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If we introduce the momentum transfer q=kk we nally get f ( , ) = 2m 4 d3 x eiqx V (x) (2.37) (2.36)
Here, as before, and determine the direction of k , the momentum of the outgoing particle. The expression d3 x eiqx V (x) is related to the Fourier of V (x) transform V (q) = V 1 2
3 2
d3 x eiqx V (x)
(2.38)
where the prefactor is conventional (one 2 in the denominator for each spatial dimension). Thus the scattering amplitude is proportional to the Fourier transform of the scattering potential. So if an experimentalist measures the scattering cross section as a function of angle then Equation (2.5) gives the scattering amplitude and its inverse Fourier transform gives the scattering potential. Not bad! We will have more to say about the momentum transfer q but for now we simply state that the wavelength = h/|q| is the one that determines how small a detail of the target (the probed object) we can resolve, as was mentioned at the beginning of Section 2.1.
The rst term represents the potential due to the nucleus, the second term represents the potential from the atomic electrons, and t (x) is the total charge density of the atom. We have factored out Ze2 from the integrands so (x) d3 x = 1 and t (x) d3 x = 0 (2.40)