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Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift
Pangaea - ! ___________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Hypothesized a ! ________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 1
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Plate - ! ______________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Lithosphere - !_________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Asthenosphere - !______________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Earths surface consists of a dozen major plates and some minor ones
Iceland
Hot Spot
as
t
f
st A
Pe
Easter Island
Hot Spot
idge
ou
the
Galapagos
Hot Spot
Pa
cifi
cR
Indian-Australian
Plate
Pacific
Plate
Tasman
Hot Spot
Ind
ia n
Ridg
Nazca
Plate
Antarctic
Plate
Leigh-Manuell - 2
South
American
Plate
St. Helena
Hot Spot
Scotia
Plate
st
Ea
Antarctic
Plate
African
Plate
an
ibbe
Car late
P
Cocos
Plate
hile Tren
u-C
ch
Ea
Fiji Plate
To n g a
Tr e n c h
rican Ri
f
dian Ridge
-In
Hawaii
Hot Spot
Canary
Islands
Hot Spot
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
a
Tr ria n a
e n ch
ian
ab
Ar late
P
an
i
nd
tI
s
e
we g
th id
ou R
Yellowstone
Hot Spot
Juan de
Fuca Plate
San Andreas
Fault
Philippine
Plate
Mi
d
Eurasian
Plate
cR
idg
e
Aleutian
ch
Tren
North American
Plate
Mid
-A
tla
nti
Eurasian
Plate
Bouvet
Hot Spot
Sandwich
Plate
The plates are moving on top of the asthenosphere due to density differences
The idea of continental drift had been around since the 1900s, but lacked enough scientic evidence to support the theory
New advancements after World War II help provide the evidences needed to validate the Theory of
Plate Tectonics
Earthquake Evidence
Scientists noticed that earthquakes do not occur at random locations, but throughout the
world along __________________________________
Volcanic Evidence
Leigh-Manuell - 3
Rock Evidence
Sedimentary deposits and igneous lava ows are usually placed down in horizontal layers
Mountain Evidence
!______________________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 4
Crustal Boundaries
As they move across the _______________________________ and form plate boundaries they interact in various ways
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Example: the India Plate pushing upward into Eurasian Plate and creating the Himalayan
Mountains
Subduction - !_________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Example: the Nazca Plate being consumed under the South American Plate
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 5
Example: part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge emerges from the ocean and splits Iceland in half
Separates the N. and S. American Plates from the Eurasian and African Plates
Rock samples of the deep ocean oor show that basaltic oceanic crust becomes
progressively ____________________ as you approach the mid-ocean ridge
Leigh-Manuell - 6
Example: the San Andreas Fault is 800 km long and runs throughout California
Tectonic Plates
Iceland
Hot Spot
as
t
Pe
Easter Island
Hot Spot
idge
rican Ri
f
f
st A
Ea
Galapagos
Hot Spot
Tasman
Hot Spot
Ind
ia n
Ridg
Antarctic
Plate
Key
South
American
Plate
St. Helena
Hot Spot
Scotia
Plate
st
Ea
Antarctic
Plate
Relative motion at
plate boundary
Nazca
Plate
Pa
cifi
cR
ou
the
To n g a
Tr e n c h
Indian-Australian
Plate
Pacific
Plate
African
Plate
an
ibbe
Car late
P
Cocos
Plate
hile Tren
u-C
ch
dian Ridge
-In
Fiji Plate
Canary
Islands
Hot Spot
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
a
Tr ria n a
e n ch
ian
ab
Ar late
P
S
Hawaii
Hot Spot
ia
nd
tI
es ge
w
d
th i
ou R
Yellowstone
Hot Spot
Juan de
Fuca Plate
San Andreas
Fault
Philippine
Plate
Mi
d
Eurasian
Plate
cR
idg
e
h
Aleutian Trenc
North American
Plate
Mid
-A
tla
nti
Eurasian
Plate
Bouvet
Hot Spot
Sandwich
Plate
overriding
plate
subducting
plate
Leigh-Manuell - 7
Complex or uncertain
plate boundary
Mantle
hot spot
Earths interior structures are known through the study of " ___________________________________
Seismic waves refract, _________________________, __________________________ and are absorbed depending on the material they are transmitted through
Lithosphere - !_________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Asthenosphere - !______________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Mantle - !_____________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 8
TIC
LAN
AT
AN
OCE
DENSITY (g/cm3)
IC
TLANT
MID-A GE
RID
CASCADES
9.912.2
REL)
COICKE
&
LE
NT
MA
RE )
COICKEL
TRENCH
12.813.1
IN N
(IRO ER
N&
N
PACIFIC
OCEAN
3.45.6
RO
N
STI
FF
ER
LA
(P
OU
TE
(I
LI
}
NO
SP
HE
R
CR
RIG UST
ID
MA
NT
AS
TH
LE
E
NO
RT
H
AM
ER
IC
A
)
RE
T LE
HE
AN
SP
M
O
IC
TH
ST
V. Earthquakes
Earthquake - !_________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Epicenter - !___________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Focus - !______________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Seismometer - ! _______________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Seismogram - !________________________________________________________________________
!_____________________________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 9
Mercalli Scale - scale that measures the _______________________ of an earthquake based on the
effects to Earths surface, humans, objects in nature, and other man-made structures
The values will differ based on the distance from the epicenter
!_________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________
Intensity
Type of Damage
Instrumental
II
Feeble
III
Slight
IV
V
Rather Strong
VI
VII
Very Strong
VIII
IX
Ruinous
Disastrous
XI
Very Disastrous
XII
Richter Scale - logarithmic scale that measures the _____________________________________ released during an earthquake
!___________________________________________________________________________
!___________________________________________________________________________
!___________________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 10
___________________________________________
Compressional - ! _______________________________________________________________
!______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
Shear - ! _______________________________________________________________________
!______________________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - 11
P-waves are ____________________ when they reach the liquid outer core
S-waves are ____________________ when they reach the outer core and are not transmitted through to the other side
Epicenters are located using the velocity differences between the p-wave and s-wave
Leigh-Manuell - 12
Distance to the epicenter is determined by comparing the arrival times and the E.S.R.T.
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
To nd the epicenter location you need to triangulate a position using ___________________ different seismometer stations
Leigh-Manuell - 13