
35
1.
+C
36
22x
(3x2 4)2
6.
(a)
9.
f (0) =
(c) 12 units2
(b)
1
8
7. 7.35 units2 8.
2
units3
3
1
=
0
10. (a)
(a) 0.535 (b) 0.5

3x2
5x2
+ x + C (b)
x+C
(a)
2
2
(d)
1
2
10. 4
5
units3
2
10. 64 units2
Test yourself 3
9. 9 units3
(c)
2 x3
+C
3
+C
4. (a) 2
(b) 0 (c) 2
1
5
(b) 3.08 units2
(a)
11.
17 17
units2
6
13. (a)
3x + 6
2 x+3
12.
215
units3
6
3 (x + 2)
2 x+3
(b)
2x x + 3
+C
3
ANSWERS
14. (a) 6
15.
2
2
(b) 6
3
3
5
units2 16. (a)
12
589
8.
3 units2 (b)
58
units3
15
17. (a)
(b) 1.69 units2

18. 0
9.
(a)
8a
units2
3
(b) 2a3 units3
19. (a)
10. 1
Practice assessment task set 1

1.
198
units3
7
1
units2
3
(b)
96
units3
5
11. f l(3) = 20, f m( 2) = 16 12. 68
13. AB = AC
(given)
(given)
BD = CD
AD is common.
` by SSS ABD / ACD
`
+ADB = +ADC
But +ADB + +ADC = 180

(+BDC is a straight +)
` +ADB = +ADC = 90
` AD = BC
Let ABCD be a parallelogram with diagonal AC.
(alternate +s, AB < DC)
+ACD = +BAC
+DAC = +BCA
(alternate +s, AD < BC)
AC is common
` by AAS ACD / ACB
` AB = DC and AD = BC
7
9
16. f (1) = 3, f l(1) = 2, f m(1) = 18; curve is decreasing and
concave upwards at (1, 3)
14. (a) 78.7 units3 (b) 1.57 units3 15. x >
` opposite sides are equal

1
2
2.
x<
6.
(opposite sides of < gram equal)

AC = FD
BC = FE
(given)
` AB = AC BC
= FD FE
= ED
3. x3 x2 + x + C
4. 24
5. 8 m
(since ACDF is < gram)

Also AB < ED
` since AB = ED and AB < ED,
ABDE is a parallelogram
7.
x9
+ 2x 2 + C
3
17. P = 8x + 4y = 4
4y = 4 8x
y = 1 2x
A = 3x2
= 3x2
= 3x2
= 7x2
+ y2
+ ] 1 2x g2
+ 1 4x + 4x2
4x + 1
3
6
2
Rectangle m m, square with sides m
7
7
7
18. f (1) = 0
Ans_PART_1.indd 589
19. 12
20. 0.837
6/24/09 9:43:55 AM
590
21.
AB2 = 242
= 576
BC2 = 322
= 1024
AC2 = 402
= 1600
AB2 + BC2 = 576 + 1024
= 1600
= AC2
42. y =
2 (x 4)5
5
8 (x 4)3
3
43.
` ABC is right angled at +B (Pythagoras theorem)

22.
(3x + 5)8
24
+C
23. 5
1
3
24. (1, 1)
25. (a) 1.11 (b) 1.17

26. ^ 0, 3 h maximum, (1, 2) minimum, (1, 2) minimum
27. 2
8
15
29. 12
2
3
28. (a) 1.58 units2
30. 10
(b)
44.
5
units3
2
2
units2
3
31. +B is common
+BDC = +ACB = 90
` ABC <; CBD (AAA)
(given)
Let ABCD be a rhombus with AC = x and BD = y.

+AEB = 90
32. Show f l(x) = f m(x) = 0 and f m(x) > 0 on both LHS and
RHS of (0, 0)
33. 2
36.
2 3
m
3
34. f (2) = 16 35. 9 units2
2 (x3 5)3
3
37. 119.3 m2
(diagonals perpendicular in rhombus)
1
DE = BE = y
2
(diagonals bisect each other)
1
1
1
x y = xy
4
2
2
1
1
1
ADC has area x y = xy
4
2
2
1
1
1
` ABCD has area xy + xy = xy
4
4
2
ACB has area
+C
38. f (x) = x3 4x2 3x + 20
39. (0, 1) maximum

45.
AB AG
=
AC AD
AG AF
=
AD AE
AB AF
=
`
AC AE
46. f (2) = 1
` OC bisects AB
1
41. 20
2
(equal ratios of intercepts, GF < DE)
2
3
xn + 1
+C
n+1
d
(b) Since
(C) = 0, the primitive function
dx
could include C.
47. (a)
(given)
40. +OCA = +OCB = 90
(equal radii)
OA = OB
OC is common
` by RHS OAC / OBC
`
AC = BC
(equal ratios of intercepts, BG < CD)
48.
3AB
2
49. 1249
7
units2
8
ANSWERS
50. Let +ADB = x

Then+BCD = 2x
(given)
+A = 180 2x
3.
(e) 3ex ] ex + 1 g 2
+ABD = 180 (180 2x + x)

(angle sum of triangle)
(m)
So ADB is an isosceles triangle.
55. (d)
56. (b)
52. (c), (d)

57. (a)
ex (x 1)
(g) 4ex ] 2ex 3 g
(j) xex ] x + 2 g
x2
(k) (2x + 1)ex + 2ex = ex (2x + 3) (l)
=x
= +ADB
51.
(c) ex + 2x (d) 6x2 6x + 5 ex

(f) 7 ex (ex + 5)6
(h) ex ] x + 1 g (i)
(opposite angles in cyclic quadrilateral)
4 (6 6 1)
(b) ex
(a) 9ex
53. (a), (b)
58. (b)
60. (b)
(7x 3) 2
5ex 5xex 5 (1 x)
=
ex
e 2x
4.
f l(1) = 6 e; f m(1) = 6 e
7.
19.81
54. (c)
59. (d)
ex (7x 10)
10. c 1,
5. e
6. e 5 =
1
e5
8. ex + y = 0 9. x + e3 y 3 e6 = 0
1
m min
e
Chapter 4: Exponential and

logarithmic functions
Exercises 4.1
1.
(a) 4.48 (b) 0.14 (c) 2.70 (d) 0.05 (e) -0.14
2.
(a)
11.
12.
(b)
dy
dx
= 7ex;
dy
d2 y
dx2
= 7ex = y
d2 y
= 2ex;
dx
dx2
y = 2ex + 1
` y 1 = 2ex
d2 y
`
=y1
dx2
= 2ex
Exercises 4.2
1.
(a) 7e7x
(b) e x
(e) (3x2 + 5) ex
(i) 2e2x + 1
(c) 6e6x 2
+ 5x + 7
(d) 2xex
+1
(g) 2e 2x
(f) 5e5x
(j) 2x + 2 e1 x
(h) 10e10x
(k) 5 (1 + 4e4x) (x + e4x)4
e (3x 2)
3x
(l) e2x (2x + 1) (m)

(c)
(o)
x3
(n) x2 e5x (5x + 3)
4e2x + 1 (x + 2)
(2x + 5)2
2.
28e2x (e2x + 1)5 (7e2x + 1)
3.
f (1) = 3e; f m(0) = 9e 2
5.
x + y 1 = 0 6.
7.
y = 2ex e
8.
4.
1
3e3
f m(1) = 18 4e2
591
592
9.
10.
(0, 0) min; (1, e 2) max
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2
= 4e 4x 4e 4 x
= 16e4x + 16e 4x
15.
Exercises 4.3
1.
= 16 (e4x + e 4x)
= 16y
11.
12.
y = 3e2x
dy
= 6e 2 x
dx
d2 y
= 12e2x
dx2
d2 y
dy
3
+ 2y
LHS =
dx
dx2
2x
= 12e 3 (6e2x) + 2 (3e2x)
= 12e2x 18e2x + 6e2x
=0
= RHS
d2 y
dy
`
3
+ 2y = 0
dx
dx2
y = aebx
dy
= baebx
dx
d2 y
= b2aebx
dx2
= b2 y
1 2x
e +C
2
(b)
1 4x
e +C
4
(c) e x + C
(d)
1 5x
e +C
5
3
1
1 2x
e + C (f) e4x + 1 + C (g) e5x + C
4
5
2
x2
1 7x
1 2t
x3
+C
(h) e + C (i) e 2x + C (j) e +
7
2
2
(e)
2
1
1 5
(e 1) (b) e 2 1 = 2 1 (c) e7 (e9 1)
5
3
e
1 4 2
1 4
1
1
(d) 19 e (e 1) (e) e + 1
(f) e2 e 1
2
2
2
2
1
1
(g) e6 + e 3 1
2
2
2.
(a)
3.
(a) 0.32 (b) 268.29

(e) 755.19
4.
e4 e2 = e2 (e2 1) units2
6.
2.86 units2 7. 29.5 units2
9.
4.8 units3 10. 7.4
12.
1 x
e
3
15.
1 4
(e 5) units2
2
13. n = 15
14.
(a)
+1
+C
(c) 37 855.68
5.
(d) 346.85
1
(e e 3) units2
4
8. (e6 1) units3
2
11. (a) x (2 + x) ex
(b) x2 ex + C
1 4
(e 1) 14. e units3
2
13.
Exercises 4.4
1.
(a) 4
2.
(a) 9 (b) 3
(i) 1 (j) 2
3.
(a) 1
(h)
4.
1
3
(b) 2
1
2
1
(i) 1
2
(b)
(c) 3
(d) 1
(c) 1
(c)
1
2
(e) 2
(d) 12
(d) 2
(j) 1
(f ) 1
(e) 8
(e)
1
4
(g) 0
(f ) 4
(f )
(h) 7
(g) 14
(h) 14
1
3
1
2
(g)
1
2
(a) 3.08 (b) 2.94 (c) 3.22 (d) 4.94 (e) 10.40
(f ) 7.04 (g) 0.59 (h) 3.51 (i) 0.43 (j) 2.21
ANSWERS
5.
(a) log3 y = x (b) log5 z = x (c) logx y = 2

(d) log2 a = b (e) logb d = 3 (f ) log8 y = x
(g) log6 y = x (h) loge y = x (i) loga y = x
(j) loge Q = x
4.
(a) x + y (b) x y (c) 3x (d) 2y (e) 2x

(g) x + 1 (h) 1 y (i) 2x + 1 (j) 3y 1
5.
(a) p + q (b) 3q (c) q p (d) 2p (e) p + 5q (f ) 2p q

(g) p + 1 (h) 1 2q (i) 3 + q (j) p 1 q
(f ) x + 2y
6.
(a) 3x = 5 (b) ax = 7 (c) 3b = a (d) x9 = y (e) ay = b

(f ) 2y = 6 (g) 3y = x (h) 10y = 9 (i) ey = 4 (j) 7y = x
6.
(a) 1.3 (b) 12.8 (c) 16.2 (d) 9.1

(g) -3.7 (h) 3 (i) 22.2 (j) 23
7.
(a) x = 1 000 000 (b) x = 243 (c) x = 7 (d) x = 2

(e) x = 1 (f ) x = 3 (g) x = 44.7 (h) x = 10 000
(i) x = 8 (j) x = 64
7.
(a) x = 4 (b) y = 28 (c) x = 48 (d) x = 3 (e) k = 6
8.
y = 5 9. 44.7 10. 2.44 11. 0
Exercises 4.6
13. (a) 1 (b) (i) 3 (ii) 2
(iii) 5
(vii) 3 (viii) 5 (ix) 7
(iv)
(x) 1
12. 1
1
2
(v) -1
(vi) 2
(xi) e
(e) 6.7
(f ) 23.8
1.
(a) 1.58 (b) 1.80 (c) 2.41 (d) 3.58

(g) 1.40 (h) 4.55 (i) 4.59 (j) 7.29
2.
(a) x = 1.6 (b) x = 1.5 (c) x = 1.4 (d) x = 3.9

(e) x = 2.2 (f ) x = 2.3 (g) x = 6.2 (h) x = 2.8
(i) x = 2.9 (j) x = 2.4
3.
(a) x = 2.58 (b) y = 1.68 (c) x = 2.73 (d) m = 1.78

(e) k = 2.82 (f ) t = 1.26 (g) x = 1.15 (h) p = 5.83
(i) x = 3.17 (j) n = 2.58
4.
(a) x = 0.9 (b) n = 0.9 (c) x = 6.6 (d) n = 1.2

(e) x = 0.2 (f ) n = 2.2 (g) x = 2.2 (h) k = 0.9
(i) x = 3.6 (j) y = 0.6
5.
(a) x = 5.30 (b) t = 0.536 (c) t = 3.62 (d) x = 3.81

(e) n = 3.40 (f ) t = 0.536 (g) t = 24.6 (h) k = 67.2
(i) t = 54.9 (j) k = 43.3
14. Domain: x > 0; range: all real y
15. Curves are symmetrical about the line y = x.
(e) 2.85
Exercises 4.7
1.
(a) 1 +
1
x
(b)
1
x
(c)
3
3x + 1
(d)
2x
x2 4
10x2 + 2x + 5
15x2 + 3
5
(f)
+ 2x =
3
5x + 1
5x + 1
5x + 3x 9
8
6x + 5
1
(g) 6x + 5 +
(h)
(i)
x
8x 9
(x + 2) (3x 1)
30
4
2
(j)
=
4x + 1 2x 7 (4x + 1) (2x 7)
(e)
5
1
(1 + loge x)4 (l) 9 c 1 m (ln x x)8
x
x
4
1
3
(m) (loge x) (n) 6 c 2x + m (x2 + loge x)5
x
x
1 loge x
(o) 1 + loge x (p)
x2
(k)
16. x = ey
Exercises 4.5
1.
(a) loga 4y
(b) loga 20 (c) loga 4 (d) loga
x5
(e) logx y3 z (f ) logk 9y3 (g) loga 2
y
p3 q
(i) log10 ab4 c3 (j) log3 2
r
b
5
xy
(h) loga
z
2.
(a) 1.19 (b) -0.47 (c) 1.55 (d) 1.66 (e) 1.08
(f ) 1.36 (g) 2.02 (h) 1.83 (i) 2.36 (j) 2.19
3.
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 3

1
(h)
(i) -2 (j) 4
2
(e) 1
(f ) 3 (g) 7
x3
2x + 1
+ 2 loge x (r)
+ 3x2 loge (x + 1)
x
x+1
x 2 x loge x
1
(s)
(t)
x loge x
x (x 2) 2
(q)
(u)
e2x (2x loge x 1)

x (loge x) 2
1
(v) ex c + loge x m
x
(w)
10 loge x
x
(f ) 2.66
593
594
1
4. x 2y 2 + 2 loge 2 = 0
x loge 10
2
5. y = x 2 6.
7. 5x + y loge 5 25 = 0
5
1 1
1 1
8. 5x 19y + 19 loge 19 15 = 0 9. d , loge n
2 2
2 4
1
10. c e, m maximum
e
2.
f l(1) =
1
2
3.
11. (a)
2.
(a) ln (4x 1) + C
(b) loge (x + 3) + C
1
1
loge (2x6 + 5) + C
(c) ln (2x3 7) + C (d)
6
12
1
(e) loge (x2 + 6x + 2) + C
2
3.
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.7
(c) 1.6
4.
loge 3 loge 2 = loge 1.5 units2
6.
(0.5 + loge 2) units2
8.
loge 3 units3
(e) 0.5
5. loge 2 units2
7. 0.61 units2
9. 2 loge 9 units3
10. 47.2 units2 11.

12. (a) RHS =
(d) 3. 1
2 4
e (e 1) units3
2
1
2
+
x+3 x3
1 (x 3)
(x + 3) (x 3)
2 (x + 3)
+
(x + 3) (x 3)
x 3 + 2x + 6
=
x2 9
3x + 3
= 2
x 9
= LHS
3x + 3
1
2
=
+
` 2
x 9 x+3 x3
(b)
(b) loge (x + 3) + 2 loge (x 3) + C

(c)
5
x1
x1
5
=
x1 x1
x6
=
x1
= LHS
13. (a) RHS = 1
12.
2
13. (a) 3x ln 3 (b) 10x ln 10
(2x + 5) loge 3
(c) 3 ln 2 23x 4
14. 4 ln 4 $ x y + 4 = 0 15. 3 loge 3 $ x + y 1 9 loge 3 = 0
(b) x 5 loge (x 1) + C
14.
(a) loge (2x + 5) + C
(b) loge (2x2 + 1) + C

1
1
(c) ln (x5 2) + C (d) loge x + C or loge 2x + C
2
2
5
(e) 2 ln x + C (f) loge x + C (g) loge (x2 3x) + C
3
3
1
2
(h) ln (x + 2) + C (i) loge (x2 + 7) + C
2
2
1
(j) loge (x2 + 2x 5) + C
2
3 2x 1
+C
2 loge 3
15. 1.86 units2
Test yourself 4
1.
(a) 6.39 (b) 1.98 (c) 3.26 (d) 1.40 (e) 0.792
(f) 3.91 (g) 5.72 (h) 72.4 (i) 6 (j) 2
2.
(a) 5e5x
Exercises 4.8
1.
x6
5
=1
x1
x1
(b) 2e1 x
(c)
1
x
(d)
4
4x + 5
1 ln x
(g) 10ex (ex + 1)9
x2
1
1
(a) e4x + C (b) ln (x2 9) + C
4
2
(e) ex (x + 1)
(f)
3.
(d) ln (x + 4) + C
(c) e x + C
ANSWERS
e2
e +1
1 4 6
e (e 1) units2
2
4.
3x y + 3 = 0 5.
7.
6 6
e (e 1) units3
6
8.
(a) 0.92 (b) 1.08 (c) 0.2 (d) 1.36
9.
e (e2 1) units2
6.
10.
1 x
e
3
11.
d 2
3x
+C
(x loge x) = x (1 + 2 loge x); 18 loge 3 12.
loge 3
dx
(e) 0.64
+C
(b) x y 1 = 0; x loge 10 $ y 1 = 0
13. (a) (1, 0)
10. (a) 2.16 units2 (b) x = ey
1
(c) f 1
p units 14. 0.645 units2
loge 10
(c) 2.16 units2
11. (a) x = 1.9

(b) x = 1.9
(c) x = 3
(d) x = 36
(e) t = 18.2
15.
ex (1 + loge x) xex loge x
16.
3
12. (a) (e2 1)
2
1
(b) ln 10
3
1
(c) 8 + 3 ln 2
6
17.
13. e4 x y 3e4 = 0
14. 0.9
15. (a) e (e 1) units2
(b) e2 (e2 1) units3

2
18.
19.
16. (a) loga x5 y3

(b) logx
k2 p
3
17. 2x + y ln 2 4 = 0
18. (0, 0) point of inflexion, ( 3, 27e 3) minimum
19. 5.36 units2
20. (a) 0.65
(b) 1.3
e 2x
1 + loge x x loge x
ex
1 3x
e
6
+1
+C
y = ex + e x
dy
= ex e x
dx
d2 y
= ex ( e x)
dx2
= ex + e x
=y
e8 1
1 6
(e e 2) =
3
3e 2
y = 3e5x 2
dy
= 15e5x
dx
d2 y
= 75e5x
dx2
d2 y
dy
4
5y 10
LHS =
dx
dx2
5x
= 75e 4 (15e5x) 5 (3e5x 2) 10
= 75e5x 60e5x 15e5x + 10 10
=0
= RHS
20. f (x) = 3e2x 6x
(e2x + x)
1.
1
(2e2x + 1) loge x
x
(e2x + x) 2
4.
(a) 2.8 (b) 1.8 (c) 2.6
5.
9 c 4e4x +
7.
2
2x 3
21.
1 m 4x
(e + loge x) 8
x
8.
12 units3
2.
1 x
e +C
2
2
3.
2e
6. 0.42 units2
9. 5x loge 5
22. y =
1 x
e
2
595
596
Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions
5.
cos + sin
sin
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
=
+
2
2
2
2
LHS = cos
Exercises 5.1
1.
2.
(a) 36 (b) 120 (c) 225 (d) 210 (e) 540

(g) 240 (h) 420 (i) 20 (j) 50
3
(a)
4
(h)
(b)
6
5
2
(i)
4
(d)
3
5
(c)
6
5
4
(j)
5
(e)
3
7
(f)
20
(f) 140
3
1
+
2 2 2 2
RHS = sin
cos + cos
sin
4
4
6
6
3
1
1
1
+
=
2
2
2 2
3
1
=
+
2 2 2 2
LHS = RHS
So cos cos + sin sin = sin cos +

4
4
4
6
3
3
cos sin
4
6
=
(g)
12
2
3
3.
(a) 0.98 (b) 1.19 (c) 1.78 (d) 1.54 (e) 0.88
4.
(a) 0.32 (b) 0.61 (c) 1.78 (d) 1.54 (e) 0.88
5.
(a) 62 27 (b) 44 0 (c) 66 28 (d) 56 43

(e) 18 20 (f) 183 21 (g) 154 42 (h) 246 57
(i) 320 51 (j) 6 18
6.
(a) 0.34 (b) 0.07 (c) 0.06 (d) 0.83 (e) 1.14
(f) 0.33 (g) 1.50 (h) 0.06 (i) 0.73 (j) 0.16
6.
(a)
7.
(a)
8.
(a)
9.
(a)
Exercises 5.2
1.
sin
3
2
1
2
cos
1
2
tan
3
2
cosec
3
2
3
2
10. (a)
3
2
sec
cot
2.
(a)
(g)
1
2
(c)
2 3
(h)
(b)
3 3
8
1
3
(d)
2+2
2
4 3
3
(i)
(e) 0
32 2
2
(f)
(j)
2 3+1
2
3 4
=
4
4
4
=
4
5 6
=
6
6
6
=
6
7 8
=
4
4
4
= 2
4
4 3
=
+
3
3
3
=+
3
5 6
=
3
3
3
= 2
3
11. (a) 1
12. (a) (i)
2+ 3
2
(b) (i)
3.
(a) 1
1
4
(b)
6 2
4
(c)
3
2
(d) 1
(e) 4
1
4
13. (a)
4.
(a)
6+
4
(b)
32
(b)
3
2
(c)
(b) 2nd
(c)
(b) 4th
(c) 1
(b) 3rd
(c)
(b) 4th
(c)
3
2
(c) 3
(d)
13 12
=
+
6
6
6
= 2 +
6
1
2
5
,
3 3
14. (a) sin
(ii)
(b)
(b) 2nd
1
2
1
2
(ii) 1st
(iii)
5 7
,
4 4
(c)
1
2
(iv)
(d)
1
3
3
2
(iii)
5
,
4 4
(b) tan x (c) cos
(e)
(v)
4
,
3 3
(d) sin x
3
2
(e)
5 7
,
6 6
(e) cot
ANSWERS
2 + 3 5
+ =
=
6 4
12
12
15. (a)
sin +
16. (a)
3 cos
2
1 tan x
(c)
1 + tan x
(d)
(b)
(b)
3 1
2 2
cos sin
2
cos y 3 sin y
(e)
2 ( 3 1)
4
2 (cos sin )
1.
2
cos +
3 sin
2
6 9 3 2
125 75
cm2
m (c)
4
3
49 ( 2 2 )
3 ( 3)
(d)
mm2
cm2 (e)
4
8
(a) 8 cm2
(b)
2.
(a) 0.01 m2 (b) 1.45 cm2 (c) 3.65 mm2 (d) 0.19 cm2
(e) 0.99 m2
3.
0.22 cm2 4.
5.
134.4 cm
2 4
3 5 7
,
,
,
, 2 (b) x = ,
4 4 4 4
3 3
3
(c) x =
(d) x =
(e) x = 0, , 2 , ,
3
2
2 2
7.
(a) 10.5 mm
8.
(a)
(b) x = n
(c) x = n + (1)n
4
3
3
n
(d) x = n
(e) x = n + ^ 1 h , 2n
6
2
n
(f) x = n , n + (1) , n (1)n
2
2
(g) x = 2n
6
9.
(a) 77 22l (b) 70.3 cm2 (c) 26.96 cm2 (d) 425.43 cm2
17. (a) sin2
(c) tan d +
(b) sin
(d) cos2 sin2 = cos 2
n
3
(e) tan
3
4
18. cos x = ; sin x =
5
5
19. (a) x = 0,
20. (a) x = 2n
Exercises 5.3
cm
2
7
mm
4
2.
(a) 0.65 m (b) 3.92 cm (c) 6.91 mm (d) 2.39 cm

(e) 3.03 m
1.8 m
8.
13
(b) m
25
cm
3
(a) 4 cm
3.
4. 7.5 m
7
mm
9
V=
5.
(c)
2
21
(d)
(e)
6. 25 mm 7. 1.83
9. 25.3 mm 10. SA =
9
cm2
14
(c) 0.07 cm2
6. (a) 2.6 cm
(b)
5
cm
6
(c) 0.29 cm2
(b) 4.3 mm2
25
cm2
4
(b) 0.5 cm2
11
cm
9
(c) 22 +
(b) 22
11 11 (18 + )
=
cm
9
9
(b)
3 2
m
2
(c)
125
cm2
3
(d)
3
cm2
4
49
mm2
8
(a) 0.48 m2
(e) 3.18 m2
(b) 6.29 cm2
3.
16.6 m2
7.
6845
mm2 8. 75 cm2 9. 11.97 cm2
8
4. = 4
, r = 3 cm
15
4
9
13. (a) 10 cm
14. (a) 8 +
121 396 121

cm2
=
18
18
(c) 15.6 cm
(b) 24 cm2
20 4 (18 + 5 )
=
cm
9
9
225
cm3
2
(b)
(b) 3:7
15 (7 + 24)
105
cm2
+ 180 =
2
2
Exercises 5.6
2.
10. =
11. (a)
175
cm2,
36
Exercises 5.4
(e)
(b)
10. 9.4 cm2
15. (a)
125 35
cm3
648
(a) 8 cm2
3
cm
7
(a)
12. (a) 5 cm2 (b) 0.3%
1.
1.
Exercises 5.5
(c) 24.88 mm2
5. 6 m
6. (a)
7
cm
6
(d) 7.05 cm2
(b)
49
cm2
12
1.
(a) 0.045
2.
1
4
4.
(a) sin d
3.
(b) 0.003
(c) 0.999
(d) 0.065
1
3
+ x n = sin cos x + cos sin x

3
3
3
3
1
cos x + sin x
=
2
2
3
1
1 + x
Z
2
2
1
= ( 3 + x)
2
(e) 0.005
597
598
(b) cos d
x n = cos cos x + sin sin x

4
4
4
1
1
=
cos x +
sin x
2
2
1
1
Z
1 +
x
2
2
2
1
=
( 1 + x)
2
2
2
=
( 1 + x)
2
(c)
tan x + tan
4
(c) tan d x + n =
4
1 tan x tan
4
tan x + 1
=
1 tan x 1
x +1
Z
1 x
5.
1 343 622 km
3
2
-1
y
(d)
6. 7367 m
Exercises 5.7
1.
(a)
x
3
2
(e)
x
3
2
-1
(b)
3
2
-3
2
y
(f)
x
3
2
-2
2
-4
x
3
2
ANSWERS
(g)
(b)
4
3
2
7
4
5
4
3
2
4
3
5
3
3
2
(h)
3
4
(c)
1
5
3
2
2
3
1
(i)
(d)
(j)
3
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
(e)
3
2
2
3
4
3
5
3
-6
2.
(a)
(f)
-1
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
x
2
599
600
(g)
3.
(a)
2
3
4
3
5
3
-
(h)
- 3 - 2
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
-1
y
(b)
3
2
3 -
2
4
-7
(c)
-3
(i)
3 -
2
4
(d)
x
3
2
2
-
3
4
2
-5
(j)
(e)
4
2
-4
3
2
3 -
2
4
-2
3
4
ANSWERS
(e)
4.
-8
-2
(f)
5.
3
2
(a)
4
1
3
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
-4
-1
(g)
(b) y
3
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
-1
(c)
(h)
x
3
2
-1
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
(d)
(i)
3
3
x
3
2
2
1
-3
-1
3
2
601
602
(j)
8.
(a)
-1
3
2
y = 2 cos x
3
2
y = 3 sin x
3
4
5
6.
(a)
y
(b)
y
5
-2
-1
2
1
-1
(b)
3
4
3
2
y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
-2
-1
9.
-3
y = cos 2x - cos x
2
7.
(a)
y
1
y = sin x
-1
y = sin 2x
3
2
-2
(b)
2
1
-1
-2
3
2
-1
3
2
ANSWERS
10. (a)
(e)
3
2
2
y = cos x + sin x
1
3
2
-1
3
2
y = sin x - sin
-2
-1
2
x
2
-3
-2
-4
(b)
Exercises 5.8
1.
(a)
y
y= x
2
y = sin 2x sin x
1
1
3
2
1 2
2
4 3 5
2
y = sin x
-1
y
(c)
There are 2 points of intersection, so there are

2 solutions to the equation.
y
(b)
y = sin x + 2 cos 2x
y=
1
x
2
3
2
y = sin x
- -3 -2 - -1
2
2
2
x
3
-1
3
(d)
There are 3 points of intersection, so there are

3 solutions to the equation.
3
2
y =3 cos x cos 2x
1
2
3
4
3
2
603
2.
x =0
6.
x = 0.8, 4
(m) 3 sin 2x sec2 3x + 2 tan 3x cos 2x
4. x = 0, 4.5 5. x = 0, 1
3. x = 1.5
(n)
2x cos x 2 sin x x cos x sin x

=
4x 2
2x2
3 sin 5x 5 (3x + 4) cos 5x
(o)
sin2 5x
(p) 9 (2 + 7 sec2 7x) (2x + tan 7x)8

(q) 2 sin x cos x
1
3
2
(r) 45 sin 5x cos2 5x
1
cos (1 loge x)
x
cos x
= cot x
(u) (ex + 1) cos (ex + x) (v)
sin x
3x
3x
(w) 2e sin 2x + 3e cos 2x
= e3x (3 cos 2x 2 sin 2x)
(s) ex + 2 sin 2x
y = cos x
y = sin x
7.
(a) Period 12 months, amplitude 1.5 (b) 5.30 p.m.
8.
(a) 1300 (b) (i) 1600

(ii) 1010
(c) Amplitude 300, period 10 years
2.
9.
(a)
3. 12
18
4 cos2 x sin3 x sin5 x

= sin3 x (4 cos2 x sin2 x)
16
14
(t)
2e2x tan 7x 7e2x sec2 7x

tan2 7x
2x
e (2 tan 7x 7 sec2 7x)
=
tan2 7x
(x)
-1
4. 6 3 x 12y + 6 3 = 0
5.
sin x
= tan x
cos x
7.
sec2 xetanx
9.
y = 2 cos 5x
dy
= 10 sin 5x
dx
d2 y
= 50 cos 5x
dx2
= 25 (2 cos 5x)
= 25y
10.
f (x) = 2 sin x
f l(x) = 2 cos x
f m(x) = 2 sin x
= f (x)
12
6.
2
3 3
2 3
9
10
8
8. 8 2 x + 48y 72 2 2 = 0
6
4
2
0
January February March
April
May
June
July
August
(b) It may be periodic - hard to tell from this data.

Period would be about 10 months.
(c) Amplitude is 1.5
10. (a)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
d
[loge (tan x)]
dx
sec2 x
=
tan x
tan2 x + 1
=
tan x
tan2 x
1
=
+
tan x
tan x
= tan x + cot x
= RHS
11. LHS =
1.5
1
0.5
am
6.1
5p
m
11
.48
pm
.55
11
pm
6.2
0a
.48
11
am
6.1
5p
am
.55
11
6.2
0
pm
.48
11
am
6.1
.55
11
5p
am
0
6.2
0
604
(b) Period 24 hours, amplitude 1.25 (c) 2.5 m
Exercises 5.9
1.
(a) 4 cos 4x (b) 3 sin 3x (c) 5 sec2 5x

(d) 3 sec2 (3x + 1) (e) sin ( x) (f) 3 cos x
(g) 20 sin (5x 3) (h) 6x2 sin (x3)
(i) 14x sec2 (x2 + 5) (j) 3 cos 3x 8 sin 8x
(k) sec2 ( + x) + 2x (l) x sec2 x + tan x
d
7 loge (tan x) A = tan x + cot x
dx
12. d ,
3
n maximum,
3
5
5
n minimum
, 3
3
3
ANSWERS
13. (a)
14.
sec2 x
180
(b)
sin x
60
cos x
900
(c)
(b)
y = 2 sin 3x 5 cos 3x
dy
= 6 cos 3x + 15 sin 3x
dx
d2 y
= 18 sin 3x + 45 cos 3x
dx2
= 9 (2 sin 3x 5 cos 3x)
= 9y
14. (a)
1.
(b) cos x + C
(c) tan x + C
45
1
cos x + C (e) cos 3x + C
(d)
3
1
(g) tan 5x + C (h) sin (x + 1) + C
5
(i)
1
cos (2x 3) + C
2
(j)
(f)
1
cos 7x + C
7
1
sin (2x 1) + C
2
(a) 1
(b)
(f)
(e)
3
3
(g)
4
1
2
3.
4 units2 4.
6.
0.51 units3 7.
10.
12. (a)
3 2
2 3
3
(h)
(c)
2
2
2.
(d)
1
5
1
3
3.
2
units2
6
5. 0.86 units2
units3 8. etan x + C
4
9.
5.
1
24
3 3
units2 11. 2 2 units2
=
3
3
V =
(b)
( 2) units3
8
x3
1
1
1
1
sin 2x x + C (b) x sin 2x +
+C
4
4
2
2
3
7x
3
1
+ C (d) x sin 2x sin x + C
(c) sin 2x
4
2
2
7x 7
1
(e)
+ sin 2x + tan 7x + C
4
7
2
5x
1
+C
(f) sin 2x + sin x +
4
2
1
1
1
(g) cos 2x x + sin 2x + C
4
2
2
(a)
(h) tan x +
(k) cos ( x) + C (l) sin (x + ) + C

x
2
(m) tan 7x + C (n) 8 cos
+C
7
2
x
(o) 9 tan + C (p) cos (3 x) + C
3
2.
1
(1 cos 2x)
2
Exercises 5.11
Exercises 5.10
(a) sin x + C
1
1
sin 2x + x + C
4
2
15. y = 2 sin 3x
15. a = 7, b = 24
1.
605
7.
(i)
1
1
1
sin 3x + x + sin 2x + C
4
3
2
(a)
(e)
3 2 3 3
=
12
8
24
y 2 dx
(b)
3
2
(c)
(2 + 3 )
8
(j)
(d)
1
1
x + sin 4x + C
2
8
units2
( 2) units3 4.
8
8
1
1
(3 + 8) units3 6. (a) (x sin 6x) + C
4
6
2
90
1
1
sin (2x) E + C
(b) (x + sin x) + C (c) ; x
2
2
3
4x
5
1
1
n +C
sin 2ax) + C (e) d x sin
(d) (x +
4
5
2
2a
2
(a) sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
(b)
1
1
x sin 2x + C
4
2
1e8 3 3 o
1
=
(16 9 3 )
4 3
2
24
cos x dx
8.
(a) sin (7x + 3x) + sin (7x 3x)

= sin 7x cos 3x + cos 7x sin 3x
+ sin 7x cos 3x cos 7x sin 3x
= 2 sin 7x cos 3x
1
`
[sin (7x + 3x) + sin (7x 3x)]
2
= sin 7x cos 3x
1
(b)
10
9.
(a)
= ; sin x E
2
0
sin 0)
2
= (1 0)
= units 3
= (sin
(b) 3.1 units3

13. (a)
cos 2x = cos x sin x

= cos2 x (1 cos2 x)
= 2 cos2 x 1
cos 2x + 1 = 2 cos2 x
2
1
(cos 2x + 1) = cos2 x
2
(b) sin x +
(c)
1
1
( sin 4 ) + C
4
8
(e)
1 1
c sin 3 + 3 sin m + C
4 3
10. (a)
Ans_PART_2.indd 605
1
cos 2x + C
4
1
1
(x sin 2x) + C
2
2
(d) x
1
cos 2x + C
2
1
(2 2 3 1) units2 (b) (2 3 ) units3
4
2
6/30/09 12:09:23 PM
606
Test yourself 5
25
cm2
12
3
3
(b)
(c)
2
2
5
cm
6
1.
(a)
2.
(a)
3.
(a) x =
4.
(a)
15. (a)
(b)
3 7
,
4 4
(b) x =
(c) 0.295 cm2

(d)
1
2
5
,
6 6
(b) x = 0.6
16. (a)
( 6 + 3 3 )
3 2
units2 (b)
units3
2
24
17. 2 units2 18. 4x + 8y 8 = 0
19. y = 3 cos 2x
20. (a)
(b)
(b) x = 0.9, 2.3, 3

5.
(a) sin x
(e)
6.
(b) 2 cos x
x sec2 x tan x
x2
(a)
1
cos 2x + C
2
(c) sec2 x
(f) 3 sin 3x
(b) 3 sin x + C
(d) x cos x + sin x
(c)
1
tan 5x + C
5
(d) x cos x + C
1
(a)
8.
3x + 2 y 1
9.
x = cos 2t
dx
= 2 sin 2t
dt
2
d x
= 4 cos 2t
dt2
= 4x
10.
1
2
(b)
14. (a)
0.27
4.
(a) Period = 2, amplitude = 3
(c)
4 3 3
12
(d)
12
3
=0
4
units2 11.
13. 3 3
2.
3 3
1
1
e1
o=
6
2
3
1.
(b)
2 3
3
7.
(g) 5 sec2 5x
5.
(a) y = sin 3x
(b) LHS =
units3 12. (a) 5
8
cm2
7
(b) 0.12 cm2
(b) 2
d2 y
+ 9y
dx2
= 9 sin 3x + 9 ( sin 3x)
= 9 sin 3x 9 sin 3x
=0
= RHS
3. r = 64 units, =
512
ANSWERS
5
9
13
20. d , 0 n, d , 0 n, d , 0 n, d
, 0n
8
8
8
8
6.
21. (a)
1
2
1
=
2
22. x = n + (1)n
24. (a)
7.
sec2 x
180
9.
(a)
8. 2
sec2 x
tan x
1
cos2 x
=
sin x
cos x
cos x
1
=
cos2 x sin x
1
1
=
cos x sin x
= sec x cosec x
= LHS
RHS =
(b) loge 3 =
1.
10. (2x cos 2x + sin 2x) ex sin 2x
12.
14.
16. 0.204 units
19.
(c) Amplitude = 1
15.
2
64
f (x) = 2 cos 3x
f l(x) = 6 sin 3x
f m(x) = 18 cos 3x
= 9(2 cos 3x)
= 9f (x)
1
2
cos x sin x
17.
sin x + cos x
9 ( 2)
9
d 1n =
cm2
4
2 2
(a) R = 20 8t
(b) R = 15t2 + 4t
(c) R = 16 4x
(d) R = 15t 4t + 2 (e) R = e (f) R = 15 sin 5

100
400
x
(g) R = 2 3
(h) R =
(i) R = 800 2
r
r
x2 4
(j) R = 4 r2
2.
180
cos x + C
cos3 x
cos x + C
3
sin 2x = sin (x + x)
= sin x cos x + cos x sin x
= 2 sin x cos x
1
sin 2x = sin x cos x
2
4 (2 3 3 )
3
o cm2 =
cm2
3
2
3
18.
, 2n
11. (a) d , 4 n and d
4
4
1
cos3 x + C
3
13. 8 e
23.
Exercises 6.1
1
loge 3
2
(b) Maximum = 4
25.
, n (1)n
4
2
Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to

the physical world
sec2 x
tan x
` sec x cosec x =
(b)
21
units2 (b)
( + 6 3 3 ) units3
2
24
(a) h = 2t2 4t3 + C (b) A = 2x4 + x + C

4
(c) V = r3 + C (d) d = 7 cos t + C
3
(e) s = 4e2t 3t + C
3.
9.
20
4. 1
5. 6e12 6. 13
8. 2e3 + 5
7. 900
dM
= 1 4t; R = 19
dt
[i.e. melting at the rate of 19 g per minute (g min-1)]
y = x3 x2 + x + 6
10. R =
11. 11 079.25 cm per second (cms-1)

13. 165 cm2 per second (cm2s-1)
12. 21 000 L
14. 0.25
15. 41 cm2 per minute (cm2 min-1)
16. 31 cm3
17. 108 731 people per year 18. (a) 27 g

(b) 2.7 (i.e. decaying at a rate of 2.7 g per year)
19.
y = e 4x
dy
= 4e4x
dx
= 4y
20.
S = 2e2t + 3
dS
= 2 (2e2t )
dt
= 2 (2e2t + 3 3)
= 2 (S 3)
607
608
Exercises 6.2
1.
(a) 8x
35. 2.55 m per minute
(b) 54x
(c) 6x + 3
2x
(d) 10e
(e) sin x
36. (a)
2.
3.
9.
(a) 297
6
2
1
1
4
(c) 6084
(b) 4e
=3 2
4.
6
17
5.
5
9
(d) 3 ln 4 + 3
(e) 20
5
D
D tan = 5
tan =
D=
6. 426 7. 289 8. 44
5
tan
dD
5
=
d
sin2
(c) -39 (decreasing by 39 radians/hour)
(d) No, the angle will reach zero after a few seconds.
(b)
10. 6
3 -1
11. 8100 mm s
13. 205.84 cm2s-1
3 -1
12. 0.287 mm s
14. 159.79 cm3s-1
15. 40 units per second 16. 34 560, i.e. decreasing at the

rate of 34 560 mm3s-1
Exercises 6.3
1.
(a) 80
(d)
2.
(a) 99 061
(b) 7 hours
3.
(a) When t
`
M
When
t
`
95
0.95
ln 0.95
0.01
So
M
= 0, M = 100
= 100e kt
= 5, M = 95
= 100e 5k
= e 5k
= 5k
=k
= 100e 0.01t
17. -614, i.e. decreasing by 614 radios per week
(b) 146
(c) 92 days
18. 2411.5 cms-2 19. -11.12, i.e. decreasing by

11.12 mm3s-1
20. -2.5, i.e. decreasing by 2.5 ms-1
21. -2765, i.e. decreasing by 2765 rabbits per day
22. 1.02 cms-1
23. 2.14 houses per year 24. 0.92 mh-1
25. -0.01, i.e. decreasing at the rate of 0.01 cms-1

1 2
x sin 60
2
3
x2
=
2
2
3 x2
=
4
26. (a) A =
(b)
2
cms-1
3
27. (a) 663.5 mm2s-1
(b) 29 194.2 mm3s-1
28. 0.66 mm2s-1 29. 0.57 mm3s-1

30. 30.48, i.e. decreasing at the rate of 30.48 cm2s-1
(b) 90.25 kg
(c) 67.6 years
31. 0.52 ms-1, i.e. moving down at the rate of 0.52 ms-1
32. 458 kmh-1
33. 2.6 ms-1
34. Rate of volume decrease is proportional to surface area.

i.e.
dV
= kS
dt
= k (4 r2)
4
V = r3
3
dV
= 4 r2
dr
dr
1
=
dV 4 r2
dr
dr
dV
=
dt dV
dt
1
=
k (4 r2)
4 r2
= k
` radius will decrease at a constant rate of k
4.
(a) 35.6 L
(b) 26.7 minutes
5.
(a) P0 = 5000
(d) 8.8 years
6.
2.3 million m2 7. (a) P = 50 000e0.069t

(c) 4871 people per year (d) 2040
8.
(a) 65.61 C
9.
(a) 92 kg (b) Reducing at the rate of 5.6 kg per hour

(c) 18 hours
(b) k = 0.157
(c) 12 800 units
(b) 70 599
(b) 1 hour 44 minutes
10. (a) M0 = 200; k = 0.00253 (b) 192.5 g

(c) Reducing by 0.49 g per year (d) 273.8 years
11. (a) B = 15 000e0.073t
12. 11.4 years
(b) 36 008
13. (a) 19%
(c) 79.6 hours
(b) 3200 years
ANSWERS
14. (a)
P (t) = P (t0) e kt
dP (t)
= kP (t0) e kt
dt
= kP (t)
(b) 23%
5.
(c) 2% decline per year (d) 8.5 years
15. 12.6 minutes
16. 12.8 years
17. (a) 76.8 mg/dL
(b) 9 hours 18. 15.8 s
19. 8.5 years
20. (a) Q = Aekt

dQ
= kAekt
dt
= kQ
(b)
dQ
(a)
When
`
T
t
80
62
`
T
When
t
68
50
50
62
50
ln
62
dx
= 2Ae2t
dt
= 2 (100 + Ae2t 100)
= 2 (x 100)
(b) A = 0.198
(c) t = 2.76
2.
(a)
dN
= 0.14Ae0.14t
dt
= 0.14 (45 + Ae0.14t 45)
= 0.14 (N 45)
(b) A = 27.96
(c) N = 101.3
(d) t = 7.05
3.
dv
(a)
= kAekt
dt
= k (5000 + Aekt 5000)
= k (v 5000)
(b) A = 82 000, k = 0.0414
(c) 1 615 609.47 kL
(d) 3 days, 23 h
4.
(a)
dN
= kAekt
dt
= k (P + Aekt P)
= k (N P)
(b) t = 6.27
50
62
=k
15
0.0143 = k
T = 18 + 62e 0.0143t
(b) After 114.5 minutes

(c) As t " , e 0.0143t " 0 ` T " 18
6.
(a) 25 464
(b) After 68.8 weeks
7.
(a) 5.2c C
(b) After 8 minutes
8.
(a)
Exercises 6.4
(a)
= ln e 15k
ln
1.
= e 15k
= 15k ln e
= 15k
= kQ
dt
dt
1
So
=
dQ kQ
1
t =#
dQ
kQ
1 1
dQ
= #
k Q
1
= ln Q + C
k
kt = ln Q + C1
kt C1 = ln Q
ekt C = Q
kt
e e C = Q
Aekt = Q
= 18 + Ae kt
= 0, = 80
= 18 + Ae0
=A
= 18 + 62e kt
= 15, = 68
= 18 + 62e 15k
= 62e 15k
dv
= kAe kt
dt
= k (P + Ae kt P)
= k (v P)
(b) A = 500, k = 0.008 58

(c) 78.85 ms-1
(d) 500 ms-1
9.
(a) 7.2c C
(b) 68 s or 1 m 8 s
10. (a) 3738

(b) After 17.1 years
11. 5.1
12. (a) 8.4 years
(b) 7.5 years
13. 125.7 years
14. 16 minutes
15. 50.1%
16. (a) 2800
(b) 17.7 years
609
610
T = 28 + 172ekt
dT
So
= k (172ekt )
dt
= k (28 + 172e kt 28)
= k (T 28)
(d)
17. (a)
(b) 28 C
(c) 40 minutes
18. (a) 17.6%
(b) 156 years
(e)
19. (a) 32.5%
(b) 80.8 years
20.
dN
= k (N P)
dt
dt
1
So
=
dN k (N P)
1
t =#
dN
k (N P)
1
1
dN
= #
k NP
1
= ln (N P) + C
k
kt = ln (N P) + C1
kt C1 = ln (N P)
ekt C = N P
kt
e e C = N P
Aekt = N P
P + Aekt = N
2.
(a) t2, t4, t6

(b) 0 to t1, t3, t5
(c) 0 to t1
(d) t5
3.
(a)
Exercises 6.5
1.
(a)
a
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a) O, t2, t4, t6 (b) t1, t3, t5 (c) t5

(d) (i) At rest, accelerating to the left.
(ii) Moving to the left with zero acceleration.
5.
(a)
6.
(a) At the origin, with positive velocity and positive

constant acceleration (moving to the right and speeding
up).
(b) To the right of the origin, at rest with negative
constant acceleration.
(c) To the left of the origin, with negative velocity and
positive acceleration (moving to the left and slowing
down).
(d) To the right of the origin, with negative velocity and
acceleration (moving to the left and speeding up).
(e) To the left of the origin, at rest with positive
acceleration.
4.
3 5
,
,
,
4 4 4
(b) 0,
, ,
,
2
2
ANSWERS
Exercises 6.6
1.
2.
(a) 18 cms
(b) 12 cms
(d) After 5 s
-1
-2
(c) The particle is on the RHS of the origin, travelling to

the right and accelerating.
(c) When t = 0, x = 0; after 3 s

9.
(a) 8 ms 1 (b) a = 4; constant acceleration of 4 ms-2

(c) 13 m (d) after 2 s (e) 5 m
(f)
(a) v = 5 10t
10. v =
(b) 95 ms 1
(c) a = 10 = g
102
17
,a=
(3t + 1) 2
(3t + 1)3
1
1
cms 2
cms 1 (c)
6
36
(d) The particle is moving to the right but decelerating
(e) (e3 1) s
11. (a) At the origin
12. (a) 3 ms-1
(b)
(b) When t = 0 s, 1 s, 3 s
(c) 10 ms-2
13. (a)
3.
(a) 4 m (b) 40 ms-1
(c) 39 m (d) 84 m
(e)
(b) ox = 6 cos 2t, px = 12 sin 2t
(c) 6 3 cms-2
(d) px = 12 sin 2t = 4 (3 sin 2t) = 4x
14. (a) 7 m
(d)
4.
(a) 2 cm (b) After 1 s (c) -4 cm

(e) -7 cms-1
5.
(a) 2 ms-1
(d)
(b) 4e2 ms 2
(b) 16 m
(c) After 7 s
(d) 6 cm
(c) a = 4e2t = 2 (2e2t ) = 2v
(e) 10 m
15. (a) 18.75 m
6.
(a) v = 2 sin 2t
(b) a = 4 cos 2t
(d) 0, , ,
,...s
2
2
(e) 1 cm
(c) 1 cm
3 5
(f) ,
,
...s
4 4 4
(g) a = 4 cos 2t = 4x
7.
(a) v = 3t2 + 12t 2; a = 6t + 12

(d) 42 ms-1
8.
(a) x = 20 (4t 3)4 , x = 320 (4t 3)3

(b) x = 1, cm, ox = 20 cms 1, px = 320 cms 2
(b) 266 m (c) 133 ms-1
(b) -15 ms-1
(c) 5 s
16. (a) At the origin: x = 0

2t3 3t2 + 42t = 0
t (2t2 3t + 42) = 0
t = 0, 2t2 3t + 42 = 0
Since t = 0, the particle is initially at the origin.
2t2 3t + 42 = 0
b2 4ac = (3) 2 4 (2) (42)
= 327
<0
So the quadratic equation has no real roots.
So the particle is never again at the origin.
(b)
dx
= 6t2 6t + 42
dt
611
612
At rest:
dx
dt
6t2 6t + 42
t2 t + 7
b2 4ac
19.
=0
=0
=0
= (1) 2 4 (1) (7)
= 27
<0
20. (a) 1 cms-1 (b)
18. (a) 8e16 cms-1
1.
19. (a) 7 s (b)
3 5
,
,
,...s
4 4 4
(b) 0 s (initially)
7 2
or
s
2
2
(c) 12 cm
(c)
3 5
,
,
,...s
4 4 4
(c) 1 cm
(b) x =
2
24t 1
2
4t 1
(c) x =
t + 14
7
(e) x = 3 24t + 8
x=
10t + 1
5.
(a)
1 3
(e 1) s
2
7.
(a) x = 5e4t (b) 5e12 cm (c) 20e12 cms 1

(d) At the origin, x = 0 ` 5e4t = 0.
This has no solution.
` x 0 (particle is never at the origin)
3. 0.93 m
(b) 1.2 m
4. x = 3
9t 61
2
2.
6. x = 4t 3
(c) 49 cm
dx
= 2 sin t cos t
dt
= sin 2t
3
, ,
,...s
2
2
(a) x = 8t + 2
(d) x =
20. (a) x = (sin t) 2
(b) 0,
2
cm
8
Exercises 6.8
So the quadratic equation has no real roots.

So the particle is never at rest.
17. (a) 0 cm (at the origin) (b)
12 8 2
ms-1
3
(e) x = 5e4t
ox = 20e4t
px = 80e4t
= 16 (5e4t )
= 16x
(c) 1 ms-2
Exercises 6.7
2. 28 m
8.
1.
12 cm
4.
(a) 570 cms-2
5.
(e3 + 1) cm 6. 163 m 7. (a) 95 cms-1 (b) 175 cm
8.
h = 4.9t2 + 4t + 2
11. -744 cm
(b) 135 cm (c) After 0.5 s
4
ms-1
15
(c) v =
=
9. 262 m 10. (e5 3) m
12. (2 3) cm
15. (a) ( 3 + 3) m
16. (a)
3. -42.5 cm
13. 1.77 m 14. 893 m
9.
(b) 4 3 ms 2
(b) x =
2n
2ln (n + 3) m
3
2
2
3 t+3
2 (t + 3) 6
3 (t + 3)
2t + 6 6
=
3 (t + 3)
2t
=
3t + 9
t 0
When t = 0: v = 0
When t > 0: v > 0
Also 2t > 0 and 3t + 9 > 0 when t > 0
So 2t < 3t + 9
2t
<1
3t + 9
`0 v <1
17. (a) 5e45 ms1 (b) e30 m
18. (a) 20 cms-2
(b) 82
(c) px = 25e5t
= 25x
8
cm
9
(a) After 0.05 s

1
cos 2x ` t > 0 only when cos 2x < 0
(b) t =
10
When 0 x , 0 2x
4
2
` cos 2x 0. But t cannot be negative
` displacement is never between 0 and .

4
dx
=x5
dt
dt
1
`
=
x5
dx
1
t =#
dx
x5
= ln (x 5) + C
When
t = 0, x = 6
`
0 = ln (6 5) + C
= ln 1 + C
=0+C
=C
`
t = ln (x 5)
et = x 5
et + 5 = x
dx
d2x
= et and 2 = et
dt
dt
`
velocity = acceleration for all x
(a)
(b) 60 m
10.
(d) 50 ms-2
dx
= 5x
dt
dt
1
`
=
dx 5x
dx
t =#
5x
1
`
t = ln x + C
5
ANSWERS
Now ln x is real for x > 0

displacement is always positive
v = 5x
Since x > 0,
5x > 0
`
v >0
So velocity is always positive.
11. (a)
12.
3s
Exercises 6.10
1.
(a) x = 2 cos t
(b) 2 s
ln 21
m
3
Exercises 6.9
1.
v=
2.
v = 2x4 4x2 + 2x 68
3.
8 ms-1 4.
(b) v = 2 sin t
2x2 + 10x + 9
(a) 2.8 ms-1
(b) For v = 0,
i.e.
x
12
+4=0
sin
2
x
12
= 4
sin
2
x 4
=
sin
2
12
= 1.05
(c) a = 2 cos t
This has no solution, so v 0 (particle is never at rest).

v 2 = n 2 (a 2 x 2 )
5.
7.9 cms-1
8.
0.37 m
9.
(a) v = 2x2 + 4x + 16 (b) 3 2 ms 1

(c) Between -2 m and 4 m
10. v =
6.
1.55 cms-1
7.
(x2 3) 5 + 79
5
11. (a) 4 kms-1
2.
(a) x = 5 sin t
(b) At rest, v = 0
400
i.e.
=0
x
400 = 0
This is impossible.
` the rocket never comes to rest
12. v =
k (6400 x)
3200x
(b) v = 5 cos t
613
614
(c) a = 5 sin t
3.
(a) x = 4 cos 2t
(b) t = 0,
(c) x = cos 2t
5.
(a) x = 2 cos 3t
ox = 6 sin 3t
px = 18 cos 3t
= 9 (2 cos 3t)
= 9x
(b) 2 (c) v = 0 (d) v = 6; a = 0
6.
(a) x = 7 cos 5t
ox = 35 sin 5t
px = 175 cos 5t
= 25 (7 cos 5t)
= 25x
, ,
, 2 , . . . ; x = 4
2
2
(b) t = 0,
(c) v = 8 sin 2t
7.
(d) v = 0
(e) a = 16 cos 2t
(c) Period =
(a) x = 3 sin 4t
ox = 12 cos 4t
px = 48 sin 4t
= 16 (3 sin 4t)
= 16x
(b) t =
8.
2 3
,
,
, . . . ; x = 7
5 5 5
3 5
,
,
,...
8 8 8
(c) x = 3; px = 48
(a) px = 36x
(b) 12 ms-1

(c) t = 0, , , , . . . ; ox = 12 ms 1
6 3 2
(d) v = 144 36x2
9.
(a) x = 2 cos b t +
ox = 2 sin b t +
l;
4
l ; px = 2 cos b t + l
4
4
= x, ` SHM
5 9
(b) t = ,
,
,...
4 4 4
(f) a = 0
4.
(a) x = cos 2t
ox = 2 sin 2t
px = 4 cos 2t
= 4x
(b) amplitude = 1, period =
(c) 2
(d) x = 2
10. (a) x = 5 cos 3t + 2 sin 3t

ox = 15 sin 3t + 6 cos 3t
px = 45 cos 3t 18 sin 3t
= 9 (5 cos 3t + 2 sin 3t)
= 9x
(b) 16.2 ms-1
11. (a) x = 4 cos (3t + )
ox = 12 sin (3t + )
px = 36 cos (3t + )
= 9 [4 cos (3t + )]
= 9x
(b) 2 3 cm
(c) Amplitude = 4, period =
2
3
2
5
ANSWERS
(c) 4 ms-1 (d) px = 2 x
12. (a) 0 m, 4 m (b) 2 m

13. (a) 1.5 m
14. (a) v =
5 ms-1
(b)
81 x2
3
(b) x = 3 5 cm
15. v = 6.5 cms1; a = 5.5 cm 2

16. Period
24. (a) v2 = 4x x2 3
x2 3
1 2
v = 2x
2
2 2
d 1 2
c v m=2x
dx 2
px = 2 x
So
= x + 2
= (x 2)
4 3
2
, amplitude
;
3
3
This is in the form px = n2 (x x0) so SHM.

(b) Centre x = 2, endpoints x = 1, x = 3
(c) a = 1, n = 1
4 3
cos c 3t m or
6
3
4 3
x=
sin c 3t + m
3
3
x=
17. (a) Between x = 1 and x = 9

(b) Yescentre of motion is x = 4
Let X = x 4:
d2 x
= 8 2x
dt2
= 2 (x 4)
= 2X
18. (a) a = 1600x
(n =
2)
(b) Period =
20
(c) 30 cms-1
19. (a) px = an2 sin nt bn2 cos nt

= n2 (a sin nt + b cos nt)
= n2 x
(b) Amplitude
20. (a)
(b)
a2 + b2 ; period =
This is in the form px = n2 (x x0) so SHM.
Exercises 6.11
2
n
(c) n a2 + b2
1.
5 3
cms 1
6
5 2
cms 2
9
(b) Amplitude
45 = 3 5
5 , period
23. (a) Centre x = 3, endpoints x = 0, x = 6

(b) x = 3 3 cos 3t
ox = 3 ( 3 sin 3t)
= 9 sin 3t
px = 9 (3 cos 3t)
= 27 cos 3t
= 9 ( 3 cos 3t)
= 9 (3 3 cos 3t 3)
= 9 (x 3)
(ii) y = 5t2 +
15 2 t
2
3 2
s
2
(a) 6 3 s
4.
(a) 2.59 m
6.
(a) 4 minutes
7.
(a) px = 0, ox = u cos a, x = ut cos a

py = g, oy = gt + u sin a,
gt2
y=
+ ut sin a
2
(b) 540 m
3. (a) 2.3 s
(b) 7.3 m
5.
(b) 5.8 m
2.8 s
(b) 102 km
(b) 15 m
5x2
(1 + tan2 ) + x tan
256
8.
y=
9.
x = vt cos , y =
2
6
15 2 t
2
2.
2
3
22. (a) Equilibrium x = 1, endpoints x = 0, x = 2

(b) Period
(a) (i) x =
(b)
21. (a) x = 2 sin 3t cos 3t

ox = 2 (3 cos 3t) ( 3 sin 3t)
= 6 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t
px = 6 ( 3 sin 3t) + 3 (3 cos 3t)
= 18 sin 3t + 9 cos 3t
= 9 (2 sin 3t cos 3t)
= 9x
(c)
25. x = cos2 2t
= (cos 2t) 2
ox = 2 (cos 2t)1 ( 2 sin 2t)
= 4 sin 2t cos 2t
= 2 (2 sin 2t cos 2t)
= 2 sin 4t
px = 2 (4 cos 4t)
= 8 cos 4t
= 8 (cos2 2t sin2 2t)
= 8 (cos2 2t 5 1 cos2 2t ? )
= 8 (cos2 2t 1 + cos2 2t)
= 8 (2 cos2 2t 1)
= 8 (2x 1)
10. 20 34l
gt2
2
+ vt sin + h
11. 1.8 ms-1
12. 28.86 ms-1
13. 2 45l, 87 15l 14. 9.3 ms-1

15. (a) 6 s
(b) 91.7 m
16. 63 6l or 50 52l 17. 2 m
18. 8 m
19. 0.12 m
20. (a) 8 ms-1
21. (a) 4.8 s
(b) 100.9 m
(b) 53 8l (c) 3.2 m
615
616
22. (a) Second stone is first by 1.46 s

(b) 1st stone:
x = 10t
(b) Particle is 28 m to the left of the origin, travelling at

15 ms 1 to the right, with 18 ms 2 acceleration (to the
right), so the particle is speeding up.
= 10 (2 3 )
= 20 3 m
11. (a) t1, t3, t5
(b) t2, t4
(c) t3 and after t5
(d) (i)
2nd stone:
x = 10 3 t
= 10 (10 3 (2))
= 20 3 m
So both land at the same place.
23. 63 26l 39 27l
(ii)
24. 2.7 s
25. (a) 29.5 m
(b) x = 11.5, y = 8.2 or (11.5, 8.2); No they will not
collidethey reach this point at different times.
Test yourself 6
1.
-2 ms-1
2.
(a) 0 m, 0 ms-1, 8 ms-2
3.
(a)
(b) 0, 0.8 s
(c) 0.38 m
T = 25 + Ae kt
dT
= kAe kt
dt
= k (Ae kt + 25 25)
= k (T 25)
(b) A = 295, k = 0.042 (c) 108.4c

(d) 97 min or 1 h 37 min
4.
-76 m, -66 ms-2
6.
(a) 6 cms 1 (b) 145 855.5 cms-2

(c) x = 2e3t
ox = 6e3t
px = 18e3t
= 9 (2e3t )
= 9x
7.
1m
8.
x = 2 sin 3t
ox = 6 cos 3t
px = 18 sin 3t
= 9 (2 sin 3t)
= 9x
9.
(a) 2, 6 s
(b) (i) 16 cm
(ii) 15 cms 1
(iii) 18 cms 2
(c) Particle is 16 cm to the right of the origin, travelling
at 16 cms 1 to the right. Acceleration is 18 cms 2 (to the
left), so the particle is slowing down.
10. (a) (i) 18 ms 2

(ii) 15 ms 1
(iii) -28 m
5.
39.6 years
12. (a) 48.2%

13. (a)
(b) 1052.6 years
5 13 17
,
,
,
,...s
6 6
6
6
(c)
2
14. (a) 15 m
(b)
5 7 11
,
,
,
,...s
3 3 3
3
ms 2
(b) 20 m
(c) 4 s
15. (a) 16 941 (b) 1168 birds/year

(c) 18.3 years
16. 0.0193 mms-1
17. (a) (i)
(ii)
(b) t1, t3
2
(b) 7 ms 1
7
5 13 17
,
,
,
, . . . seconds
(c)
21 21 21 21
18. (a) Period
19. 80 58l, 16 38l 20.
55 033 m
ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
8 2 (4 cos 3t)
2
cos 3t + =
3
3
3
8
(b) px = 9 c x m
3
2
2
(c) Yes. Amplitude = , period =
3
3
(a) x =
7.
(a) 36 208
8.
88 35l, 10 52l
9.
(a) 7.85 mm2 per hour
10. (a) x = cos 4t
px = 0, ox = V , x =
2
gt2
Vt
py = g, oy = gt + V , y =
+
2
2
2
Range: when y = 0,
t f
gt2
2
gt
2
+
+
Vt
2
V
2
When t =
2V
g 2
,x =
V2
g
V
g 2
t = 0 or
2V
t=
g 2
14. (a) 16.1 ms-1

(b)
If v = 0,
3x2 + 2x + 225 = 0
= 22 4 3 225
<0
` no solutions
`
v0
2V
g 2
(1)
(a) x = 2 sin c 4t +
16. N =
(b) 3.6 m (c) 14.4 ms-1
kN0
bN0 + (k bN0) e kt
kt
dN kN0 7 k (k bN0) e A
=
2
dt
7 bN0 + (k bN0) e kt A
k2 N0 (k bN0) e kt
=
2
k2 N0 7 bN0 + (k bN0) e kt bN0 A
=
2
k2 N0 7 bN0 + (k bN0) e kt A
-1
m + 3 cos c 4t + m
2
2
ox = 8 cos c 4t + m 12 sin c 4t + m
2
2
px = 32 sin c 4t + m 48 cos c 4t + m
2
2
= 16 = 2 sin c 4t + m + 3 cos c 4t + m G
2
2
= 16x
(b) 16%
15. Carla jumps further by 0.8 m
` range is 4 times maximum height
6.
(d) v = 5 1 x2
13. (a) 19.9 years
g
V 2 V
V
f
p +
f
p
2 g 2
2 g 2
V2 V2
=
+
4g 2g
1 V2
= e o
4 g
1
[from (1)]
= x
4
0.25 cms
(c) 7.5ms2
p=0
,y=
5.
(c) 2 3 cms-1
12. (a) 0.0024 cms-1 (b) 0.75 cm3s-1
Height is maximum when oy = 0

V
i.e. gt +
=0
2
V
t=
g 2
When t =
(b) Yes, a = 16x
= sin 5t + C
t = 0, x = 0
0 = sin 0 + C
=C
x = sin 5t
d
a=
(5 cos 5t)
dt
= 25 sin 5t
= 25x
(b) 25 ms 2
=0
(b) 31 416 mm2
x = # (5 cos 5t) dt
When
Vt
(c) 32 000
v = 5 cos 5t
11. (a)
(a) 1 m, 0 ms-1 (b) 3.26 107 ms-2

(c) Show (t3 + 1) 6 = 0 has no solution for t 0
(a) 0.75 cm
e10 1
(b) x =
cm
2
(b) 67 795 bacteria per hour
bk2 N20
k2 N0
bN0 + (k bN0) e kt
bf
kN0
bN0 + (k bN0) e
= kN bN2
kt
617
618
(d) (i) 11 people per day

(ii) 283 people per day
oy
17. (a) tan =
ox
22. (a) 1.77
23.
(b) V2 = (ox) 2 + (oy) 2 (by Pythagoras theorem)

`V =
(ox) 2 + (oy) 2
18. (a) For small , sin Z

d2
`
= 2 sin
dt2
Z 2
(b) v = + v
2
2 2
19. (a) 3e cms 2
20. SHM is a continuous oscillation.

There is no displacement
when t =
as x = a tan .
2n
2
Also, ox = an (cos nt) 2
px = 2an (cos nt) 3 (n sin nt)
= 2an2 tan nt sec2 nt
1.
3.2 years
5.
x = ey, x = 3.42
8.
(a) 47.5 g (b) 3.5 g/year (c) After 9.3 years
9.
(a) 0 cms 1
3x2 + 2e2x
7.
x =
1
2
(b) a = 18 sin 3t = 9x
10. (a) 7750 L

11. 622.1 units
27 m 4.
27. x = 0.28
3
,
, , . . . (c) 2 cm
10 10 2
1
1
30. c ,
m minimum
2 2e
29. x y + 2 = 0
6.
26. 27 m
(b) 10 cms 1; t =
This is not in the form px = n2 x, so the particle is not in

SHM.
2. 1.099 3.
24. (a) v = 6 ms 1, a = 0 ms 2 (b) 3 m

3 5
(c) ,
,
, . . . seconds
4 4 4
(d) a = 12 sin 2t
= 4 (3 sin 2t)
= 4x
28. (a) x = 2 cos 5t

ox = 10 sin 5t
px = 50 cos 5t
= 25 (2 cos 5t)
= 25x
loge 7 s
(b)
1
x loge 3
e2 4
(e 1) units3
2
25. 4.67 units2
(c) Yes. Period = 2
2
1
(b)
31. (a) 1.60 cm2
(b) 0.17 cm2
32. 15 months
33. (a) 1.2 s
(b)
34. x = 2n
36 3
Z 12.5 m
5
(c) 1.8 m
35. 16 cm3 s 1, i.e. decreasing by 16 cm3 s 1

5
cm
6
36. (a)
(b)
25
cm2
12
(b) 28 minutes
3
12
12.
4x + 3
37. ex
+C
38.
1
13. loge (3x2 + 3x 2) + C
3
14. (a) 100 L (b) 40 L
(c) 16 L per minute, i.e. leaking at the rate of 16 L per
minute
(d) 12.2 minutes
15. 2x3 x2 + 4 loge x + C
16. 3 loge 2
17. (a) 7.8 cm (b) 0.06 cms 2

18.
1 4x
e +x+C
4
20.
21. (a) k = 0.101
19.
1 2x
e 2x
39. 1
(b) 2801 (c) 20 days
40. cot x
41. 5e5x sec2 (e5x + 1)
42.
ANSWERS
59. (5 e) units2
43. (a)
60. (a)
3
2
(b)
61. (a) 21 cm2 (b) (21 + 9) cm2
62.
sec2 (loge x + 1)
x
63. 3x 2 ln x
(b) 2 units2
64. 8.32 units3
44. 0.348
45. (a) ex (sin x + cos x)
(c) 6 sin c 3x m
2
46. (a) 546 ms 1
47.
5
+C
x
(b) 3 tan2 x sec2 x
(b) a = 20e2t
(c) 20 ms-2
2t
= 4 (5e )
= 4x
66.
1 5x 1
e + cos x + C
65.
1
1
x + sin 2x + C
4
2
67.
2
units3
2
68. x Z 1.8
29 Z 5.4 ms 1
48. (a) sin ( + ) = sin
(c) cos c m = sin

2
49. ln 8 ln 3 = ln
8
3
(b) cos 10
50. 6 m 12 m
51. (a) 5500 (b) 9.5 years

52. 85 25l, 15 54l 53.
3
units3
2
69. (e2 1) units2
70. 1
71. f (1) = 0.519
54.
72. (a)
# x sin c x2 2 m dx = 21 cos c x2 2 m + C
(b) x =
3
2
73. (c)
74. (d)
75. (a)
76. (d)
77. (b) 78. (c)
79. (a), (c), (d)
80. (d)
Chapter 7: Inverse functions

3
=0
55. 6x y 1
2
56.
3 3
=
units2
3
3
57. 3ex sin2 (ex) cos (ex)

58. (a) x = sin 2t
ox = 2 cos 2t
px = 4 sin 2t
= 4x
3
, ,
,...s
2
2
1
(c) v = 2 cms
(b) t = 0,
Exercises 7.1
= 3x
2.
y = x
x
7
6.
f 1 (x) = x 1
1.
5.
y=
8.
f 1 (x) = x 3
16. y = ! x
20. y = ! 8 x -
f 1 (x) = 5x
7.
y = x3
4.
y =x+5
1
9.
10. f 1 (x) = log2 x

13. f 1 (x) = x + 9
3.
y = 3 x or y = x 3
11. y = 4x
12. y =
14. f 1 (x) = 5 x
17. y = x7
18. y = ex
x or y = x 5
15. y =
x
3
19. y = 9x
619
620
x1
x1
(ii) y = 4
2
2
(d) (i) y = x + 8 + 3 (ii) y = x + 8 + 3
(e) (i) y = x + 7 2 (ii) y = x + 7 2
Exercises 7.2
x
5
y=
1.
y=
4.
f 1 (x) = 7 x + 1
7. y =
2.
3
5
x
x+2
3
5.
y = x3 + 2
23. y = x 5
28. y = x + 26 5
2
x
(x 5)2
15. y =
4
18. y = ex
21. y = x
1.
x1
5
x3 27
54
19. y = ex 1
22. y = 4
x
2
27. y = x 2 + 1
29. y = x + 12 + 3
(c) f 1 [f (x)] = f 1 ^ x h
2
= ^ xh
=x
f [f 1 (x)] = f (x2)
30. y = x + 47 6
Exercises 7.3
Yes
2.
No
3.
No
4.
5.
Yes
6.
No
7.
Yes
8. No
9.
No
10. No
11. Yes
Yes
= (x2)
=x
12. No
(d) f 1 [f (x)] = f 1 (ex)

= ln (ex)
= x ln e
=x
f [f 1 (x)] = f (ln x)
= eln x
=x
Exercises 7.4
1.
2.
(a) f 1: y = 3 x ; domain: all real x, range: all real y

x+2
(b) f 1: y =
; domain: all real x, range: all real y
3
(c) f 1: y = ln x; domain: x > 0, range: all real y
2
(d) f 1 (x) = ; domain: all real x 0, range: all real y 0
x
1
(e) f 1: y = 1; domain: all real x 0, range: all real
x
y 1
x
(a) y =
; domain: x 0, range: y 0
2
(b) y =
x 2 ; domain: x 2, range: y 0
(c) y =
x + 3; domain: x 0, range: y 3
(d) y =
x + 1 + 1; domain: x 1, range: y 1
(e) f 1 [f (x)] = f 1 (3x + 1)

(3x + 1) 1
=
3
3x
=
3
=x
x1
n
f [f 1 (x)] = f d
3
x1
n+ 1
= 3d
3
=x
(e) y = 6 x ; domain: x 0, range: y 0

(f) y = 1 x ; domain: x 1, range: y 0
(g) y = 4 x + 1 ; domain: x 1, range: y 0
1
; domain: x > 0, range: y < 0
(h) y =
x
3.
4.
(a) x 3
(b) y = x + 9 3; domain: x 9, range: y 3
(c) x 3
(d) y = x + 9 3; domain: x 9, range: y 3
(a) y =
3
x
(d) y =
5.
(a) (i) y =
(b) (i) y =
(b) y =
(e) y = 4
x+1
3
2
x
(c) f 1 (x) = 4 x + 2
x + 1 + 1 (ii) y = x + 1 + 1
4
x+2
(ii) y = 4 x + 2
(a) f 1 [f (x)] = f 1 (x + 7)
= (x + 7) 7
=x
f [f 1 (x)] = f (x + 7)
= (x 7) + 7
=x
(b) f 1 [f (x)] = f 1 (3x)
3x
=
3
=x
x
f [f 1 (x)] = f d n
3
x
= 3d n
3
=x
25. y = x + 16 4
1.
Exercises 7.5
f 1 (x) = x2 2
24. y = 6 x + 3
26. y = 4 x + 2
y=
6.
12. y =
14. f 1 (x) =
ln (x 1)
y =3 x5
9.
ln x
17. y =
2
16. y = ln x
20. f 1 (x) =
3.
9
11. y = 2
x
10. y = x + 7
5
x+3
2
y = 2x 1
8.
13. y =
(c) (i) y =
2.
(a) Domain: all real x 1, range: all real y 0

2
(b) f 1 (x) = + 1
x
(c) Domain: all real x 0, range: all real y 1
3.
(a)
ANSWERS
(b) y = ex
(c) y = ln x domain: x > 0, range: all real y;
y = ex domain: all real x, range: y > 0
4.
(ii) x = y
(a) (i) 5x4
(iii)
(c) (i)
1
x2
dx
= x2
dy
1
x+1
(iii)
(e) (i)
5.
dx
(iv)
dy
dy
dx
1
3
(iv) 3
(iv) 15 d
(c) (i) x =
(iv)
(b)
x 5
n
3
(v)
(v)
dy
dx
1 x 5
d n
15 3
4
2
3
x
(iii)
(iii)
(d)
1
3 3 (x + 7) 2
(v)
(ii) y =
dy
dx
ln x 1
5
(iii)
dx
1
5x = 1
=
dy 5x
(b) 0 (c) 0 (d)

(e)
4
6
2
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
4
6
2
2
5
(k)
(l)
(m)
(j)
4
6
6
3
(a)
2
x2
dx
x2
2
= 2
=1
2
dy
x
Exercises 7.6
1.
dx
x 5
1 x 5
d n 15 d n = 1
=
3
dy 15 3
dx
1
3 3 (x + 7) 2 = 1
=
dy 3 3 (x + 7) 2
(e) (i) x = e5y + 1

(iv) 5x
(c)
4
(iii)
(ii) y = 3 x + 7
(iv) 3 3 (x + 7)
dx
dx
dx 1
= 3 =1
dy 3
x 5
n
3
(ii) y =
(d) (i) x = y3 7
dy
dy
x1
3
dx
(ii) y = d
2
y+3
x2
2
dy
(v)
1
5x
(e)
(e)
3
(i)
2
(a)
dx
1
=
2 x 3 =1
dy 2 x 3
(ii) y =
3 (g) 0 (h) 3
5.
dx
= e x ( ex) = 1
dy
(ii) x = y2 + 3
(d)
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.14

(d) 0.97 (e) 0.90
dx
1
(x + 1) = 1
=
dy x + 1
dx
4.
dx
=2 x3
dy
(b) (i) x = 3y5
(v)
dy
(iv)
dx
1
= x = ex
e
dy
(a) (i) x = 3y + 1
(iii)
dx
1
= 2 ( x2) = 1
dy
x
dx
(c)
(a) 0.41 (b) 1.04 (c) 0.97

(d) 0.64 (e) 1.31
(ii) x = ln y
2 x3
(iv)
dy
(iv)
dx
=x+1
dy
(iii)
1
y
(b) 1
3.
(ii) x = ey 1
(d) (i) e x
(iii)
dx
1
= 5x4 x 4 = 1
(iv)
5
dx dy
(ii) x =
(a) 0
(f)
1
5
dy
dx 1 4
(iii)
= x
dy 5
(b) (i)
2.
(c) 1.64
1
2
(j) 1
621
622
(f)
(l)
(g)
(m)
(h)
(n)
(i)
6.
(a) 1 x 1 (b) 1 x 1 (c)
7.
(a) (b) 0 (c) 0
(d)
(e)
(f)
2
2
2
8.
(a)
(d)
(j)
9.
4
5
(b)
3
58
3
5
(c)
5
12
(e)
(f)
(a) 2 sin cos
(b)
24
25
10. (a) odd (b) odd (c) even

(d) neither (e) odd (f) odd
(k)
x
4
4
11. (a) tan 1 (1) =

4
= (tan 1 1)
(b) sin 1 (1) =

2
= (sin 1 1)
(c) tan 1 ( 3) Z 1.249
= (tan 1 3)
(g) odd
ANSWERS
(d) LHS = cos 1 c

=
2
3
RHS = cos 1
1
2
=
=
18. (a)
1
m
2
3
3
+ cos 1 = +
7
7
2
=
2
sin 1
2
3
(e) sin 1 e
o=
(b) sin 1 d
= e sin 1
1
2
= sin 1 d
13. (a) = n (1)n
14. (a) = 2 n
3
5
7
(b) =
,
3
3
(b) =
(b) =
2
2
So cos 1 d n = cos 1 d n
5
5
3
,
2 2
(d) tan 1 d
16. (a) x = 2 n 1.53 (b) x = n + (1)n 0.39

(c) x = n + 0.92 (d) x = n (1)n 1.04
(e) x = n 0.75 (f) x = 2 n 1.80
(a)
1x
3
(d)
(g)
17. (a) and (b)

y
40
1 (3x + 2)
x
+ cos x
1
1 x2
(b) 1
ex
1 + e 2x
(e)
1
9 x2
2 x (1 x)
y = sin-1 x
2
(l)
15
(a) 1
(d)
1 4x
(i)
1 64x2
3
(o)
2.
(e)
36 x2
(n)
1x
8
(c)
1
1 + x2
(f)
2x
1 x4
2
1
=
1 + (2x 1)2 2x2 2x + 1
(k)
(b)
1 9x
(h)
-1
7
n
10
Exercises 7.7
1.
y = sin-1 x + cos-1 x
7
n = 0.61
10
= tan 1 d
2 5 8
,
,
3 3 3
y = cos-1 x
5
n
9
2
(c) LHS = cos 1 d n
5
= 1.9823
2
RHS = cos 1 d n
5
= 1.9823
(b) = 2n (c) = n +
3
3
(d) = n + (1)n
(e) = n
(f) = 2 n
4
4
6
n
(g) = 2 n
(h) = n + (1)
6
2
(i) = n (1)n
(j) = n
4
6
12. (a) = n + (1)n
15 (a) = n
5
n = 0.589
9
(c)
(j)
2
4 + x2
(m)
1
49 x2
15
9x 12x 3
2
(p)
5
(tan 1 x + 1)4
1 + x2
1
x 1 (loge x)2
1
1 x2 sin 1 x
1
1
(g)
(1 + x2) (tan 1 x)2
1 x2 6 1 + (cos 1 x + 1)2 @
1
1
1
=
(h)
(i)
2
1 + x2
x 2 4x
x
2 1 d + 1n
2
(f)
(j)
ecos
1 x2
623
624
3.
(a) (i) 1
(b) (i) 1
(ii) 1
3
5
(ii)
(c) (i)
11. (a)
5
8
(ii)
6 3
1
(d) (i)
(ii) 3
3
1
(e) (i)
(ii) 5
5
4.
6.
7.
(c)
6 3
2
1 x2
1x
1.
+ sin 1 x = 0
sin 1 x =
2.
x
9.
x
(9 x2)3
1 for
(b)
1 2x tan 1 x
6 (1 + x2) (tan 1 x) @
h
6
h
n
6
(a) sin 1 x + C
(b) 2 cos 1 x + C or 2 sin 1 x + C

x
1
(c) tan 1 x + C (d) tan 1 + C
3
3
x
x
5
(e) sin 1 + C (f) tan 1 + C
2
2
2
(a)
(i)
(b)
1
sin 1 2x + C
2
3
3x
o+C
tan 1 e
6
2
1.1 units2
5.
(a)
6.
(a)
7.
0.1
9.
3x
2
n +C
cos 1 d
5
15
(b)
(c)
4
2
3
(d)
(e)
(f)
6
12
3
3
(g) (h)
(i)
9
28
(j)
3 5
4.
8.
(j)
(a)

< x < , 1 for x < , < x
2
2
2 2
x
1
tan 1 + C
6
6
t
1
+ C (d) tan 1 3x + C
3
3
5
4x
x
1
1
n + C (f) tan 1 d
n +C
(e) sin 1 d
5
4
2
3
5
2t
(g) sin 1 d n + C (h)
tan 1 ( 5 x) + C
5
5
10. (a) 0
(b)
etan x
1 + x2
(c) sin 1
3.
(a)
1 x2
(e)
3
x
1
sin 1 x + C (h) sin 1 + C
5
4
2
x
x
1
(i)
tan 1
+ C (j) sin 1
+C
3
3
5
` (0, 0) is a stationary point
(b) Domain: 1 x 1, range: 0 y

2
(c)
8.
x (1 + 5 ln x ? 2)
(g)
1 x2
x = 0 satisfies this equation
x = 0, y = 0 sin 1 0
=0
When
(d)
Exercises 7.8
d
x
(x sin 1 x) =
+ sin 1 x
dx
1 x2
dy
= 0,
dx
x
1
(1 + x2) tan 1 x
(b) 0 0l 33m per second

1
d
1
(sin 1 x + cos 1 x) =
+
dx
1 x2
=0
1
1
(b) sin x + cos x =
2
d
d n=0
`
dx 2
For
(b)
` = sin 1 d
(a)
(a)
1 e 4x
12. (a) sin =
5. 40x + 100y 25 8 = 0
y = 2x
2e2x
1
2
units2
6
(b)
(7 3 12) units3
6
1
1 x2 sin 1 x
units2
1
sin 1 x3 + C
3
10. y = sin 1 d
5
x
n
3
14
(b) 0.3
ANSWERS
1
1
+
1 + x2 4 + x2
4 + x2 + 1 + x2
=
(1 + x2) (4 + x2)
2x2 + 5
=
(1 + x2) (4 + x2)
= LHS
11. (a) RHS =
12. LHS = cos 1 e
(b) 0.48
14. d
o units2
(b) e + 1
6
2
2 tan 1 x
(a)
(d) 0
13. (a) Domain: all real x 2; range: all real y 0

1
(b) f 1 (x) = 2
x
(c) Domain: all real x 0; range: all real y 2
14. (a)
units2
6
15. (a)
(b)
(c)
4
3
(e)
6
(a) 3 tan 1 x + C
3.
(a)
4.
5
units2
12
(b)
1 x2
(b) sin 1
3
1 + 9x 2
x
+C
4
(c)
10
1 25x2
17. 4 3 x 18y 6 3 + 3 = 0
18. (a) x > 2
3 x
2
5.
f 1 (x) =
6.
= 2n
4
7.
f 1 (x) =
8.
(a) 0
19. (a) 2
20. (a)
ln (x 1)
3
x
+ tan 1 x
1 + x2
10. (a) Domain: all real x 1; range: all real y 0

(b) f 1 (x) = x2 + 1 Domain: all real x 0
(b) f 1 (x) =
x+4 +2
(b) 10.5
(b)
7
14
1.
(a) y = 1 x2 , domain: 0 x 1, range:

1 y 0
d n=0
(b) sin 1 x + cos 1 x = and
2
dx 2
11.
4
3
(b)
2.
9.
(b)
(b) 1.73 units3
16. (a) Domain: 1 x 1; range: y
Test yourself 7
1.
3
o
2
= RHS
1 n units2
2
15. v =
= cos 1 e
2
12.
units3
12
13. (a) cos 1 x
3
o
2
1
+ 1 ; domain: x > 0, x 1,
x
range: y 0, y 1
(b) y =
2.
3.
1 x2 sin 1 x
x
1 x2
1
tan 1 (x2) + C
2
; no: x 0
625
626
4.
(a)
9.
LHS = tan 1
=+
5
4
+ tan 1
5
4
2
= RHS
=
10. (a) 0.9 units3 (b) units3
(b) 0
(c)
Chapter 8: Series
Exercises 8.1
1
x
x
1
+ tan 1
x
1
LHS = tan 1 x + tan 1

= tan 1
=+
2
=
2
= RHS
5.
6.
7.
14, 17, 20
2.
23, 28, 33
4.
85, 80, 75
5.
1, 1, 3
7.
1
2, 2 , 3
2
8.
1 1 1
,
,
16 32 64
3.
6.
3.1, 3.7, 4.3
44, 55, 66
87, 83, 79
9.
16, 32, 64
11. 16, 32, 64
10. 108, 324, 972

13.
12. 48, 96, 192
16 32
64
,
,
135 405 1215
14.
15. 36, 49, 64
16. 125, 216, 343
17.
35, 48, 63
18. 38, 51, 66
19. 126, 217, 344
20. 21, 34, 55
1.4 ms 1
3 1
=
6
2
3 3
units2
6
Exercises 8.2
1.
(a) T1 = 3, T2 = 11, T3 = 19
(c) u1 = 5, u2 = 11, u3 = 17
(e) t1 = 19, t2 = 18, T3 = 17
(g) Q1 = 9, Q2 = 11, Q3 = 15
(i) T1 = 8, T2 = 31, T3 = 70
2.
(a) T1 = 1, T2 = 4, T3 = 7 (b) t1 = 4, t2 = 16, t3 = 64

(c) T1 = 2, T2 = 6, T3 = 12
3.
(a) 349 (b) 105

(c) 248 (d) -110
Let sin 1 x =
x
Then sin 1 =
1
By Pythagoras theorem,
BC =
1 x
1 x2
cos =
1
= 1 x2
= cos 1 1 x2
` sin 1 x = cos 1
8.
1.
1
sin 1 (3x2) + C
6
1 x2
(e) -342
4.
(a) 1029 (b) -59 039

(d) 53 (e) 1002
5.
(a), (b), (d)
9.
7th term
12. (a) -572

13. n = 33
6.
(b) T1 = 5, T2 = 7, T3 = 9
(d) T1 = 3, T2 = 2, T3 = 7
(f) u1 = 3, u2 = 9, u3 = 27
(h) t1 = 2, t2 = 12, t3 = 58
(j) T1 = 2, T2 = 10, T3 = 30
(c) 1014
(b), (d)
7.
10. 23rd term
16th term
11. (a) 1728
(b) 17th term

14. n = 9
15. n = 88, 89, 90, . . .
16. n = 41, 42, 43 17. n = 501

19. (a) n = 14
(b) -4
20. -6
18. n = 151
8.
Yes
(b) 25th term
ANSWERS
27. (a) T2 T1 =
Exercises 8.3
1.
(a) 128 (b) 54 (c) 70 (d) 175 (e) 220

47
(g) 40 (h) 21 (i) 126 (j) 1024
(f)
60
2.
(a) 65 (b) 99 (c) 76 (d) 200 (e) 11

(f) 39 (g) 97 (h) 66 (i) 75 (j) 45
3.
(a)
10
/ 2n 1
(b)
n =1
n
(f)
k =3
n =1
/ (n)
(g)
n =1
/ a + (k 1) d
/ 3.2k
(h)
k =0
n
(j)
k =1
/ ar
/ 6k 4
(a) y = 13
(f ) x = 42
k =1
Since T2 T1 = T3 T2 it is an arithmetic series

with d =
/
n =0
1
2n
28. 26
k =1
(b) x = 4
1
2
(g) k = 4
(c) x = 72
1
2
(d) b = 11
(h) x = 1
(e) x = 7
(i) t = 2
(j) t = 3
3.
(a) 590
4.
(a) -110
5.
Tn = 2n + 1
6.
(a) Tn = 8n + 1 (b) Tn = 2n + 98 (c) Tn = 3n + 3

(d) Tn = 6n + 74 (e) Tn = 4n 25 (f) Tn = 20 5n
n+6
(g) Tn =
(h) Tn = 2n 28 (i) Tn = 1.2n + 2
8
3n 1
(j) Tn =
4
(b) 12.4 (c) -8.3
8.
10. 15th term
17. 103
20. d = 9
(d) 37 (e) 15
54th term 9.
11. Yes
14. n = 13
19. (a) d = 8
(e) 67
(b) -850 (c) 414 (d) 1610 (e) -397
28th term
16. -2
29. 122b
30. 38th term
Exercises 8.5
(a) 46 (b) 78 (c) 94 (d) -6
13. Yes
3.
(b) 50 3
k1
2.
7.
Exercises 8.4
1.
= 9 3 4
=3 3 2 3
= 3
(d)
(i)
/ n3
(c)
n =1
50
/ k2
(e)
/ 7n
12
= 4 3 3
=2 3 3
= 3
T3 T2 = 27 12
4
5
30th term
12. No
15. n = 30, 31, 32 . . .
1.
(a) 375
2.
(a) 2640
(b) 4365
3.
(a) 2050
(b) 2575
4.
(a) 4850
5.
(a) 28 875 (b) 3276 (c) 1419

(e) 6604 (f) 598 (g) 2700
(h) 11 704 (i) 290 (j) 1284
21. a = 12, d = 7
22. 173
23. a = 5
24. 280
25. 1133
26. (a) T2 T1 = log5 x2 log5 x

= 2 log5 x log5 x
= log5 x
T3 T2 = log5 x3 log5 x2
= 3 log5 x 2 log5 x
= log5 x
Since T2 T1 = T3 T2 it is an arithmetic series with
d = log5 x.
(b) 80 log5 x or log5 x80
(c) 8.6
(c) 480
(c) 240
(b) 4225
(d) 6426
6.
(a) 700 (b) 285 (c) 1170 ] 18 terms g

(d) 6525 (e) 2286
7.
21
8.
9. 11
11. a = 3, d = 5
10. a = 14, d = 4
12. 2025
14. 8 and 13 terms
13. 3420
15. 1010
16. (a) (2x + 4) (x + 1)

= (3x + 7) (2x + 4)
=x+3
(b) 25 (51x + 149)
18. 785
(b) 87
(b) 555
17. 1290
18. 16
19. Sn = Sn 1 + Tn
` Sn Sn 1 = Tn
20. 4234
Exercises 8.6
1.
(a) No
(d) No
3
2
(c) Yes, r =
7
4
(f ) No (g) Yes, r = 0.3
(b) Yes, r =
(e) No
3
(h) Yes, r =
(i) No
5
2.
(j) Yes, r = 8
(a) x = 196 (b) y = 48 (c) a = 12

2
(d) y =
(e) x = 2 (f ) p = 10
3
(g) y = 21 (h) m = 6 (i) x = 4 ! 3 5
627
628
(j) k = 1 3 7
3.
(a) Tn = 5n 1
(k) t =
1
6
(l) t =
(b) Tn = 1.02n 1
(e) Tn = 6 . 3n 1
(d) T = 2 . 5n 1
n
(f) Tn = 8 . 2n 1
(a) 1944 (b) 9216 (c) -8192

64
(d) 3125 (e)
729
n +2
14. (a)
1.
2.
(a) 3 219 (b) 719 (c) 1.0420

3 20
1 1 19
1
(d) d n = 21 (e) d n
4 2
4
2
3.
4.
6th term
10. 5th term
11. No
5.
12. 7th term
13. 11th term
10.
14. 9th term
15. n = 5
12.
16. r = 3
17. (a) r = 6
(b) 18
13.
20. 208
2
7
14.
15.
Exercises 8.7
17.
1.
(a) 2 097 150 (b) 7 324 218
19.
2.
(a) 720 600 (b) 26 240
3.
(a) 131 068
4.
(a) 7812 (b) 35

(c) 8403
5.
127
128
6.
(a) 1792
7.
148.58
9.
n=9
32 769
65 536
20. LS Sn =
=
1
2
(b) No
(c) Yes LS = 12
a ^ 1 r nh
a
1r
1r
a a ^ 1 r nh
1r
a a + ar n
=
1r
ar n
=
1r
55
64
364
729
(c) 97 656.2
(e) 87 376
Exercises 8.9
(b) 3577
1.
(a) 210
133.33
2.
(a) 39
10. 10 terms
3.
(a) 3n + 3
8.
4
5
(d) No
25
(e) Yes LS = 3 (f) Yes LS =
(g) No
32
3
5
(h) Yes LS = 1
(i) No (j) Yes LS = 1
7
22
2
2
7
(a) 80 (b) 426
(c) 66
(d) 12 (e)
(f) 54
3
3
10
9
16
2
(g) 10
(h)
(i) 48 (j)
7
20
39
3645
7
4
1
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
64
12
27
12500
4096
1
1
1
2
2
(b)
(c)
(d) 2
(e) 3 (f) 5 (g)
(a) 1
4
5
5
2
48
5
4
1
(h) 5
(i) 1
(j)
5
6
3
3
2
1
7
a = 4 6. r =
7. a = 5
8. r =
9. r =
5
4
5
8
2
2
1
r=
11. a = 3, r = and a = 6, r =
3
3
3
3
1
a = 192, r = , LS = 153
4
5
3
2
2
a = 1, r = , LS = 3, a = 1, r = , LS =
4
3
3
3
a = 150, r = , LS = 375
5
3
2
2
1
2
a = , r = , LS = 1
16. a = 3, r = and a = 2, r =
5
5
5
5
3
3
21
2
x=
18. (a) 1 1 k 1 1 (b)
(c) k =
4
5
32
1
5
1
1
(a) 1 p 1
(b)
(c) p =
7
2
2
14
(d) 273 (e) 255
(a) 255 (b)

(d) 1
(b)
1 ( 5) n
Choice 1 gives $465.00. Choice 2 gives

$10 737 418.23!
382 apples
1.(a) Yes LS = 13
7.
19. n = 7
Exercises 8.8
2.
1
, r = 2
10
( 5) n 1
Puzzles
(a) 234 375 (b) 268.8 (c) -81 920

2187
(d)
(e) 27
156 250
18. a =
(b) Sn =
15. 2146
6.
9.
/ 2 ( 5) k 1
k =1
(a) 256 (b) 26 244 (c) 1.369

3
(d) -768 (e)
1024
1149
(b) $178 550.21
5.
8.
12. 10 terms
13. (a) $33 502.39
(c) Tn = 9n 1
=2
1
n 1
n1
]
g
(g) Tn = 4
(h) Tn = 1000 10
4
= ] 10 gn + 2
n2
=4
1 2 n 1
(i) Tn = 3 ] 3 gn 1 (j) Tn = d n
3 5
= ] 3 gn
4.
11. a = 9
2
3
(b) 13th
(b) 29th
(c) 57
(c) 32
ANSWERS
(b) Sn =
=
=
=
=
4.
14. $4543.28
n
[2a + (n 1) d ]
2
1
n [2 6 + (n 1) 3]
2
1
n (12 + 3n 3)
2
1
n (3n + 9)
2
3
n (n + 3)
2
18. $7.68
Exercises 8.11
(a) (i) 93% (ii) 86.49% (iii) 80.44%

(b) 33.67% (c) 19 weeks
6.
(a) 0.01 m (b) 91.5 m
7.
(a) 49 (b) 4 mm
8.
(a) 3k m
9.
(a) 96.04%
(c) 9
(b) 34 (c) 68.6
10. (a) 77.4% (b) 13.5 (c) 31.4
12. 0.625 m
1.
$27 882.27
2. $83 712.95
3.
$50 402.00
4. $163 907.81
5.
$40 728.17
6. $29 439.16
7.
$67 596.72
8. $62 873.34
9.
$164 155.56 (28 years)
10. $106 379.70
11. $3383.22
12. $65 903.97
13. $2846.82
14. $13 601.02
15. $6181.13
16. $4646.71
18. (a) $26 361.59
17. $20 405.74
(b) $46 551.94
19. $45 599.17

20. (a) $7335.93
361
(j) 2
999
13. 15 m 14. 20 cm
15. 3 m
16. (a) 74.7 cm (b) 75 m

17. (a) 4.84 m (b) After 3 years
18. 300 cm
19. Kate $224.37
20. Account A $844.94
5.
2
4
7
11. (a)
(b)
(c) 1
9
9
9
9
25
7
(d)
(e) 2
(f)
99
11
30
43
131
7
(g) 1
(h) 1
(i)
450
90
990
16. 8 years
17. (a) x = 7 (b) x = 5 (c) x = 8

(d) x = 6.5 (e) x = 8.5
(a) (i) $23 200 (ii) $26 912 (iii) $31 217.92
(b) $102 345.29 (c) 6.2 years
(b) k (3k + 3) m
15. 4 years
(b) $1467.18
21. $500 for 30 years
22. Yes, $259.80 over
23. No, shortfall of $2013.75

24. (a) $14 281.87 (b) $9571.96
(c) No, they will only have $23 853.83.
25. $813.16
19. 3.5 m 20. 32 m
21. (a) 1, 8, 64, (b) 16 777 216 people

(c) 19 173 961 people
Exercises 8.10
Exercises 8.12
1.
$1047.62
2. $394.46 3. $139.15
4.
(a) $966.45
(a) $740.12 (b) $14 753.64 (c) $17 271.40

(d) $9385.69 (e) $5298.19
5.
$2519.59
2.
(a) $2007.34 (b) $2015.87 (c) $2020.28
6.
(a) $592.00
3.
(a) $4930.86 (b) $4941.03
7.
(a) $77.81
4.
$408.24
8.
$78 700
6.
$1733.99
9.
(a) Get Rich $949.61, Capital Bank $491.27

(b) $33 427.80 more through Capital Bank
8.
$22 800.81
1.
5.
$971.40
7.
9.
$3097.06
(b) $39 319.89

(b) $2645.42
$691.41
10. $43 778.80
10. $1776.58
(b) $1265.79
11. $61 292.20
11. $14 549.76 12. $1 301 694.62
13. (a) $4113.51 (b) $555.32

(c) $9872.43 (d) $238.17 (e) $10 530.59
12. NSW Bank $175.49 a month ($5791.25 altogether)

Sydney Bank $154.39 a month ($5557.88 altogether)
Sydney Bank is better
629
630
13. (a) $249.60

(b) $13 485.12
Step 2: Assume true for n = k

So 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g = k ] 4k + 1 g
14. (a) $13 251.13 (b) $374.07 (c) $20 199.77
Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 1

Prove 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8 5 k + 1 ? 3 g
= ]k + 1 g]4 5k + 1 ? + 1 g
i.e. 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8k + 5 g
= ] k + 1 g ] 4k + 5 g
15. (a) $1835.68 (b) $9178.41
Exercises 8.13
1.
LHS = 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8k + 5 g
= k ] 4k + 1 g + ] 8k + 5 g
= 4k2 + k + 8k + 5
= 4k2 + 9k + 5
= ] k + 1 g ] 4k + 5 g
= RHS
Step 1: Prove true for n = 1

LHS = 7n 4
= 7 ]1g 4
=3
n
RHS = (7n 1)
2
1
= (7 1 1)
2
=3
LHS = RHS
So the statement is true for n = k + 1.

The statement is true for n = 1 so it must be true for n = 2.
It is true for n = 2 so it must be true for n = 3 and so on.
The statement is true for all integers n 1.
So the statement is true for n = 1.

3.

So 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g =
k
(7k 1)
2

Prove 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g + ^ 7 [k + 1] 4 h
k+1
=
(7 [k + 1] 1)
2
i.e. 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g + ] 7k + 3 g
k+1
=
(7k + 6)
2

So 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5.2k = 5 (2k + 1 1)
Prove 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5 2k + 5 2k + 1 = 5(2k + 1 + 1 1)
i.e. 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5 2k + 5 2k + 1 = 5(2k + 2 1)
LHS = 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5 2k + 5 2k + 1
= 5 ] 2k + 1 1 g + 5 2k + 1
= 5 2k + 1 5 + 5 2k + 1
= 10 2k + 1 5
= 5 2 2k + 1 5
= 5 2k + 2 5
= 5 ] 2k + 2 1 g
= RHS
LHS = 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g + ] 7k + 3 g
k
= (7k 1) + ] 7k + 3 g
2
2 (7k + 3)
k
= (7k 1) +
2
2
k (7k 1) 2 (7k + 3)
=
+
2
2
2
7k k + 14k + 6
=
2
7k2 + 13k + 6
=
2
(k + 1) (7k + 6)
=
2
(k + 1)
=
(7k + 6)
2
= RHS
2.

LHS = 8n 3
= 8 ]1 g 3
=5
RHS = n ] 4n + 1 g
= 1 (4 1 + 1)
=5
LHS = RHS
Step 1: Prove true for n = 0.

LHS = 5 20
=5
RHS = 5 (20 + 1 1)
= 5 ]2 1 g
=5
LHS = RHS

4.

1
LHS = 1 1
2
1
= 0
2
=1
1
RHS = 2 d 1 1 n
2
1
=2
2
=1
LHS = RHS
Ans_PART_2.indd 630
6/18/09 12:39:49 PM
ANSWERS

1 1
1
1
So 1 + + + + k 1 = 2 d 1 k n
2 4
2
2
Prove 2 + 5 + 8 + + ] 3k 1 g + ] 3 5 k + 1 ? 1 g
3 (k + 1)2 + (k + 1)
=
2
i.e. 2 + 5 + 8 + + ] 3k 1 g + ] 3k + 2 g
3(k2 + 2k + 1) + (k + 1)
=
2
3k2 + 6k + 3 + k + 1
=
2
3k2 + 7k + 4
=
2

1 1
1
1
1
Prove 1 + + + + k 1 + k + 1 1 = 2 d 1 k + 1 n
2 4
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
1
i.e. 1 + + + + k 1 + k = 2 d 1 k + 1 n
2 4
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
LHS = 1 + + + + k 1 + k
2 4
2
2
1
1
= 2d1 k n + k
2
2
1
1
= 2 2 k + k
2
2
1
=2 k
2
1
2
=2 k
2
2
2
= 2 k+1
2
1
= 2e1 k+1 o
2
= RHS
LHS = 2 + 5 + 8 + + ] 3k 1 g + ] 3k + 2 g
3k2 + k
=
+ ] 3k + 2 g
2
3k2 + k 2 (3k + 2)
=
+
2
2
2
3k + k 6k + 4
=
+
2
2
3k2 + k + 6k + 4
=
2
3k2 + 7k + 4
=
2
= RHS
The statement is true for n = 1 so it must be true for
n = 2.

The statement is true for n = 1 so it must be true
for n = 2.
It is true for n = 2 so it must be true for n = 3 and
so on.
6.
n
5.
/ (3r 1) = (3 1 1) + (3 2 1) + (3 3 1) + . . .
r =1
+ (3n 1)
= 2 + 5 + 8 + . . . + ] 3n 1 g

LHS = 3n 1
= 3 ] 1 g 1
=2
3n 2 + n
RHS =
2
2
3 (1) + 1
=
2
=2
LHS = RHS
r =1
= 2 + 4 + 8 + . . . + 2n
LHS = 21
=2
RHS = 2 ] 21 1 g
= 2 ]1 g
=2
LHS = RHS
So 2 + 4 + 8 + + 2k = 2 ] 2k 1 g

So 2 + 5 + 8 + + ] 3k 1 g =
/ (2r) = 21 + 22 + 23 + . . . + 2n
3k2 + k
2

Prove 2 + 4 + 8 + + 2k + 2k + 1 = 2 ] 2k + 1 1 g
LHS = 2 + 4 + 8 + + 2k + 2k + 1
= 2 ] 2k 1 g + 2k + 1
= 2k + 1 2 + 2k + 1
= 2 2k + 1 2
= 2 ] 2k + 1 1 g
= RHS
n = 2.
631
632

Prove 2 4 6 2k 2 ] k + 1 g = ] k + 1 g ] k + 1 + 1 g
i.e. 2 4 6 2k 2 ] k + 1 g = ] k + 1 g ] k + 2 g
LHS = 2 4 6 2k 2 (k + 1)
= k (k + 1) 2 (k + 1)
= k 2 k 2k 2
= k 2 3k 2
= ] k 2 + 3k + 2 g
= ]k + 1g]k + 2g
= RHS
7.
/ (5r) = (5 1) + (5 2) + (5 3) + . . . + (5 n)
r =1
= 5 + 10 + 15 + . . . + 5n

LHS = 5 1
=5
5
RHS = (1) (1 + 1)
2
5
= 2
2
=5
LHS = RHS

n = 2.

So 5 + 10 + 15 + + 5k =
5
k (k + 1)
2
9.

Prove 5 + 10 + 15 + + 5k + 5] k + 1 g
5
= (k + 1) (k + 1 + 1)
2
i.e. 5 + 10 + 15 + + 5k + 5 ] k + 1 g =
5
(k + 1) (k + 2)
2
LHS = 5 + 10 + 15 + + 5k + 5 ] k + 1 g
5
= k (k + 1) + 5 ] k + 1 g
2
5 (k + 1) 2
5
= k (k + 1) +
2
2
5
5
= k (k + 1) + $ 2 (k + 1)
2
2
5
= [k (k + 1) + 2 (k + 1)]
2
5
= (k2 + k + 2k + 2)
2
5
= (k2 + 3k + 2)
2
5
= (k + 1) (k + 2)
2
= RHS

n = 2.
8.

LHS = 2 ] 1 g
= 2
RHS = 1 ] 1 + 1 g
= 2
LHS = RHS
Step 2: Assume true for n = k.
So 2 4 6 . . . 2k = k ] k + 1 g
Step 1: Prove true for n = 1.
LHS = 5 ] 1 g + 4
=9
5(1)2 + 13 (1)
RHS =
2
18
=
2
=9
LHS = RHS

So 9 + 14 + 19 + + ] 5k + 4 g =
5k2 + 13k
2

Prove 9 + 14 + 19 + + ] 5k + 4 g + ] 5 5 k + 1 ? + 4 g
5(k + 1)2 + 13(k + 1)
=
2
i.e. 9 + 14 + 19 + + ] 5k + 4 g + ] 5k + 9 g
5(k2 + 2k + 1) + 13k + 13
=
2
5k2 + 10k + 5 + 13k + 13
=
2
5k2 + 23k + 18
=
2
LHS = 9 + 14 + 19 + + ] 5k + 4 g + ] 5k + 9 g
5k2 + 13k
=
+ ] 5k + 9 g
2
5k2 + 13k 2(5k + 9)
=
+
2
2
2
5k + 13k 10k + 18
=
+
2
2
5k2 + 13k + 10k + 18
=
2
5k2 + 23k + 18
=
2
= RHS
n = 2.
ANSWERS
10.
/ (3r) = 32 + 33 + 34 + . . . + 3n
r =2
So 4 + 8 16 4 ] 2 g k 1 =
= 9 + 27 + 81 + . . . + 3n
i.e. 4 + 8 16 4 ] 2 gk 1 4 ] 2 gk
4 6 ( 2) k + 1 1 @
=
3

9(3k 1 1)
2

Prove 9 + 27 + 81 + . . . + 3k + 3k + 1 =
=
9(3k + 1 1 1)
2
9(3k 1)
2
LHS = 9 + 27 + 81 + + 3k + 3k + 1
9(3k 1 1)
=
+ 3k + 1
2
9(3k 1 1) 2 (3k + 1)
=
+
2
2
k1
9 3 9 + 2 3k + 1
=
2
32 3k 1 9 + 2 3k + 1
=
2
3k + 1 9 + 2 3k + 1
=
2
3 3k + 1 9
=
2
9 3k 9
=
2
9(3k 1)
=
2
= RHS
11. Step 1: Prove true for n = 1
LHS = 4 ] 2 g1 1
= 4 ] 2 g0
= 4
4 6 ( 2)1 1 @
RHS =
3
4 5 2 1 ?
=
3
4 ( 3)
=
3
= 4
LHS = RHS

Prove 4 + 8 16 4 ] 2 g k 1 4 ] 2 g k + 1 1
4 6 ( 2) k + 1 1 @
=
3
LHS = 32
=9
9 (32 1 1)
RHS =
2
9(3 1)
=
2
9(2)
=
2
=9
LHS = RHS
So 9 + 27 + 81 + . . . + 3k =
4 6 ( 2)k 1 @
LHS = 4 + 8 16 4 ] 2 gk 1 4 ] 2 gk
4 6 ( 2)k 1 @
=
4 ] 2 gk
3
4 6 ( 2)k 1 @ 3 4 ( 2)k
=
3
3
k
4 ( 2) 4 12 ( 2)k
=
3
3
4 ( 2)k 4 12 ( 2)k
=
3
8 ( 2)k 4
=
3
4 2 ( 2)k 4
=
3
4 ( 2)k + 1 4
=
3
4 6 ( 2)k + 1 1 @
=
3
= RHS
n = 2.
LHS = 12
=1
1
RHS = 1 ] 1 + 1 g (2 1 + 1)
6
1
= ]2 g]3g
6
=1
LHS = RHS
So 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + k2 =
1
k ] k + 1 g ] 2k + 1 g
6

Prove 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + k2 + (k + 1) 2
1
= (k + 1) ] k + 1 + 1 g ] 2 5 k + 1 ? + 1 g
6
i.e. 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + k2 + (k + 1) 2
1
= ] k + 1 g ] k + 2 g ] 2k + 3 g
6
633
634
LHS = 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + k2 + (k + 1)2
1
= k (k + 1) (2k + 1) + (k + 1)2
6
6
1
= k (k + 1) (2k + 1) + (k + 1)2
6
6
1
= 6 k (k + 1) (2k + 1) + 6 (k + 1)2 @
6
1
= 7 (k + 1) " k (2k + 1) + 6 (k + 1) , A
6
Factorise by taking
out a common
factor of k + 1.
1
[] k + 1 g ] 2k2 + k + 6k + 6 g]
6
1
= [] k + 1 g ] 2k2 + 7k + 6 g]
6
1
= ] k + 1 g ] k + 2 g ] 2k + 3 g
6
= RHS
=

n = 2.
n
13.
/ (2r 1)3 = (2 1 1)3
r =1
+ (2 2 1)3 + (2 3 1)3
+ . . . + (2 n 1)3
= 13 + 33 + 53 + . . . + ] 2n 1 g3
LHS = (2 1 1)
= 13
=1
RHS = 12 (2 12 1)
= 2 1
=1
LHS = RHS
3

So 13 + 33 + 53 + . . . + ] 2k 1 g3 = k2 ] 2k2 1 g
Prove 13 + 33 + 53 + . . . + (2k 1)3 + (2 5 k + 1 ? 1)3
= ] k + 1 g2 ^ 2 5 k + 1 ? 2 1 h
i.e. 13 + 33 + 53 + . . . + (2k 1)3 + (2k + 1)3
= (k + 1)2 (2 5 k2 + 2k + 1 ? 1)
= (k2 + 2k + 1) (2k2 + 4k + 2 1)
= (k2 + 2k + 1) (2k2 + 4k + 1)
= 2k4 + 4k3 + k2 + 4k3 + 8k2 + 2k + 2k2 + 4k + 1
= 2k4 + 8k3 + 11k2 + 6k + 1
LHS = 13 + 33 + 53 + . . . + (2k 1) 3 + (2k + 1) 3
= k2 (2k2 1) + (2k + 1) 3
= 2k4 k2 + 8k3 + 12k2 + 6k + 1
= 2k4 + 8k3 + 11k2 + 6k + 1
= RHS
n = 2.

71 1 = 7 1
= 6 which is divisible by 6
So 7k 1 is divisible by 6.
i.e. 7k 1 = 6p where p is an integer
Prove 7k + 1 1 is divisible by 6
i.e. 7k + 1 1 = 6q where q is an integer
7 k 1 = 6p
` 7 ^ 7k 1 h = 7 6p
7k + 1 7 = 42p
k +1
7
7 + 6 = 42p + 6
7k + 1 1 = 42p + 6
= 6 ^ 7p + 1 h
= 6q where q is an integer
n = 2.
32 1 1 = 9 1
Prove 32 (k + 1) 1 is divisible by 8
3 2 k 1 = 8p
` 3 2 ] 3 2 k 1 g = 3 2 8p
32k + 2 9 = 72p
2k + 1
3
9 + 8 = 72p + 8
32k + 2 1 = 72p + 8
= 8 ^ 9p + 1 h
n = 2.
51 1 = 5 1
ANSWERS

Prove 5k + 1 1 is divisible by 4
5k 1
^
` 5 5k 1 h
5k + 1 5
5k + 1 5 + 4
5k + 1 1
= 4p
= 5 4p
= 20p
= 20p + 4
= 20p + 4
= 4 ^ 5p + 1 h
= 4 q where q is an integer

n = 2.
2 ]2 + 2 g = 2 ]4 g
Step 2: Assume true for n = k where k is even
So k ] k + 2 g is divisible by 4.
i.e. k2 + 2k = 4p where p is an integer
Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 2 (the next even integer)
Prove ] k + 2 g ] k + 2 + 2 g is divisible by 4
i.e. ] k + 2 g ] k + 4 g = 4q where q is an integer
] k + 2 g ] k + 4 g = k 2 + 4k + 2k + 8
= k2 + 2k + 4k + 8
= 4p + 4k + 8
= 4^ p + k + 2h
n = 4.
The statement is true for all even positive integers.
1 + 3 = 4 which is divisible by 4
Step 2: Assume true for n = k where k is odd
So k + ] k + 2 g is divisible by 4.
i.e. k + k + 2 = 4p where p is an integer
2k + 2 = 4p
Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 2 (the next odd integer)
Prove 2 ] k + 2 g + 2 is divisible by 4
i.e. 2 ] k + 2 g + 2 = 4q where q is an integer
2k + 4 + 2 = 4 q
2k + 6 = 4q
2k + 6 = 2k + 2 + 4
= 4p + 4
= 4^ p + 1h
for n = 3.

The statement is true for all odd positive integers.
51 + 31 = 5 + 3
So the statement is true for n = 1
So 5k + 3k is divisible by 2.
i.e. 5k + 3k = 2p where p is an integer
5 k = 2p 3 k
Prove 5k + 1 + 3k + 1 is divisible by 2
i.e. 5k + 1 + 3k + 1 = 2q where q is an integer
5k + 1 + 3k + 1 = 5 5k + 3 3k
= 5 ^ 2p 3 k h + 3 3 k
= 10p 5 3k + 3 3k
= 10p 2 3k
= 2 ^ 5p 3 k h
n = 2.
71 + 31 = 7 + 3
So the statement is true for n = 1
Step 2: Assume true for n = k where k is odd
So 7k + 3k is divisible by 10.
i.e. 7k + 3k = 10p where p is an integer
7k = 10p 3k
Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 2 (next odd integer)
Prove 7k + 2 + 3k + 2 is divisible by 10
i.e. 7k + 2 + 3k + 2 = 10q where q is an integer
7k + 2 + 3k + 2 = 72 7k + 32 3k
= 49 7k + 9 3k
= 49 ^ 10p 3k h + 9 3k
= 490p 49 3k + 9 3k
= 490p 40 3k
= 10 ^ 49p 4 3k h
for n = 3.
The statement is true for all odd integers n 1.
LHS = 12
=1
RHS = 1 5
= 4
LHS > RHS
635
636
since 5 ] 4k g > 4 ] 4k g and 112 > 20


So k2 > k 5
] k + 1 g2 > k + 1 5
Prove
k 2 + 2k + 1 > k 4
k 2 + 2k > k 5
We know that k2 > k 5
So k2 + 2k > k 5
since 2k > 0 for k > 0
n = 2.

LHS = 31
=3
RHS = 21 + 1
=3
LHS RHS
So 3k 2k + k
Prove 3k + 1 2k + 1 + k + 1
LHS = 3k + 1
= 3 ] 3k g
3 ] 2k + k g
3 ] 2 k g + 3k
2 ] 2k g + k + 1
2k + 1 + k + 1

LHS = 42
= 16
RHS = 3 ] 2 g + 7
= 13
LHS RHS
since 3 ] 2k g 2 ] 2k g and 3k k + 1 for k 1

n = 2.

So 4k 3k + 7
Prove 4k + 1 3 ] k + 1 g + 7
i.e.
4 k + 1 3k + 3 + 7
4k + 1 3k + 10
LHS = 4k + 1
= 4 ] 4k g
4 ] 3k + 7 g
12k + 28
3k + 10
since 12k 3k and 28 10
n = 3.

LHS = 51
=5
RHS = 31 + 21
=5
LHS RHS
So 5k 3k + 2k
Prove 5k + 1 3k + 1 + 2k + 1
LHS = 5k + 1
= 5 ] 5k g
5 ] 3k + 2k g
5 ] 3k g + 5 ] 2k g
3 ] 3k g + 2 ] 2k g
3k + 1 + 2k + 1

LHS = 53 3
= 125 3
= 122
RHS = 43 + 20
= 64 + 20
= 84
LHS > RHS
since 5 ] 3k g 3 ] 3k g and 5 ] 2k g 2 ] 2k g
for n = 2.

So 5k 3 > 4k + 20
i.e. 5k > 4k + 23
Prove 5k + 1 3 > 4k + 1 + 20
5k + 1 3 = 5 ] 5k g 3
> 5 ] 4k + 23 g 3
> 5 ] 4k g + 115 3
> 5 ] 4k g + 112
> 4 ] 4k g + 20
> 4k + 1 + 20
Test yourself 8
1.
(a) Tn = 4n + 5
(c) Tn = 2:3
n 1
(e) Tn = ] 2 gn
(b) Tn = 14 7n
1 n 1
(d) Tn = 200 d n
4
ANSWERS
2.
(a) 2 (b) 1185 (c) 1183

(d) T15 = S15 S14
29. n = 11
S15 = S14 + T15
30. (a)
r =1
(e) n = 16
3.
(a) 11 125 (b) 1

(c) 3 985 785
13
140
(d) 34 750
1
(e)
2
4.
(a) Each slat rises 3 mm so the bottom one rises up

30 3 mm or 90 mm.
(b) 87 mm
(c) 90, 87, 84, . . . which is an arithmetic sequence
with a = 90, d = 3
(d) 42 mm (e) 1395 mm
5.
$3400.01
6.
(a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (i) (d) (iii)

(e) (i) (f) (ii) (g) (ii) (h) (i)
(i) (i) (j) (i)
7.
n = 108
8.
(a) $24 050 (b) $220 250
9.
a = 33, d = 13
10. (a) 59 (b) 80
12. (a)
4
9
(b)
13
18
19
33
13. x = 3
14. (a) 136 (b) 44
15. 121
1
2
(c) 6
16. $8066.42
17. (a) Tn = 4n + 1
(b) Tn = 1.07n 1
18. (a) 1 < x < 1
(b) 2
1
2
(c) x =
1
3
19. d = 5
20. (a) 39 words/min (b) 15 weeks
21. (a) $59 000
(b) $15 988.89
22. 4.8 m 23. x =
2
,2
17
24. (a) $2385.04 (b) $2392.03

25. 1300
26. (a) 735 (b) 4315
27. (a) $1432.86 (b) $343 886.91
28. n = 20

So 15 + 45 + 135 + + 5 ] 3 gk =
(c) 18th term
(c) 1
= 15 + 45 + 135 + . . . + 5] 3 gn
LHS = 5 ] 3 g1
= 15
15 (31 1)
RHS =
2
15 (2)
=
2
= 15
LHS = RHS
15 (3k 1)
2

Prove 15 + 45 + 135 + + 5 (3) k + 5 (3) k + 1
(b) x = 15
11. (a) x = 25
/ 5(3)r = 5(3)1 + 5(3)2 + 5(3)3 + . . . + 5(3)n
15 (3k + 1 1)
2
LHS = 15 + 45 + 135 + + 5 (3) k + 5 (3) k + 1

15 (3k 1)
=
+ 5 (3) k + 1
2
15 (3k 1) 2 5 (3) k + 1
=
+
2
2
k
15 (3 1) + 10 (3) k + 1
=
2
15 3k 15 + 10 3k + 1
=
2
5 3 3k 15 + 10 3k + 1
=
2
5 3k + 1 15 + 10 3k + 1
=
2
15 3k + 1 15
=
2
15 (3k + 1 1)
=
2
= RHS

for n = 2.
(b) Step 1: Prove true for n = 1
LHS = 3 1 + 1
=4
1 (3 1 + 5)
RHS =
2
8
=
2
=4
LHS = RHS
637
638

So 4 + 7 + 10 + + ] 3k + 1 g =
k (3k + 5)
2

Prove 4 + 7 + 10 + + ] 3k + 1 g + ] 3 5 k + 1 ? + 1 g
(k + 1) (3 [k + 1] + 5)
=
2
i.e. 4 + 7 + 10 + + ] 3k + 1 g + ] 3k + 4 g =
2
3k + 8k + 3k + 8
=
2
3k2 + 11k + 8
=
2
LHS = 4 + 7 + 10 + + ] 3k + 1 g + ] 3k + 4 g
k (3k + 5)
=
+ ] 3k + 4 g
2
k (3k + 5) 2 (3k + 4)
=
+
2
2
k (3k + 5) + 2 (3k + 4)
=
2
3k 2 + 5k + 6k + 8
=
2
3k2 + 11k + 8
=
2
= RHS
for n = 2.
(c) Step 1: Prove true for n = 2
2 2 ]2 1 g = 4 1
So 2k (k 1) is divisible by 4.
i.e. 2k2 2k = 4p where p is an integer
Prove 2 ] k + 1 g ] 5 k + 1 ? 1 g is divisible by 4
i.e. 2 ] k + 1 g ] 5 k + 1 ? 1 g = 4q where q is an integer
2 ] k + 1 g k = 4q
2 ] k + 1 g k = 2k2 + 2k
= 2k2 2k + 4k
= 4p + 4k
= 4^ p + kh
= 4q
for n = 3.
The statement is true for all integers n > 1.
1.
(a) 8.1 (b) 19th term
2.
(a)
9
(b)
4
4
(c)
33
4
(a) 2 097 170
4.
(a) $40
5.
6th term 6.
7.
5 terms
9.
56
(k + 1) (3k + 8)
2
3.
11. x =
(b) -698 775
(b) $2880
8.
17 823
n = 1, 2 , 3
10. $1799.79
3
12. $8522.53 13. k = 20
8
14. (a) $10 100 (b) $11 268.25

(c) $4212.41 (d) $2637.23
15. (a) cosec2 x
(b) 1 cos x 1
So 0 cos2 x 1
| cos2 x | 1
So the limiting sum exists.
16. $240 652.62
LHS = ar1 1
=a
a (r1 1)
RHS =
r 1
=a
LHS = RHS
a(r k 1)
So a + ar + ar2 + . . . + ar k 1 =
r 1
Prove a + ar + ar2 + . . . + ar k 1 + ar k + 1 1 =
i.e. a + ar + ar2 + . . . + ar k 1 + ar k =
a(r k + 1 1)
r 1
a(r k + 1 1)
r 1
LHS = a + ar + ar2 + . . . + ar k 1 + ar k
a(r k 1)
=
+ ar k
r 1
a(r k 1) ar k(r 1)
=
+
r 1
r 1
a(r k 1) + ar k (r 1)
=
r 1
ar k a + ar k + 1 ar k
=
r 1
a + ar k + 1
=
r 1
a(r k + 1 1)
=
r 1
= RHS
ANSWERS
18.
/ xr 1 = x1 1 + x2 1 + x3 1 + + xn 1
5.
3e 3 x
3e3x
=
1 + (e3x + 1) 2 e6x + 2e3x + 2
6.
0.73
7.
(a)
r =1
= 1 + x + x2 + + xn 1
To prove 1 + x + x2 + + xn 1 =
1 xn
1 x

LHS = x1 1
=1
1 x1
RHS =
1 x
=1
LHS = RHS
1 xk
So 1 + x + x2 + + xk 1 =
1 x
]
Prove 1 + x + x2 + + xk 1 + x k + 1
i.e. 1 + x + x2 + + xk 1 + xk =
g 1
1 xk + 1
=
1 x
1 xk + 1
1 x
LHS = 1 + x + x2 + + xk 1 + xk
1 xk
+ xk
=
1 x
k
1 xk x (1 x)
+
=
1 x
1 x
1 xk xk xk + 1
+
=
1 x
1 x
k
1 x + xk xk + 1
=
1 x
1 xk + 1
=
1 x
= RHS
8.
(b)
1
unit2
2
4
9
9.
1.
1 x2
6
(c)
1
x
13. 0.22
14. 104 + 52 26 +
1
tan 1 2x + C
2
16.
7
Z 0.61
36
cos 1 x +
4
(tan 1 x) 3
1 + x2
12. $2929.08
15.
17.
(b)
1 9x 2
2
units3
18
10. (a)
11.
3
49
1 x2
(cos 1 x) 2
1 x2 cos 1 x + x
1 x2 (cos 1 x) 2
18. 9x 12y + 2 3 3 = 0
19. 44th term

LHS = 3 ] 20 g
=3
RHS = 3 ] 20 + 1 1 g
= 3 ]2 1 g
=3
So true for n = 0
3 + 6 + 12 + . . . + 3 ] 2k g = 3 ] 2k + 1 1 g
2.
3.
4.
324
625
1
1 x cos x
2

Prove 3 + 6 + 12 + . . . + 3 ] 2k g + 3 ] 2k + 1 g = 3 ] 2k + 1 + 1 1 g
i.e. 3 + 6 + 12 + . . . + 3 ] 2k g + 3 ] 2k + 1 g = 3 ] 2k + 2 1 g
639
640
LHS = 3 + 6 + 12 + . . . + 3 ^ 2k h + 3 ^ 2k + 1 h
= 3 ^ 2k + 1 1 h + 3 ^ 2k + 1 h
= 3 ^ 2k + 1 h 3 + 3 ^ 2k + 1 h
= 6 ^ 2k + 1 h 3
= 3 ] 2 g ^ 2k + 1 h 3
= 3 ^ 2k + 2 h 3
= 3 ^ 2k + 2 1 h
= RHS
So it is true for n = k + 1.
Since it is true for n = 0, then it is true for n = 1.
If true for n = 1, then it is true for n = 2 and so on.
So it is true for all n 0.
23.
25.
26.
(b) 1410
24
7
9841a
6561
(b)
(c)
34. f (x) =
35. (a)
38. (a)
(b)
3x
2
n +C
tan 1 d
3
2
27. (a) 3 000 000 (b) 3 000 336 (c) 146 insects per day
28. (2, 0), inflexion
(c)
29. (a)
(d)
d2 = (230 65t) 2 + (125 80t) 2 (Pythagoras)

= 52 900 29 900t + 4225t2 + 15 625 20 000t + 6400t2
= 10 625t2 49 900t + 68 525
(b) 2.3 h (c) 109.7 km
30. sin 1
1
2
x
+C
2
31. 199; 5050
x + 1 ; domain: all real x, range: all real y

(b)
(c)
36. 2.98 units3
24. 2.4 m
1
x 7 1 + (loge x + 1) 2 A
1
=
x 7 (loge x) 2 + 2 loge x + 2 A
(c) 29th term
3
2
33.
37. x sin 1 x +
21. $945
22. (a)
32. (a) T1 = 4, T2 = 11, T3 = 18, T12 = 81
1 x2 + cos x + C
ANSWERS
(g) a = 48 cos 4t
= 16 (3 cos 4t)
= 16x
(e)
45.
47.
8
45
46. $180.76
AC2 = 162 = 256

AB + BC2 = 9.62 + 12.82
= 256
Since AC2 = AB2 + BC2,
ABC is right angled at +B.
2

LHS = 25 1
= 31
RHS = 5 ] 5 g + 2
= 27
48. x =
LHS > RHS

So true for n = 5
49.

2k 1 > 5k + 2
i.e.
2k > 5k + 3
Prove 2k + 1 1 > 5 ] k + 1 g + 2
i.e.
2 k + 1 1 > 5k + 7
2 k + 1 5k + 8
2k + 1 = 2 ^ 2k h
> 2 ] 5k + 3 g
> 10k + 6
> 5k + 8
since 10k + 6 > 5k + 8 for k > 0

So it is true for all n > 4.
40. 15 4 + 7 + . . .
1+ x
1
+ 1 or y =
; domain: all real x 0, range: all
x
x
real y 1
41. y =
42. $2851.52
43.
44. (a) v = 12 sin 4t (b) a = 48 cos 4t (c) 3 cm

3 5
(d) t = 0, , , . . . s (e) 3 cm (f) t = ,
,
,... s
4 2
8 8 8
5
6
/ 3r = 30 + 31 + 32 + + 3n
r =0
= 1 + 3 + 32 + + 3n
LHS = 30
=1
30 + 1 1
RHS =
2
3 1
=
2
2
=
2
=1
LHS = RHS
So true for n = 0
3k + 1 1
1 + 3 + 32 + + 3k =
2
3k + 1 + 1 1
1 + 3 + 32 + + 3k + 3k + 1 =
2
k+2
3
1
i.e. 1 + 3 + 32 + . . . + 3k + 3k + 1 =
2
LHS = 1 + 3 + 32 + + 3k + 3k + 1
3k + 1 1
=
+ 3k + 1
2
k +1
3 k + 1 1 2 (3 )
=
+
2
2
3 k + 1 1 + 2 (3 k + 1)
=
2
3 (3 k + 1) 1
=
2
3k + 2 1
=
2
= RHS
So it is true for all n 0.
641
642
60. (a) 1.3 s
50.
(b) 6 m
(c) 2.15 m
61. (a) log 3 + log 9 + log 27 + . . .

= log 3 + log 32 + log 33 + . . .
= log 3 + 2 log 3 + 3 log 3 + . . .
Arithmetic series, since
2 log 3 log 3 = 3 log 3 2 log 3
= log 3
Let ABCD be a rhombus with AB = BC.
(b) 210 log 3
AB = DC and AD = BC
(opposite sides in a parallelogram)
62.
` AB = BC = DC = AD
` all sides are equal
51. (a) k Z 0.025
(c) 20.6 years
52. (a) x = 0,
(c) x =
(b) after 42.4 years
2
, 2
3
(b) x =
5 3
,
,
6 6 2
4
,
3 3
53. 450 cm
63. (a) 12.6 mL
(b) 30 minutes
64. (a) A = 24 000, k Z 0.038

1
(b) 48e ms
54. (a) 12 ms
(c) x = 3e4t + 2
.
..
x = 12e4t
(b) 37.4 years
65. 9 cms 1
66. (a)
x = 48e4t
= 4 (12e4t )
= 4x
(d)
(b)
1
2
units2
67. (a) = n + ( 1) n
68. x + 3y = 0
55. n = 4
56. (a)
57.
(b)
3
2
1
10
70. (a) x = 4
71. (b)
(b) Amplitude 1
72. (c), (d)
73. (a)
59.
75. (d)
76. (a)
77. (c)
78. (c)
79. (b), (c), (d)
80. (d)
(b) = n
69. $277.33
74. (b), (d)

58. (a) Square 46.3 m 46.3 m, rectangle 30.9 m 92.7 m
(b) $8626.38
ANSWERS
(b) P ] 2 g = 4 < 0
P ] 3 g = 15 > 0
So the root lies between x = 2 and x = 3.
(c) x = 2.25
Chapter 9: Polynomials 2
Exercises 9.1
1.
2.
(a) f (3) < 0, f (4) > 0

(b) f (3) > 0, f (4) < 0
(c) P ( 3) < 0, P ( 2) > 0
(d) P (0) > 0, P (1) < 0
(e) f (2) < 0, f (3) > 0
(a) f (0) < 0, f (1) > 0
` root lies between 0 and 1
(b) f (0.5) > 0
` root lies between 0 and 0.5
3.
f (0) > 0, f (1) > 0 and minimum turning point at (0.8, 0.9)
` no root lies between 0 and 1
4.
(a) P (1) < 0, P (2) > 0

(b) P (1.5) > 0, so the root lies between
1 and 1.5; P (1.25) = 0
` 1.25 is a zero of P (x)
5.
6.
(a) f (1) < 0, f (2) > 0

(b) f (1.5) > 0, so the root lies between 1 and 1.5
f ( 5) > 0, f ( 4) < 0, so the root lies between 5 and
4; f ( 4.5) < 0, so the root lies between 5 and 4.5;
f ( 5) = 1 and f ( 4.5) = 1.25, so x = 5 is the better
approximation
13. (a) f ] 2 g = 0.51 > 0

f ] 3 g = 0.46 < 0
(b) x = 2.5
14. (a) f ] 0.1 g = 0.026 > 0
f ] 0.2 g = 0.058 < 0
So the root lies between x = 0.1 and x = 0.2.
(b) f ] 0.15 g = 0.014 < 0
f ] 0.125 g = 0.0063 > 0
15. P ] 1 g = 1 > 0
P ]2 g = 4 < 0
So the root lies between
P ] 1.5 g = 0.55 < 0
P ] 1.25 g = 0.43 > 0
P ] 1.375 g = 0.006 < 0
x = 1 and x = 2.
x = 1 and x = 1.5.
x = 1.25 and x = 1.5.
x = 1.25 and x = 1.375.
Exercises 9.2
7.
x Z1
8.
x Z 3.25
9.
x Z 4
10. (a)
1.
2.39
2.
1.4
3.
0.772
4.
(a) f ] 0 g > 0, f ] 1 g < 0

(b) 0.448
5.
(a) f ] 0 g < 0, f ] 1 g > 0

(b) 0.379
6.
7.
(a) f (0) < 0, f (1) > 0

(b) x Z 0.75
(c) x Z 0.8
(d) x Z 0.78
8.
(a) x3 9 = 0
x3 = 9
(b) f (x) has 1 zero between 1 and 0

(c) 0
11. (a) For f ] x g = ex sin x 3
f ] 1 g = 1.1 < 0
f ] 2 g = 3.5 > 0
(b) x = 1.375
12. (a) x3 12 = 0
x3 = 12
x = 3 12
(a) f ] 2 g < 0, f ] 1 g > 0

(b) x Z 1
(c) x Z 1.18
x =3 9
(b) Between x = 2 and x = 3

(c) Using x = 2.5 as 1st approximation, x Z 2.15
643
644
9.
(a) 1.74
(b) 3.33 (c) 2.76 (d) 1.91
10. x Z 2.31; no since f ] 2.31 g Z 9.2
3.
11. x Z 1.34
14. (a) x = 2 and x = 3
12. x Z 1.99 13. x Z 0.42

(b) x Z 2.75
15. x Z 0.74
(a) f ] 6 g = 0.09 < 0

f ] 6.5 g = 0.06 > 0
So the root lies between x = 6 and x = 6.5.
(b) f ] 6.25 g = 0.01 < 0
f ] 6.375 g = 0.027 > 0
(c) x = 6.253
Test yourself 9
1.
x = 1.39 2. x = 1.87
(b) x = 2.05
3. (a) f (2) = 1, f (3) = 49
4.
(a) f ( 2) = 9, f ( 3) = 5
5.
(a)
Chapter 10: The binomial theorem
Exercises 10.1
(b) x = 2.75
1.
2.
3.
(b) x = 1, 0.9, 4.4 6. x = 1.375

8.
(a) x = 1.61
(b) x = 1.58
(b) f (1) = 0
(c) x =
10. (a) x = 2.25
1
3
7. x = 1.34
9. (a) f ] 0 g = 1, f ] 1 g = 1
(d) x = 0.25
(b) x = 2.3
1.
2.
P ] x g = x3 a
Pl(x) = 3x2
P (b)
x1 = b
Pl(b)
b3 a
=b
3b2
3b3 b3 a
=
3b2
3b2
3b3 b3 + a
=
3b2
3
2b + a
=
3b 2
(a) 15 (b) 45 (c) 84

(h) 792 (i) 2 (j) 45
9
9!
(a) c m =
5
(9 5)!5!
9!
=
4!5!
9
9!
c m=
4
(9 4)!4!
9!
=
5!4!
9
9
So c m = c m
5
4
7!
7
(b) C2 =
(7 2)!2!
7!
=
5!2!
7!
7
C5 =
(7 5)!5!
7!
=
2!5!
So 7 C2 = 7C5
(a)
(b) x Z 0.17, 3.21
(a) 5040 (b) 40 320 (c) 6 (d) 120 (e) 1

(f) 3 628 798 (g) 72 (h) 3600 (i) 72 576
12
12!
m=
5
(12 5)!5!
12!
=
7!5!
12
12!
c m=
7
(12 7)!7!
12!
=
5!7!
12
12
So c m = c m
5
7
11!
11
(d) C3 =
(11 3)!3!
11!
=
8!3!
11!
11
C8 =
(11 8)!8!
11!
=
3 !8 !
So 11 C3 = 11 C8
(c) c
(c) x Z 3.21
(d) x Z 3
(d) 165
(e) 1
(f) 1
(j) 1680
(g) 4
ANSWERS
10!
(10 1)!1!
10!
=
9!1!
10!
10
C9 =
(10 9)!9!
10!
=
1 !9 !
(e) 10 C1 =
(h)
=
6
C4 + 6 C5 =
=
So 10 C1 = 10 C9
9
9!
(f)
c m=
7
(9 7)!7!
9!
=
2!7!
8
8
8!
8!
+
c m+ c m=
6
7
(8 6)!6! (8 7)!7!
8!
8!
=
+
2!6! 1!7!
8!
8!
=
+
2!6! 7!
8! 7
8! 2
=
+
2!6! 7 7! 2
7(8!) 2 (8!)
=
+
2!7!
2 (7!)
7(8!)
2 (8!)
=
+
2! (7!)
2!7!
(since 2! = 2)
=
=
=
=
7!
(7 5)!5!
7!
2!5!
6!
6!
+
(6 4)!4! (6 5)!5!
6!
6!
+
2!4! 1!5!
5(6!) 2(6!)
+
2!5!
2!5!
5(6!) + 2(6!)
2 !5 !
7(6!)
2 !5 !
7!
=
2!5!
= 7 C5
10
10!
m=
6
(10 6)!6!
10!
=
4!6!
9
9
9!
9!
+
c m+ c m =
5
6
(9 5)!5! (9 6)!6!
9!
9!
=
+
4!5! 3!6!
6(9!)
4(9!)
=
+
6(4!5!) 4(3!6!)
6(9!) 4(9!)
=
+
4!6!
4!6!
10(9!)
=
4!6!
10!
=
4!6!
10
=c m
6
7
7!
(j)
c m=
3
(7 3)!3!
7!
=
4!3!
6
6
6!
6!
+
c m+ c m =
2
3
(6 2)!2! (6 3)!3!
6!
6!
=
+
4!2! 3!3!
3(6!)
4(6!)
=
+
3(4!2!) 4(3!3!)
3(6!) 4(6!)
=
+
4!3!
4!3!
7(6!)
=
4!3!
7!
=
4!3!
7
=c m
3
n
n!
c m=
k
(n k)!k!
n
n!
c
m=
nk
[n (n k)]!(n k)!
n!
=
(n n + k)!(n k)!
n!
=
k!(n k)
n
=c m
k
(i)
7(8!) + 2 (8!)
2!7!
9(8!)
2 !7 !
9!
=
2 !7 !
9
=c m
7
(g)
C5 =
11
11!
m=
6
(11 6)!6!
11!
=
5!6!
10
10
10!
10!
+
c m+ c m =
5
6
(10 5)!5! (10 6)!6!
10!
10!
=
+
5!5! 4!6!
6(10!)
5(10!)
=
+
6(5!5!) 5(4!6!)
6(10!) 5(10!)
=
+
5 !6 !
5 !6 !
11(10!)
=
5!6!
11!
=
5 !6 !
11
=c m
6
4.
645
646
5.
x =5
9.
k =6
10. (a) (2 + k)k! (b) ( r) r! (c) (n + 2) n!
(d) (k2 + k + 1) (k 1)! (e) (p2 + p 1) (p 1)!
(f) (t2 + 2t 1) (t 1)!
1
11. (a)
k
12. (a)
14.
7.
a =3
n = 11
8.
1
(e)
k(k + 1) (k + 2)
1
(b) k(k + 1) (c) n 1 (d)
m+1
2
5!3!
13. (a) 1
y =9
6.
9
4!5!
(b)
(c)
(d)
3
(d)
7
1
(c) 2
4
(b) 1
6
2!4!
72
5!4!
(e)
3
(f)
4
7
(e)
8
90
7!3!
1
(g)
2
nk+1
k
(c) (i) (1 + x) 3 (ii) 1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3 (d) (i) (1 + x) 6

(ii) 1 + 6x + 15x2 + 20x3 + 15x4 + 6x5 + x6
(e) (i) (1 + x) 8
(ii) 1 + 8x + 28x2 + 56x3 + 70x4 + 56x5 + 28x6 + 8x7 + x8
4.
(a) 35
(b) 126
(c) 15
(d) 70
5.
(a) 84
(b) 10
(c) 165
(d) 120
6.
(a) 3
7.
(a) 252
8.
(a) 5
9.
(a) 28x2 (b) 3x2
(d)
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
n1
n1
+
m+c
m=
k1
k
[n 1 (k 1)]!(k 1)! (n 1 k)!k!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
=
+
(n k)! (k 1)! (n 1 k)!k!
(n k) (n 1)!
k(n 1)!
=
+
k (n k)! (k 1)! (n k) (n 1 k)!k!
k (n 1)! (n k) (n 1)!
=
+
(n k)!k!
(n k)!k!
(k + n k) (n 1)!
=
(n k) !k!
n(n 1)!
=
(n k)!k!
n!
=
(n k)!k!
n
=c m
k
(a) (i) (1 + x) 3 = 1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3

(iv) (1 + x) =
3
/
k=0
Ck x
(ii) 8
(b) (i) (1 + x) = 1 + 4x + 6x2 + 4x3 + x4

(iv) (1 + x) 4 =
(c) 70
(ii) 16 (iii) 5
/ 4 Ck xk
k=0
(d) (i) (1 + x) 6
= 1 + 6x + 15x2 + 20x3 + 15x4 + 6x5 + x6
(ii) 64 (iii) 7
(iv) (1 + x) 6 =
(a)
Ck 1 x
k 1
(d) 126
(e) 21
(e) 330
(c) 6x2 (d) 21x2 (e) 15x2

(b) 2n Ck 1 xk 1
(e)
/ c 12
m 612 k (5x) k
k
3n 1
Ck 1 x
(c) n 1 Ck 1 xk 1
k 1
24
(c) / c m (3y) 24 k 2k
k
k=0
12
12 12 k
(e) / c m 6
(5x) k
k
k=0
/ c 18
m a18 k ( b) k
k
18
(b)
k=0
k=0
/ c 16
m x16 k ( 2y) k
k
16
24
(d)
k=0
2.
(a) a4 + 4a3 x + 6a2 x2 + 4ax3 + x4

(b) a6 + 6a5 x + 15a4 x2 + 20a3 x3 + 15a2 x4 + 6ax5 + x6
(c) a5 + 5a4 x + 10a3 x2 + 10a2 x3 + 5ax4 + x5
(d) 8a3 + 12a2 + 6a + 1
(e) x7 14x6 + 84x5 280x4 + 560x3 672x2 + 448x 128
(f) 256x8 + 768x6 + 864x4 + 432x + 81
(g) 729 2916x + 4860x2 4320x3 + 2160x4
576x5 + 64x6
(h) 64a3 240a2 b + 300ab2 125b3
(i) 32 + 240m + 720m2 + 1080m3 + 810m4 + 243m5
(j) 1 16x + 112x2 448x3 + 1120x4 1792x5
+ 1792x6 1024x7 + 256x8
3.
(a) (i)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i)
(ii)
(d) (i)
(ii)
(e) (i)
(ii)
/ 6 Ck xk
k=0
(e) (i) (1 + x) = 1 + 5x + 10x + 10x + 5x + x

5
5
(ii) 32 (iii) 6 (iv) (1 + x) 5 = / c m xk
k=0 k
5
2n + 1
(d) 3003
12
1.
(iii) 4
(c) (i) (1 + x) 7
= 1 + 7x + 21x2 + 35x3 + 35x4 + 21x5 + 7x6 + x7
7
7
(ii) 128 (iii) 8 (iv) (1 + x) 7 = / c m xk
k=0 k
3.
(b) 35
(c) 56
(e) 91
2.
(b) 792
(d) 21
(e) 4
Exercises 10.3
Exercises 10.2
1.
(c) 45
10. (a) n + 1 Ck 1 xk 1
n
n!
15. c m =
k
(n k)!k!
(b) 15
(e) 5
(a) (i) 225 (ii) 26 (b) (i) 234 (ii) 35

(d) (i) 263 (ii) 64 (e) (i) 240 (ii) 41
(f) (i)
(g) (i)
(ii)
(h) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i) 217 (ii) 18
(a) (i) (1 + x) 4 (ii) 1 + 4x + 6x2 + 4x3 + x4 (b) (i) (1 + x) 7

(ii) 1 + 7x + 21x2 + 35x3 + 35x4 + 21x5 + 7x6 + x7
(i) (i)
(ii)
(j) (i)
(ii)
(a + x) 3 (ii) a3 + 3a2 x + 3ax2 + x3

(3x 2) 5
243x5 810x4 + 1080x3 720x2 + 240x 32
(x + 2y) 6
x6 + 12x5 y + 60x4 y2 + 160x3 y3 + 240x2 y4 +
192xy5 + 64y6
(2a + 5b) 4
16a4 + 160a3 b + 600a2 b2 + 1000ab3 + 625b4
(x + y) 7
x7 + 7x6 y + 21x5 y2 + 35x4 y3 + 35x3 y4 + 21x2 y5 +
7xy6 + y7
(4p 3q) 3 (ii) 64p3 144p2 q + 108pq2 27q3
(3 + 2n) 5
243 + 810n + 1080n2 + 720n3 + 240n4 + 32n5
(2a b) 6
64a6 192a5 b + 240a4 b2 160a3 b3 + 60a2 b4
12ab5 + b6
(3ab 4c) 4
81a4 b4 432a3 b3 c + 864a2 b2 c2 768abc3 + 256c4
(2 x) 7
128 448x + 672x2 560x3 + 280x4 84x5 +
14x6 x7
ANSWERS
4.
5.
(a) (a + 7) 10 (b) (6 y) 9 (c) (3a + 4b) 7 (d) (x2 + 3) 8

(e) (5p q) 11 (f) (4x 9) n (g) (3a2 + b) n (h) (3x 2) n + 1
(i) (a2 + 6b) n 1 (j) (8x2 + 7y) 2n
(a) 41 + 29 2 (b) 208 120 3 (c) 70 2 99
(d) 124 + 32 15 (e) 89 3 109 2
27x2 3x3 x4
(f) 81 + 54x +
+
+
2
2
16
3x 3x 2 x 3
10 5
1
5
3
(g) x + 5x + 10x +
+
+ 3 + 5 (h) 1
x
4
2
8
x
x
(i) x6 + 12x4 + 60x2 + 160 +
3
(j)
240 192 64
+ 4 + 6
x
x2
x
(a) 303
(e) 10
8.
(a) 1280
6.
(d) 2268
3
4
(b) 2
a = 45, b = 29
10 777 536
8.
a = 29 656, b = 20 880 9.
15. n = 19
a = 161, b = 72
x = 76, y = 5808
11. a = 11, b = 9
16
27
(b) 13 608
(e) 12
(c) 279 936
9.
7654
(b) 216
1
2
10. (a) 4
(c) 1120
(b) 8 660 520
12. (a) 0.9703 (b) 0.9606 (c) 0.9510 (d) 0.9415 (e) 0.9321
7k
k
3
8
(b) 2
(d) 489 888
13. 945
3
16
(e) 210
14. 112 640
16. a = 2, b = 1 or a = 2, b = 1
17. a = 2, b = 3 or a = 2, b = 3
19. (a)
(d) 3 784 704
1
2
12. (a) 175 000
6.
10. p = 452, q = 165 888
7.
112
729
(c) 720
11. (a) 65 536
a
a b ab
b
4
6
27
8
7.
5.
18. (a)
9k
k
(b) 70
(b) 240
14. (a) 1.0303 (b) 1.0510 (c) 1.0406 (d) 1.0721 (e) 1.0615
20. (a) 78 732 (b) 15 360 (c) 5760 (d) 1792

(e) 1 082 565 (f) 240 (g) 241 920 (h) 10 450 944
(i) 15 C11 24 511 (j) 12 C8 44 78
15. (a) 1215 (b) 40 (c) 65 625 (d) 314 928 (e) 103 680
21. (a) 672
13. (a) 0.9604 (b) 0.9039 (c) 0.9412 (d) 0.9224 (e) 0.8858
(b) 80
(c) 78 732
(d) 1792
(e) 11 547 360
16. (a) 1120 (b) 280 (c) 8960 (d) 326 592 (e) 1215
Exercises 10.5
10
14
15 10
(b) c m 55 45 (c) c m 29 35
m6
5
5
5
9 4 5
20 15 5
(d) c m 3 5 (e) c m 7 5
5
5
17. (a) c
1.
5
5
(b) c m + c m = 20
3
2
2 8
2 8
2 8
(c) c m c m + c m c m + c m c m = 120
0 3
1 2
2 1
4 7
4 7
4 7
4 7
(d) c m c m + c m c m + c m c m + c m c m = 165
0 3
1 2
2 1
3 0
12
6
8
18. (a) c m x8 k 5k (b) c m (2a) 12 k 3k (c) c m(5a) 6 k ( b) k
k
k
k
15
21
15 k
k
21 k
(d) c m (4x)
( y) (e) c m (3a)
( 2b) k
k
k
9
5
19. (a) c
m 210 k xk 1 (b) c
m (5x) 6 k (2y) k 1
k1
k1
8
13
(c) c
m 39 k ( 2d) k 1 (d) c
m m14 k ( 6n) k 1
k1
k1
20
(e) c
m (3a) 21 k ( 2b) k 1
k1
6
9
m 38 k xk 2 (b) c
m a11 k 2k 2
k2
k2
6
18
(c) c
m 58 k (3a) k 2 (d) c
m 320 k ( 4x) k 2
k2
k2
8
(e) c
m (3x2) 10 k ( 2y) k 2
k2
2.
3.
4.
22 680y8
x3
(a)
2.
4.
448x12
3.
21 879
32
243 405
+
+ 270x3 + 90x7 + 15x11 + x15
x
x5
(b) 405
Coefficient of x4 from (1 + x)10 is c
10
m.
4
9
9
Coefficient of x4 from (1 + x) (1 + x) 9 is c m + c m .
4
3
10
9
9
` c m = c m+ c m
4
4
3
21. 1 + 5 sin x + 10 sin2 x + 10 sin3 x + 4 sin4 x + sin5 x 22. 34
1.
6
From (1 + x)6 , the coefficient of x2 is c m .
2
From (1 + x)3 (1 + x)3 , the coefficient of x2 is
3 3
3 3
3 3
c mc m + c mc m + c mc m.
0 2
1 1
2 0
6
3 3
3 3
3 3
` c m = c mc m + c mc m + c mc m
2
0 2
1 1
2 0
3 3
3 3
= 2 c mc m + c mc m
0 2
1 1
20. (a) c
Exercises 10.4
(a) 2 040 714
n+1
m.
k
k
n
Coefficient of x from (1 + x) (1 + x) is
Coefficient of xk from (1 + x) n + 1 is c
n
n
c m+c
m.
k1
k
n
n+1
n
`c
m=c m+ c
m
k1
k
k
647
648
5.
(a) (2 + x) (1 + x)5
8.
(a) (1 + x)n =
(b) 30
6.
92
7.
n =9
/ n Ck xk
k=0
Substitute x = 6
(1 + 6)n =
7 =
n
/ n Ck 6k
k=0
n
/ n Ck 6k
k=0
/ n Ck xk
(b) (1 + x)n =
k=0
Substitute x = 2
(1 + 2)n =
3n =
/ n Ck 2k
k=0
n
/ n Ck 2k
k=0
(c) (1 + x)n =
/ n Ck xk
k =0
Substitute x = 3
(1 + 3)n =
4n =
(22)n =
22 n =
9.
(1 + x)n =
/ n Ck 3k
k =0
n
/ n Ck 3k
k =0
n
/ n Ck 3k
k =0
n
/ n Ck 3k
k =0
/ n Ck xk
k =0
n
n
n
n
n
= c m + c m x + c m x2 + c m x3 + . . . + c m xn
0
1
2
3
n
Differentiating:
n
n
n
n
n(1 + x)n 1 = c m + c m 2x + c m 3x2 + . . . + c m nxn 1
1
2
3
n
Substitute x = 1
n
n
n
n(1 + 1)n 1 = c m + c m 2 (1) + c m 3 (1) 2
1
2
3
n
+ . . . + c m n (1)n 1
n
n
n
n
n
= c m + 2c m + 3c m + . . . + n c m
1
2
3
n
n
n
n2 n 1 = / k c m
k
k =1
n
n
n
10. (a) (a + x)n = c m an + c m an 1x + c m an 2 x2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n n
+ c ma x + . . . + c mx
n
3
Substitute x = 0
n
n
n
(a + 0)n = c m an + c m an 1 (0) + c m an 2 (0) 2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n
+ c m a (0) + . . . + c m (0)n
3
n
n
an = c m an
0
n
1=c m
0
n
n
n
(b) (a + x)n = c m an + c m an 1 x + c m an 2 x2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n
+ c m a x + . . . + c m xn
n
3
Substitute x = 1
n
n
n
(a + 1)n = c m an + c m an 1 (1) + c m an 2 (1) 2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n
+ c m a (1) + . . . + c m (1) n
n
3
n n n n 1 n n 2
= c ma + c ma + c ma
0
1
2
n n3
n
+ c ma
+ ... + c m
n
3
n
n nk
= / c ma
k=0 k
n
n
n
(c) (a + x)n = c m an + c m an 1x + c m an 2x2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n n
+ c ma x + . . . + c mx
3
n
Substitute x = 1
n
n
n
(a 1)n = c m an + c m an 1 (1) + c m an 2 (1)2
0
1
2
n n3
n
3
+ c m a (1) + . . . + c m (1)n
n
3
n
n nk
k
= / (1) c m a
k
k=0
n
n
n
(d) (a + x)n = c m an + c m an 1 x + c m an 2 x2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n
+ c m a x + . . . + c m xn
n
3
Differentiating:
n
n
n (a + x)n 1 = c m an 1 + c m an 2 2x
1
2
n n3 2
n
+ c m a 3x + . . . + c m nxn 1
n
3
n n 1
n n2
= c ma + 2 c ma x
1
2
n n3 2
n
+ 3 c m a x + . . . + n c m xn 1
n
3
n
n n k k 1
= / k c ma x
k
k =1
(e) From (d):
n
n
n(a + 1)n 1 = c m an 1 + 2 c m an 2 x
1
2
n n 3 2
n
+ 3 c m a x + . . . + n c m xn 1
3
n
Substitute x = 0
n
n
n
n(a + 0)n 1 = c m an 1 + 2 c m an 2 (0) + 3 c m an 3 (0) 2
1
2
3
n
+ . . . + n c m (0) n 1
n
n n 1
n1
na
= c ma
1
n
n =c m
1
n
n
n
n
n
11. (1 + x)n = c m + c m x + c m x2 + c m x3 + . . . + c m xn
0
1
2
3
n
Substitute x = 2
n
n
n
n
(1 2)n = c m + c m ( 2) + c m ( 2) 2 + c m ( 2) 3 + . . .
0
1
2
3
n
+ c m ( 2) n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
(1) = c m 2 c m + 4 c m 8 c m + . . . + ( 2) n c m
n
0
1
2
3
ANSWERS
12. (a) Let x = 1.

n
n
n
n
Then (1 + 1)n = c m + c m 1 + c m 12 + . . . + c m 1n .
0
1
2
n
n
n
n
n
2n = c m + c m + c m + . . . + c m
0
1
2
n
(b) Let x = 1
n
n
n
Then (1 1)n = c m + c m (1) + c m (1) 2
0
1
2
n
n
+ . . . + c m (1)
n
n
n
n
n
0 = c m c m + c m . . . + (1)n c m
n
0
1
2
n
n x2
n x3
15. c m x + c m
+c m
0
1 2
2 3
(1 + x) n + 1 1
n xn + 1
+ ... + c m
=
n n+1
n+1
Let
x =1
n
n 12
n 13
c m1 + c m + c m + . . .
0
1 2
2 3
(1 + 1) n + 1 1
n 1n + 1
+c m
=
n n +1
n +1
n
1 n
1 n
1 n
c m + c m + c m+ ... +
c m
0
2 1
3 2
n +1 n
2n + 1 1
=
n +1
x =1
13. (a) Let
(1 + 1) 2n =
2 2n =
/ c 2kn m 1k
2n
k=0
/ c 2kn m
2n
Test yourself 10
k=0
2n
4 = /c m
k=0 k
2n
2n
2n
(b) (1 + x)2n = c m + c m x + c m x2
0
1
2
2 n 2n
+ ... + c m x
2n
Differentiating:
2n
2n
2n
2n(1 + x) 2n 1 = c m + 2 c m x + . . . + 2n c m x2n 1
1
2
2n
Let
x =1
2n
2n
2n
2n(1 + 1) 2n 1 = c m + 2 c m 1 + . . . + 2n c m 12n 1
1
2
2n
2n
2n
2n 1
) = / kc m
2n(2
k
k =1
2n
r =0
2.
4.
= n4n
5.
n
# (1 + x)n dx = # / c r m xr dx
n
14.
r =0
8.
(1 + x) n + 1
n
n xr + 1
+ C1 = / c m
+ C2
n+1
r+1
r=0 r
n +1
n
(1 + x)
n xr + 1
`
=/c m
+C
n+1
r+1
r=0 r
x = 0:
Let
n
n 0r + 1
1
= /c m
+C
n + 1 r =0 r r + 1
1
`
=C
n +1
n
(1 + x) n + 1
n xr + 1
1
`
= /c m
+
n +1
n +1
r =0 r r + 1
n
r +1
(1 + x) n + 1
1
`
/ c nr m x =
r +1
n +1
n +1
r =0
(1 + x) n + 1 1
=
n+1
Let
x = 1
n
(1)r + 1 (1 1)n + 1 1
=
/ c nr m
r +1
n +1
r =0
1
=
n +1
r
n
n (1)
1
` /c m
=
r +1 n +1
r =0 r
Differentiating: LHS = n (1 + x) n 1
n
n
n
n
RHS = c m + c m 2x + c m 3x2 + . . . + c m nxn 1
1
2
3
n
Let x = 1: LHS = n (1 + 1) n 1 = n 2n 1
n
n
n
n
n
n
RHS = c m + c m 2 + c m 3 + . . . + c m n = / r c m
1
2
3
n
r
r =1
3. 6048
/ k a 2 n k = n . 2 2n
k =1
3
/ c 12
m x12 r c m
x
r
12
1.
2n
(from question 14)
8
Coefficient of x3 in (1 + x)8 = c m
3
Coefficient of x3 in (1 + x)3 (1 + x)5
3 5
3 5
3 5
3 5
= c mc m + c mc m + c mc m + c mc m
3 0
2 1
1 2
0 3
(a) Let x = 0
6.
924
7. 152
n
Coefficient of xk in (1 + x)n = c m
k
Coefficient of xk in (1 + x) (1 + x) n 1
=c
9.
(b) Let x = 1
n1
n1
m+c
m
k1
k
32x5 + 240x4 y + 720x3 y2 + 1080x2 y3

+ 810xy4 + 243y5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
10. c m c m + c m c m + c m c m + c m c m = 84
3 0
2 1
1 2
0 3
11. 960 740 352
12. 15 360
13. a = 3, b = 4
10 k + 1
k
(b) 295 245
14. (a) =
15. n = 8
16. 105
17. 489 888
18. (a) 243 + 810p + 1080p2 + 720p3 + 240p4 + 32p5

(b) 2889 1292 5
54 108 81
(c) x4 12x + 2 5 + 8
x
x
x
(d) 8a3 12a2 b + 6ab2 b3
(e) 184 592 130 728 2
649
650
19. a = 220, b = 284

20. (a) (a + x) n =
an + 1
+ C3 = 0
n +1
an + 1
n +1
(a + x) n + 1
n
n
an + 1
x2
So
= c m an x + c m an 1
0
1
n +1
n +1
2
n n 2 x3
n xn + 1
+ c ma
+ ... + c m
2
n n+1
3
(a + x) n + 1 an + 1
n n
n an 1 x2
= c ma x + c m
0
1
n +1
2
n an 2 x3
n xn + 1
+c m
+ ... + c m
2
n n+1
3
n
n an k xk + 1
= /c m
n+1
k =0 k
/ c n0 m an k xk
n
C3 =
k=0
Substitute x = 2
n
n
(a + 2)n = / c m an k 2k
k=0 0
n
n
n
(b) (a + x) n = c m an + c m an 1 x + c m an 2 x2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n n
+ c ma x + . . . + c mx
n
3
Differentiating:
n
n
n
n(a + x) n 1 = c m an 1 + c m an 2 2x + c m an 3 3x2
1
2
3
n
n1
+ . . . + c m nx
4
n n1
n
n
= c ma
+ 2 c m an 2 x + 3 c m an 3 x2
1
2
3
n n1
+ . . . + n c mx
n
Substitute x = 1
n
n
n
n(a + 1) n 1 = c m an 1 + 2 c m an 2 (1) + 3 c m an 3 (1) 2
1
2
3
n
n1
+ . . . + n c m (1)
n
n n1
n
n
= c ma
+ 2 c m an 2 + 3 c m an 3
1
2
3
n
+ ... + nc m
n
n
n
= / k c m an k
k
k =1
n
n
n
(c) (a + x) n = c m an + c m an 1 x + c m an 2 x2
0
1
2
n n3 3
n n
+ c ma x + . . . + c mx
n
3
Integrating both sides:
1.
10 10
10 10
10 10
mc m + c mc m + c mc m
0 4
1 3
2 2
10 10
10 10
+ c mc m + c mc m
3 1
4 0
20
10 10
10 10
10 10
` c m = c mc m + c mc m + c mc m
4
0 4
1 3
2 2
10 10
10 10
+ c mc m + c mc m
3 1
4 0
10 10
10 10
10 2
= 2 = c mc m + c mc mG + c m
0 4
1 3
2
2.
1 n
m
x
1 n
mF
x
1 n
= < (x + x2) c 1 + m F
x
= (x + 1 + x2 + x)n
= (x2 + 2x + 1)n
(a + x)n + 1
+ C1
n +1
n
n
RHS = # c m an + c m an 1 x
0
1
n
n
+ c m an 2 x2 + . . . + c m xn dx
n
2
n n
n n 1 x2
= c ma x + c ma
0
1
2
n n 2 x3
n xn + 1
+ c ma
+ ... + c m
+ C2
n n +1
2
3
(a + x) n + 1
n
n
x2
So
+ C1 = c m an x + c m an 1
0
1
n +1
2
n n 2 x3
n xn + 1
+ c ma
+ ... + c m
+ C2
n n +1
2
3
n +1
(a + x)
n
n
x2
+ C3 = c m an x + c m an 1
0
1
n +1
2
n n 2 x3
n xn + 1
+ c ma
+ ... + c m
n n +1
2
3
Substitute
x = 0:
(a + 0) n + 1
n
n
02
+ C3 = c m an 0 + c m an 1
0
1
n +1
2
n n 2 03
n 0n + 1
+ c ma
+ ... + c m
n n +1
2
3
(a) LHS = xn (1 + x) n c 1 +
= < x(1 + x) c 1 +
LHS = # (a + x)n dx
=
20
m.
4
Coefficient of x4 from (1 + x)10 (1 + x)10 is
Coefficient of x4 from (1 + x)20 is c
= 6 (x + 1)2 @ n
= (x + 1)2n
= RHS
2n
m.
n
n
1
Coefficient of xn in xn (1 + x) n c 1 + m
x
comes from the terms independent of x in.
1 n
(1 + x)n c 1 + m .
x
n n
n n
n n
n n
i.e. c m c m + c m c m + c m c m + . . . + c m c m
n n
0 0
1 1
2 2
n 2 n 2 n 2
n 2
2n
` c m = c m + c m + c m + ... + c m
n
n
0
1
2
(b) Coefficient of xn in (1 + x) 2n is c
3.
Coefficient of xn in (1 + x) n (1 x) n is
n
n
n
n
n
n
c m (1)n c m + c m (1)n 1 c
m + . . . + c m (1) 0 c m .
n 1
0
n
1
n
0
2
2
2
n
n
n
i.e. (1)n c m + (1) n 1 c
m + . . . + (1)0 c m
n1
n
0
n
n
since c m = c
m
nk
k
ANSWERS
/ (1) k c nk m
n
i.e.
(1 x2) n =
6.
k=0
n
k=0
7.
Ck + 1
i.e.
Ck + 1
Ck
15 15 k k
2
m3
k
is the coefficient of xk + 1
=
=
15
m 315 (k + 1) 2k + 1
k +1
15
c
m 315 (k + 1) 2k + 1
k +1
15 15 k k
2
m3
k
15!
2
6 15 (k + 1)]!(k + 1)!
15!
3
(15 k)!k!
15! 2 (15 k)!k!
2n
2n
0 r =0
( 1 + x) n + 1
S(n) = n Ck =
m xk dx
k=0
(1 + x)2n + 1
2n xk + 1
= /c m
+C
k k +1
2n + 1
k=0
Let
x = 0:
2n
2n 0k + 1
1
= /c m
+C
2n + 1 k = 0 k k + 1
1
=C
2n + 1
2n
n(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k + 1)
1 2 3 ... k
for 1 k n
(n 1) (n 2) (n k + 1)
+
1 2 3 (k 1)
(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k)
1 2 3 ... k
(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k + 1)
=1 +
1 2 3 . . . (k 1)
(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k + 1) n
=
; E
k
1 2 3 . . . (k 1)
n(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k + 1)
=
1 2 3 . . . (k 1) k
(1 + x)2n + 1
2n
2n xk + 1
1
= /c m
+
k k + 1 2n + 1
2n + 1
k=0
2n
(1 + x ) 2 n + 1
2n xk + 1
1
` /c m
=
k k +1
2n + 1
2n + 1
k=0
(1 + x ) 2 n + 1 1
=
2n + 1
x = 2:
Let
2n
k+1
(1 + 2) 2n + 1 1
/ c 2kn m 2 =
2n + 1
k +1
k=0
3 2n + 1 1
=
2n + 1
Step 3: Prove S(n) is true.

n
C1 = n 1 C0 + n 1 C1
n1
=1+
1
n
=
1
S(n) is true for k = 1
n
Ck = n 1 Ck 1 + n 1 Ck
6 15 (k + 1)]!(k + 1)! 15! 3

2(15 k)
# (1 + x)2n dx = # / c k
/ c nr m xr dx
2 n
Step 2: Assume S (n 1) is true.

(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . [(n 1) k + 1]
S (n 1): n 1 Ck =
1 2 3 ... k
(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . (n k)
=
1 2 3 ... k
n1
If k = 0: C0 = 1 (by definition)
n 1
If k = 1: n 1 C1 =
1
3(k + 1)
15
(b) C5 = c m 310 25
5
5.
(1 + x) n dx = #
Step 1: Check that S(2) is true by inspection of (1 + x)2 .

(1 + x) 2 = 1 + 2x + x2
= 2 C0 + 2 C1 x + 2 C2 x2
2.1
2
2
C0 = 1, 2 C1 = , 2 C2 =
=1
1
1.2
S(n) is true for n = 2.
(a) Ck is the coefficient of xk

i.e.
n
n xr + 1 2
G = =/ c m
G
n + 1 0 r =0 r r + 1 0
n
n
n 2r + 1
n 0r + 1
3n + 1
1n + 1
= /c m
/c m
n + 1 n + 1 r =0 r r + 1 r =0 r r + 1
n
n 2r + 1
3n + 1 1
= /c m
n +1
r =0 r r + 1
/ ( x2) k
For the coefficient of xn

( x2) k = xn
i.e. 2k = n
n
k=
2
If n is odd, k is not an integer.
` there is no coefficient of xn if n is odd
n
n 2
` / (1)k c m = 0
k
k=0
4.
#0
nk
G
k
S(n) is proved for all k 2, and has been proved for

k = 1 above.
Chapter 11: Probability
Exercises 11.1
1.
1
30
6.
(a)
2.
4
7
(b)
1
52
3
7
3.
7.
1
6
3
37
4.
8.
1
40
1
12
5.
9.
1
20 000
(a)
11
20
(b)
3
4
651
652
10. (a)
1
6
(b)
1
2
Exercises 11.4
1
3
(c)
1
11. (a)
62
3
(b)
31
1
(c)
2
8
12. (a)
15
7
(b)
15
1
(c)
15
16. (a)
20. 34
7
31
7
31
(b)
21.
1
3
(c)
22. (a)
99
(d)
124
12
31
1
6
23
1
14. , 1 15.
44
2
1
13.
50
1
175
17.
1
3
(b)
18. 8
19.
25
43
5
6
(c)
23. (a) False: outcomes are not equally likely. Each horse
and rider has different skills.
(b) False: outcomes are not equally likely. Each golfer
has different skills.
(c) False: outcomes are not dependent on the one
before. Each time the coin is tossed, the probability is
the same.
(d) False: outcomes are not dependent on the one
before. Each birth has the same probability of producing
a girl or boy.
(e) False: outcomes are not equally likely. Each car and
driver has different skills.
1.
1
36
6.
(a) 0.0441
9.
(a)
1
4
2.
9
49
15
91
(b)
1.
5
11
14. (a)
1
2400
(b)
1
5 760 000
15. (a)
1
7776
(b)
3125
7776
16. (a)
9
25 000 000
(b)
24 970 009
25 000 000
17. (a)
1
4
9
100
(c)
9
100
18. (a)
1
22
1
11
(c)
7
22
(b)
(b)
6.
98.5%
7
11.
8
3.
22
23
7.
46
12.
49
99.8%
8.
2
13. (a)
15
4.
5
18
0.73
9.
13
(b)
15
5.
0.21
3
10
(b)
3
5
(c)
11
20
15
15.
16
2.
1
(a)
5
3.
(a)
5
26
(b)
9
26
5.
(a)
27
45
(b)
4
9
7.
(a)
21
80
(b)
17
80
(c)
21
40
8.
9.
(a)
7
25
(b)
2
15
(c)
44
75
10. (a)
3
(c)
5
1
(b)
2
3
(d)
5
(c)
(c)
(d)
7
10
(a)
12
13
2
3
19
(e)
50
4.
6.
(a)
1.
(a)
1
4
3.
(a)
5.
(a)
7.
(a) 0.42
(a)
(c)
29
100
3
14
(a)
(b)
(b)
1
10
3
10
13
28
(b)
(b)
2
5
13
20
(c)
(c)
11
20
(c)
4651
7776
(c)
(d)
(c) 1
(c)
29 991
25 000 000
15
22
(c) 99.66%
1 2n 1
=
2n
2n
Exercises 11.5
Exercises 11.3
1.
1
2n
(b)
5 755 201
5 760 000
(c)
38%
10. 91.9%
7
14.
11
1
2n
(c)
(b) 0.34%
1
16 170
12.
35 929
35 937
29 791
35 937
20. (a)
2
9
2.
8
35 937
8. 32.9%
19
99
11.
13. (a)
(b)
25
121
5.
7. 80.4%
3
2075
10.
1
4
4.
(b) 0.6241
19. (a) 61.41%
Exercises 11.2
1
8
3.
9
25
9
28
(c)
3
10
7
20
1
4
(c)
1
900
(b)
1
900
25
169
(b)
80
169
(b)
1
2
(c)
(a)
1
450
1
8
(b)
3
8
4.
(a)
1
25
(c)
(c) 0.49
9.
(a) 0.325
6
11
11. (a)
8.
(a)
(b) 0.0034
2
25
12. (a)
1
25
13. (a)
19
1 249 750
14. (a)
16
75
(b)
38
75
15. (a)
1936
2025
(b)
88
2025
16. (a)
11
20
(b)
3
20
17. (a)
1
1296
(b)
125
324
18. (a)
84 681
1 000 000
1
825
(c)
(b)
(b)
4
27
64
825
(b)
(d)
498
124 975
912 673
1 000 000
441
1000
1
6
152
165
(c)
(b)
(c) 0.997
60
121
(b)
(b)
189
1000
10. (a)
(b)
7
8
6. (a) 27.5% (b) 23.9% (c) 72.5%
(b) 0.09
657
1000
2.
(e)
13
165
1 239 771
1 249 750
(c)
(c)
27
1 000 000
671
1296
ANSWERS
Exercises 11.8
19. (a) 17.6% (b) 11% (c) 21.2%

20. (a)
1488
3025
1
121
(b)
368
(b)
425
22
22. (a)
425
21. (a)
7
(c)
425
1
19
(b)
6
95
(c)
21
190
133
(b)
715
17
23. (a)
65
(d)
17
38
496
(c)
2145
1.
190
2. 56
3.
4.
(a) 1365
(b) 364
6.
(a) 2300
(b)
77
100
9.
(a) 8 145 060
(b)
10.
10
2 760 681
(c) 78
1
216
25
28. (a)
81
5
72
(b)
(c)
40
(b)
81
91
216
27. (a)
1
10
(b)
3
10
(c)
2
5
56
(c)
81
13. (a) 126
343
1331
(b)
336
1331
(c)
988
1331
15. (a) 4368
30. (a)
1
8000
(b)
6859
8000
(c)
1141
8000
16. (a) 350 658 000
(b) 1764
(b)
1
4
(c)
10 000
2.
2 600 000
4.
10 000
5.
10
8.
1 757 600
11. 1000
1
14.
280
9.
6.
1320
12. 90 000 000
3.
248 832
10.
20. (a) 5 852 925
387 420 489

7.
1
523 566
1
1 000 000
2.
(a) 90 (b) 151 200 (c) 30 240 (d) 720 (e) 1 814 400
3.
(a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 40
5.
(a) 64 (b) 16
8.
60
9.
(b)
15
128
(c)
45
1024
2.
(a)
7
128
(b)
7
128
(c)
29
128
3.
(a)
109 375
419 904
(e)
1 015 625
1 679 616
4.
(a)
25
216
5.
(a) 0.254
6.
(a)
7.
(a) 90.1%
(b) 0.4%
(c) 99.6%
8.
(a) 11.4%
(b) 16.4%
(c) 1.2%
9.
(a)
69 984
5 764 801
(b)
(e)
65 536
5 764 801
10.
20
12
25
16
25
(b) (i) 0.25
7. 24
10. (a) 24
11. (a) 40 320 (b) 1152 (c) 10 080 (d) 2880 (e)
14. (a) 120 (b)
3
5
(ii)
4
35
(b) 6
3
28
13. (a) 3 628 500 (b) 362 880
(c) 36
2
15. (a) 362 880 (b) 40 320 (c) 20 160 16.
19
17. (a) 120 (b) 24 (c) 20 160 (d) 2520 (e) 1260 (f) 20
(g) 907 200 (h) 604 800 (i) 277 200 (j) 9 979 200
18. (a) 720
(b) 240 (c) 144 (d) 72 (e) 600 (f) 480
19. (a) 362 880
(c)
12
35
(b)
(b)
875
209 952
5
324
(c)
(d)
(c)
125
324
5
512
(e)
175
419 904
(d)
425
432
11
1024
(d)
(e)
41
1 679 616
7
432
4. (a) 3024 (b) 1680 (c) 672
6. 990
2
7
(b) 6
2
45
105
512
(e) 20 160
(a) 5040 (b) 720
12. (a) 5040 (b) (i)
(c)
(a)
Exercises 11.7
(d) 60
(b) 3 837 240
(b) 140
1.
15. 84
(a) 360 (b) 5040 (c) 9
12. 100 100
Exercises 11.9
1
13. (a) 7776 (b)
7776
1.
84 672 315
5
407 253
17. (a) 10
19. (a) 350

(b) 66
15
49
2
21
Exercises 11.6
1.
(b)
8.
1
86 493 225
12
175
(b)
(a) 735
(c)
(b) 45
14. (a)
29. (a)
18. (a) 560
1
2 036 265
11. (a) 84
(b) 40
5.
1
38 760
7.
24. (a) 0.23 (b) 0.42 (c) 0.995 25. (a) 33% (b) 94%
26. (a)
15
(b) 40 320 20. 19 958 400
144
625
11. (a) (i)
12. (a) 0.23

13.
20
C3 d
(b) 0.01
(b)
(c) 0.0467
243
3125
(ii)
(b) 0.07
(c)
48
625
46 656
823 543
C7 d
(d) 0.198
(d)
(c)
2133
992
(e)
3125
3125
57 591
823 543
3 7 8 13
n d
n
11
11
(c) 0.03
3 2 8 6
1 3 5 17 8
n d
n
n d n C2 d
6
6
11
11
(e) 0.552
(ii) 0.167
(d)
147 456
823 543
653
654
14.
12
C3 d
3 3 1 9 8
5 5 1 3
n d n C5 d n d n
4
4
6
6
16. 7 people
17. (a) 8 sixes
50
(b)
C8 d
18. (a) 25 times (b) 0.0918 19. (a) (i)

(b)
101
144
53
112
(c) 0.113 20. (a)
24. (a) (i)
15. 0.000 003 4

1 8 5 42
n d n
6
6
35
72
(ii)
25. (a)
31
72
(iii)
37
72
(a) 80.4%
2.
(a)
728
729
21
50
(b)
3
25
(c)
1
7
4
7
1.
(a)
(b)
2.
3.
34 650
5.
(a)
6.
(a) 1
7.
(a) 0.18%
8.
(a) 39 916 800
4.
1
54 145
(ii)
5.
6.
7.
1
6
(iii)
1
2
4
(a)
15
4.
3.
(a) (i)
1
40
(ii)
39
40
(b) k Ck 3
(a)
1
2
2
5
(b)
(b)
29
100
7
15
(c)
(c)
1
5
11
25
(d)
2
15
8.
(a)
(b)
35
66
9.
(c) 0.25
1
2k
(c)
(c)
9
11
9.
(a) 24
(b) 12
1
10
3! (n 3)!
(n 1)!
3 2 1 (n 3) (n 4) . . .
(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) (n 4) . . .
6
=
(n 1) (n 2)
(d)
(b)
1
7
2
n1
16
25
35
72
(c)
(c) 20 Ck ] 0.73 gk ] 0.27 g20 k
(b) 113 400
(c) Probability =
(e)
(c) k C9
(b) 967 680
False: the events are independent and there is the

1
same chance next time d n
4
(a)
(b) 0.75
1
2k
(b) 10.7%
11. (a) ] n 1 g !
1
(b)
10
(b) 1440
33
173 264
(b)
1
2k
(a) 6720
(a) 0.04
10. (a) 5 852 925

1
6
39
(b)
796
23
50
(b) 1.4% (c) 99.97%
(b) (i)
(b) 0.000 092
(b) 0.127
Test yourself 11
l.
(ii)
64
243
1
56
12. (a)
10. (a) 0.009% (b) 12.9% 11. (a) 60 (b) 75
k! (n k)!
(n 1)!
4
13
(b)
k!
]n 1g]n 2g]n 3gf ]n k + 1g
25
52
(c)
4
13
13. Noany combination of numbers is equally likely to win.

1
12. (a)
13
14. (a)
3
(b)
13
12
6325
5
(c)
26
(b) 4320 15.
(a)
5
12
(b)
3
10
(ii)
27
160
(iii)
81
200
(c)
11
100
19. (a)
9
40
(b) (i)
18. (a)
1
200
(b)
20. 60 480
22. (a)
80
361
21. (a)
(b)
1
50
40
171
(b)
147
7450
23. (a)
2
9
14. (a) 0 (b)
3
10
1
10
(c)
1
1296
15. (a)
1
7776
(b)
16. (a)
3
10
12
145
(b)
(c)
17. (a)
125
3888
1
144
(b)
5
144
(c)
7
144
(d)
3
144
4
25
(c)
(b)
1
3
2
11
16. (a) 39 916 800 (b) 32 659 200 (c)

17. (a)
640
(b)
15 625
972
13. (a)
3125
1
3
1
15
1
3725
(b)
4
5
(d)
1.
3577
3725
2016
2.
3360
125
3888
4.
448x10
7.
80
8. 660 660
(b) x Z 2.25
5.
3.
20 160
6. 45 697 600
9.
(a) f (2) < 0, f (3) > 0
ANSWERS
10.
1
3
11. (a) 13.3%
12. (a)
1296
2401
864
2401
(b)
(c)
37. f ] 0 g = 3 < 0
f ]1 g = 1 > 0
(b) 14.1%
1105
2401
So the root lies between 0 and 1.

38.
13. (a)
1
36
(b)
1
6
14. (a)
7
50
(b)
11
20
(c)
11
36
5
36
(d)
(e)
5
12
3 764 768
56 953 125
15. (a)
(b)
3
8
39. (a) = 76 52l (b) 0.92 cm2
40. $18 399.86

170 859 374
170 859 375
45. (d)
41. (b)
46. (d)
49. (a), (c)
42. (a)
47. (c)
43. (d)
44. (b)
48. (a)
50. (d)
16. 1 400 000

17.
2
540y3 1215y4
1 18y 135y
5 +
+
4
6
x
x
x
x3
x2
Sample examination papers
1458y
+ 729y6
x
1
18.
110
MathematicsPaper 1
1.
19. a 6a b + 12ab 8b
3
20. (a) f (0) > 0, f (1) < 0
5103
2
24. (a)
26.
5
33
80
x4
(+ADB straight +)
(+ in semicircle)
(similarly)
35
66
25. (a)
27.
108 864
390 625
1
12
(b) 101 606 400
(b)
1
4
28. 81a4 216a3 b + 216a2 b2 96ab3 + 16b4

30.
1
40000
/ c 1k0 m xk
10
k=0
Substitute x = 2
2.
10
] 1 + 2 g = / c m 2k
k
k=0
10
10
10
k
3 = /2 c m
k
k=0
10
10
34.
35. f 1 (x) = 3
5
36
5
12
(c)
AB BC 1
=
=
AD DE 2
3.4 1
`
=
DE 2
DE = 2 3.4
= 6.8 cm
(iii)
x1
2
(b)
(a) (ii) Since AB = BD, AB: AD = 1:2

+ABC = +ADE
(corresponding +s, BC < DE)
(similarly)
+ACB = +AED
+A is common
` ABC <; ADE
AC 1
AB
`
=
=
AD
AE 2
`
AE = 2AC
AC + CE = 2AC
`
CE = AC
y = sin 7x
dy
= 7 cos 7x
dx
2
d y
= 7 (7 sin 7x)
dx2
= 49 sin 7x
= 49y
36. (a)
29. 10 000
31. 76 473 32. 6x 3y + 3 3 = 0
] 1 + x g10 =
33.
6 x
6 x 1
d n d
n = 6 (5)
1 2
1
3
3x 2(x 1) = 30
3x 2x + 2 = 30
x + 2 = 30
x = 28
1 2
12 = r
(d)
3
36 = r2
36
= r2
36
=r
3.39 = r
(e) 3300
(f)
x+3<7
x <4
or ] x + 3 g < 7
x + 3 > 7
x > 10
`
10 < x < 4
(b) x Z 0.76
23. (a) 6.5 1011
(b)
(a) 0.75
(b) (3x 2) (x 3)
(c)
21. +ADC = 90
` +BDC = 90
` BC is a diameter
AC is a diameter
22.
1
6
(d)
7
36
(e)
1
2
655
656
(b) (ii) +NOM = 105

+NMO = 32
(ii) Substitute A(3, 2) into 3x + 4y 17 = 0

3(3) + 4(2) 17 = 0
9 + 8 17 = 0
0 = 0 (true)
(straight angle)
(angle sum of T)
a
b
=
sin A sin B
MO
5
=
sin 43 sin 32
5 sin 43
MO =
sin 32
Z 6.4 m
(iii)
` A lies on the line

Substitute B(1, 5) into 3x + 4y 17 = 0
3(1) + 4(5) 17 = 0
3 + 20 17 = 0
0 = 0 (true)
a
b
=
sin A sin B
6.4
MP
=
sin 75 sin 53
6.4 sin 75
MP =
sin 53
Z 8m
` B lies on the line

Since both A and B lie on the line 3x + 4y 17 = 0,
this is the equation of AB
(iii) d =
=
3.
(a) (i)
x + 5x3 + 1 = x 2 + 5x3 + 1
dy 1 1
1
= x 2 + 15x2 =
+ 15x2
dx 2
2 x
=
=
1
(ii) 3 ln x + = 3 ln x + x 1
x
dy
1
= 3 x 2
x
dx
3
1
= 2
x x
3x 1
=
x2
(iii)
dy
dx
| ax1 + by1 + c |
a2 + b2
| 3 (0) + 4 (0) 17 |
32 + 42
| 17 |
9 + 16
17
25
17
=
5
= 3.4 units
(iv) Length AB: d =
= 6 3 (1) @ 2 + (2 5)2
= 16 + 9
= 25
=5
= 5] 2x + 3 g4 2
= 10] 2x + 3 g4
1
bh
2
1
= 5 3.4
2
= 8.5 units2
Area OAB: A =
x2
x2
1 x
e +C =
(b) (i)
+ ex + C
2
2
1
(ii) ; cos + E = ] cos + g ] cos 0 + 0 g

0
(c) (i)
5
21
= ] 1 g + + 1
=2+
2+1
2+1
(ii) 5 2 + 5 = 5 + 5 2
= 5 + 25
= 5 + 50
` a = 5, b = 50
4.
(a) (i)
(b)
5 2+5
( 2 ) 2 12
5 2+5
=
1
=5 2 +5
2
(x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
BC2 = 62 + 42 2 ] 6 g ] 4 g cos 87
Z 49.49
BC = 49.49
Z 7 cm
5.
(a) (i)
800
100% = 3.25%
24 600
(ii) Arithmetic series with a = 24 600, d = 800 and

n = 12
Tn = a + ] n 1 g d
T12 = 24 600 + ] 12 1 g 800
= 33 400
So Kate earns $33 400 in the 12th year.

n
(iii) Sn = [2a + (n 1)d ]
2
12
=
[2 24 600 + (12 1)800]
2
= 348 000
So Kate earns $348 000 over the 12 years.
ANSWERS
(i) P (2W, 1N) = P(WWN) + P(WNW)

+ P(NWW)
2 2 5 2 5 2
= +
7 7 7 7 7 7
5 2 2
+
7 7 7
60
=
343
(b) (i) y = x3 3x2 9x + 2

y l = 3x2 6x 9
y m = 6x 6
For stationary points, yl = 0
i.e. 3x2 6x 9 = 0
3(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
`
x = 3, 1
When x = 3, y = 33 3] 3 g2 9] 3 g + 2
= 25
(ii) P (at least one W) = 1 P(NNN)

5 5 5
= 1
7 7 7
218
=
343
When x = 1, y = ] 1 g3 3 ] 1 g2 9 ] 1 g + 2
=7
So (3, 25) and (1, 7) are stationary points.
At (3, 25), y m = 6(3) 6
>0
(minimum point)
At (1, 7), y m = 6(1) 6
<0
(maximum point)
(b) x = 60, 180 60

= 60, 120
(first, second quadrants)
(c) (i) v = # (6t + 4) dt

= 3t2 + 4t + C
` (1, 7) is a maximum, (3, 25) minimum

stationary point
(ii) For inflexions, y m = 0
i.e.
6x 6 = 0
6x = 6
x =1
When t = 0, v = 0
0 = 3] 0 g2 + 4 ] 0 g + C
=C
`
v = 3t 2 + 4t
When t = 5,
v = 3 ] 5 g2 + 4 ] 5 g
= 95 cms 1
`
When x = 1, y = 13 3(1) 2 9(1) + 2

= 9
` (1, 9) is a point of inflexion
(ii) x = # (3t2 + 4t) dt
(iii)
= t 3 + 2t 2 + C
When t = 0, x = 0
`
0 = ] 0 g3 + 2 ] 0 g2 + C
=C
`
x = t 3 + 2t 2
When t = 2,
`
6.
(a)
7.
x = ] 2 g3 + 2 ] 2 g2
= 16 cm
(a) (ii) DC = AB = 2 (opposite sides of < gram)

` DX = AD = 1 c DX =
1
DC given m
2
` ADX is isosceles
+DAX = +DXA = (180c 60c ) ' 2
= 60c
` ADX is equilateral
(iii) +XCB = 180c 60c
(+ADC, +XCB cointerior +s, AD < BC)
= 120c
CXB is isosceles
[XC = CB = 1, similar to part (ii)]
` +CXB = +CBX = (180c 120c ) 2

= 30c
+AXB = 180c (60c + 30c )
(+DXC straight angle)
= 90c
` AXB is right angled
(iv) AX = 1
( ADX equilateral)
`
c2 = a2 + b2
22 = 12 + BX2
4 = 1 + BX2
3 = BX2
3 = BX
657
658
(b) (i) When t = 0, P = 20

20 = P0 e0
= P0
P = 20ekt
`
When t = 6, P = 100
100 = 20ek (6)
100
= e 6k
20
5 = e 6k
ln 5 = ln e6k
= 6k ln e
= 6k
ln 5
=k
6
0.268 Z k
(b) Sketch y = x2 and x + y = 3 as unbroken lines.
Substitute (1, 0) into y x2

0 12
Substitute (1, 0) into x + y 3
1+03
(false)
(ii)
P = 20e0.268t
When t = 10,
P = 20e0.268 (10)
= 20e2.68
= 292 mice
(true)
(iii) When P
500
500
20
25
ln 25
9.
dP
> 0.
dt
d2 P
The curve is concave downwards so 2 < 0.
dt
(ii) The curve is increasing so
(a) (i)
0.301
0.477
0.602
0.699
# f (x) dx = 12 (b a) [f (a) + f (b)]

# log x dx = 12 (2 1) 6 f (1) + f (2) @
b
(ii)
= e0.268t
= e0.268t
= ln e0.268t
= 0.268t ln e
= 0.268t
ln 25
=t
0.268
12 = t
(c) (i)
8.
= 500,
= 20e0.268t
a
5
10
1
(3 2) 6 f (2) + f (3) @
2
1
+ (4 3) [ f (3) + f (4)]
2
1
+ (5 4) [ f (4) + f (5)]
2
1
1
= (log 1 + log 2) + (log 2 + log 3)
2
2
1
1
+ (log 3 + log 4) + (log 4 + log 5)
2
2
Z 1.73
+
(i.e. after 12 weeks)
(a) (i)
S = 160
` 2 r (r + h) = 160
160
r+h =
2 r
160
h=
r
2 r
80
=
r
r
2
V = r h
80
= r2 c
rm
r
= 80r r3
(ii)
Vl = 80 3r2
For max./min. volume, Vl = 0
i.e.
80 3 r2 = 0
80 = 3 r2
80
= r2
3
80
=r
3
2.91 Z r
V m = 6r
When r = 2.91, V m = 6 (2.91)
<0
(maximum)
`
r = 2.91 cm
ANSWERS
(iii) When r = 2.91, V = 80 (2.91) ] 2.91 g3

= 206.4 cm3
(b) 1996 to 2025 inclusive is 30 years.
A = 500 (1.1230) + 500 (1.1229) + 500 (1.1228) + . . .
+ 500 (1.121)
= 500 (1.1230 + 1.1229 + . . . + 1.121)
= 500 (1.121 + 1.122 + . . . + 1.1230)
1.121 + 1.122 + . . . + 1.1230 is a geometric series
a = 1.12, r = 1.12
a (rn 1)
Sn =
r1
1.12 (1.1230 1)
S30 =
1.12 1
Z 270.29
` A = 500 (270.29)
= $135 146.30
(c) (i)
y = x2 + 2px + q
y q = x2 + 2px
y q + p2 = x2 + 2px + p2
y (q p2) = ^ x + p h2
This is in the form (x h)2 = 4a (y k), where a is

the focal length and (h, k) is the vertex. h = p and
k = q p2
` vertex is ( p, q p2)
(ii)
4a = 1
1
`a =
4
10. (a) (i) Substitute y = 4 into y = ex

4 = ex
`
ln 4 = x (by definition of log)
` point of intersection is (ln 4, 4)
(ii)
1
units for the focus
4
1
` focus is c p, q p2 + m
4
Count up
(iii) For P: x = m
A = Area of rectangle OABC
ln 4
e x dx
= 4 ln 4 6 e x @ 0
ln 4
=
=
m2
n
8
Distance = 3m2 + q
(b) (i) For real, equal roots, = 0

i.e.
b2 4ac = 0
] k 1 g2 4 ] 1 g ] k g = 0
k2 2k + 1 4k = 0
k2 6k + 1 = 0
k=
When x = m
m 2 = 8y
m2
=y
8
So P = d m,
= 4 ln 4 (e e 0)
= 4 ln 4 4 + 1
= (4 ln 4 3) units 2
ln4
since it is vertically below

^ m, 3m2 + q h
23m2
+q
8
23m2
=
+q
8
m2
8
(iv) m + q = 5
`
q =5m
23m2
+q
8
23m2
=
+5m
8
dD 46m
=
1
8
dm
b2 4ac
2a
( 6) ( 6) 2 4 (1) (1)
2 (1)
32
2
64 2
=
2
=32 2
(ii) When k = 5,
x2 + (k 1) x + k = x2 + 4x + 5
a >0
= b2 4ac
= 42 4 (1) (5)
= 4
`
<0
Since
a > 0 and < 0, x2 + 4x + 5 > 0
for all x
since m2 0 and q > 0
D=
For stationary points

46m
1=0
8
46m
=1
8
46m = 8
8
m=
46
4
=
23
dD
=0
dm
659
660
4
.
So there is a stationary point at m =
23
To determine its nature
d2 D 46
=
8
dm2
>0
So concave upwards.
` minimum turning point
4
When m =
23
23m2
D=
+5m
8
4 2
n
23 d
23
4
=
+5
23
8
21
=4
23
So minimum distance is 4
2.
21
units.
23
1
(a) Substitute A c 5, 1 m into 3x + 4y 9 = 0
2
MathematicsPaper 2
1.
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
p
,
2
2
3 + 0 4 + 2
n
=d
,
2
2
1
= c1 , 1 m
2
(g) P = f
(a) (i) x 3 = 5
x=8
LHS = 3 5 + 4 1
=0
= RHS
(ii) x 3 = 5
x = 2
(b) 5 x2 = 4
9 x2 = 0
9 = x2
3 = x
(c) sin
` A lies on the line

1
Substitute B c 1, 1 m into 3x + 4y 9 = 0
2
1
LHS = 3 1 + 4 1 9
2
=0
= RHS
5
6
= sin c
= sin
6
1
=
2
m
6
(2nd quadrant)
(d) a2 (a 2) 4 (a 2)
= (a 2) (a2 4)
= (a 2) (a + 2) (a 2)
= ] a + 2 g ] a 2 g2
(e) 2 4 6 25
=22 6 5 6
=4 6 5 6
= 6
1
9
2
(f) loga 50 = loga (52 2)

= loga 52 + loga 2
= 2 loga 5 + loga 2
= 2 1.3 + 0.43
= 3.03
` B lies on the line

` AB has equation 3x + 4y 9 = 0
(b) 3x + 4y 9 = 0
4y = 3x + 9
3
9
y= x+
4
4
3
`
m1 =
4
l is perpendicular to AB, so m1 m2 = 1
3
m2 = 1
4
4
` m2 =
3
Equation of l:
y y 1 = m (x x 1 )
4
y 1 = (x 4)
3
3y + 3 = 4 (x + 4)
= 4x + 16
0 = 4x 3y + 13
(c)
(1) 4:
(2) 3:
(3) + (4):
4x 3y + 13 = 0
3x + 4y 9 = 0
16x 12y + 52 = 0
9x + 12y 27 = 0
25x + 25 = 0
25x = 25
x = 1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
ANSWERS
Substitute x = 1 in (1):
4 1 3y + 13 = 0
9 3y = 0
9 = 3y
3=y
(ii) 3
=
1 x 3
e F
1
0
= 6 ex + e x @ 03
= [e3 + e 3] [e0 + e 0]
= e 3 + e 3 1 1
= e 3 + e 3 2
dy
(d)
= # (18x 6) dx
dx
= 9x2 6x + C
(d) d = (x2 x1) 2 + (y2 y1) 2

AB:
(5 1) 2 + c 1
1
1 2
1 m
2
2
= 42 + ( 3) 2
= 16 + 9
= 25
=5
CP:
dy
=0
dx
0 = 9 ] 2 g2 6 ] 2 g + C
= 24 + C
24 = C
At (2, 1),
d = (1 4) 2 + (3 1) 2
= 32 + 42
= 9 + 16
= 25
=5
1
A = bh
2
1
= 55
2
= 12.5 units2
(e) Midpoint AC = f
1
1
= c , 1 m
4
2
Midpoint AC = midpoint BD
D = (x, y)
where
x1 + x2
x=
2
1 x +1
=
2
2
1= x +1
0=x
y1 + y2
y=
2
1
y +1
1
2
1 =
4
2
1
1
2 = y + 1
2
2
4 = y
D = (0, 4)
(a) (i)
dy
dx
= ulv + vlu
= 1$ cos x + (sin x) x
= cos x x sin x
dy
(ii)
dx
(iii)
(b) (i)
dy
dx
= 5e5x
=
4x
2x 2 1
(3x 2) 5
+C
35
5
(3x 2)
=
+C
15
dx
= 9x2 6x 24
y = # (9x2 6x 24) dx
= 3x3 3x2 24x + C
Substitute (2, 1):
1 + 1
3.
dy
`
1 = 3 ] 2 g3 3 ] 2 g2 24 ] 2 g + C
= 36 + C
35 = C
` y = 3x3 3x2 24x + 35
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
p
,
2
2
f 4 + 5,
=
(f) So
3
cos 2x + C
2
(c) < ex
So point of intersection is ( 1, 3).
d=
1
cos 2x + C
2
1
2
4.
(a)
2 3
5 8
3
=
20
(i) P (WW) =
2 5 3 3
+
5 8 5 8
19
=
40
(ii) P (WL) + P (LW) =
(iii) P (at least 1W) = 1 P (LL)

3 5
=1
5 8
5
=
8
(b) (i)
661
662
1
bh
2
1
= 55
2
= 12.5 units2
A=
(ii)
or A =
At (1, 2)
# 2 (x + 2) dx
=<
3
x2
+ 2x F
2
2
( 2) 2
32
+ 2 (3) F =
+ 2 ( 2 ) G
2
2
= 12.5 units2
y=x+2
y2 = ] x + 2 g2
=<
(iii)
`
V = # y2 dx
d2 y
= 12 (1) 18 = 6
dx2
` (1, 2) is a maximum turning point
d2 y
At (2, 3) 2 = 12 (2) 18 = 6
dx
` (2, 3) is a minimum turning point
d2 y
(ii) For points of inflexion 2 = 0
dx
12x 18 = 0
12x = 18
x = 1.5
When x = 1.5,
y = 2 (1.5) 3 9 (1.5) 2 + 12 (1.5) 7
= 2.5
Check concavity:
= # (x + 2) 2 dx
2
= =
= =
=
=
or
V=
=
=
(x + 2) 3
13
(3 + 2) 3
3
2
3
125
0F
<
3
125
units3
3
1 2
r h
3
1
] 5 g2 5
3
125
units3
3
( 2 + 2) 3
d2 y
dx2
1.25
1.5
1.75
Concavity changes, so (1.5, 2.5) is a point of

inflexion.
(iii) When x = 3,
y = 2 ] 3 g3 9 ] 3 g2 + 12 ] 3 g 7
= 178
When x = 3,
y = 2 ] 3 g3 9 ] 3 g2 + 12 ] 3 g 7
=2
(c) (i)
(b) (i)
(ii) 1 < x < 2
5.
(a)
y = 2x3 9x2 + 12x 7

dy
= 6x2 18x + 12
dx
d2 y
= 12x 18
dx2
dy
=0
dx
6x2 18x + 12 = 0
x 2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 2) (x 1) = 0
x = 1, 2
(ii)
(i) For stationary points,
When x = 1, y = 2 ] 1 g3 9 ] 1 g2 + 12 (1) 7 = 2
When x = 2, y = 2 ] 2 g3 9 ] 2 g2 + 12 (2) 7 = 3
So (1, 2) and (2, 3) are stationary points.
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
= 8502 + 12002 2 850 1200 cos 120
= 3 182 500
c = 3182500
= 1784
So the plane is 1784 km from the airport.
ANSWERS
6.
(c) (cosec + cot ) (cosec cot )

= cosec2 cot2
= 1 + cot2 cot2
=1
dy
(a) (i)
= 2x
dx
dy
At ( 2, 4)
= 2 ( 2)
dx
`
m1 = 4
Normal is perpendicular to tangent
` m1 m2 = 1
4m 2 = 1
1
m2 =
4
y y1 = m _ x x1 i
1
y 4 = ]x 2g
4
4y 16 = x + 2
0 = x 4y + 18
(ii) y = x
Substitute (2) in (1):
0 = x 4x2 + 18
4x2 x 18 = 0
(x + 2) (4x 9) = 0
x + 2 = 0, 4x 9 = 0
x = 2, 4x = 9
1
x=2
4
2
Area = #
x 18
+
x2 m dx
4
4
1
x2 18x x3 2
+
F
4
8
3 2
R
V
2
1
1 3
S c2 1 m
18 c 2 m c 2 m W
S 4
4
4 W
WW
= SS
+
4
8
3
T
X
2
3
( 2)
18 ( 2) ( 2)
G
=
+
4
8
3
= 12.8 units2
4
(b) (i) The particle is at the origin when x = 0,

i.e. at t1, t3 and t5
dx
= 0 (at the stationary points,
(ii) At rest,
dt
i.e. t2 and t4)
(c)
T = T0 e kt
When t = 0, T = 97
`
T0 = 97
T = 97 e kt
When t = 5, T = 84
84 = 97 e k 5
84
= e 5k
97
84
ln
= ln e 5k
97
= 5k ln e
= 5k
84
ln
97
=k
5
0.029 = k
So
T = 97 e 0.029t
(1)
(2)
1
in (2):
4
1 2
y = d2 n
4
1
=5
16
1
1
Q = c2 , 5
m
4 16
(i) When t = 15
T = 97 e 0.029 15
= 63
So the temperature is 63C after 15 minutes.
(ii) When T = 20
20 = 97 e 0.029t
20
= e 0.029t
97
20
= ln e 0.029t
ln
97
= 0.029t ln e
= 0.029t
20
ln
97
=t
0.029
54.9 = t
So the temperature is 20C after 54.9 minutes.
(iii)
PQ: x 4y + 18 = 0
x + 18 = 4y
x 18
+
=y
4
4
1
4
=<
Substitute x = 2
7.
(a) (i)
663
664
(iii) 4 points of intersection, so 4 roots

(b) 2 sin x 1 = 0
2 sin x = 1
1
(1st, 2nd quadrants)
sin x =
2
x = 30, 180 30
= 30, 150
h
7 (y + y 4) + 4 (y 1 + y 3) + 2y 2 A
3 0
16
4
tan x dx Z
; c tan 0 + tan m
4
3
0
3
+ 4 c tan
+ tan
m + 2 tan G
8
16
16
Z 0.35 units 2
dy sin x
(ii)
=
cos x
dx
= tan x
f (x) dx Z
(iii)
(c) (i) logx 12 = logx ] 22 3 g

= logx 22 + logx 3
= 2 logx 2 + logx 3
= 2q + p
(ii) logx 2x = logx 2 + logx x

= q +1
tan x dx = : ln (cos x) D 0
= = ln c cos
m G [ ln (cos 0)]
4
(d) (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . is an arithmetic series with

a = 1, d = 2
= 0.35
When n = 12
Tn = a + (n 1) d
T12 = 1 + (12 1) 2
= 23
(b) (i)
So there are 23 oranges in the 12th row.

(ii) Total number of oranges is 289, so Sn = 289
n
Sn = [2a + (n 1) d ]
2
n
289 = [2 1 + (n 1) 2]
2
578 = n [2 + 2n 2]
= n 2n
= 2n 2
289 = n2
a
b
=
sin A sin B
40
AD
=
sin 23 sin 110
40 sin 23
AD =
sin 110
= 16.6 m
(ii)
BD
16.6
16.6 sin 47 = BD
12.2 = BD
sin 47 =
289 = n
17 = n
So the height is 12.2 m

(c) +CBE = 50
(exterior + of CBE )
+DCB = 50 + 50
= 100
+ABC = 130 50
= 80
+DAB = 360 (100 + 80 + 80)
So there are 17 rows of oranges altogether.

9.
(a)
(+ sum of quadrilateral )
= 100
` +DAB = +DCB and +ABC = +ADC
(opposite +s equal )
` ABCD is a parallelogram
8.
(a) (i) & (ii) Amplitude = 3, period =
2
=
2
(b) The statement would only be true if there were equal

numbers of each colour. It is probably false.
(c)
ln x2 = ln (2x + 3)
`
x 2 = 2x + 3
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3) (x + 1) = 0
x = 3, 1
But x 1
so the solution is x = 3
dy
= ex
dx
When x = k
dy
= ek
dx
(d) (i)
(ln 1 does not exist)
ANSWERS
So gradient m = ek
(ii) When x = k, y = ek
y y1 = m (x x1)
y ek = ek (x k)
= ek x kek
y = ek x kek + ek
= ek (x k + 1)
(ii) C = 3000 c s +
7500
m
s
= 3000 ] s + 7500 s 1 g
dC
= 3000 (1 7500 s 2)
ds
7500
n
= 3000 d 1
s2
(iii) Substitute (2, 0) into the equation

0 = ek (2 k + 1)
= ek (3 k)
3k=0
3=k
For minimum cost,
dC
=0
ds
3000 d 1
7500
n=0
s2
7500
=0
1
s2
7500
1=
s2
2
s = 7500
(e) 180 = radians
1 =
180
` 53 =
53
180
53
=
180
1
A = r2
2
53
1
= 72
2
180
= 22.7 cm2
(speed is positive)
s = 7500
= 86.6 km/h
Check:
d2C
= 3000 (15 000s 3)
ds2
15 000
n
= 3000 d
s3
When s = 86.6
d2C
15 000
n
= 3000 d
ds2
86.63
>0
10. (a) (i)
Concave upwards
So minimum when s = 86.6
7500
n
(iii) C = 3000 d 86.6 +
86.6
= 519 615 cents
= $5196.15
(ii) y = ] x + 2 g2
` y2 = ] x + 2 g4
Extension 1Paper 1
V = # y2 dx
a
1
1.
= # (x + 2) dx
4
= =
= =
(x + 2) 5
15
(1 + 2) 5
1
2
5
243
= <
0F
5
243
=
units3
5
d
(b) (i) s =
t
( 2 + 2) 5
3
1
x+5
3 (x + 5) ] x + 5 g2
(multiplying both sides by ( x + 5)2 )
2
]
g
0 x + 5 3 ]x + 5g
0 (x + 5) [(x + 5) 3]
0 (x + 5) (x + 2)
(a)
d
s
3000
=
s
Cost of trip taking t hours:
C = ] s2 + 7500 g t
3000
= ] s2 + 7500 g
s
7500 3000
= 3000s +
s
7500
c
m
= 3000 s +
s
So t =
For (x + 5) (x + 2) 0, x 5, x 2.
But x 5.
Solution is x < 5, x 2.
665
666
(b) x =
kx2 + lx1
(c) (i) f e
k+l
3 3 + 2 2
=
3+2
=1
ky2 + ly1
y=
k+l
33+28
=
3+2
=5
(ii)
(e)
2.
o = 2 sin 1
= 2d n
4
=
2
y = sin 1 x has domain 1 x 1
i.e.
d
1
[] 1 x2 g 2 ] = ] 1 x2 g 2 ( 2x)
2
dx
x
=
(1 x2) 3
Let u = x3 5
du
= 3x2
dx
du = 3x2 dx
# x2 (x3 5) 5 dx = 13 # (x3 5)5 3x2 dx
1
= # u5 du
3
1 u6
=
+C
6
3
6
u
=
+C
18
(x3 5) 6
=
+C
18
(iii)
(iii) DE = BE = 5
DA = DE + AE
=5+7
= 12
DF2 = DE DA
= 5 12
= 60
DF = 60
= 2 15 cm
Let x = 0.5
f (0.5) = e 0.5 ] 0.5 g2
f l(x) = ex 2x
f l(0.5) = e 0.5 2 (0.5)
f ]a g
a = a1
f l] a g
(e 0.5 (0.5) 2)
= 0.5 0.5
2 (0.5)
e
Z 0.72
dy
dx
When x =
dy
dx
2
1 x2
1
2
2
1
=
1
2
1
2
=2 2
y y1 = m (x x1)
(a) (i) +EBD = +CDE

(exterior + of )
+BEO = +EBD + +CDE
= 2+CDE
(ii) +ABE =
(+ in semicircle)
2
(+ sum of )
` +BAO = BEO
2
(b)
` y = 2 sin 1 x has domain 1 x 1
y
y = sin 1 x has range
2
2
sin 1 x
i.e.
2
2
2 sin 1 x
y = 2 sin 1 x has range
So point is (1, 5) .
x 2
(c) < sin 1 F = sin 1 1 sin 1 0
2 0
= 0
2
=
2
(d)
3.
1
= 2 2 ex
o
2
2
= 2 2x 2
0 = 2 2x y 2 +
(a) (i) c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C

AB2 = BC2 + AC2 2 (BC) (AC) cos 55c
102 = BC2 + 102 2BC (10) cos 55c
0 = BC2 20 cos 55c BC
= BC ] BC 20 cos 55c g
` BC = 20 cos 55c (BC 0)
Z 11.5 cm
a2 + b2 c2
2ab
11.52 + 52 162
=
2 (11.5) (5)
Z 0.8665
`+BCD = 150c 3l
(ii) cos C =
(from ABC)
ANSWERS
(b) cos2 x = cos 2x

= cos2 x sin2 x
= cos2 x (1 cos2 x)
= 2 cos2 x 1
0 = cos2 x 1
= (cos x + 1) (cos x 1)
` cos x = 1
x = 0, , 2
(c) (i) 11! = 39 916 800
(ii) To alternate, a girl must be first in line as there
is one more girl. The number of positions available
for the girls is 6! The boys then have 5! positions
possible. So the number of arrangements is 6!5!. i.e.
86 400
(iii) Let the 2 girls be 1 position (with
2! arrangements between them possible).
Then there are 2! 10! arrangements.
i.e. 7 257 600
4.
ox = V cos
= 15 cos
(1)
x = 15t cos
py = 10
` oy = 10t + 15 sin
y = 5t2 + 15t sin (2) (not a full proof)
(ii) From (1):
x
t=
15 cos
Put in (2):
2
x
x
n + 15 d
n sin
y = 5d
15 cos
15 cos
5x2
=
+ x tan
225 cos2
2
x
=
sec2 + x tan
45
x2
=
(1 + tan2 ) + x tan
(3)
45
y=
(a) (i)
dy
At (2aq, aq2),
52
(1 + tan2 ) + 5 tan
45
5 5
tan2 + 5 tan 2
0=
9
9
= 5 5 tan2 + 45 tan 18
5 tan2 45 tan + 23 = 0
b b2 4ac
tan =
2a
45 (45) 2 4 (5) (23)
=
2 (5)
= 83c 15l, 28c 33l
2=
18
m (0.01)10 (0.99)8
10
dx
dy
=
=
x2
4a
x
2a
2aq
2a
=q
y y1 = m (x x1)
y aq2 = q (x 2aq)
= qx 2aq2
y = qx aq2
(ii)
y y1
x x1
y aq2
x 2aq
=
=
=
=
(a) (i)
(iii) When x = 5, y = 2
Put in (3):
(b) c
5.
dx
y2 y1
x2 x1
ap2 aq2
2ap 2aq
a (p + q) (p q)
2a (p q)
p+q
2
2 (y aq2) = (p + q) (x 2aq)
2y 2aq2 = (p + q) x 2apq 2aq2
2y (p + q) x + 2apq = 0
1
y (p + q) x + apq = 0
2
Focal chord passes through (0, a)
i.e. a
`
(iii)
1
(p + q) 0 + apq = 0
2
a + apq = 0
apq = a
pq = 1
l has gradient q = 0.2

p + q 3 0.2
PQ has gradient
=
= 1.4
2
2
m1 m2
tan =
1 + m1 m2
0.2 1.4
=
1 + ( 0.2) (1.4)
= 65 46l
(b) Let n = 1.
Then LHS = 12 = 1.
1
RHS = (1) (2) (3) = 1
6
` true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k.
1
i.e. 12 + 22 + . . . + k2 = k (k + 1) (2k + 1)
6
Prove true for n = k + 1.
i.e. 12 + 22 + . . . + k2 + (k + 1)2
1
= (k + 1) (k + 2) 6 2 (k + 1) + 1 @
6
667
668
LHS = 12 + 22 + . . . + k2 + ] k + 1 g2
1
= k (k + 1) (2k + 1) + ] k + 1 g2
6
1
= [k (k + 1) (2k + 1) + 6 ] k + 1 g2]
6
1
= (k + 1) [k (2k + 1) + 6 (k + 1)]
6
1
= (k + 1) (2k2 + 7k + 6)
6
1
= (k + 1) (k + 2) (2k + 3)
6
1
= (k + 1) (k + 2) [2 (k + 1) + 1]
6
= RHS
6.
(a) (i)
(ii)
dx 30
=
x
dt
dt
x
=
dx 30
x
t=#
dx
30
2
x
=
+C
60
When t = 0, x = 10
102
+C
0=
60
2
1 = C
3
x2
2
`
t=
1
60
3
When x = 100,
1002
2
t=
1
3
60
= 165 s
T = C + Ae kt
dT
= kAe kt
dt
= k (Ae kt + C C )
= k (T C)
(ii) When t = 0, T = 90, and C = 25

90 = 25 + Ae0
75 = A
`
T = 25 + 75Ae kt
When
t = 1, T = 70
70 = 25 + 75e k
45 = 75e k
45
= e k
75
45
ln
= ln e k
75
= k ln e
45
ln
75
=k
1
`
k Z 0.51
T = 25 + 75e 0.51t
When
t =3
T = 25 + 75e 0.51 3
= 41.2c C
d 1 2
c v m = 900x 3
dx 2
1 2 900x 2
+ C1
v =
2
2
450
= 2 + C1
x
900
2
v = 2 +C
x
When x = 10, v = 3
900
+C
32 =
102
9=9+C
0=C
900
v2 = 2
`
x
900
v=
(since V = 3 > 0)
x2
30
v=
x
(b) (i)
7.
(a) (i) Let
x =1
] 1 + 1 gn =
2n =
(ii)
/ c nk m 1k
n
k=0
/ c nk m
n
k=0
d
d n n k
] 1 + x gn =
= / c mx G
dx
dx k = 0 k
n
n
n ] 1 + x gn 1 = / c m kxk 1
k =1 k
x =1
Let
n
n
n ] 1 + 1 gn 1 = / c m k (1k 1)
k =1 k
n
n
n2 n 1 = / c m k
k =1 k
(b) (i) Maximum speed is the amplitude of velocity.

Maximum acceleration is the amplitude of acceleration.
SHM: x = a cos (bt + )
`
.
.x. = ab2 cos (2t + )
x = ab sin (bt + )
Max. speed is 4
So ab = 4
4
a=
b
Max. acceleration is 8
So ab2 = 8
4 2
(b ) = 8
b
4b = 8
b= 2
(1)
ANSWERS
Substitute in (1)
4
a=
2
=2
So x = 2 cos (2t + )
Extension 1Paper 2
1.
1
(b) (i) 4 : tan x D 0 = 4 (tan 1
3
=
=
=
=
(iv)
#
0
x
1+ x
dx =
=
..
1
2
0
5
2x
1 + x2
du
u
dx
1
2
du
1 >
2 uH
2
1
= 5 1
= 5 1
=
(c) 11 letters mean 11! arrangements. There are 2 Cs,

Es, Ts and Is, each with 2! possible arrangements.
11!
No. of arrangements =
2! 2! 2! 2!
= 2 494 800
1
(d) x 3y + 5 = 0: m1 =
3
2x + y 4 = 0: m2 = 2
m1 m2
tan =
1 + m1 m2
1
( 2)
3
=
1
1 + ( 2)
3
=7
= 81c 52l
d 1 2
d v n
dx 2
1 2
v = # 4x dx
2
4x2
=
+C
2
2
2
v = 4x + C1
When x = 2, v = 0
( The particle is at rest at the endpoints of the motion.)
So 02 = 4 ] 2 g 2 + C1
= 16 + C1
16 = C1
v2 = 4x2 + 16
= 4 ] x2 + 4 g
= 4 ] 4 x2 g
R 1 V5
2
1Su W
W
= S
2S 1 W
S
W
T 2 X1
n
6
ab2 cos ] bt + g
2 ] 2 g2 cos d 2t + n
6
8 cos d 2t + n
6
4 = 2 cos d 2t + n G
6
4x
x=
1
2
1
=
2
x = 2 cos d 2t +
..
x =
4
3
(ii) Let u = 1 + x2
du
= 2x
dx
du = 2x dx
When x = 2, u = 1 + 22
=5
When x = 0, u = 1 + 02
=1
(ii) x = 0 when t =
6
x = 2 cos (2t + )
0 = 2 cos = 2 d n + G
6
= 2 cos d + n
3
= cos d + n
3
+=
3
2

=
2 3
3 2
=
6
6
=
6
`
3 tan 1 0)
0n
3
= 4d
Amplitude a = 2
2 2
Period
=
2
b
=
(iii)
(a) 3 (x3 + 8) = 3 (x + 2) (x2 2x + 4)
2.
(a) AB2 = BD BC
7.22 = BD 9.3
5.6 Z BD
CD = BC BD
= 9.3 5.6
= 3.7 cm
8
2 k
(b) Tk + 1 = c m (3x2) 8 k c m
x
k
669
670
For the term with x4,

2 (8 k) + ( k) = 4
16 3k = 4
12 = 3k
4=k
8
2 4
`
T5 = c m ] 3x2 g8 4 c m
x
4
16
= 70 (81x8) d 4 n
x
= 90 720x4
(b) (i)
dy
dx
=
=
=
1
(ii)
#
0
1
1x
1
1 x
2 2x2
+
+
4.
1 x2
1
dx =
2
1 x2
dy
2 2x 2
1 x2
dx
1
2
b
a
( 3)
1
c
a
2
=
1
= 2
(ii) + + =
d
a
1
=
1
= 1
(iii) =
(iv)
1 1 1 + +
+ + =

2
=
1
=2
(v) ^ + + h2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
` 2 + 2 + 2 = ^ + + h2 2 ^ + + h
= 32 2 ( 2)
= 13
x
2a
2ap
(ii) Solve y = a with (1):

x + p (a) 2ap ap3 = 0
x = ap3 + 3ap
M = (ap3 + 3ap, a)
= (ap (p2 + 3), a)
=3
x2
4a
=
2a
dx
m1 = p
For normal, m1 m2 = 1
1
m2 =
`
p
y y 1 = m (x x 1 )
1
y ap2 = (x 2ap)
p
py ap3 = x + 2ap
x + py 2ap ap3 = 0
At P:
(a) (i) + + =
Since it is true for n = k + 1, then it is true for all n 1.
dx
dy
1 x2
3
1e
o
+
4
2 6
1
(2 + 3 3 )
=
24
k+1
y=
x2
5k + 1 5 + 4 5k + 1
4
5 5k + 1 5
=
4
5 (5k + 1 1)
=
4
= RHS
(a) (i)
(sin 1 0 + 0 1 0 2 ) G
3.
1 x
1
2D
1:
= sin x + x 1 x 0
2
1
1 1
1
= > e sin 1 +
1 o
4
2
2 2
LHS = 5 + . . . + 5 + 5
5 (5k 1)
=
+ 5k + 1
4
5 (5k 1) + 4 5k + 1
=
4
k
1 x2
1 x2
` the coefficient of x4 is 90 720

5 (5n 1)
n
(c) To prove: 5 + 52 + + 5 =
4
n = 1:
Let
LHS = 5
5 (51 1)
RHS =
4
=5
` true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k
5 (5k 1)
i.e. 5 + . . . + 5k =
4
Prove true for n = k + 1
5 (5 k + 1 1)
i.e. 5 + . . . + 5 k + 5 k + 1 =
4
1
1 x 2 + x ] 1 x 2 g 2 ] 2x g
2
(b)
dV
= 10
dt
4
V = r 3
3
dV
= 4r2
dr
dV dV dr
=
dt
dr
dt
dr
10 = 4r2
dt
dr
10
=
4r2 dt
S = 4r2
dS
= 8r
dr
ANSWERS
(iv) x = 0.5
dS dS dr
=
dt
dr dt
10
= 8 r
4 r 2
20
=
r
dS 20
When r = 8,
=
8
dt
= 2.5
So surface area is expanding at 2.5 cm2 s 1.
(c) Use ratio 1:4
kx2 + lx1
x=
k+l
1 7 + 4 2
=
1 + 4
= 5
ky2 + ly1
y=
k+l
1 1 + 4 5
=
1 + 4
1
=6
3
1
` P = c 5, 6 m
3
5.
n
3
..
x = 18 cos d 3t + n
3
= 9 = 2 cos d 3t + n G
3
= 9x
(a) (i) x = 6 sin d 3t +
(ii) Amplitude = 2, period =
P (0.5) = 2 ] 0.5 g5 ] 0.5 g3 + 5 ] 0.5 g2 + ] 0.5 g 4

= 2.3125
Pl(x) = 10x4 3x2 + 10x + 1
Pl] 0.5 g = 10 ] 0.5 g4 3 ] 0.5 g2 + 10 ] 0.5 g + 1 = 5.875
f (a)
a1 = a
f l(a)
f (0.5)
= 0.5
f l(0.5)
2.3125
= 0.5
5.875
Z 0.89
n
6
= sin 2 cos cos 2 sin

6
6
3
1
= 2 sin cos
(2 cos2 1)
2
2
1
= 3 sin cos cos2 +
2
= RHS
(c) LHS = sin d 2
6.
(a) (i) t k is the (k + 1) th coefficient of the binomial since

k = 0 gives the first term
12
` Tk + 1 = tk = c m 212 k 5k
k
(ii) Tk + 2 = tk + 1 = c
tk + 1
tk
=c
=
(iii) At the origin, x = 0
2 cos c 3t + m = 0
3
cos c 3t + m = 0
3
3 5
3t + = ,
,
,...
3 2 2 2
7 13
3t = ,
,
,...
6 6
6
7 13
t=
,
,
,...s
18 18 18
2x3 2x2 + 3x
x3 + 5x2 + x 4
(b) (i) x2 + x 1 g 2x5
2x5 + 2x4 2x3
2x4 + x3 + 5x2
2x4 2x3 + 2x2
3x3 + 3x2 + x
3x3 + 3x2 3x
4x 4
(ii) P (x) = (x2 + x 1) (2x3 2x2 + 3x) + (4x 4)
(iii) P ] 1 g = 2 ] 1 g5 13 + 5 ] 1 g2 + 1 4
=3
` remainder is 3 when dividing by x 1
(iii)
tk + 1
tk
5 (12 k)
12 12 (k + 1) k + 1
5
m2
k +1
12 12 (k + 1) k + 1
12
5
c m 212 k 5k
m2
k +1
k
(12 k) !k!
12!211 k 5k + 1
12 k k
5 12!
6 12 (k + 1)! @ (k + 1)! 2
5 (12 k)
2 (k + 1)
> 1 when tk + 1 > tk
>1
2 (k + 1)
60 5k > 2k + 2
58 > 7k
2
8 >k
7
`
k=8
12
t8 = c m 24 58
8
(b) (i) 7! = 5040 (The 1st person can be seated
anywhere.)
(ii) For placing one person anywhere and then placing
the required person opposite, there are 2! ways these
can be arranged. The other 6 people can be arranged in
6! ways.
` 2! 6! = 1440 arrangements
671
672
(iii) If one of these people is placed anywhere, the other

can sit in a choice of 6 other seats (not opposite).
The other 6 people can be arranged 6! ways.
6.6!
P=
7!
6
=
7
7.
(a) (i)
D2 = ] 2R g2 + d
(b) (i)
= 4R2 +
2
1
Hn
2
H2
4
H2
= 4R2
4
4D2 H 2
= 4R2
4
4D2 H 2
= 2R
2
4D2 H 2
=R
4
V = r 2 h
D2
4D 2 H 2
o H
4
H (4 D 2 H 2 )
= e
=
16
HD2 H3
(ii) V =
4
16
2
dV D
3H2
=
4
16
dH
1
n=
2
3
(iii) x = cos y
(ii) cos 1 d
Area = Rectangle +
cos y dy
For maxima or minima,
=
=
=
=
1 < sin y F
+
3
2 3
+ sin sin
6
2
3
3
+1
6
2
+63 3
units 2
6
(iv) V =
#
a
#a
y2 dx
ba
a+b
= f (a) + 4f d
n + f (b) G
f ( x) Z
6
2
1
V =
#
0
(cos 1 x) 2 dx
R
V
1
1
W
c 0m S
0+
1
S f (0) + 4f f
2
2 p + f c mW
Z
S
2 W
6
2
T
X 2
2
1
1
= ] cos 1 0 g2 + 4 d cos 1 n + d cos 1 n G
=
4
12
2
Z 2.75 units 3
i.e.
D2 3H2
4
16
D 2
4
4D2
3
4D2
3
3
2D
3
3
2 3D
3
d2V
dH2
dV
=0
dH
=0
=
3H 2
16
= H2
=H
=H
=H
6H
16
< 0 for H > 0
maximum
When H =
2 3D
3
2
2 3D
2 3D > 2
e
o 4D e
o H
16
3
3
3 D
4D2
< 4D2
F
=
24
3
3 D 12D2 4D2
<
F
=
24
3
3 D 3
units3
=
9
V=

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562

Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

+ABE = 180 +ABD

(straight angle 180 )

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

(+ABD =+CBD given)

+DFB = 180 (180 x) (+AFB is a straight angle)

(+AFB is a straight angle)

+WBC + +BCY = 2x + 115 + 65 2x

+ADB = +CDB = 110

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

+ACD = 180 +BCA

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

(b) +BCA = +EDA

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

But +MQN ++MQP = 180 (+PQN straight angle)

Let ABCD be a parallelogram with diagonal AC.

ADC / ABC (see question 12)

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

Let ABCD be a rectangle with +D = 90

(base angles of isosceles )

(+D and +C cointerior angles, AD < BC)

(opposite sides in < gram)

Let ABCD be a rectangle

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

Since two pairs of opposite sides are equal,

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

(b) +ABE = +CBE

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

(b) +ABE = +CBE

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

(corresponding angles in congruent s)

But +AEB + +BEC = 180 (AEC is a straight angle)

(a) 14 452 mm2 (b) 67 200 mm3

14. (a) V = 18x3 12x2 + 2x (b) S = 54x2 30x + 4

Since 2 pairs of sides are in proportion and their

(c) E = (1, 2), CE =

10. 262 cm3

73 , BC = 6 (b) 8 units (c) 24 units2

Show m AB = mCD = 4 and

10. +ABC = 90 and AB = BC = 2

(a) +BCA = +BAC

(equal chords subtend equal +s)

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

(a) +AOC = +BOC

+ADO = 180 (+AOB + +OAC)

= 180 (+COB + +OCA)

10. Let +BAE

Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course

11. (a) Let +RQP

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

(perpendicular from O bisects chord)

+RQP = +NMR (+s in same segment)

(corresponding sides in congruent s)

(b) +ABC = +ODC

(equal chords are same distance from centre)

` by RHS, OXE / OYE

19. (a) +ABC = 90

(corresponding sides in congruent s)