111 - Presentation-14 LCCDE and Block Diagrams

26.12.
2013
1
MEH329
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Instructor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. M. Kemal GLL
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecomm. Eng.
Kocaeli University
http://akademikpersonel.kocaeli.edu.tr/kemalg/
-14-
LCCDE and Block DiagramRepresentation
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Linear Constant-coefficient difference
equations:
Z-Transform:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 2
| | | |
0 0
N M
k k
k k
a y n k b x n k
= =
=

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0

N M
k k
k k
k k
N M
k k
k k
k k
a z Y z b z X z
a z Y z b z X z

= =

= =
=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

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2
Representation
Transfer fonction:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
0 0 1
1
0
0 1
1
1
M M
k
k k
k k
N N
k
k k
k k
c z b z
Y z b
H z
X z a
a z d z

= =

= =
| |
= = =
|
\ .

[
[
Representation
Example:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
1 2
1 2 1 1
1
1 2
1 3 1 3
1 1 1
4 8 2 4
z
Y z
z z
H z
X z
z z z z

+
+ +
= = =
| || |
+ + +
| |
\ .\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
| | | | | | | | | | | |
1 2 1 2
1 3
1 1 2
4 8
1 3
1 2 2 1 2
4 8
z z Y z z z X z
y n y n y n x n x n x n

| |
+ + = + +
|
\ .
+ + = + +
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Representation
If we apply (initial cond. are zero)
Then, we can find y[n] using partial fraction
expansion.
( )
( )
( )
2
1
1 1 1
1
1 3
1 1 1
2 4
z
Y z
z z z

+
=
| || |
+
| |
\ .\ .
| | [ ] x n u n =
Representation
If initial conditions are not zero, we can
include initial cond. to the z-domain using
unilateral z-transform.
Lets consider
( ) | | | | | |
| | | | | | ( )
( 1)
0 0 1
1 1
0
1
1 1
n n m
n n m
m
m
Y z y n z x n z x m z
x z x m z x z X z

+
= = =

=
= = =
= + = +

| | | | 1 y n x n =
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Representation
For single-sided transform:
Similarly:
| | ( ) | | | | ( )
1
s s
1 1
z z
s s
x n X z x n x z X z
+
| | ( ) | | | | | | ( )
1 2
s s
2 2 1
z z
s s
x n X z x n x z x z X z

+ +
Representation
Example:
| | | | | | | | | |
1 3 1 3
1 2 1
5 100 5 10
y n y n y n x n x n =
| | | | 1 1 and 2 2 y y = =
( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
1 1 2 1
1 3 1 3
1 2 1 1
5 100 5 10
Y z y z Y z y z y z Y z X z x z X z

+ + + = +
| | | | | | find for y n x n u n =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1
1 0.2 0.03 0.26 0.03 0.2 0.3 z z Y z z z X z

=
( )
1
1
, ROC: 1
1
X z z
z
= >
( ) ( )
1
1 2 1
1
0.2 0.3
1 0.2 0.03 0.26 0.03
1
z
z z Y z z
z
= + +
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Representation
( )
1
1
1
1 2
1 1 1
0.2 0.3
0.26 0.03
1
1 0.2 0.03
0.1299 0.5271 0.0627
1 1 0.3 1 0.1
z
z
z
Y z
z z
z z z
+ +
= + +
+
| | | | ( ) | | ( ) | | 0.1299 0.5271 0.3 0.0627 0.1
n n
y n u n u n u n = + +
Representation
Stability & Causality:
Causal systems must be right sided
ROC is outside the outermost pole
Stable system requires absolute summable
impulse response
Absolute summability implies existence of DTFT
DTFT exists if unit circle is in the ROC
Therefore, stability implies that the ROC includes the
unit circle
| |
k
h k
=
<
26.12.2013
6
Representation
Stability & Causality:
Causal & stable systems have all poles inside unit
circle
Causal hence the ROC is outside outermost pole
Stable hence unit circle included in ROC
This means outermost pole is inside unit circle
Hence all poles are inside unit circle
Representation
Example:
| | | | | | | |
5
1 2
2
y n y n y n x n + =
( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1 1 2
2
H z
z z

=
| |

|
\ .
1
2
3
: 2
1
: 2
2
1
:
2
ROC z
ROC z
ROC z
>
< <
<
Causal & not stable
Not causal & stable
Not causal & not stable
26.12.2013
7
Representation
IIR Systems:
If at least one pole does not cancel with a zero
h[n] will contain .
Therefore the impulse response will be infinite
length.
( )
( )
( )
1
0 1
1
0
1
1
1
M
k
k
N
k
k
c z
b
H z
a
d z
| |
=
|
\ .

[
[
| | | | 1 n u a - or n u a
n n

Representation
Example (IIR system):
| | | | | | 1 y n ay n x n =
( )
1
1
1
H z
az
: a (if causal) ROC z >

| | | |
n
h n a u n =
26.12.2013
8
Representation
FIR Systems:
Note: The transfer function does not have a
pole!
Therefore, impulse response is finite length:
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
M
k
k M
k k
k N
k k
k
k
b z
Y z
H z b z
X z
a z
=
=
=
= = =
| | | |
0
M
k
k
h n b n k
=
=

Representation
Example (FIR system):
Zeros:
Therefore, I/O relation:
or
| |
0

0
n
a n M
h n
elsewhere
s s
=

( ) | |
M 1 1
1
0
1-a

1
M M
n n n
n n
z
H z h n z a z
az
+

= =
= = =

( ) 2 / 1
for 0,1,...,
j k M
k
z ae k M
+
= =
| | | |
0
M
k
k
y n a x n k
=
=
| | | | | | | |
1
1 1
M
y n ay n x n a x n M
+
=
26.12.2013
9
Representation
Block DiagramRepresentation:
| | | | | | | |
1 2 0
1 2 y n a y n a y n b x n = + +
Representation
Direct form I:
| | | |
0 0
N M
k k
k k
a y n k b x n k
= =
=

| | | | | |
1 0
N M
k k
k k
y n a y n k b x n k
= =
+ =

| | | |
| | | | | |
0
1
M
k
k
N
k
k
v n b x n k
y n a y n k v n
=
=
=
= +
-
26.12.2013
10
Representation
If we write transfer function as
( )
0
1
1
M
k
k
k
N
k
k
k
b z
H z
a z
=
=
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
M
k
k N
k k
k
k
M
k
k
k
N
k
k
k
H z H z H z b z
a z
V z H z X z b z X z
Y z H z V z V z
a z
=
=
=
| |
|
| |
| = =
|
|\ .
+
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
|
| = =
|
+
|
\ .
| | | |
| | | | | |
0
1
M
k
k
N
k
k
v n b x n k
y n a y n k v n
=
=
=
= +

Representation
Swapping order of the systems:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
M
k
k N
k k
k
k
N
k
k
k
M
k
k
k
H z H z H z b z
a z
W z H z X z X z
a z
Y z H z W z b z W z
=
=
=
| |
|
| |
| = =
|
|
\ .
+
|
\ .
| |
|
| = =
|
+
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| | | | | |
| | | |
1
0
N
k
k
M
k
k
w n a w n k x n
y n b w n k
=
=
= +
=
26.12.2013
11
Representation
| | | | | |
| | | |
1
0
N
k
k
M
k
k
w n a w n k x n
y n b w n k
=
=
= +
=
Delays are common

-
Representation
Direct form II:
-
26.12.2013
12
Representation
FlowGraph Representation:
Network: Branches, nodes and delays
Representation
Example:
| | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
1 4
2 1
3 0 2 1 4
4 2
3
1

w n aw n x n
w n w n
w n b w n b w n
w n w n
y n w n
= +
=
= +
=
=
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
1 1
0 1 1 1
1
1
w n aw n x n
y n b w n b w n
= +
= +
26.12.2013
13
Representation
Direct form I:
-
Representation
Direct form II:
-

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26.12.

: a (if causal) ROC z >

LCCDE and Block Diagram

LCCDE and Block Diagram

Delays are common

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