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Vocabulary

MACHINIES AND EFFICIENCY

Machine: A device that herps do work by changing the of the applied force. magnitude or direction
Three common machines are the lever,

pullep and incline

q
Iever

incline In an ideal situtation, ''---''' where trictional rorces "r'Lrs,rLtrunal { are negligible, work input work output. equals
FinAdir, = FoutAdout

pulley

,n:::,T-rl*.-.}*-i*I advantage, or fi mil,'["rH;lilHi*iJj}**ug.,ih,a.or*,uioi"out(resi-stance)to

actual mechanical advantage force out (resistance) = force in (effort)
'.+

{{-oyever' situations are never idear.

or

AMA

D rbur
F. -ln

on

lfii:lyron

the other hand' the theoretical or ideal mechanical advantage, rMA, is the geometry of the ryrt"* and does frictionar effects

""tirt"

ideal meehanical advantage =

or

IMA - Adin Adort

Because no machine is perfect and because than vou put iry vo" rou wi, arways get out ress work to.onJa-e.-ir,e""i:i+:U#rffiachine using. The more Lfficient "eled thatyou are tne g.eater work outpur your work input' The efficien.y;r;i*ays you wi, pet for be less than "100%.

,h;;;;;;

72 Energy and Machines

c.Giaen: AMA=3.00 IMA = 4.00

Solae: Eff

Unknown: Eff =? Originat equation: Eff = 4N{4

IMA

AMA

IMA= 4.OO =

3'!q

0.750

= 75'0vo

Example

12: Clyde, a stubborn

3500-N mule, refuses to walk into the barn, so Farmer MicDonald must drag him up a 5.0-m ramp to his stall, which stands 0.50-m above ground level. aiWhat is the ideal mechanical advantage of the ramp? b) If Fa"rmer MacDonald needs to exert a 450-N force on the mule to drag him up the ramp with a constant speed, what is the actual mechanical advantage of tlie ramp? i) Wttat is the efficiency of the ramp?

Solution: For a ramp, ramp length is Adi,l and ramp height is Adout.
a-

Giuen:

Ad;n = 5.0 m

Unl<noum:

IMA=

Adort =0'50m

Originat equation: IMA =

n^

sohte:6aa=-49* =

5'9,^
=ro.

ffi
E

b. Gitten: Fout = 3500 N

Llnknourn:AMA=?
N
= z. a Unlenown: Eff =
?

Rn=450N
sorae:
c.

Original equation: AMA =

+* 'ln

AMA

+*t

Rr,

3f=o=o.Y

450

Giaen: IMA=

10'

AMA = 7.8
Soloe:Eff =

Original equation:

rff

AMA IMA

0.7t8 =78vo

Practice Exercises
Exercise

1ft

'

. Mary, a 460-N actress playing Peter Pan, ishoisted above the stage in order to
4//l

,,flf ty a stagefrana puUing"*itn a force of 60. N on a rope wrapp_-ed around a p"l.y"yri.rri Whut is ttre i.trrul mechanical advantage of the pulley system?

A=fu hn ='19_N 6fr= 7 3

a

\1
Answer:

Zee
Energy and Machines 75

Exercise

12:

A windmill uses sails blown by the wind to tum an axle that allows a grindstone to grind corn into meal with a force of 90. N. The windmill has sails of radius 6.0 m blown by a wind that exerts a force of 15 N on the sails, and the axle of the grindstone has a radius of 0.50 m. a) What is the ideal mechanical advantage of ttre wheel? b) What is the actual mechanical advantage of the wheel? c) What is the efficiency of the wheel?

Iil1A:#r*J;*={m
dout

?;':'!,f er/:#=* : 0'6

:

*:

tZ

'4tt/tA=*=

ffi'5

=A5m
Answer: a, /

r-1
Exercise

Answer: Answer:

b. (
c.

0.;

13:

Winnie, a waitress, holds a 5.0-N tray stacked with twelve 3.5-N dishes in one hand. The length of her arm from her hand to her elbow is 30.0 cm and her biceps exert a force 5.0 cm from her elbow, which acts as a fulcrum. How much force must her biceps exert to allow her to hold the tray?

tr'4 /

E -? t

En, = 4 7/Y Jr*r' = 3g c*r tdir? 2 5 ca1

tr tja "'

Eu, Jrur qZil.30cz,r = din =#=2721/ 5*

s0D
Crn

\1
Answer:
Exercise

Zg2- N

14: .

The Ramseys are moving to a new town, so they have called in the ACME moving company to take care of their furniture. Debbie, one of the mdvers, slides the Ramseys' 2200-N china cabinet up a 6.0-mJong ramp to the moving van, which stands 1.0 m off the ground. a) What is the ideal mechanical advantage of the incline? b) If Debbie must exert a 500.-N force to move the china cabinet up the ramp with a constant speed, #hat is the actual mechanical advantage of the ramp? c) What is the efficiency of the ramp?

76 Energy and Machines

tr /uA

=9 =*! doct lp
fr/n^ -

ANA

;*_-739.= 4,a
q. q

=6

ffil- -T: o' z3

)-1

Answer: a Answer: b. Answer:

c. 0, 7 3
.

Exercise

15:

When building the pyramids, the ancient Egyptians were able to raise large sfones to very great heights by using indines. If an indine has an ideal mechanical advantage of 4.00 and the pyramid is 15.0 m tall, how much of an angle would the incline need in order for the Egyptian builder to reach the top?

Jou, a '';r,

IIIA=

zt

Jin: Tr{1A,Jou* = 2L,/bj,=(o,.t

tq-1

p = Si'n-'(#) =/1.49'

)-,

Answer:

t4,4t',

a 60.0-kg skier up a ski slope inclined at an of 12.00 to the horizontat. ttre uno**olile e*eitr a force Lf zOO. t l N? .[r,.r;0lngle ' .L n''-' parallel to the hilt. If the coefficient of friction between the skis and the snow is d" 0.120, how fast is the skier moving after he has been pulled for 100.0 m starting ., t L Y. from rest? (Ignore the effects of the static friction thai must be overcome to dY ^,t.rvn' 'rn(" initially start him in motion.) Use the law of conservation of energy

B-4:

Pti.g her snowmobile, Midgepulls

E' h j ,5,'n,23 A; 6oryt.stY JtGrz'7 !Zz =

5, r?

rz''

il

V{ur

=Frr,lrt, =zoo:t,toom = ,o)0oo I

1/

> lzzu,,ia,o)=-,r*",ru*::r?', (0,)t =izrN Fs 'W+ = Fp,J = (grtl" /00,*t = 0'12';z;tr/16911 =t:au

wn

t, .t

2-W = Wnr* Wr, -Vf zor0oo/-rzr zoo,/4t0A/= g00,/ =

=

164, - s az,$ -,8 =fffu lE = rqz %

=

ti