E & M - Basic Physical Concepts

Electric force and electric eld

Electric force between 2 point charges: |F | = k 1r2 2 k = 8.987551787 109 N m2 /C2 1 = 8.854187817 1012 C2 /N m2 0 = 4 k qp = qe = 1.60217733 (49) 1019 C mp = 1.672623 (10) 1027 kg me = 9.1093897 (54) 1031 kg ~ ~ =F Electric eld: E
q |Q| Point charge: |E | = k r2 , |q | |q |

Q Current: I = d dt = n q vd A Ohms law: V = I R, E = J ` I E=V ` , J = A, R = A

2

Current and resistance

2 Power: P = I V = V R =I R Thermal coecient of : = 0 T Motion of free electrons in an ideal conductor: E J = m a = vd qm =n q n q2

Direct current circuits

V =IR

~ =E ~1 + E ~2 + E Field patterns: point charge, dipole, k plates, rod, spheres, cylinders,. . . Charge distributions: Q Linear charge density: = x
Q Area charge density: A = A Q Surface charge density: surf = surf A Q Volume charge density: = V

Electric ux and Gauss law

~ n Flux: = E A = E A Gauss law: Outgoing Flux from S, S = Qenclosed 0 Steps: to obtain electric eld ~ pattern and construct S Inspect E H ~ dA ~ = Qencl , solve for E ~ Find s = surf ace E
0

dq di i di Charging: E Vc R i = 0, 1 c dt + R dt = c + R dt = 0 dq i di Discharge: 0 = Vc R i = q c + R dt , c + R dt = 0

Series: V = I Req = I R1 + I R2 + I R3 + , I = Ii V = V + V + V + , V = V Parallel: I = R i R1 R2 R3 eq Steps: in application of Kirchho s Rules Label currents: i1 , i2 , i3 , . . . P P Node equations: iin = iout P P Loop equations: (E ) + (iR)=0 Natural: + for loop-arrow entering terminal for loop-arrow-parallel to current ow y 1 t RC circuit: if d dt + R C y = 0, y = y0 exp( R C )

Magnetic eld and magnetic force

i

Spherical: s = 4 r2 E Cylindrical: s = 2 r ` E Pill box: s = E A, 1 side; = 2 E A, 2 sides k ~ = 0, Esurf Conductor: E = 0, E = surf

in

Potential

surf

0 0 Wire: B = 2 Axis of loop: B = r 2 (a2 +x2 )3/2 ~ = i~ ~ q~ ~ Magnetic force: F `B vB M ~B ~, Loop-magnet ID: ~ = iA ~ = iAn 2 m v 1 = 2r Circular motion: F = r = q v B , T = f v ~ = qE ~ + q~ ~ Lorentz force: F vB ~ Hall eect: V = FM d , U = ~ B

0 = 4 107 T m/A

a2 i

Potential energy: U = q V 1 eV 1.6 1019 J Positive charge moves from high V to low V Q Point charge: V = kr V = V 1 + V2 = . . .
q 1 q2 Energy of a charge-pair: U = k r 12 Potential dierence: |V | = |E sk |, RB ~ ~ ~ s V = E s, VB VA = A E d~ d V V V E = dr , Ex = x = x , etc. f ix y,z

~ and magnetism of matter Sources of B

~

v r r 0 q~ ~ = 0 i ` Biot-Savart Law: B 4 r2 , B = 4 r2 2 0 i y B = 4 sin , sin = a , y = r a r r2 H ~ d~ Amperes law: M = B s= I

Q Q Q Q Series: V = C =C +C +C + , Q = Q i eq 1 2 3 Parallel: Q = Ceq V = C1 V + C2 V + , V = Vi 0 A Q Q Parallel plate-capacitor: C = V =E d = d 2 RQ Q 1 2 Energy: U = 0 V dq = 1 2 C , u = 2 0 E 2 1 2 Dielectrics: C = C0 , U = 21 Q C0 , u = 2 0 E Q Spherical capacitor: V = 4 Q 0 r1 4 0 r2

Capacitances

Q=CV

E = Displ. current: Id = 0 d dt 0 dt Magnetism in atom: Orbital motion: = i A = 2 e mL

Steps: to obtain magnetic eld ~ pattern and construct loop L Inspect B ~. Find M and Iencl , and solve for B
d (E A)

encircled

QA = d dt

~ Potential energy: U = p ~E

eh 24 J/T orbit = n B , B = 2 m = 9.27 10 h Spin: S = 2 , spin = B Magnetism in matter: 0 B = B0 + BM = (1 + ) B0 = (1 + ) 0 B 0 = m H Ferromagnetic: 1 Diamagnetic: 1 < 0 Paramagnetic: 0 < 1, M = C TB

34 J s L = mvr = n h, h = 2h = 1.06 10

Maxwell equations: H H ~ dA ~ = Q, ~ dA ~ = 0, E B 0 H H B E ~ d~ ~ d~ E s = ddt , B s = 0 [I + 0 ddt ]

A = d (A cos t) Rotating loop: d dt dt Cutting B lines change B Eind Eind

~ opposes change of Lenz law: Induced B B d (B A ) d B d B A + B d A = = dt dt dt dt A = ` v, d A = d 1 R R Moving rods: d dt dt dt 2

B E = N ddt , R ~ d~ E= E s,

Faradays law
B =
~M ~ =F E q

~ dA ~, B

U , P = 2S Complete reection: P = 2c c

Reection and Refraction

v2 2 1 Index of refraction: n n2 = v1 = 1 Snells law: n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 Critical angle: n2 > n1 , n2 sin c = n1 sin 90 Total reection: > c

Mirrors and lenses

1 1 1 p+q = f

A Long solenoid: L = N B i , B = 0 n i 1 2 Energies: UL = 2 L i2 , uB = 2 1 B

0

N2 21 i1 Mutual: E2 = M21 d i1 dt , M21 = M12 = i, L = N , V = L di Self: E = L d L i dt dt

Inductance

1 2 2 UC = 21 C q , uE = 2 0 E q i L C: VL + VC = 0 L d dt = C q = q0 cos( t + ), q = L1 C , UC + UL = UC max = UL max = U0 y Decay Equations: d dt = a y , y = y0 exp(a t) VL + R VL = 0, L R: E = VL + R i, ddt Lh i E 1 exp R t VL = E exp Rt , i = L R L L R C: r 2 R R Q Q0 e 2 L t cos d t, d = L1 C 2L

Ray tracing rules: Mirror: At symm pt S , reected symmetrically through center of sphere, undeected. Parallel to axis, converges toward F (or diverges away from F ), f = R 2 . Lens: Through center of lens, undeected. Parallel to axis, converges toward F (or diverges away from F ) Image: q > 0 (real), q < 0 (virtual) Focal point F : at p = , q = f f = |f |, + convergent, divergent 0 q Magnication: M = h h = p
n2 n2 n1 1 Refraction at spherical surface: n p + q = R R is coordinate of center with origin at S , with S the symmetry surface on the axis point of n 1 1 1 2 Lens maker: f = n1 1 R R
0 q n1 Two media: M = h h = p n2 1 2

Huygens principles: Points in wave front are sources of next wavelets Forward tangent surface is next wave front

Underdamped, critically damped & overdamped Impedance: [Ohm ] Z

Interference
Maxima = 0, 2 , 4 , ; Minima = , 3 , 5 , Double slits: Iaverage = I0 cos2 2 , = k.

Inductive XL = L, Capactive XC = 1 C R (t) = 1 T f (t) dt Mean value: f 0 T

1 1

A C Circuits q

R2 + (XL XC )2

2 2 1 [sin t]rms = [sin2 t] = [ 1 2 (1 cos 2 t)] = 2

y sin = for small , sin tan d , tan = L , ~ ~ ~2 + A ~3 + Phasor diagram: A = A1 + A Ax = A1x + A2x + A3x + , Ay = A1y + A2y + First minimum for N slits: = 2 N Thin lm: = k + |1ref lected 2ref lected |, = 2 t ref lected = (denser medium); =0 (lighter medium) a b c sin = sin = sin

Electromagnetic waves

0 0 U d z = u c Intensity: I = P = A A R z dt ~ dA ~ = dU + P Energy conservation: S R dt Complete absorption: Momentum p = U c p 1 U 1 = u = S Pressure: P = F = = c A t A c t A

~ E ~ , propagating along: E ~ B ~ B u = u E + u B , uE = u B ~ B ~ ~=E =I = Erms Brms Poynting vector: S , S

Properties of em waves: E = Em cos(k z t), B = E c z c v=d dt = k = f = T , n = v speed of light: c = 1 = 2.99792458 108 m/s
0 0

Resolution criterion: criterion = 1.22 D Grating: Principle maxima = m

raction Di 2 sin 2 Single slit: I = I0 , = k , = a sin

2

Polarization
Brewster (n1 < n2 ): n1 sin br = n2 sin( 2 br ) Polarizer: Etransmit = E0 cos , I = I0 cos2 I0 I Unpolarized light: = 2 Transmitted Intensity: I 0 = I cos2 I0 R 2 cos2 d = I0 I0 = 2 0 2