5.4 Properties of pure fluids Contents 5.10 5.13 INTRODUCTION, M. Schunck 1.04 | THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, M. Schunck 5.14 ‘A. Normal boiling point sas CRITICAL DATA, M. Schunck S14 |B Vaporpresure-temperstue cues S134 Heat of vaporization 5132 A, Correspondence principle 'D. Specific heat capacity. S134 B. Critical temperature C. Cite presure siza | saa D, Cite volume 51.12 | TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, E, Critical parameter and sontric M. Schunck Saad factors S143 A. Viszonty saa “2 B. Thermal conductivity sas SetaFIC VOLUME, p-P-T C.Prandtl number sar CORRELATIONS, M. Schunck S121 | 15 . |A. Spe votume ofthe tigid phase suai | SURFACE TENSION, M. Schunck 5.1.41 1B. Coefcent of volumetric thermal |A. Methods of estimating the surface tension spp of qe $122, | fom posal proper of is sast C Speci rolume of ass 22 | Method fr estimating the surface tension ‘oetficient of volume — from the chemical structure S152 expansion of gases Equations of state References for Sections $.1.0-5.1.5 2 (© 1983 Hemisphere Pushing Corporation5.1 PROPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS 1.0 Introduction M. Schunck 1 The design of heat exchanging equipment i strongly Influenced by the physical properties of the uid to be heated or cooled, 25 far as they are important for determining heat transfer rates, pressure drops, and ‘momentum. A great number of physial property data for various fluids ae listed in Seo. 55, but it sometimes ‘occurs that fora certain fluid no data are avaiable or the range of given data is not sufficient, In order to cover these cases many methods for estimating properties of ‘ses and liquids have been developed. Some of them are simple and easy to employ, but—due to the real nature of the phenomena, which i generally complicated—their results are not too reliable. More elaborate methods can five better results, but they are often restricted to limited groups of compounds (mostly organic). Some of ‘these methods can be evaluated economically only with ‘the sid of a computer. Very good collections of cstmating methods have been published, especially Reid etal, [1] or Hecht eta. [2]. In this chapter an attempt is made to give some of ‘the simpler rules and methods which may be sufficient ‘in many cases. At least, they may help to decide if more elaborate methods or the services of a dala center are required where not only the availble data but aso the most modern estimating methods are computerized. Tis step is recommended in all cases where the exactness of ‘the datas essential. ‘References to Section 5.1.0 appear atthe end of Section 5.1.5. © 1983 HemieperePuihing CorporationOPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS S114 1.4 Critical data M. Schunck XX. Correspondence principle Sometimes, the critical data of a Mud are of interest in ‘themselves. This is expecially the case where processes sre carried out in the neighborhood of the critical state which employ liquefaction or vaporization or whee the existence of two phase srequired or prohibited, On the other hand, knowledge of the critical data say often be essential since by using critical tempera- ture, critical pressure, and critical volume, correspon- ences in the thermodynamic behavior of fide can be found. This leads to the widely employed principle of correspondence which uses “reduced” state parameters, ie, dimensionless parameters of state obtained by ivding the rel parameters by the corresponding critical parameter: r an Ideally, it might be possible to link these reduced parameters together by 2 universal equation of state, valid for ll uid, ‘Numerous investigations, however, have shown that this is only posible fr oatvely small groups of similar fluids. Common equations of state even for “normal” fluids can be established only by using. additional parameters. These, in many cases, are correlated agai to the enitical data, Riedel [3a] defines the critical param- tera: a 0 Pe «-(BR). ® where Pre and Try represent pas of redued presuze fi reduced temperate values acording tothe tire tion curve. The parameter i used in corelatons with ts vale at the eel point ony. "An equialent of the real parameter ac i the “centric factor” defined by zr [4]: = (og Praa + 1) ® where Pogo) i the reduced pressure on the saturation curve at 2 reduced temperature of Ty = 0.7, Correspon- ence relations using a, or w ate sometimes recom mended inthe following praraphs, a temperature Goldberg's rule can give a rough estimate of cite temperate 12 1st) of Tend 5 T=18T #3 % where Tp isthe boiling temperature at normal pressure, ‘wha treet ton the esto, fie, nd table rumbers do not have the treet Henin, for com: Tefeenes between section, the spproprine teed mumer ‘i een, (©1983 HemigerePebihing Corporation