Julia Kang Per.

6 Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast Political cartoonist who mainly created cartoons that attacked political machines such as Boss Tweed. Horace Greely Editor of New York Tribune who ran for presidential candidacy elected by Liberal Republicans endorsed by Democrats, despite Greeley consistently attacking them in his articles. Asked nation for unity across the bloody chasm. Went against Republican Grant. Roscoe Conkling A Republican New York Senator who had led the Stalwart faction (traded in civil service jobs for votes) opposed to Blaine. James G. Blaine Led the Half-Breeds, against the Conklingites. They ended up only stalemating and deadlocking their party. Samuel Tilden Had defeated Boss Tweed. Elected by the Democratic party, Tilden went against Hayes in the election of 1876. He had lost. Charles J. Guiteau Shot President Garfield posing as a Stalwart so that Arthur may be President. This was so Conklingites could get good jobs. Attorneys pleaded that he was insane. Found guilty and hanged. Hard or Sound Money It is simply gold, silver, or whatever papermoney was supposed to represent. Many advocates of hard money wished to stop the production of paper money, and did so by convincing Grant to veto a bill to print more money, the Resupmtion Act of 1875. Gilded Age Era of the 19th century where America became urbanized with the riyouse of great cities and fortunes. Filled with much corruption. Bloody-Shirt Waved by politicians as a reminder of their contribution to their victories of the Civil War. This helped gain popularity and votes. Tweed Ring Led by Boss Tweed consistent of bribes, scam elections and graft. Credit Mobilier Scandal Those working for the transcontinental railroad was purchased again so they could get double the their wage. Whiskey Ring People who had put tax on whiskey. When they were discovered, they were pardoned by President Grant.

Julia Kang Per. 6 Resumption Act where the government would remove greenbacks from circulation and for all paper currency to be reimbursed by gold at face value, starting from 1879. Crime of '73 Congress discontinued the production of silver coins when silver miners stopped giving their product to the government (for the government declared that silver was only 1/16th of the value of gold. When the prices of silver decreased, the demand of the comeback of silver coins increased. Bland-Allison Act Congress act decreed in 1878 where the U.S,treasury was required to buy silver and circulate silver dollars again. Half-Breed A faction of the Republican party led by Blaine. Compromise of 1877 The allowance of Hayes presidency in the conditions that he takes out the troops from Lousiana and South Carolina and finance the Texas and Pacific Railroads construction of the south transcontinental line. Civil Service Reform Reforms that stated that office positions will be determined by those who won elections. Pendleton Act Another reform mde by the Civil Service Commission that federal employees could not be forced to be a part of campaign fund or be fired due to political reasons. "Billion Dollar" Congress Congress in Gilded age, when the most they were focused on was how to win the election, with the people disregarded.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? General Grant was not a good president. He was fairly uncultured and arrogant. He gained so much popularity due to his victories as a Northern general during the Civil war. And at the time, many firmly believed that if one can be a great general than they would be a great president. He also gained a popular motto Let us have peace. During the elections, though he did get a majority of the electoral votes, he barely got a majority of the popularity vote. 500,000 former slaves helped him gain votes. The Republicans needed to still have a grasp on the South The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.

Julia Kang Per. 6 This quote refers to the corruption of America during the Gilded Age. For example such people as Fiska nd Gould, who were millionaires, they would both bid ridiculously high on the price of gold on Black Friday. Boss Tweed was a political machine that was highly involved with bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections. Nast was a political cartoonist who would create cartoons that were against the crimes of Tweed. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. One major scandal was the Credit Mobilier Scandal. This involved a company that was to build a transontinental railroad. But this company was to be repurchased by its workers, resulting in the double payment of its workers. Another scandal was the Whiskey Ring scandal, where people had stolen taxes from whiskey and were pardoned by Grant. Belknap sold merchandise to the Indians to make a significant amount of money. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? The Liberal Republicans had nominated Horace Greeley in order to put up another candidate to oppose Grant, whom they disliked greatly. He was the less than ideal candidate for he had no previous political background nor did he have the bloody shirt advantage that Grant had. Greeley also was an emotional and dogmatic editor of the New York Tribune, highly opinionated in politics therefore able to offend many parties. Because of this, there was much the Republicans had to taint his name.

Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Greenbacks and silver dollars were a lesser expensive way to pay off debts, which those in the lower class liked. The problem with this was that there was constant overspending, leading to inflation. This cause the Panic of 1873. People began to protest the removal of silver coins, aka the Crime of 73, especially since the prices of silver was dropping. Aside from soft money advocates, hard money advocates demanded that paper money were to be backed up by gold along with the reduction of paper money, aka contraction. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? During the Gilded Age, a term sarcastically coined by Mark Twain, despite the common agreement on most economic issues, many were fiercely loyal to their own parties. But,

Julia Kang Per. 6 despite their loyalties into their parties, there were even divisions within parties. For example, the Republicans were split into two different groups: the Stalwarts and the HalfBreeds. Conkling led the Stalwarts, and Blaine was his oppose, as he was the leader for the Half-Breeds. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? The two candidates for the election of 1876 were Hayes and Tilden. Hayes was a Republican, but was fairly neutral when it came to the factions of the Republican party. Tilden had already great popularity as he was known as the one who had bagged Boss Tweed and was supported by the Democrats. It had seemed that Tilden was to win, but Hayes had won instead. This is mainly due to the fact that the states that supported both leaders did not vote. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The Electoral Count Act was created by the electoral commission and was made in order to break the stalemate of the election. The Compromise of 1877 was made but the agreements of the compromise were slowly disregarded. But this compromise had sacrificing the black freedman in the South, leading the Republican party to forget about their equality policy.

Chapter #26.1

The Great West Big Picture Themes

1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull Tribal Indian chief who was a leader in the Battle of Little Big Horn, fought for the sole reasons that their rights were being stripped away from them. George A. Custer A Civil War veteran that later on became an Indian Fighter, specifically at the Black Hills. Chief Joseph Nez Perce Indian Chief that attempted to go to Canada but failed and defeated at Battle of Bear Paw Mountain. Sioux Wars A sequence of happenings made by Indians in retaliation against the white men. Ghost Dance

Julia Kang Per. 6 A ritual dance created after the Sun Dance was prohibited. It was an Indian attempt of getting rid of the white men. After doing this dance, the Indians thought that they had immunity, leading to many deaths. Dawes Severalty Act Fake compromise that promised Indians that they would be able to become US citizens in twenty five years, which is a startling amount compared to the few amount of years that English immigrants would have to wait. This act enabled white men to take land from the Indians. Battle of Wounded Knee Due to the false sense of immunity Indians got after they had done the moon dance, a huge massacre had occurred, with over two hundred Indians killed.

Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. Even after the Civil War, the West was still filled with Indians which US had a problem with. So the government removed the Indians from their territory for the white settlers. The Indians had to undergo a major change because of the white citizens. For instance, they suffered from many diseases that the white men had carried over from Europe. They were also crowded into specific areas meant for Indians, for example the Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Territory. Many Indians also had to change their lifestyle, such as the Sioux Indians becoming hunters when previously were oblivious villagers. Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" After the Sand Creek Massacre, the Indians began to take violent measures to fight back the white men. They got their revenge in the Fetterman Massacre. Then, they blocked off the Bozeman Trail, which was a popular trail used to look for gold in Montana. The Sioux reservation was formed here after the white men stopped persisting on this trail. And so, later on, Colonel Custer led his Indian Fighters to Black Hills of South Dakota and began the Battle of Little Big Horn, including Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. The Apache tribe lasted the longest out of all Indian tribes in battle, before eventually surrendering when the women began to get executed. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?

Julia Kang Per. 6 When the white men came in, the Buffalo population decreased significantly. They were often hunted for their hides, as a sport, or just to discourage the Indians. Another factor was the railroads that came into the picture and they isolated the buffalo herds by crowding them into smaller spaces to roam in, making them easier to kill off. In fact, Buffalo Bill Cody was able to kill four thousand animals in just eighteen months of his business. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? The white men had decided that the only way for the Native Americans to survive in America was to adapt to the European ways. And so, the Dawes Act was created, enabling Indians to become citizens after 25 years. This was an incredibly lengthy period of time compared to the few amount of years English immigrants had to wait in order to become a citizen. Later on, schools specifically for Indian children were created, such as the Carlisle Indian School. They had incredibly harsh means in getting these children into these schools. They had separated these children from their family and their tribe and reprimanded them any time they had done anything related to their previous culture. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? Due to the discovery of certain metals in certain areas, many had travelled far in order to get to these areas hoping to strike it rich. Unfortunately, not many had succeeded at finding any gold, one of the most popular and sought after metals, so those who traveled stayed there and began an agricultural career while also mining for other valuable minerals such as silver. In fact, an immergence of Silver Senators enabled the interests of silver miners to be heard.

Makers of America: The Plains Indians

6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?

The lifestyle of the Plains Indians was very free and wild, the Plain Indian population itself composed of over thirty tribes and a collection of languages. One of their most prized resources was the buffalo, where when they would hunt these creatures, every piece of the animal would be put to good use. This was contrary to what the whites did, where they would just hunt the animal for what they need, and leave the rotting corpse literally for dead. When the white men came into the picture, the Plain Indians received culture shock as they watched technology advance within the white communities. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? The beef business was on the rise in 1870s. Another increasingly popular industry was the production of railroads. A problem in Texas though, was that they had much cattle but were

Julia Kang Per. 6 nowhere near railroads. This led to the Long Drive from Texas to Kansas Railroads. Wild Bill Hickock could be found in Wild West hotspots such as Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming. Later on, cattle ranching became less popular as droughts and barbed wires limited the cattle. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? The Homestead Act was designed to give one hundred and sixty acres of free land to anyone who grabbed it, and those who wished to improve upon the land only had to pay a little fee. Because of this act, thousands of settlers packed their bags and moved west in hopes of living the American dream. But traveling was difficult due to the harshness of the Great American Desert, so much so that many aspiring settlers gave up. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? Some milestones included the creation of the six states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana). Another milestone was the appearance of sooners, who came when the Oklahoma plains became public. Sooners were those who claimed formerly Indian owned land illegally. Aside from sooners, there were also those who waited at the borderlines of Oklahoma to hopefully claim their own territory. The first national park was also created in American, by the name of Yellowstone. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? As frontiers began to fade, so did the American dream of going out to expand. There was little ambition to get out of their state to start a new life wherever they pleased. National Parks were created so that the natural land of America could be preserved in some areas. Because of the diminishing frontiers, writers such as Francis Parkman and painters such as Catlin and Remington began to romanticize the pioneering life.

Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Assistance from government in creating the transcontinental railroad. Transcontinental Railroad Railroad that goes from sea to shining sea; first railroad to run across the entire continent from east to west Cornelius Vanderbilt A major railroader who became a millionaire. Started the University of Vanderbilt in

Julia Kang Per. 6 Tennessee. Jay Gould Railroader that made much profit off the stocks by stock watering. Interstate Commerce Commission A commission that prohibited pools (supported the Interstate Commerce Act) and outrageous rates for big companies and small farmers. Vertical Integration Taking each process of manufacturing into one big organization, from mining to marketing. Horizontal Integration To come together with marketers to control a specific market. Trusts property interest held by one person for the benefit of another J.P. Morgan Financer, banker, and philanthropist who took advantage of the businessmen who were having trouble in the 1890s during the depression by placing his banking men on their boards of directors. Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawed trusts and monopolies; was ineffective as more people continued to make trusts in the 1890s Yellow Dog Contracts Contracts given to laborers making them promise not to join labor unions. Blacklists Given by unions to indicate to other employers to not hire a certain worker, enabling those blacklisted struggle to find a job. Haymarket Square incident labor disorders broke out. Knights of Labor associated with the anarchists by public eye. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions

The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? To those who wished to construct a railroad, they received a land grant. This grant would let them gain a plot of land, with the decision of which side of the land to build the railroad on. But if this is yet undecided by the constructioners, they got to keep the entire plot of land. This gave the opportunity for the constructioner to sell the land they didnt need. In fact the land was even more expensive then the railroads. A disadvantage would be that cities without railroads quickly became ghost towns. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.

Julia Kang Per. 6 First, the Union Pacific Railroad was made from Nebraska to the west. This was constructed by Congress with the Irish as workers. Then the Central Pacific Railroad was built from Sacramento to Sierra Nevada. This was one of Americas most impressive undertakings during times of peace. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. Railroads could majorly help the Americans for it would now be an efficient means of transport for materials and produce. This way, entrepreneurs and farmers would be able to sell their products to a large range of customers. This could also hurt the Americans by the manipulation of shipping costs, where it would be more expensive for small farmers and less expensive for the long haul shipments made by big companies. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? Vanderbilt, who went from a steamboater to a railroading millionaire, helped replace old iron tracks to steel tracks. Another invention that ensure the safety of these trains was the Westinghouse air brake. The Pullman Palace Cars were meant to be mobile hotels, but the use of kerosene lamps in wooden cars made the device extremely dangerous leading to hundreds of accidents. Likewise, railroads also had many accidents as well. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? The railroads completely industrialized America, and literally connected America as a whole. It helped increased marketing and entrepreneurism, and led to the creation of millionaires/billionaires. It was much easier for settlers to travel now, for they had a quicker and more efficient way too. Any shipment of produce was easily transport. Because of these railroads, time zones were created to coordinate among railroad conductors. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? The Credit Mobilier scandal was extremely corrupted (as most things in the Gilded Age were) for it managed to get workers to get double their pay. Gould was able to control railroad stock by talking up companies to get their stocks through the roof and the creating profits for himself. Pools and trusts were also created by competitors. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? The Interstate Commerce Act was meant to be important for it banned rebates, pools, and extreme differing rates among people. Although most did not follow this act, it managed to maintain railroads and companies. In the Wavash case, the Supreme Court dictated that the individual states had no power when it came to regulating the interstate commerce.

Julia Kang Per. 6 Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Things such as natural resources, liquid capital, and immigration managed to make industrial expansion possible. Without immigration, the amount of laborers required to maintain many businesses would have not been possible. Also there were many advances in technology. For example, Graham Bell invented the telephone. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, which enables workers to work at night. There are also cash registers, stock ticker, typewriter, etc. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? Carnegie was a railroader who eventually became a leader of the steel industry. Using vertical integration, he managed to gather much profits from the small businesses he gathered. Rockefeller owned the Standard Oil Company. Instead of vertical integration, he had used horizontal integration, allying with competitors to monopolize a certain market he was interested in. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel was majorly important for it replaced most of the iron in the railroads. The reason why it was important was for it reduced rusting and was much more durable then iron was. It then became the foundation for most of all materialistic industrialization. Steel was created through the Bessemer process, in which steel is derived from red hot iron. Heavy industry mainly made capital goods. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. Carnegie was first from Scotland and came to America. He then gathered profits, and proceeded to enter the steel industry. He then began to make his own steel, using the Bessemer process, creating steel from red hot iron. Because of this he became the king of steel, and by the 1900s he began to produce a fourth of the nations steel. J.P. Morgan was a banker and was the owner of his Wall Street banking house. He had financed reorganizations of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? Previously before, in order to light lamps, kerosene was used. Though it was a widely used product, it has a short life span. And so a replacement was to be made- oil. Rockefeller managed to gain much profits from his U.S. Standard Oil Company, which sold 95% of the nations oil. In order to sell more than other companies, he made his products much more cheaper than rivaling companies. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?

Julia Kang Per. 6 The wealthy used the idea of Social Darwinism to justify their wealth. Darwin had originated the idea that survival of the fittest applied to both the animal kingdom and society. So the wealth stated that the reason why they were wealthy was due to their ability to beat out the rest and fight for their wealth. Because they had adapted to the way of the changing society and prospered, they were able to become rich or stay rich. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? One method tried was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which had outlawed trusts and monopolies. Along with the outlaw of tursts and monopolies, interlocking directoriates were also held at question. The interlocking directorates would made similar decisions in every company held, eventually merging all to just one big company. This bought shares of stock between competitors, and every competitor eventually became similar to a large company. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? When American underwent urbanization, the South struggled to keep up. The south mainly consisted of agriculture and for technology to come and become the leading was difficult. But, tobacco brought the South back on its feet. Cotton mills were restored. So the southerners just kept on doing what they did for they never excelled at industrializing anyways. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. Industrialization pushed Americans to become much more quicker pace and to improve upon their life style. There became a greater ambition to become richer like those of the millionaires. Jefferson enjoyed agricultural small towns, while Hamilton loved large city businesses. A minority group finally benefited greatly from industrialization- women. Women had new job opportunities. No one was self-employed anymore. Instead, they were employees for big company employers. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Despite all the positives of industrialization, there were many negatives as well. Workers thought that they would gain some kind of power due to their numbers. But an emergence of scabs came about, who were part time replacement workers. Yellow dog contracts also came about, making people swear to not join a labor union. Workers in unions got blacklisted, almost ensuring no work to them. And company towns were run by businesses to give credit to worker, putting them in debt. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.

Julia Kang Per. 6 The National Labor Union had a large amount of members, including a diversity of races (excluding chinese). They tried their best to solve any complaints about labor and wished to have eight hour work days. The Knights of Labor was first a secret organization but eventually went public in 1881. They also were a racially diverse group. They grew so successful, that they managed to prosper more than the NLU. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? Eventually, the Knights of Labor fell to a decline. It all began with the May Day strikes, where the Knights of Labor reputation began to be tainted. Later on, the Haymarket Square incident made the public falsely link the Knights of Labor to the anarchists who had bombed the area. Because of incidents like these, the Knights of Labor fell to a decline. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? The American Federation of Labor, led by Gompers, was made up of a number of unions. The main goal of AFL was just so the independent unions could come together. Closed shops then were made that prohibited the entering of AFL unless one was part of a union. The AFL held many skilled workers, but had barely any diversity within their group.

Makers of America: The Knights of Labor

Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? The leader of Knights of Labor was Powderly. The Knights were mainly revolutionary because eventually they allowed women to join their group in 1881. Mother Jones was one of the women leaders. She mainly argued for the knights in the coal field. But they disliked much competition, leading to the exclusion of Chinese immigrants (Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882). Along with that, they also created the Labor Law of 1885. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? America to all outsiders was thought to be the land where dreams come true. The rag to riches myth came to life here in America. But when many settled in America, they discovered that this was not the case. Competition was high in America, along with corruption. Many ended up with low wage jobs under industries. Even though companies would become a leading industry, this did not mean that the workers would receive much pay. There was much discrimination in America as well, for the foreigners were outcasted and/or given dangerous jobs.

Julia Kang Per. 6 Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley Secretary in Gantional Consumer League, a female guerilla warrior. Began the start of social work for women and men. Mary Baker Eddy found of religion that rise in popularity (Church of Christ Science). Based on the ideal of healing through spirituality. William James American intellectual that once served at Harvard. Studied psychology and was pragmatic. Henry George Reformer who wrote Progress and Poverty. His work talked about the solution to economic inequality. Horatio Alger Puritan writer who wrote juvenile fiction. Sold over 100 million copies. Stated that virtues and honesty would be rewarded. Mark Twain A Realism writer of the 1900s. Wrote the Gilded Age, giving the corrupt era he lived in a sarcastic name. Nativism Promoted those who were originally from that nation. Outcasted foreigners and looked down upon them. Philanthropy Stole privately and gave publically. Donated millions for education of the lesser. Social Gospel

Julia Kang Per. 6 An advocation for a better community. Frequently talked about social issues and discussed ways to solve them. Settlement House Welcomed outcasted immigrants and taught how to read and write. Took care of the children. Most well-known Settlement House was Hull House. Women's Christian Temperance Union Union started in 1874 by women that wished to ban alcohol. Eighteenth Amendment Banned alcohol. Later repealed by 21st Amendment. Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Such things as the electronic trolley and skyscrapers helped urbanize America and led to the growth of cities. Sullivan had created the skyscraper with steel and concrete. Along with these buildings, other things arose as well. For example, Marshall Fields and Macys grew along with other department stores. But despite the growth of all these buildings, sanitation was hard to regulate within the cities The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? Many of the old immigrants were educated and were mainly of the Protestant faith (excluding the Irish and some Germans). They also had better education then the New ones. And when they had arrived to America, they were not completely broke, as they brought parts of their wealth with them. But as for New Immigrants, many of them were Catholic. And, contrary to the old immigrants, they were uneducated and broke. The old mainly came from west and northern Europe, while the new mainly came from southern and eastern Europe. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? Europe began to become overcrowded with their rising population. Along with the rising population, wars and discrimination was still frequently occurring. So, many who came to America just wished to start a new life with less hardships then their previous one. But, along with that, another major reason was to gain profits and money. After they had found their money, many went back to Europe, in fact a fourth of the immigrants did.

Makers of America: The Italians

Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? Although many Italians had gone to America to make money then go home, many of them decided to stay in America. Although they couldnt gain enough capital to rebuild a new farm in America, they still held some chickens and small vegetable gardens in the cities. Those who lived

Julia Kang Per. 6 permanently in America tended to stay close to their own people. Many immigrants owed their livings to a padrone, which was an Italian who helped new immigrants find new jobs as well as homes. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? Political bosses helped out immigrants by picking them from the road and putting them in jobs and finding them shelter. But by these political bosses helping them out, they also forced new immigrants to vote the way the political bosses wanted to vote. But later on, people began to wish to rid of the corruption in the cities and social gospels were formed. Addams was a prominent reformer at the time. She had found Hull House (see ID above). Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? The quote written at the base of the Statue of Liberty welcomed the immigrants who wished to gain freedom, which is what America is mainly known for. But during the time, there was many laws that banned immigrants from continuing to come. For example, the Chinese Exclusion act banned the immigration of Chinese. They also had literacy tests to keep more immigrants out. They also banned paupers, criminals and convicts. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? The churches within the cities seemed to be progressively corrupt leading people to doubt the morality of the church. The church seemed to be increasingly more corrupt due to the wealth they were gaining. So Moody started the Moody Bible Institute that preached Gods word and helped apply it to the daily lives of the poor. The Salvation Army became essentially a soup kitchen. Baker Eddy created the Church of Christ Science. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? The theory of evolution infuriated Christna churches for it went against the Churchs/Fundamentalists beliefs. This led to the rise of modernist who questioned the accuracy and credibility of the bible. Others instead took principles from both evolution and creationism to have a healthy balance of the two religions. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? There was a rise in schools, particularly public. A type of school that rose in popularity was Catholic schools

Julia Kang Per. 6 Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. B. T. Washington created a Yuskegeee Institute Alabama. This was a school for African American teachers. Washington wished for the black people to become better in morals or better in a society standard. W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with this idea greatly, for he believed that Washington only regarded blacks as laborers. So Du Bois started the NAACP, which granted equality to the tenth of the black community who were deemed gifted enough. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? Later on, coleges finally allowed the admittance of female students. This would increase the attendance of students in general to these colleges. Another factor was the Morrill Act of 1962, which had provided money for land grant colleges. Also, philanthropy and donations helped generously to the increase in colleges. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. The topic of evolution began to rise during the 1800s boggling the minds of many in the Christian faith. Also, the curriculum of schools began to change, turning to more practical subjects for student, which they could choose through an elective system. Pasteur and Lister had helped improve medicine from myth and superstition to science. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? Due to the inexpensive production of newspapers, there was a rise of newspaper empires. Pulitzer coined the term yellow journalism as great reportined. Hearst had edited yellow journalism to create daily newspaper. Because of the accessibility and inexpense of the newspaper, U.S. citizens were more connected to their nation as they began to be more updated about the nations whereabouts at times most recent to the events (as newspapers were more quickly produced as well as quickly distributed). But this tampered with the accuracy of the stories, and led to writers to write only interesting ones. Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? During the time, Magazines became increasingly popular. For example Godkins magazine Nation had major influence for many intellectuals had read it. It mainly tried to get civil service reform along with an honest government with mild tariffs. George wrote Progress and Poverty where he wrote the controversial theory of solving the distribution of wealth was 100% tax on profits.

Julia Kang Per. 6 Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. It was a great period for literature, for many read feverently after the Civil War, making dime novels extremely popular, especially stories about the Wild West. Halsey was able to become rich off of writing more then 650 novels. Wallace wrote bookst hat countered Darwinism with Christ, and sold 2 million copies. Other writers suchas Alger, Whitman, and Dickinson also became increasingly popular. Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? Most of the writers in the late 1800s switched from a romantic style of writing to a realistic oen, which had much appeal to the public. For example, Chopin was able to write openly about explicit topics such as suicide, adultery, and ambitions of women. Twain was able to write about books such as Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventuers of Huckleberry Finn. Of all writers, Dreiser was the champion of all novels based on realism with his book Sister Carrie. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? Eventually the morals of the common people was challenged. For example, Woodhull and Claflin often published periodicals that shocked proper society. They stated such things as free love, womens propaganda, and claimed that Beecher had been having a lengthy affair. Comstock decided to fight against this by decreeing the Comstock Law where he collected obscene pictures along with abortion products. Another thing that made this apparent was the higher divorce rates, increase in birth control, and open sex talk. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? Ever since the Industrial Revolution, women gained more rights than they had before. Feminists such as Filman had published books on rejecting the previous woman role which was as nurturers in her book Women and Economics. Stanton and Anthony were radical feminists that created the National Women Suffrage Association. Another person who called for women suffrage was women was Catt. These feminists movements led to Wyoming giving women suffrage. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? During the 1800s, the prohibition of alcohol was on the rise for both men and women. For example, a womens group Womens Christian Temperance Union led by Willard and Nation was created

Julia Kang Per. 6 to actively oppose alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League had sung songs of being against alcoholism. Finally the 18th amendment had banned the alcohol, but later was repealed by the 21st. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" Previously before, America only could write according to their old European style of art. But later on, there was a rise of artists such as Whistler and Sargent and Cassat that helped develop American art. Music also began to develop, as black folk tunes evolved to jazz, ragtime, and blues. Architecture mimicked old classic styles, such as Richardson who created buildings with a Gothic theme. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? Due to the increased freetime for the hourly jobs within the city, there was an increase in American entertainment that spread across the Americas. There was unity through newspapers. Barnum and Bailey had started the circus with a slogan The Greatest Show on Earth. Shows about the Wild West increased in popularity. Baseball also became extremely popular, as well as horseracing, basketball, football, and boxing. Another trend was croquet and bicycling.