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DEFINITIONS
DRUG USE:
ANY TAKING OF DRUG.
DRUG ABUSE:
PERSISTENT OR SPORADIC DRUG USE INCONSISTENT WITH OR UNRELATED TO ACCEPTABLE MEDICAL PRACTICE.
ALCOHOLISM
A CHRONIC DISEASE MANIFESTED BY REPEATED DRINKING THAT PRODUCES INJURY TO THE DRINKERS HEALTH OR HIS SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC FUNCTIONING.
DEPENDENCE
CONDITION OCCURING WHEN INDIVIDUALS EXHIBIT A SET OF BEHAVIOURS ASSOCIATED WITH INABILITY TO CONTROL USE OF A DRUG OR ALCOHOL.
CRAVING
STRONG, OVERPOWERING URGE FOR DRUGS/ ALCOHOL FELT BY AN INDIVIDUAL WHO ABUSES IT.
TOLERANCE
AQUIRED RESISTENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUGS.
WITHDRAWAL
CONDITION OCCURING WHEN
CESSATION OF DRUG USE RESULTS IN A DRUG-SPECIFIC SET OF SYMPTOMS THAT WOULD BE RELIEVED BY ADDITIONAL DOSES OF THE DRUG/ALCOHOL.
A STATE, PSYCHIC & USUALLY ALSO PHYSICAL, RESULTING FROM TAKING ALCOHOL,CHARACTERISED BY BEHAVIOURAL & OTHER RESPONSES THAT ALWAYS INCLUDE A COMPULSION TO TAKE ALCOHOL ON A CONTINUOUS OR PERIODIC BASIS IN ORDER TO EXPERIENCE ITS PSYCHIC EFFECTS & SOMETIMES TO AVOID DISCOMFORT OF ITS ABSENCE, TOLERENCE MAY OR MAY NOT BE PRESENT.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MOST COMMON PSYCHIATRIC
DISORDER 20-40% PEOPLE ABOVE 15YEARS ARE ALCOHOLICS 15-30% ADMITTED IN PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCY MORE IN MALES MORE IN LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
COMORBIDITY
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER MOOD DISORDERS ANXIETY DISORDERS SUICIDE
CAUSES
BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS: PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS PERSONALITY FACTORS POOR COPING
CAUSES
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS PEER PRESSURE STATUS SYMBOL SOCIAL
GATHERINGS AVAILABILITY UNEMPLOYMENT INJUSTICE
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIMENTAL RECREATIONAL RELAXATIONAL COMPULSIVE
STAGES OF ALCOHOLISM
EARLY STAGE
-INCREASED TOLERANCE -BLACKOUTS -PREOCCUPATION
MIDDLE STAGE
-PERIODS OF ABSTINENCE FOLLOWED BY OBSESSIVE DRINKING CHRONIC STAGE -GETTING DRUNK EVEN ON SMALL AMOUNTS -LIES,BEGS,BORROWS OR STEALS TO GET ALCOHOL -ALCOHOL TAKES PRIORITY OVER FAMILY OR JOB
METABOLISM
ALCOHOL
ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
ACETALDEHYDE
ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE
ACETIC ACID
G-I EFFECTS DYSPEPSIA VOMITING GASTRITIS PEPTIC ULCER CANCER PANCREATITIS MALABSORPTION
PHYSICAL EFFECTS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
-SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION -FAILURE OF OVULATION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ALCOHOLIC PERIPHERAL
NEUROPATHY WERNICKES-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME RUM FITS DURING WITHDRAWAL
OTHER EFFECTS
LOOSENED THOUGHT &
JUDGEMENT RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION DECREASE IN REM SLEEP SLEEP FRAGMENTATION
HYPOGLYCEMEA
PSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS
ALCOHOL INDUCED DELIRIUM ALCOHOL INDUCED DEMENTIA AMNESTIC DISORDER PSYCHOTIC DISORDER MOOD DISORDER ANXIETY DISORDER SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION SLEEP DISORDER DELIRIUM TREMENS OTHELLO SYNDROME
SOCIAL EFFECTS
WORK PROBLEMS FAMILY PROBLEMS ACCIDENTS DELINQUENCY IN OFFSPRINGS
SIGNS OF INTOXICATION
-IMPAIRMENT IN ATTENTION OR
MEMORY -STUPOR OR COMA SYMPTOMS ARE NOT DUE TO ANY MENTAL OR PHYSICAL DISORDER
SIGNS OF WITHDRAWAL
CESSATION OF PROLONGED
ALCOHOL USE 2 OR MORE OF THESE: -AUTONOMIC HYPERACTIVITY -INCREASED HAND TREMOR -INSOMNIA -NAUSEA OR VOMITING -HALLUCINATIONS OR ILLUSIONS -PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION
-ANXIETY -SEIZURES SYMPTOMS INTERFERE SIGNIFICANTLY WITH SOCIAL, OCCUPATIONAL OR OTHER AREAS SYMPTOMS ARE NOT DUE TO ANY MENTAL OR PHYSICAL DISORDER
PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS:
-COUNSELLING -INDIVIDUAL & GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY -FAMILY/ MARITAL PSYCHOTHERAPY PHYSICAL METHODS: -DETOXIFICATION -AVERSION THERAPY -MEDICATION THERAPY
TREATMENT
REHABILITATION
SELF HELP GROUPS
-ALCOHOL ANONYMOUS -AL ANON COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT