APES- Environmental History and Law- Presentation (Guided Viewing) Name: ___________Claudine Manabat___________ 1: What are the 4 stages

of American Environmental History? Hunter-Gatherer Society 25,000 12,000 ybp Agricultural Revolution C.12,000 ybp Industrial/Medical Revolution Late 1700s to 1900s Information/Globalization Revolution 1980s onwards 2: Why were the Hunter-Gatherers considered to have a low environmental impact? Small populations Low resource use per person Nomadic/Shifting land use 3: Why do you think Jared Diamond coined the agricultural revolution as the Greatest Mistake in Human History? On the same land same= crops grown every year. Larger populations= more = more demand = more habitat destruction 4: Contrast the Good and Bad of the Agricultural Revolution:

Good More Food Supported larger population Longer life expectancy Higher standard of living for many people Formation of villages, towns, and cities Towns and cities served as centers for trade, government and religion

Bad Destruction of wildlife habitat from clearing forests and grasslands Killing of wild animals feeding on grass or crops Fertile land turned into desert by licestock overgrazing Soil eroded into streams and lakes Towns and cities concentrated wastes and pollution and increased spread of disease Increases in armed conflict and slavery ownership of

5: What are the Roots of abuse in the American Frontier Era? The first colonist 3 things that would change the continent guns, axes, wheels Manifest destiny man is controller of the land, not just part of the land Westward Expansion Vast, unlimited resources

6: Look at the graphic of the North American Buffalo territory- what happened to the Buffalo over a short period of time? The populatipn of buffalo is dereasing 7: List HOW the Industrial Revolution impacted the environment. Shift from renewable wood to non-renewable fuels Shift from small-scale handmade localized production to large scale manufacturing productions Factory towns, cities appeared Move from rural to urban areas Mechanized agriculture increased food production Longer lifespan Larger per-person resource use Increased habitat destruction and pollution

8: List the GOOD and Bad news of the Industrial-Medical Revolution

Good Mass production of useful and affordable products Higher standard of living for many Greatly increased agricultural production Lower infant mortality Longer life expectancy Increased urbanization Lower rate of

Bad Increased air pollution Increased water pollution Increased waste production Soil depletion and degradation Groundwater depletion Habitat destruction and degradation Biodiversity depletion

9: List some events of the Early Conservation Era: Industrialization 1830 1900 1832 1870 Beginnings of federal control 1870- 1930 Golden Age of Conservation 1930-1960 Great Depression, Dust Bowl, World Wars

10: Explain how each of the following Early Environmentalists impacted the environmental movement: * Henry David Thoreau - Massachusetts wildlife areas (Walden Pond, Life In The Woods) * George Perkins Marsh- warned about collapse of civilization in Man and Nature (1864) * John Wesley Powell - Powell Report first advocate to regulate land use * President Grant - Yellowstone National Park Created (1872) * President Harrison - passed a law stating that the President could set aside lands for national parks and national forests - Extremely crucial legislation for the environment * John Muir - founded Sierra Club 1892 * Gifford Pinchot - (1865 1946): 1st Chief U.S. Forester Conservationists vs. Preservationists (HetchHetchy Valley debate)

*Theodore Roosevelt Created 40+ wildlife refuges, tripled forest reserves * Stephen Mather - 1st Head of Park Service

11: What was the 1st federal land restoration project? Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

12: What were the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) responsible for? planted trees, erosion control, nature trails, etc

13: Why was the Taylor Grazing Act important to the environment? Explain. regulated the grazing of public land

14: Why was WWII the end of the Conservation Era? Our primary goal must be to consume because people needed more resources.

15: When did the environmental era start? Who was responsible for starting the movement? How? The 1960 start. Rachel Carson: modern environmental movement began

16: Who was Aldo Leopold? Environmental Philosophy Problems arise when land is viewed as a commodity

17: When was the 1st official Earth Day? January 1, 1970

18: What were some key legislation in the 60s, 70s and 80s? Wilderness Act: 1964 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act: 1968 National Environmental Policy Act: 1969 The Clean Air Act: 1972 The Clean Water Act: 1972

19: What is the EPA? What are they responsible for? federal $ for studying & improving environmental quality!

20: Who are the NRCS? What are they responsible for? What about CITES? Monitors private land use, advises landowners on soil/water conservation methods

21: List the following: * Montreal Protocol: 1987 international agreement, initiated by UNEP to phase out use of ozone-depleting chemicals by 2000/2005 * IPCC: * Kyoto Protocol: Thousands of scientists monitor, share and publish reports on atmospheric change 22: List some of the important U.S. Environmental Laws below: Clean Air Act Endangered Species Act Food Quality Protection Act Energy Policy Act