Proto-Renaissance (1250-1400)

13th and 14th Century -Frederic II, King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emporer admired the classical art -Italy suffered the Black Death, the most devastating natural disaster -Scholars and artist became more concerned with the natural world rather than religion -Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society -Sculptures where used in church pulpits, paintings of countrysides and landscapes where popular

13th Century: Pulpit of the Baptistry -Its raised platform from which priest lead church services -Its fifteen feet high and made of marble -It has trefoil arches and lions supporting columns -The panels show ancient Roman sarcophagus reliefs -One of the panels show the life of Christ *It represents the stylistically sculptures of the time while using ancient Roman sarcophagi. This piece shows how religion was very important to the people at the time, they sculpted this for the priest and for the people to feel more spiritual during church services.

Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets -Created for the Church of Santa Trinita (Holy Trinity) in Florence -Its Tempera and gold leaf on wood -It shows Madonnas massive throne as receding into space -Madonnas drapery is three dimensional -The angles are over lapping on each side of the throne *It shows the use of the new naturalism that is an observation of the natural world. This still shows the Gothic influence. It still relys on the Byzantine models, but shows that they are breaking away from that style.

14th Century: Lamentation

-In this fresco painting it draws the viewers attention torwards the head of the dead christ -The congregation mourns over the body of Christ -Mary holds her sons body and Mary Magdalene looks at the wounds in Christ feet -There is a thick rock in the foreground that shows they are on a steep slope *It shows how the artist of this time used the combination of compositional complexity and emotional resonance. It shows the use of three dimensional objects on a two dimensional surface. The painting was used as a way to educate the people in there religion. It served as a textbook for generations of Renaissance painters.

Peaceful City

-It is the panoramic view of Siena -It shows the traffic moving peacefully -It shows the guild members selling their trades and crafts -It shows girls dancing in a circle -It was a good obervation of the artists life in the city *It shows how art was used in the reform of the city governments during a time when there was a lot of political struggles. It was used to show the good effects of government on the city. This was a way of using art to comfort the citizens of the city and reinforce the peaceful life in the city.

Triumph of Death

-Its painted on the wall of the Camposanto (Holy field) -He captured the horrors of death and forces viewers to confront their morality -It has three coffin-incased corps in different stages of decomposition -In the foreground it has young aristocrats -The ladies are turning away from the horror *It shows naturalism and emotional power that death has over people. It shows how the Black Death influenced the artist of the time. The concern over death became a significant theme in the art during this period.

Early Italian Renaissance (1400-1500)

P-erspective M-odeling A-natomy -Early stage of European capitolism -The Hundred Years War was fought with England and France -There were two competing popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon -The development of the printing press to produce books with woodcut illustrations -They became international traders in commodites -They adopted oil-based pigment as the medium for painting and print making as a major art form

Perspective: Deposition

-Its a relief carving -It shows bibical figures acting out the drama of passionate sorrow -Its on a shallow theatrical stage -It shows maximum action in unlimited space -It has crisp drawing and precise modeling of forms *The emotional impact of this painting is unforgettable and immediate. It shows the passionate sorrow on the faces of all the figures in the painting. Its easily one of the most sorrowful paintings of the time.

Merode Altarpiece

-Everyday objects have symbolic significants -It was a private commision for household prayer -The archangel Gabriel approches Mary, who is sitting and reading -The side of the event is a middle class Flemish home * This is the most popular work of the artist. The Flemmish religious paintings where done more often during this time period to show personal devotion. Its unique with the way they used regular objects such as a mouse trap to symbolize the trap to catch the devil.

Modeling: Man in a Red Turban

-It suggest its a self portrait of Jan Van Eyck -Its the first western painted portrait that the viewer is looking directly forward -It creates the illusion that from whereever you are looking at it, the eyes return that gaze -It is very detailed including beard stubble, bloodshot left eye, and aged skin

*This portrait looks directly at the viewer which hadnt been done in a thousand years. Its unique since the eyes return your gaze no matter where you are looking at it from. Many painters painted themselves to have a record of themselves even though theyre not sure this is a self portrait of the artist.

Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin -It honors the first Christian artist in the profession of painting -It maybe a self portrait of Rogier Van Der Weyden -It shows the painter using a silver point to draw the Virgin Mary -It has symbolic significants represented in it

*It shows that being a painter was an honorable profession during that time. They felt that it was important to paint religious themes including using objects to represent symbolic significants. It represents the relationship between painters and their religious beliefs .

Anatomy: The Assumption of the Virgin -The figures or background are not painted -The whole design is in fluid motion -The drapery floats around the bodies lost within them -The look of psychic strain heightens the spirituality of the figures, immaterial, and weightless as they appear *It shows the intricate Gothic religious figures whose bodies are almost lost within their clothing. It shows how talented the artist of the time where able to create in wood. It shows the gothic influence of the pieces.

Early Northern Renaissance (1400-1500)

Consider the Nut: It shows symbolic things -The rise of princely courts with large numbers of mercenary troops -They became humanist with emphasis on education and expanding knowledge -They aquired information in wide range of subjects, incuding botany, geology, geography, medicine, and engineering -They believed that individual potental and encouraged individual achievements as well as civic responsibility -It was the rebirth of classical value in art and life

Four Crowned Saints -Its an early attempt to solve the problem of integrating figures and space on a monumental scale -The figures are positioned in a niche -They are placed in a semicircle within the niche -The figure on the right is speaking to the two men opposite of him and the figure next to him is looking into space *It shows the emotional intensity in the faces of the saints. They still modeled their statues after the Roman statues but tried to improve them by being more humanistic. It shows the changing in the times from Roman to humanistic.

Gattamelata

-Its a Venetian General on his horse -It conveys an overwhelming image of strength -He dominates his horse by force of character rather then sheer size -His face is set in a mask of revolution and unshakable will -The horses left foot is on an orb that symbolizes hegemomy over the earth *It was the first statue of this size to be placed in Italy. It shows how the humanist recognized individual achievement of this time. It shows how a man could use his own resoursefulness to become a comanding position in the world.

Tribute Money

-Its divided into three episodes in the story -The tax collector comfronts Christ at the entrance to Capernaum -Saint Peter retrieves the coin from a fish -The tax collector stands in the foreground waiting for the payment -Saint Peter gives the coin to the tax collector *It shows the use of light from different angles on the figures. Its simple but conveys great psychological and physical creditability. It shows how the artist could easily create three different scenes on one painting.

Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter

-The papacy based its claim to total authority over the Roman Catholic church in this bibical event -It was painted for the Vatican -Christ hands the keys to Saint Peter -The arches are modeled after the Arch of Constantine in Rome -It has parallel and converging lines in the pavment to mark off the space *It shows the significants of the papacy to the popes during this time period. It shows the transistion with two- dimensional and three-dimensional space by the placement of the people and the temples doorway in painting being in direct lines.

Flagellation of Christ

- The setting is for a New Testament drama at Pilates palace in Jerusalem -Scholars still cant identify the figures in the foreground -Pilate is the seated judge that is watching Christ -Christ is tied to a column topped by a classical statue, he is about to be whipped -The setting suggests and architects vision *It shows the use of geometric figures defined by mathematics. It shows a good perpective of a bibical tragedy. Its a good representation of the use of mathmatics when the painter is familiar with a compas and straightedge.

High Renaissance & Mannerism (1500-1600):

P-erspective M-ental A-natomy -Martin Luther questioned the papacy of the Roman Catholic Church - The Reformation where Catholics converted to Protestants -The major artistics centers were Florence and Rome -Three greatest artists who ever lived Leondardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo -Mannerism emerged in a reaction to High Renaissance style

Perspective: Last Supper

-Christ announced that one of his disciples will betray him -It shows how the disciples reacted to this announcement -Chirst and the twelve disciples sit at a long table -Christ is in the center and appears to be isolated -The disciples are in four groups of three *Its Leonardos most impressive work both formal and emotional. It shows the focal point being Christ in the center with converging perspective lines. Its a good observation of human responses of the disciples towards Christ annoncement.

Mona Lisa -Its believed that she is a wife of a wealthy Florentine -She doesnt wear any jewlery -She has a gentle smile and her hands are folded -She is looking directly at the viewer -The background is mysterious uninhabited landscape -Its a good representation of an individual *This is a worlds most famous portrait. It has chiaroscuro and atmospheric perspective. Its unique that the women is looking out directly because of the etiquette of the time said that women shouldnt look directly into a mans eyes. It shows how a portait can engage the viewer psychologically.

Modeling: Portrait of the Artists Sisters and Brother

-Its against neutral background -The sisters are wearing matching striped gowns -The brother in the center holds a lapdog -The older sister (at the left) is dignified -The other girl is looking at something or someone to the painters left *It shows the relaxed poses and expressions of the siblings. It shows the personal presentation and treatment giving to the siblings. This shows a new kind of portrait of irresistible charm.

Anatomy: Michelangelos David -The Florentines refer to it as the giant -Its seventeen feet high -It represents heroic classical nudeity -It captures the tension of Lysippan athletic -It capture the emotionalism of Hellenistic statuary

*It shows how they still wanted to use David because he symbolised the protection of his people and governed them justly. Its different from othe statues of Davied because his head is turned. It also shows the extraodinary talent of Michelangelo to create a statue from block. It shows the Greek or Roman influence on the statues during this time period.

The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus -Its in a notebook -It doesnt meet 21st-century standards for accuracy such as the uterus shape and characterization of the lining -Its a great precision and beauty of execution - Its pen and ink with wash, over red chalk and traces of black chalk on paper

* Its recognized as being very important in the development of anatomy as a science especially before X-rays. Its an astounding achievement for that time period without the technology. It shows how anatomical studies epitomize the scientific spirit of the Renaissance.