Intro-Definitions


Logic- the science and art of reasoning well

1) Law of excluded middle- any statement is
either true or false

2) Law of identity- if a statement is true then it is
true

3) Law of Non-contradiction- a statement
cannot be both true and false
 Intro-Definitions

Formal logic- deals directly with reasoning by
considering the means of distinguishing
between propper and impropper modes of
reasoning

Defining terms

Relating terms to each other

Determining relationships between statements

Informal logic- deals with operations of thinking
that are indirectly related to reasoning
 Intro-Definitions

Induction- reasoning with probability from
examples or experience to general rules

Strong or weak

Used in sciences

Deduction- reasoning with certainty from
premises and conclusions

Valid or invalid

Categorical- conclusion connects one
category(term) with another (syllogism)

Propositional- connects entire propositions together
 Intro-Definitions
Logic
Informal Formal

Terms Statements Informal Fallacies Deduction Induction

Categorical logic Prepositional logic

 2-Genus and Species

Genus (genera)- a higher category for a term,
more general, broad, or abstract than the term
itself

Species- the term under the genus; type, kind,
example of a term

Genus and species hierarchy- shows the
relationship between them
 2-Genus and Species
Food

meats dairy products fruits vegertables grains

butter cheese cream milk wheat barley rye

 2-Genus and Species
Logic

Informal Logic Formal Logic

Induction Deduction
 2-Genus and Species


Mutually exclusive- no overlap

Exhaustive- no other types of logic exist
− Logic

Informal Logic Formal Logic

Induction Deduction
 2-Genus and Species

Logic

Logic as a science Logic as art


Charts can be drawn differently depending on
the principle used to divide and categorize.
 2-Genus and Species
Error 1- Species which overlap
People

Women Lawyers
 2-Genus and Species
Error 2- Terms at wrong level
Logic

Formal Logic Induction

 2-Genus and Species
Error 3- Ambiguous word as genus
Ball

Baseball Prom
 2-Genus and Species
Error 4- Species is a type and not part of genus
Bicycle

Frame Pedals