Sei sulla pagina 1di 91

:

:

:
.

.

.



. Macro-sociology
Micro-sociology

.
:



: :
.



.


.

:
. :Precision of expression


Hamlet Village Town
City Metropolis County
Governorate or state .Country


.
Family
Household Neighborhood Community
Society
.

. :Conceptual communication


.
. : Explanation

.
Durkheim Society integration
.Suicide

.


.
.

. :
Necessity of minimum terms
:
.

:Logical Terms

"
...".

Extra logical terms


: Primitive terms
Derived terms



.
: Minimum
terms :
Borrowed terms

:





" "
...
.



.

:

) (

.




.
:

.
. Ostensive definitions :


.
.


.




.


.
. Verbal definitions :


.

. Real
definitions

Hypothesis
) (- : "


Optimization .

" .



.


Maxwell .
Lebon
.

.

.

.



" : " .

:
.


Social
cohesiveness
.

)(
"
".

.....

.
"
" .


.



.

.


.

Nominal
definitions


.


Enumerative definition



.

:
.


.

.


.
:
Genus proximum
.
Differentia Specifica

.
.

"
" .

.


. .
) ( ) A
( ) B ( X
) ( :

)X = f (A , B



"
"




.
:

" ".Economy and Society
.



:
. :Social relation
.
.
. :Social order



.
. :Organization


.

.
.
.
. :State

) (
.


" ..."
.

Entropy

Thermodynamics Reinforcement

homeostasis
Social role . :


.


.





:

: Proscriptions
Evaluations Prescriptions

.
Social beliefs
Social Valuations
.Social norms



Rigidity

.Consensus

.Dominant


) ...(

.......

Lazarsfeld
() and Menzel :

. :Analytical properties


.
. :Structural properties

.
. :Relational properties


.
. :Contextual properties




.

:
: :
:
:
.








.
:
" :
" .
.

.


.




.


" :
" ) ( : Homans

"
"


.
() Malewski
" :
"
.


.
.



" ".



:
.


.
:


:
: Reversible X Y Y

X Irreversible
"
"

.
: Deterministic X Y

Stochastic X .Y
.
Simmel "
".

.
" :
".

.
: Sequential X Y X

Coextensive X Y



.
: Sufficient X Y
Contingent X Y
.Z


.
: Necessary X X Y

X Y Substitutable X
Y Z Y Y X Z

Functional equivalence






.


Interdependent relation

X Y Y,X
:
X X1 X2
X1 + X1 =X2
Y Y1 Y2
Y1 =Y2 Y1
X X2 X2 + X2 Y Y2
... Y2+Y2



.


.






.

.

.





:
. :Inventory of determinants
(- :) Davis and Blake
:
.

:
.i .
.ii ) %. %.

%. %. (.

.iii .

.%
. :Inventory of results :) Janowitz
(-
:
.

.
:
.i

.ii

.iii

.iv


.
:
" ".

. :Chain patterns of propositions


) (


.
Centrality
Prestige

Knowledge
Authority

. Matrices of Propositions :

):
( .

)( )(
) ( .

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

. Axiomatic
:format with definitional reduction :) Arnold Rose
(
:
.

Groups .Publics

. .Crowds
.

.Masses


:
.

.
) (.
.
) (.
.
) (.
:
. .
.
.

)( ) (
Theorem :
" ".

.
. Axiomatic format with
:propositional reduction :
.

(NP) National prosperity

(MC) Middle class size

(CV) Consensus of Values

(SM) Social mobility

:
+

MC NP

) ( .
+
NP NC

) ( .
+
MC SM

) ( .
+
SM CV

) ( .

Postulates :


)(.
:
+
P CV

) (


.
)( )(
:
+
NP SM

) (


.
.




.

:
:

A. Number of associates

B. Integration

C. Consensus

D. Division of labor

E. Exclusion of deviants

:
.

+
D C

+
I A

+
A C

C E

D E

A E

+
I D

+
I C

+
A D

I E


Hypotheses .


.


.



.
.

.



.

.

:
.






. . .
. .
.

%


%

%


Replications
Implications
Probability
.calculus

%

.
.

.

Verification


.




:

. :
.
:
.

.

Quantification

.



:



.
:

+
D C

+
A C

:

:

+
D A

+
I A

+
D I



.



.
:
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
( :) George Homans
Discovery
.Explanation

.

.



.
:
-
-
-



.

.
.
.

.

.
.

.


- :) Robert Merton
(
.

:
.

.
. .
.


.
.

.
:
. Theory building

.
Horace, Walpole Serendipity

.


.
. .

.
.
.

.

.

Arnold S. Tannenbaum. Social :


Psychology of the Work Organization. ( Belmont , Calif: Wadsworth). P.17



. )(
) ( () Functionalism
() Socio-cultural viability theory
() Conflict perspective () Symbolic interactionism
() Exchange theory Theory of
) .phenomenology (ethnomethodology
.

Theories .Perspectives

.

.


.

.
.


.
.
.
.
:
) (
) (.



.
.

.
.

.
.


. Functionalism :
. "

"Consensus theory
.

:
.



....
.

:
" "
.
.


.


.


.

Emile Durkhein
Organism Society

.
.


.
.




.

.Closed system

.
.


.
Attitudes .


.







. .


Role expectations
.
.
.
. Socio-cultural viability theory :
.

" " " " Cultural


biases " " Social relations" "
Way of life .

.
.Survival and effectiveness

) ( .
Functional mode of explanation

.




.
.



.
.
.
.
.


.

"
". :

.
.
.
.
.

+ +
.
+ +
.

.
+ +
.


" " " "

.


:

"
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

""

.
.

() :
()
.

.
.

)( )( .

) (
)( .

)(

)(.

/
.
"

.
:

. /


) (
.

" :



.... .
.
. " " "

.
.
:

.
. .

.
.
.
:
: .
: "
".

:

) ( .
:

.
:

.
:

() :

()
() ()
.
: :
:
.


. "".
:
.
.


.
.

.
. .
. .
:

.
.
.




.
.

.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
:

:




.
.
() : () .
() .

() . .
) ( () .
.

.


.
.


.
.
.
.

.
) ( .
) (
.


. .
" "
.
:


.
.
.



.
. .
: "

" .
. Ecotopia .

.

.
.

" . ".

.


.

.
.

. :
. :
.
:
. .
: " "
Ernst Callenbach Ecotopia
Bantam Books :
R. Frye, "The Economics of Ecotopia", in: Alternative Futures 3 (1980), pp. 71-81, K.T.
Goldbach, "Utopian Music: Music History of the Future in Novels by Bellamy, Callenbach and
Huxley", in: Utopia Matters. Theory, Politics, Literature and the Arts, ed. F. Viera, M. Freitas,
Porto 2005, pp. 237-243, amd H. Tschachtler, "Despotic Reason in Arcadia. Ernest Callenbach's
Ecological Utopias", Science-Fiction Studies 11 (1984), pp. 304-317.


-
. :
. :
)(
) ( ) (
. )(
) (.

) (

. )
(
.
.
.
.
:
" "

. )(
. )
(


.

.

.

) (
() .
.

.
.

.


.

.
) (Teleology
" "

".

.


.


.
.
: :
) (
.
) (
.

.
) (
.
) (
.
.




.
) (

.

.
. Conflict theory :
.


.
) (
) (.

:
Coser, L., (1977) Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd
Ed.,
Fort
Worth:
Harcourt
Brace
Jovanovich,
Inc.,
pp.140-143,
accessed:
http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Durkheim/DURKW5.HTML, Davis, K (1959). "The
Myth of Functional Analysis as a Special Method in Sociology and Anthropology", American
Sociological Review, 24(6), 757-772, Elster, J., (1990), Merton's Functionalism and the
Unintended Consequences of Action, in Clark, J., Modgil, C. & Modgil, S., (eds) , Holmwood, J.,
(2005) Functionalism and its Critics in Harrington, A., (ed) Modern Social Theory: an
introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 87-109, Homans, George Casper (1962).
Sentiments and Activities. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Merton, Robert (1957). Social
Theory and Social Structure, revised and enlarged. London: The Free Press of Glencoe,and
Parsons, T., (1961) Theories of Society: foundations of modern sociological theory, Free Press,
New York .



. "
" "
".

.

.

.
.

.
.
) (-

. .


.
.


.
) (-
Status groups
Subcultures
) ..(
) ...( )
..(

.
Max Gluckman John
Rex
Lewis Coser Randall Collins
Ralf Dahendorf
Karl Marx Ludwig Gumplovicz
Vilfredo Pareto .George Simmel
) Otomar
:(
. : ) ....(
.
.

. :

.
. :
.
.
. :
.


: )-( :
) (

).(Societal prerequisites for survival

)
(
.
.
" " "


". " :


) ( ".
" . "The spirit of laws
.
) .
(.
: .
:
.

Ethos ) (
.
.


.

.
.

.
.

Despot "
".

/ .

.
" "
: : " "

.
.
" "

.

) ( ) (
" "
.

.
Social statics and social
dynamics

.
.

.
.

.

.
""
. ""
"" .
.
.

.
.
.
: :
. Structure .Function
) (
.Organismic analogy "

"
.
"

". "
" () :
) ( () . ) ( () . )
( () . ) ( () .
) (.

.

.
" ".

.
.
Jonathan Turner

.

Militant Industrial
.

" "
" ".


.

.




.
Holling
) (

Creative destruction

.
: :
:

.

). (
.
.
. .
.
.
.


.


.
)( "
."Social consciousness
.
.

.
.




.
.

" "


.
.
"" "" .
.
.
. .
.
Zuni

.

" ".


.

. ) (

.
: :
.

.
.



.



.

Social Power

.


.


.

.
.
Natural environment

Social environment
Social
values Social norms
Metaphysical or
supernatural environment
.
.

.

.

.

.


.
Authority

.


.



.


.



.
.


.

.
.
: : .

.
.
"
.The Structure of Social Ation
""
. .


. ""
.

.


)(
)( . .

. " "Utilitarian dilemma
" )
( ) (.
" Internalization".

.
.
)( .
" Voluntary theory of
."action


.
.


.
.

.
Neil Smelser
.
: " "
.
" "Gemeinschaft and Gezellschaft

/ . :
.

/ Universalism vs. Particularism

/ Ascription vs. Achievement

.
.
.

/ Affectivity vs. Affective Neutrality


/ Specificity vs. Diffusement
/ Self-Orientation vs. Collectivity-Orientation


Adaptation


Goal
attainment


Pattern
maintenance


Integration

) :(
)( "" .
Dimensions

" :
".


. :


.

. :
. Zweckrational :

. Wertrational :


.
.
. Affective action :
.
. Traditional action :

"
".

.



.

.

)
(.
.


.

.


.

.

.

.
.
Class
Status Party .

.


:
.


.


.
.





.


.


.

.



.


.


.
.
Status .


.
)(



.

.

.



.

Status
inconsistency

Faded aristocrats
.
. .

.

.
.

.
. Symbolic Interactionism :
.

" "."Rational choice proposition

. " :

".
.
:

.
Idiosyncratic
.
.
.

""
.
:
:
" " .


. .
:

.

.
Symbolic interaction theory Exchange theory
.Rational choice theory


.
.

.

.
Symbols .
"" .


.
.
.
.
" " .Social construction of meanings

Herbert Blumer
:
) (
.
.

. Charles
Horton Cooley .
.
.
) ( .
.
) (
.
George Herbert Mead
. Looking-glass
self
.
.

.
.

.Taking the role of others


.
.
" :

".
.
. Social Exchange Theory :

.
.

.
. .
" :


" .

.Restraints :
: :Solidarity

.
)
( Attachment
.
: : Inequality


.
.
.

. " :


".
: :Agreement and conformity

Law of agreement "
".

.
.
.

. ) :(Phenomenology
.

.


) .( Natason
() Edmund Husserl
.
.

.
) (-) Alfred Schutz (
.

.
Interpretive Sociology
" "Reality constructionism " "Ethnomethodolgy
() Ritzer
.

.

Bracketing
Introspection
Verstehen

... .

.
Cognition
. ) Berger
Kellner ( nLuckman
.


Participant observation
Focus groups
.


.

. Reflexivity
.



.

.
Positivists
.


.
: :

) .(- :
Middle-range theory Grand theory
.
: Functional unity Universal
functionalism ) Indispensability
.( Deviance
.Latent and manifest functions


""
.

Power Coercion
.

.
Anomie

.
.
:
.

Conformity :

.
.

Innovation :

.
.

Ritualism :

.
.

Retreatism :

.
.

Rebellion :

.

.


.

.
.

Berger, Peter L. 1963 Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. New


York: Anchor.
Davis, Kingsly and Judith Blake, social structure and fertility : An analytic
frame work, Economic Development and Cultural Change , Vol. 5.
1956, PP. 211-233.
Homans George C. The Human Group (New York: Harcourt Brace & World,
1950), P. 112.
Homans, George C. The Nature of Social Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace
and World, 1967), P.7.
Husserl, Edmund, 1931 Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. W.
R. Boyce Gibson, trans. New York: Humanities Press and 1970 The
Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. David
Carr, trans. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
Janowitz, Morris, some consequences of social mobility in the United States,
Transactions of the Third World Congress of Sociology, Vol. 3, 1956, PP.
191-201.
Kellner, Hansfred. Sociology Reinterpreted. New York: Doubleday, 1981
Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Herbert Menzel , on the relation between individual
and collective properties In A. Etzioni (ed.), Complex Organizations: A
Sociological Reader ( New York: Holt, 1961).
Luckmann, Thomas. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the
Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
Malewski, Andrzej, level of generality in sociology in sociological theory in
Hans L. Zetterberg and Gerda Lorenz (ed.). A Symposium on Theory and
Theory Construction in Sociology (Totowa , N.J. : The Bedminster press,
1965).

Merton, Robert K. Social Theory and Social Structure Glencoe, III: The Free
Press, 1957) PP. 197 ff.

Merton, Bernard S. Sociology: Social Structure and Change (London:


The Macmillan Company, 1969).
Merton, Robert k., sociological theory, The American Journal of Sociology,
Vol. 50 (May, 1945), PP. 462 -_473.
Merton, Robert K. Social Theory and Social Structure. (New York; The Free
press, 1957), Chapter III, The Bearing of Empirical Research on
Sociological Theory.

Merton, Robert K. et. Al. Sociology Today (New York: Harper &
Row, 1965).
Natanson, Maurice, "Alfred Schultz, on social reality and social science." In
Maurice Natanson, ed., Phenomenology and Social Reality. The Hague:
Nijhoff, 1970.
Otomar, Bartos. Using Conflict Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
0521794463, Jan. 2002.
Ritzer, George. Modern Sociological Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Rose, Arnold. Sociology ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954), ch.9.

Potrebbero piacerti anche