ECSE 353

Page 1

ECSE 353 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND WAVES
FORMULAS

ABC = BCA = CAB A (BC) = B (AC) - C (AB)
V (A) = VA + AV V(A) = VA + V A
V (AB) = B (VA) - A (VB) V(V) = VV + V V
VVA = V(VA) - V
2
A VVV = V
2
V V (VA) = 0 VVV = 0
.) thm s (Stokes' .) thm e (Divergenc d = d d = dv
C S S V
} } } }
V V l A s A s A A

Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,z) dl = dx a
x
+ dy a
y
+ dz a
z

V
c
c
c
c
c
c
V
c
c
c
c
c
c
V =
V
x
+
V
y
+
V
z
=
A
x
+
A
y
+
A
z
x y z
x
y
z
a a a A
V
c
c

c
c
|
\

|
.
|
c
c

c
c
|
\

|
.
|
c
c

c
c
|
\

|
.
| A =
A
y
A
z
+
A
z
A
x
+
A
x
A
y
x
z
y
y
x z
z
y
x
a a a
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V =
V
x
+
V
y
+
V
z
V
c
c
c
c
c
c


Cylindrical Coordinates (r,|,z) dl = dr a
r
+ rd| a
|
+ dz a
z

z
A
+
r
A
+ )
rA
(
r r
=
z
V
+
r
V
+
r
V
= V
z
r z r
c
c
c
c
c
c
V
c
c
c
c
c
c
V
| |
|
|
1
A
a a a

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
V
| |
| |
|
r
A
)
rA
(
r r
+
r
A
z
A
+
z
A
r
A
=
r
z
z r z
r
1
a a a
A
z
V
+
V
r
+
r
V
r
r r
= V
2
2
2
2
2
c
c
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
V
|
1 1
2


Spherical Coordinates (R,u,|) dl = dR a
R
+ Rdu a
u
+ R sinu d| a
|

| u u
| u
c
c
c
c
c
c
V
V
R
+
R
V
+
R
V
= V
R
sin
1
a a a

| u
u
u u
|
u
c
c
c
c
c
c
V
A
R
+ )
A
(
R
+ )
A R
(
R
R
=
R
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
A
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
V
u
| u |
u
u u
u |
| u
u
|
A
)
A
(R
R R
+
)
A
(R
R
A
R
+
A
)
A
(
R
=
R
R
R
1
sin
1 1
sin
sin
1
A
a
a a

|
u
u
u
u u
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
V
R
+
V
R
+
R
V
R
R
R
= V
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
V
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
2

ECSE 353

Page 2

Electrostatics

( )
s
n
S
= Q = =
D D a
s D D
2 1 2
d V
}

= =
C
0 d 0
}
V l E E
t t 2 1
E E =
=
V
V =
}
V
1
2
12
d : Potential l E E c = V V
2


R
q
= V
R
q

R
0
2
0
4
1
4
1
: Space Free in Sources
tc tc
a E =
|
.
|

\
|
r
r
= V
r
=
0 l l
r
ln
2 2
: Charge Line Infinite
0 0
tc

tc

a
E

R
= V q =
2
R
0
4
: Dipole Electric
tc
a p
d p



Polarization Charge : = =
p ps
n
V P P a

E P E D
r
= + = c c c
0 0
: Density Flux

V
Q
C = ( )
1 1 2 1 12 1
V C V V C Q + =

d
S
C
c
= : Plates Parallel
a
b
= C ) m (F
ln
2
: Coax
1

|
.
|

\
|
tc
) m (F
cosh
: Wires
1
1

|
.
|

\
|

2a
D
= C
tc


2
2
1
'
2
1
'
2
1
2
1
or d or ' or : Energy CV v dv V
V
q =
W

V V
k k
N
1 = k
e
} }

' D E


Constants

ECSE 353

Page 3


Steady Electric Currents

I = Nq =
S
}
s J u J d u J q N
s s
= I dl
C
n s
=
}
a J =
i
) ( E E J + o
( )
}
+ =
C
i
dl E E
C
EMF

=
k
k k
R I
C
EMF
}
=
k
i k
d
Cond
EMF l E
0 d 0 = =
S
}
V s J J
n n
J J
2 1
=
VI v = P
V
or d : Law Joules'
}
J E
( )
12
1
2
I dl R
i
}
+ = E E ( ) S d R
cylinder
o = o c = G C ( ) oo 1 =
s
R c R R
s
= '

Magnetostatics and Faradays Law

V
}
B B s = 0 = 0 B = B
S
n n
d
1 2

a J H H
l H J H
n2 s t t C
C
= I = = V
}
2 1
d
IS
z
a m= ( )
a
M
J
M
J
a a B
n ms m R
0
= =
R 4
m
= V + u u
t

u
sin cos 2
3

Field Intensity : = =
0 0 r
H B M B
1 1


nI =
r 2
I
=
z

| a
B
a
B : Solenoid Infinite : Current Line Infinite
} }

c
c
V
S C
t
=
t
= s B l E
B
E d
d
d
d

=
+
u
=
N
k
k C
dt
d
1
EMF EMF
I
= L L
I
=
L
d
N
=
N
=
S
1
11
11
1
12
12 2 1 2 12 2 12
2
A
=
A

u A
}
s B

) m (H
cosh
: Wires ) (Hm ln : Coax
1 - 1
ext
1
ext

2a
D
= L
a
b
2
= L
-
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

t

}

'
'
d or : Energy
V
2
1
k j jk
N
1 = k
N
1 = j
2
1
m
v
I I L
=
W
H B Wire: ( )
1
int
Hm
8

=
t

L
ECSE 353

Page 4

Maxwells Equations
a J H H
D
l H
D
J H
n2 s t t
S
C
C
= ds
t
I =
t
= + + V
} }
2 1
d
c
c
c
c

V
c
c
=
} }
E
B
E l B s E E =
t
=
t
t
C S
t t
d
d
d
( ) d
1 2

V
}
B B s = 0 = 0 B = B
S
n n
d
1 2

V
}
D D s a D D = = Q ( ) =
v
S
n
s
d
2 1 2

0 = c c + V t J ( ) t
s n
c c =
2 1 2
J J a

Transmission Lines

c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
v
z
= Ri + L
i
t

i
z
= Gv +C
v
t


Sinusoidal Waves on Transmission Lines (Phasors)

dV(z)
dz
= (R+ j L)I(z)
dI(z)
dz
= (G+ j C)V(z)
d V(z)
dz
= V(z)
d I(z)
dz
= I(z)
2
2
2
2
2
2
e e
o | e e
e
|
= + j = (R+ j L)(G+ j C) u =
p

|
t

2
=
C j G
L j R
Z
I
V
I
V
e
I
e
I z I
e
V
e
V = (z)
V
o
o
o
o z +
o
z -
o
z +
o
z -
o
e
e

+
+
= = = + = +

+
+
+ +
0
) (
Lossless Line: R = G=0 =0 = LC Z =
L
C
u =
LC
0 p
o | e
c
1
=
1

Distortionless,
R
L
=
G
C
: = R
C
L
= LC Z =
L
C
u =
LC
0 p
o | e
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
~ ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
~ << <<
C
G
L
R j
C
L
Z
LC
C
L
G +
L
C
R C G L, R
0
2
1
e
e | o e e
2
1 : Loss, Low-
Z =
V
I
Z
Z +Z l
Z +Z l
(j l) = j ( l)
i
i
i
0
L 0
0 L
=
tanh
tanh
tanh tan

| |
V V Z I V V Z I
o i i o i i
+
= + =
1
2 0
1
2 0
( ) ( )
Z Z
Z Z
e V
e V

L
L
l
o
l
o
0
0
+

= = I
+
+

ECSE 353

Page 5



+
=
V
V
= S
e
+ V = V(z)
) z 2 j(
L o
I
I
I
+
I
1
1
1 : Line Lossless
min
max
' | u

Scattering Parameters
0
Z V a
+
=
0
Z V b

=
2
2
1
2
2
1
b a P =
( ) b a Z V + =
0
( )
0
Z b a I = ( )
0 0 2
1
Z I Z V a + = ( )
0 0 2
1
Z I Z V b =
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
a S a S b
a S a S b
+ =
+ =
If 1
1
= a and 0
2
= a :
( )
( )
02 21 2 01 11 1
02 21 2 01 11 1
1
1
Z S I Z S I
Z S V Z S V
= =
= + =

Lossless: 1
2
21
2
11
= + S S and 1
2
22
2
12
= + S S
Transients on Lossless Transmission Lines
u = =
LC
R =
L
C
=
R R
R + R
=
R R
R + R
0 L
L 0
L 0
g
g 0
g 0
1 1
c
I I

Plane Electromagnetic Waves

E = E e H = E e = j j
j
x
z
y
c
z
c
c
c c 0 0
1

= = + = +

q
q

c
e c o | c c
o
e

Phase velocity: Wavelength: u = =
2
p
e
|

t
|

lefthand 1 0 righthand 1 0 : polarized Circularly
lefthand 0 0 righthand 0 0 : polarized ly Elliptical
: polarized Linearly : if direction, z + in For wave
+ = q , = p - = q , = p

> q , = p < q , = p
0 = q jq + p =
E
E

0x
0y

o
e
o
o
q
o t
o
o
| o
2

u
j) + (
f
=
p
c
~ ~ ~ ~ 1
1 1
: conductors Good
Poynting Vector: Poynting' s Theorem: d =

S
=
W
t
W
t
P
m e
}
c
c

c
c
E H s
o

( )
av
*
av
2
0 z
= z = +
1
2
1
2
Re E H a Plane wave in direction: E
q

ECSE 353

Page 6

Normal Incidence: = E e = E e = E e
=
E
e =
E
e =
E
e
i x io
z
r x io
+ z
t x io
z
i y
io
z
r y
io
+ z
t y
io
z
E a E a E a
H a H a H a

t
q q
t
q
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
I
I

=
-
+
=
2
+
= , = 0 I I
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
1
q q
q q
t
q
q q
t If 2 is perfect conductor:

Antennas and Radiation

Lorentz condition:

Hertzian dipole:

Far zone fields:

Radiation Intensity, U = R U =
P P
av
2
r L
av
=

Isotropic: Effective area, A

iso e
4t

A G
P
U

U
U

U
U
G
e D
i
D
2
max
iso
max
iso
4
) 4 (
: Gain : y Directivit : Gain Directive

t
t
= =

P
P
=
i
r
r
q : Efficiency Radiation