Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 8 Foundations of Group Behavior 1) Which one of the following characteristics is not

necessarily true about groups? A) Group members are interdependent. B) Groups have two or more members. C) Groups are determined by the organi ation chart. !) Groups interact. ") Groups have particular ob#ectives. Answer$ C "%planation$ C) &nformal groups' such as friendship groups' are neither formally structured nor organi ationally determined. (hey don)t establish goals or purposes in general. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,.b#ective$ Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 2) Which of the following statements is true regarding informal groups? A) &nformal groups are defined by the organi ation)s structure. B) &n informal groups' the behaviors team members should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organi ational goals. C) A group of people' who come together to protest against a new law' is an informal group. !) (he si% members of an airline flight crew are an informal group. ") Command groups and tas3 groups are e%amples of informal groups. Answer$ C "%planation$ C) An informal group is neither formally structured nor organi ationally determined. &nformal groups are natural formations in the wor3 environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. Command groups and tas3 groups are e%amples of formal groups. A group of people' who come together to protest against a new law' is an informal group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,.b#ective$ *sychological Contract /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1

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4) Which of the following statements is true about groups? A) All tas3 groups are also command groups. B) All command groups are also tas3 groups. C) All tas3 groups are also friendship groups. !) All command groups are also informal groups. ") All interest groups are also command groups. Answer$ B "%planation$ B) All command groups are also tas3 groups. But because tas3 groups can cut across the organi ation' they are not always command groups. Command groups and tas3 groups are formal groups and interest groups and friendship groups are informal groups. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,-51,6 .b#ective$ Command Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 7) Which of the following groups is most li3ely to be determined by the organi ational chart? A) informal B) tas3 C) friendship !) interest ") formal Answer$ " "%planation$ ") 8ormal groups are defined by the organi ation)s structure' with designated wor3 assignments establishing tas3s. &n contrast' an informal group is neither formally structured nor organi ationally determined. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ 8ormal Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 9) :ulia' Bree' and !avid wor3 in different departments but often eat lunch together. (hey are an e%ample of a;n) <<<<<<<< group. A) formal B) informal C) command !) tas3 ") interest Answer$ B "%planation$ B) &nformal groups' such as friendship groups' are neither formally structured nor organi ationally determined. An interest group consists of individuals who affiliate to attain a specific ob#ective with which each individual is concerned. (hree employees from different departments who regularly have lunch or coffee together are an informal group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ &nformal Groups /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 1
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-) "mployees who band together to see3 improved wor3ing conditions form a;n) <<<<<<<< group. A) union B) friendship C) interest !) wor3 ") command Answer$ C "%planation$ C) *eople may affiliate to attain a specific ob#ective with which each individual is concerned. (his creates an interest group. "mployees who band together to see3 improved wor3ing conditions have formed a united body to further their common interest. Groups often develop because individual members have one or more common characteristics. We call these formations friendship groups. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ &nterest Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 6) Which of the following statements is most li3ely to be true regarding interest groups? A) (hey are longer lasting than friendship groups. B) (hey develop because individual members have one or more common characteristics. C) (hey are formed because of some common ob#ective. !) (hey are governed by labor laws. ") (hey are determined by an organi ational chart. Answer$ C "%planation$ C) *eople may affiliate to attain a specific ob#ective with which each individual is concerned. (his creates an interest group. "mployees who band together to see3 improved wor3ing conditions have formed a united body to further their common interest. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ &nterest Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1

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>) "mployees who band together to support a peer who has been fired are an e%ample of a;n) <<<<<<<< group. A) formal B) structured C) command !) tas3 ") interest Answer$ " "%planation$ ") An interest group consists of individuals who affiliate to attain a specific ob#ective with which each individual is concerned. "mployees who band together to support a a peer who has been fired are an e%ample of an interest group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ +easons to :oin Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 ?) :ohn is a college student and he is accused of a campus crime. (o deal with this problem a team is formed that consists of the dean of academic affairs' the dean of students' the registrar' the director of security' and the student)s advisor. (his team is an e%ample of a;n) <<<<<<<< group. A) interest B) command C) tas3 !) informal ") friendship Answer$ C "%planation$ C) A tas3 group is organi ationally determined and it represents individuals wor3ing together to complete a #ob tas3. @owever' a tas3 group)s boundaries are not limited to its immediate hierarchical superiorA the group can cross command relationships. (he team formed in this e%ample is a tas3 group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ Command Groups /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 1

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1,) Which of the following best represents a friendship group? A) "mployees who band together to have their vacation schedules altered. B) A group of people who have interest in the same roc3 band. C) An elementary school principal and her 1> teachers. !) (he si% members of an airline flight crew. ") "mployees who come together to see3 improved wor3ing conditions. Answer$ B "%planation$ B) Groups often develop because individual members have one or more common characteristics. We call these formations friendship groups so a group of people who have interest in the same roc3 band is a friendship group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ (as3 Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 11) A;n) <<<<<<<< group is determined by the organi ation chart and it is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. A) command B) friendship C) interest !) informal ") intimate Answer$ A "%planation$ A) A command group is determined by the organi ation chart and it is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. A tas3 group)s boundaries are not limited to its immediate hierarchical superiorA the group can cross command relationships. All command groups are also tas3 groups. But because tas3 groups can cut across the organi ation' they are not always command groups. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ *unctuated "Builibrium Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1

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12) Which of the following statements is true regarding a tas3 group? A) &t is an informal group. B) A tas3 group)s boundaries are limited to its immediate hierarchical superior. C) All tas3 groups are command groups. !) A tas3 group can cross command relationships. ") All interest groups are tas3 groups. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) A tas3 group' also organi ationally determined' represents individuals wor3ing together to complete a #ob tas3. @owever' a tas3 group)s boundaries are not limited to its immediate hierarchical superiorA the group can cross command relationships. All command groups are also tas3 groups. But because tas3 groups can cut across the organi ation' they are not always command groups. &nterest groups are informal groups and tas3 groups are formal groups. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ *unctuated "Builibrium Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 14) Which of the following best represents a command group? A) A group of people who have similar political views. B) "mployees who come together to protest against certain company policies. C) A group of people who li3e a particular film star. !) Wor3ers who come together to complain against a supervisor. ") A director of postal audits and his five inspectors. Answer$ " "%planation$ ") Command group is determined by the organi ation chart. &t is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. A director of postal audits and his five inspectors form a command group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ +ole /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 17) What are the five stages of group development? A) generation' implementation' construction' production' termination B) introduction' development' production' deterioration' ad#ournment C) initiation' evolution' maturation' degeneration' termination !) forming' storming' norming' performing' ad#ourning ") introducing' developing' performing' controlling' terminating Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) (he five5stage group5development model characteri es groups as proceeding through the distinct stages of forming' storming' norming' performing' and ad#ourning. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ (he 8ive5=tage Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2

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19) Which of the following stages of a five5stage group5development model is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership? A) introduction B) storming C) forming !) evolution ") norming Answer$ C "%planation$ C) (he first stage' forming' is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership. Cembers Dtest the watersD to determine what types of behaviors are acceptable. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ 8orming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2 1-) !uring the second stage of group development <<<<<<<<. A) close relationships are developed B) the group demonstrates cohesiveness C) intragroup conflicts occur !) the #ob tas3 is performed ") groups disband Answer$ C "%planation$ C) (he second stage' or the storming stage' is one of intragroup conflict. Cembers accept the e%istence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. 8urthermore' there is conflict over who will control the group. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ =torming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2 16) !uring the <<<<<<<< stage of group development' members accept the e%istence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. A) norming B) storming C) performing !) evolution ") forming Answer$ B "%planation$ B) (he second stage' or the storming stage' is one of intragroup conflict. (here is conflict over who will control the group. !uring this stage' members accept the e%istence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ =torming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2
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1>) Which stage of group development is characteri ed by the development of close relationships and cohesiveness? A) bonding B) norming C) performing !) initiating ") forming Answer$ B "%planation$ B) &n the norming stage close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. (here is now a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. (his stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of e%pectations of what defines correct member behavior. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ Eorming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2 1?) Which of the following statements is most li3ely true regarding the norming stage of group development? A) According to the five5stage group5development model' this is the second stage in the group development model. B) (his stage is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership. C) !uring this stage' members accept the e%istence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. !) !uring this stage' the group develops a common set of e%pectations of what defines correct member behavior. ") !uring this stage the group performs the tas3 at hand. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) (he norming stage is the third stage in the group development process. &n this stage close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. (here is now a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. (his norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of e%pectations of what defines correct member behavior. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ Eorming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2

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2,) When the group energy is focused on the tas3 at hand' the group has moved to the <<<<<<<< stage. A) storming B) norming C) production !) maturation ") performing Answer$ " "%planation$ ") (he fourth stage is performing. (he structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to 3now and understand each other to performing the tas3 at hand. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ *erforming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2 21) Which of the following statements is most li3ely to be true regarding the performing stage? A) (he performing stage is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership. B) !uring the performing stage there is conflict over who will control the group. C) (he performing stage is complete when members have begun to thin3 of themselves as part of a group. !) 8or permanent wor3 groups' performing is the last stage in development. ") !uring the performing stage' members accept the e%istence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) (he fourth stage of the five5stage group5development model is performing. (he structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to 3now and understand each other to performing the tas3 at hand. 8or permanent wor3 groups' performing is the last stage in development. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ *unctuated "Builibrium Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2

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22) Cost people assume that a police officer should behave in a lawful manner' not show any favoritism to any particular group' and do their best to uphold the law. Which of the following terms best represents these beliefs? A) role identity B) role criteria C) role e%pectations !) role reBuirements ") role perceptions Answer$ C "%planation$ C) +ole e%pectations are the way others believe you should act in a given conte%t. (his e%ample shows the role e%pectations that most people have of a police officer. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,? .b#ective$ +ole "%pectation /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4 24) +ole perception indicates <<<<<<<<. A) others) belief regarding how you should act in a given situation B) the s3ills reBuired for performing the #ob C) the social norms that are to be followed while performing the role !) our view of how we)re supposed to act in a given situation ") acceptable standards of behavior shared by group members Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) .ur view of how we)re supposed to act in a given situation is a role perception. We engage in certain types of behavior based on how we believe we are supposed to behave. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 1,? .b#ective$ Group *roperties /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4 27) +ole <<<<<<<< indicates the way others believe you should act in a given conte%t. A) perception B) identity C) e%pectation !) criterion ") style Answer$ C "%planation$ C) +ole e%pectations are the way others believe you should act in a given conte%t. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,? .b#ective$ Fimbardo)s *rison "%periment /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4

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29) Fach is devout and very active in his church. @e is also a very dedicated employee. @is manager offers him a promotion but the new role will reBuire him to wor3 =undays. Fach would li3e the promotion' but reali es that it would force him to miss some church activities. &n such situation Fach is most li3ely to e%perience <<<<<<<<. A) role conflict B) emotional contagion C) cognitive dissonance !) emotional labor ") self5concordance Answer$ A "%planation$ A) When compliance with one role reBuirement may ma3e it difficult to comply with another' the result is role conflict. Fach is feeling conflict between his role as a church member and his role as an employee. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ +ole Conflict /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 4 2-) When <<<<<<<<' the result is role conflict. A) we lac3 the s3ills reBuired for performing the role B) we do not approve of the behavioral reBuirements of a role C) our view of the role is different from others e%pectations of that role !) compliance with one role reBuirement may ma3e it difficult to comply with another ") different groups of people associate different norms with a role Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) When compliance with one role reBuirement may ma3e it difficult to comply with another' the result is role conflict. At the e%treme' two or more role e%pectations can be mutually contradictory. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, .b#ective$ Fimbardo)s *rison "%periment /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4

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26) Which of the following terms best describes the acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by a group)s members? A) norms B) rules C) standards !) traditions ") role perception Answer$ A "%planation$ A) All groups have established norms' or acceptable standards of behavior shared by their members that e%press what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, .b#ective$ Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 2>) Which of the following types of norms are more li3ely to be the most common and the most important norms? A) appearance norms B) social arrangement norms C) resource allocation norms !) performance norms ") behavioral norms Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) *erformance norms provide e%plicit cues about how hard members should wor3' what the level of output should be' how to get the #ob done' what level of tardiness is appropriate' and the li3e. *erformance norms tend to be the most common and the most important norms. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 2?) Which of the following is not an e%ample of a performance norm? A) when an employee needs to loo3 busy B) how hard an employee should wor3 C) the appropriate levels of tardiness !) the acceptable level of output ") how to get the #ob done Answer$ A "%planation$ A) *erformance norm e%amples include$ providing e%plicit cues about how hard members should wor3' what the level of output should be' how to get the #ob done' what level of tardiness is appropriate' and the li3e. When to loo3 busy is an appearance norm. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7
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4,) (he <<<<<<<< norms dictate behavior such as with whom group members eat lunch and friendships on and off the #ob. A) appearance B) social arrangement C) performance !) leisure ") confluence Answer$ B "%planation$ B) (he social arrangement norms dictate behavior such as with whom group members eat lunch and friendships on and off the #ob. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 41) A local government wor3 crew cleans up par3s and other public spaces. &n this crew the dirtiest #obs are generally given to the newest members' while the more senior members of the crew tend to do little e%cept draw their pay. Which of the following classes of norms encompasses arrangements li3e this? A) performance norms B) appearance norms C) resource allocation norms !) leisure norms ") confluence norms Answer$ C "%planation$ C) +esource allocation norms dictate assignment of difficult #obs' and distribution of resources li3e pay or eBuipment. (he e%ample demonstrates an application of resource allocation. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 7

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42) Which of the following terms refers to the process by which an individual)s desire for acceptance by the group and the pressure by the group on individual members to match its standards results in a change in individual attitudes and behaviors? A) conformity B) coercion C) commitment !) convergence ") confluence Answer$ A "%planation$ A) Conformity is the ad#ustment of one)s behavior to align with the norms of the group. As a member of a group' you desire acceptance by the group. (hus you are susceptible to conforming to the group)s norms. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 111 .b#ective$ Conformity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 44) (he important groups to which an individual belongs or hopes to belong are 3nown as the <<<<<<<< groups. A) conformation B) reference C) status !) power ") appearance Answer$ B "%planation$ B) +eference groups are groups in which a person is aware of other members' defines himself or herself as a member or would li3e to be a member' and feels group members are significant to him or her. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 111 .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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47) Which of the following statements is true regarding behavior in a group? A) Group norms do not press us toward conformity. B) A recent study suggests those wor3ing in a group were less li3ely to lie' cheat' and steal than individuals wor3ing alone. C) Conformity to social norms is higher in individualistic cultures as compared to that in collectivist cultures. !) !eviant wor3place behavior is li3ely to flourish where it)s supported by group norms. ") (he low5status people in the group spea3 more often as compared to the high5status people. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) A recent study suggests those wor3ing in a group were more li3ely to lie' cheat' and steal than individuals wor3ing alone. !eviant wor3place behavior is li3ely to flourish where it)s supported by group norms. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 111 .b#ective$ !eviant Wor3place Behavior /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 7 49) Which of the following terms best represents voluntary actions that violate significant organi ational norms and' in doing so' threaten the well5being of the organi ation or its members? A) negativity offset B) deviant wor3place behavior C) self5concordance !) emotional contagion ") positivity offset Answer$ B "%planation$ B) !eviant wor3place behavior ;also called antisocial behavior or wor3place incivility) is voluntary behavior that violates significant organi ational norms and' in doing so' threatens the well5being of the organi ation or its members. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 112 .b#ective$ !eviant Wor3place Behavior /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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4-) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on conformity pressure? A) @igh5status individuals are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members. B) *eople in high5status #obs have especially negative reactions to social pressure e%erted by people in low5status #obs. C) 1ower5status people are better able to resist conformity pressures than their high5status peers. !) Groups e%ert eBual conformity pressure on all individuals regardless of their status. ") As compared to high5status members' low5status members are given a wider range of discretion as long as their activities aren)t severely detrimental to group goal achievement. Answer$ B "%planation$ B) @igh5status individuals are often given more freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members. *eople in high5status #obs ;such as physicians' lawyers' or e%ecutives) have especially negative reactions to social pressure e%erted by people in low5status #obs. *hysicians actively resist administrative decisions made by lower5 ran3ing insurance company employees. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ Conformity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 46) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on group interaction? A) 1ower5status members state less commands than high status members. B) 1ower5status members tend to be more assertive group members as compared to high5status members. C) 1ower5status members spea3 more often as compared to high5status members. !) 1ower5status members state people interrupt others more often compared to high5status members. ") As compared to high5status members' lower5status members tend to participate in group discussions more actively. Answer$ A "%planation$ A) @igh5status people tend to be more assertive group members. (hey spea3 out more often' critici e more' state more commands' and interrupt others more often. 1ower5status members tend to participate less actively in group discussions. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ =tatus /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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4>) According to status characteristics theory' which of the following factors does not determine status? A) control over the resources needed by the group B) contribution to goals C) ability to confirm to group norms !) personality ") talent Answer$ C "%planation$ C) According to status characteristics theory' status tends to derive from one of three sources$ the power a person wields over othersA a person)s ability to contribute to a group)s goalsA and an individual)s personal characteristics ;special talent' intelligence' money' or a friendly personality). !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ =tatus /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 4?) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of si e of the group on the performance of the group? A) (he si e of the group does not affect the group)s overall behavior. B) "vidence indicates that larger groups are faster at completing tas3s than smaller ones. C) As compared to smaller groups' larger groups are better in problem solving. !) &f the goal of the group is fact5finding then smaller groups are more effective than larger groups. ") "vidence indicates that individuals perform better in larger groups than in smaller ones. Answer$ C "%planation$ C) (he si e of the group affects the group)s overall behavior. (he evidence indicates smaller groups are faster at completing tas3s than larger ones and that individuals perform better in smaller groups than in larger ones. As compared to smaller groups' larger groups are better in problem solving. &f the goal of the group is fact5finding' larger groups should be more effective. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ Group =i e /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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7,) Groups of appro%imately <<<<<<<< members tend to be more effective for ta3ing action. A) two B) seven C) eleven !) si%teen ") twenty5one Answer$ B "%planation$ B) (he evidence indicates smaller groups are faster at completing tas3s than larger ones and that individuals perform better in smaller groups than in larger ones. Groups of appro%imately seven members tend to be more effective for ta3ing action. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ Group =i e /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 71) Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when wor3ing collectively? A) groupthin3 B) collective efficacy C) social loafing !) groupshift ") clustering Answer$ C "%planation$ C) =ocial loafing is the tendency for individuals to e%pend less effort when wor3ing in a group than when wor3ing individually. Group performance increases with group si e' but the addition of new members has diminishing returns on productivity. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119 .b#ective$ =ocial 1oafing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 72) Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing? A) increase the rewards the group is given if it succeeds B) increase the amount by which the group)s progress is monitored C) ensure that individual contributions to the group)s outcome are identified !) increase the si e of the group ") increase the group)s wor3 load Answer$ C "%planation$ C) =ince group results cannot be attributed to any single person' the relationship between an individual)s input and the group)s output is clouded. &ndividuals may then be tempted to become free riders and coast on the group)s efforts. (o avoid this' individual efforts in a group)s outcome should be identified. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119 .b#ective$ =ocial 1oafing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 74) =ince group results cannot be attributed to any single person' the relationship between an
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individual)s input and the group)s output is clouded and this increases the possibility of <<<<<<<<. A) self5concordance B) emotional contagion C) negative offset !) social loafing ") emotional labor Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) =ocial loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to e%pend less effort when wor3ing collectively than alone. =ince group results cannot be attributed to any single person' the relationship between an individual)s input and the group)s output is clouded and this increases the possibility of social loafing. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119 .b#ective$ Group =i e and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 77) Which of the following is most li3ely to increase the tendency of social loafing? A) provide rewards only for the collective performance of the group B) set group goals' so the group has a common purpose to strive toward C) increase intergroup competition' which focuses on the shared outcome !) apply peer evaluation ") select members who have high motivation and prefer to wor3 in groups Answer$ A "%planation$ A) =ince group results cannot be attributed to any single person' the relationship between an individual)s input and the group)s output is clouded. &ndividuals may then be tempted to become free riders and coast on the group)s efforts. =o if rewards are provided only for the collective performance of the group then most li3ely it will increase the tendency of social loafing. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119 .b#ective$ =ocial 1oafing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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79) Which of the following terms indicates the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and are motivated to stay in the group? A) cohesiveness B) integration C) sociability !) reliability ") interdependence Answer$ A "%planation$ A) Cohesiveness describes the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. Cohesiveness is important because it affects group productivity. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119 .b#ective$ Cohesiveness /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 7-) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity? A) When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low' productivity will be high. B) (he productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group. C) &f cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low' productivity will be high. !) &f cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high' productivity will be low. ") When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high' productivity will be high. Answer$ " "%planation$ ") =tudies consistently show that the relationship between cohesiveness and productivity depends on the group)s performance5related norms. &f performance related norms are high' a cohesive group will be more productive than will a less cohesive group. &f cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low' productivity will be low. &f cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high' productivity increases' but less than in the high5 cohesiveness0high5norms situation. When cohesiveness and performance5related norms are both low' productivity tends to fall into the low5to5moderate range. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 119511.b#ective$ Cohesiveness and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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76) What will happen if group cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low? A) &nternal conflict will be high. B) &nternal conflict will be low. C) *roductivity will be high. !) *roductivity will be low. ") Both' internal conflict and productivity will be low. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) &f cohesiveness is high and performance norms such as Buality' output' and cooperation with outsiders are low' productivity will be low. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119511.b#ective$ Cohesiveness and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 7>) Which of the following is not li3ely to encourage group cohesiveness? A) stimulating competition with other groups B) increasing the si e of the group C) obtaining agreement upon the established goals !) increasing the group)s status and the perceived difficulty of attaining membership ") physically isolating the group Answer$ B "%planation$ B) Ca3ing smaller groups encourages group cohesiveness. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11.b#ective$ Cohesiveness and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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7?) Alberto is wor3ing with a group of fifteen people to coordinate the merger of two corporations. "veryone in the group is highly Bualified' offers relevant information' and has high norms. =till' the group seems to be slow at outlining a definitive plan for the merger. With the information provided' what would be the fastest and best way for Alberto to increase cohesiveness and productivity? A) hold long meetings at a restaurant or in a social setting B) stimulate competition within the group C) decrease the time members spend together !) decrease the si e of the group ") invite more members into the group Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) &f both' cohesiveness and performance norms are high' then the productivity tends to be high. (he group already has high performance norms so Alberto should try to increase the cohesiveness of the group. Alberto should immediately decrease the si e of the group' as fifteen people is too large' and a smaller group will increase cohesiveness. &nstead of a social setting' the group should be isolated' and rewarded as a group' not individually. (o increase cohesiveness of the group' members should spend more time together. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 11AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ Cohesiveness and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 7 9,) When <<<<<<<< is of importance in decision ma3ing' group decisions are preferred to individual decisions. A) acceptance of solution B) speed C) efficiency !) clear responsibility ") accuracy Answer$ A "%planation$ A) Groups lead to increased acceptance of a solution. Cany decisions fail because people don)t accept the solution. Group members who participated in ma3ing a decision are more li3ely to enthusiastically support the decision and encourage others to accept it. Group decisions are generally more accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group but less accurate than the #udgments of the most accurate. =o in terms of accuracy' groups do not offer any uniBue advantage over individuals. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11.b#ective$ =trengths of Group !ecision Ca3ing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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91) Which is not a wea3ness of group decision ma3ing? A) Group decision ma3ing is time consuming. B) Group decisions tend to be less creative than individual decisions. C) Group decisions suffer from ambiguous responsibility. !) Group decisions can be dominated by one or a few members. ") &n a group decision' the responsibility of any single member is diluted. Answer$ B "%planation$ B) &f creativity is important' groups tend to be more effective. (hey offer increased diversity of views and more complete information and 3nowledge. Group decision ma3ing is time consuming and it suffers from ambiguous responsibility. Group decisions can be dominated by one or a few members. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11.b#ective$ Wea3nesses of Group !ecision Ca3ing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 92) Which of the following statements is true regarding group decision ma3ing? A) &f creativity is important then individuals tend to be more effective than groups. B) Group decision ma3ing tends to decrease the acceptance of the solution. C) Group decisions are typically less time consuming than individual decisions. !) Group decisions are generally less accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group. ") Groups generate more complete information and 3nowledge than individuals. Answer$ " "%planation$ ") Group decisions are time consuming because groups typically ta3e more time to reach a solution. Group decisions are generally more accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group. &f creativity is important' groups tend to be more effective. Groups lead to increased acceptance of a solution. Groups generate more complete information and 3nowledge than individuals. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11.b#ective$ Groups versus &ndividuals /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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94) (he phenomenon of <<<<<<<< describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual' minority' or unpopular views. A) social loafing B) groupshift C) groupthin3 !) group polari ation ") satisficing Answer$ C "%planation$ C) Groupthin3 relates to norms and describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual' minority' or unpopular views. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 116 .b#ective$ Groupthin3 /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 97) &n discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution' group members tend to e%aggerate the initial positions they hold. (his phenomenon is called <<<<<<<<. A) self5concordance B) groupshift C) satisficing !) emotional labor ") groupthin3 Answer$ B "%planation$ B) &n discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution' group members tend to e%aggerate the initial positions they hold. (his phenomenon is called groupshift. Group discussion leads members toward a more e%treme view of the position they already held. Conservatives become more cautious' and more aggressive types ta3e on more ris3. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 116 .b#ective$ Groupshift /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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99) &f you ever felt li3e spea3ing up in a meeting' a classroom' or an informal group but decided against it then the reason behind it could be <<<<<<<<. A) self5efficacy B) positivity offset C) groupthin3 !) self5concordance ") groupshift Answer$ C "%planation$ C) (he phenomenon of groupthin3 describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual' minority' or unpopular views. =o if you felt li3e spea3ing up in a meeting' a classroom' or an informal group but decided against it then the reason behind it could be groupthin3. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 116 .b#ective$ &nteracting Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 9-) Which of the following steps can be ta3en by a manager so as to minimi e groupthin3? A) &ncrease the group si e. B) "ncourage group leaders to e%press their own opinions especially in the early stages of deliberation. C) *revent all team members from playing the role of Ddevil)s advocate.D !) As3 the group members to first focus on the positives of an alternative rather than the negatives. ") As3 the group leader to actively see3 input from all members. Answer$ " "%planation$ ") &n order to minimi e groupthin3' managers should encourage group leaders to play an impartial role. 1eaders should actively see3 input from all members and avoid e%pressing their own opinions' especially in the early stages of deliberation. &n addition' managers should appoint one group member to play the role of devil)s advocateA this member)s role is to overtly challenge the ma#ority position and offer divergent perspectives. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11> .b#ective$ "%planations for Groupshift /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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96) Which of the following is a group decision ma3ing techniBue? A) mind mapping B) brainstorming C) lateral thin3ing !) group polari ation ") morphological analysis Answer$ B "%planation$ B) Brainstorming is a group decision ma3ing techniBue. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ Brainstorming /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 9>) While using which of the following type of group decision ma3ing techniBues' is a group more li3ely to e%perience a higher level of groupthin3? A) interacting group B) brainstorming C) video conference !) nominal group techniBue ") electronic meeting Answer$ A "%planation$ A) &n interacting groups' members meet face to face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate. But interacting groups often censor themselves and pressure individual members toward conformity of opinion' generating fewer ideas. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ &nteracting Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 9?) *atricia needs as many creative ideas as she can get for the new advertising campaign' and her small agency doesn)t have a lot of money for high5tech meeting facilities. Given the information provided' which meeting techniBue will provide the highest number of Buality ideas? A) interacting groups B) brainstorming C) nominal group techniBue !) electronic meeting ") social interaction Answer$ C "%planation$ C) (he nominal group techniBue restricts discussion or interpersonal communication during the decision5ma3ing process. Eominal group techniBue is an ine%pensive means for generating a large number of ideas. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ Eominal Group (echniBue /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9 -,) Caya #ust got out of a meeting. =he is e%tremely frustrated because nothing got done and
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now she has to deal with wor3place drama. =ophia is threatening to Buit because the group members severely critici ed her idea without even giving her a chance to complete her point. (he entire meeting turned into a conflict management session for Caya. Which of the following meeting techniBues was most li3ely used by Caya? A) interacting group B) brainstorming C) nominal group !) electronic meeting ") video conferencing Answer$ A "%planation$ A) &nteracting groups often pressure individual members toward conformity of opinion. Brainstorming and the nominal group techniBue have been proposed as ways to reduce problems inherent in the traditional interacting group. Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity that dampen creativity by encouraging any and all alternatives while withholding criticism. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ &ntentions /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9 -1) <<<<<<<< is good for achieving commitment to a solution. A) An interacting group B) Brainstorming C) Eominal group techniBue !) "lectronic meeting ") !elphi techniBue Answer$ A "%planation$ A) &n interacting groups' members meet face to face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate. An interacting group is good for achieving commitment to a solution. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ &nteracting Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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-2) &n this group discussion techniBue' the group leader states the problem in a clear manner so all participants understand. Cembers then freewheel as many alternatives as they can in a given length of time. Eo criticism is allowed' and all alternatives are recorded for later discussion and analysis. .ne idea stimulates others' and #udgments of even the most bi arre suggestions are withheld until later to encourage group members to Dthin3 the unusual.D &dentify the decision ma3ing techniBue in the discussion. A) group polari ation B) morphological analysis C) mind mapping !) electronic meeting ") brainstorming Answer$ " "%planation$ ") Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity that dampen creativity by encouraging any and all alternatives while withholding criticism. !uring brainstroming' one idea stimulates others' and #udgments of even the most bi arre suggestions are withheld until later to encourage group members to Dthin3 the unusual.D !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ "lectronic Ceetings /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 -4) Which of the following statements is true regarding brainstorming? A) Brainstorming encourages critici ing an idea as early as possible. B) Brainstorming overcomes the problem of Dproduction bloc3ing.D C) Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity. !) +esearch consistently shows that a group in a brainstorming session generates more ideas than an individual wor3ing alone. ") Brainstorming fails to develop group cohesiveness. Answer$ C "%planation$ C) Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity that dampen creativity by encouraging any and all alternatives while withholding criticism. +esearch consistently shows individuals wor3ing alone generate more ideas than a group in a brainstorming session. .ne reason for this is Dproduction bloc3ing.D When people are generating ideas in a group' many are tal3ing at once' which bloc3s the thought process and eventually impedes the sharing of ideas. Brainstorming develops group cohesiveness. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ "lectronic Ceetings /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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-7) @ubert needs an instruction manual for his new product. @e needs a small team of technical writers to wor3 together closely to rapidly write the manual. @e needs them to communicate ideas Buic3ly' creatively' and affordably. Which of the following group techniBues should @ubert consider? A) nominal and electronic B) nominal and interacting C) brainstorming and electronic !) electronic and interacting ") interacting and brainstorming Answer$ " "%planation$ ") @ubert needs a group with high creativity' high cohesion' and low e%pense. @e should choose either interacting or brainstorming techniBues to get his tas3 completed. Eominal techniBues' although high in creativity and affordability' are slow and only moderately cohesive. "lectronic techniBues are slow and e%pensive and have ero cohesion. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ !ecision5Ca3ing /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9 -9) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of culture on social loafing? A) =ocial loafing is consistent with collective societies. B) &n studies comparing G.=. employees with employees from the *eople)s +epublic of China' the Chinese showed very high propensity to engage in social loafing. C) =ocial loafing is not consistent with individualistic culture. !) &n studies comparing G.=. employees with employees from the *eople)s +epublic of China and &srael' the Chinese and &sraelis actually performed better in a group than alone. ") As compared to G.= employees' employees from &srael have a higher propensity to engage in social loafing. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) =ocial loafing is consistent with individualistic cultures' such as the Gnited =tates and Canada that are dominated by self5interest. &t is not consistent with collective societies' in which individuals are motivated by in5group goals. &n studies comparing G.=. employees with employees from the *eople)s +epublic of China and &srael' the Chinese and &sraelis showed no propensity to engage in social loafing and actually performed better in a group than alone. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 12, .b#ective$ Global &mplications /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ -

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--) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of culture on status? A) &n 1atin America and Asia' status is more often derived from accomplishments than from family positions and formal roles in organi ations. B) (he importance of status does not vary among cultures. C) &n the Gnited =tates and Australia' status is more often derived from family positions and formal roles in organi ations than from accomplishments. !) &n the case of the British' status depends on family genealogy and social class. ") A :apanese e%ecutive)s status is indicated by his office si e. Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) (he importance of status does vary among cultures. 1atin Americans and Asians derive status from family position and formal roles in organi ations. &n the Gnited =tates and Australia' in contrast' status is more often conferred for accomplishments than for titles or family trees. .ffice si e is not a measure of a :apanese e%ecutive)s position. A G.=. manager who doesn)t 3now that office si e is not a measure of a :apanese e%ecutive)s position is li3ely to unintentionally offend his overseas counterparts and lessen his interpersonal effectiveness' as is someone who fails to grasp the importance the British place on family genealogy and social class. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 12, AAC=B$ Analytic =3illsA Culticultural and !iversity .b#ective$ Global &mplications /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ Astro &nc. is reorgani ing and you have started wor3ing with your new wor3group #ust a day ago. -6) According to the five5stage group5development model' at present your wor3 group is in the <<<<<<<< stage. A) storming B) norming C) forming !) performing ") ad#ourning Answer$ C "%planation$ C) According to the five5stage group5development model' forming is the first stage of the group development process. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ 8orming /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 2

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->) According to the five5stage group5development model' at this stage your group is most li3ely to be characteri ed by <<<<<<<<. A) intragroup conflicts B) high cohesiveness C) a common set of e%pectations of what defines correct member behavior !) a great deal of uncertainty ") a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) (he first stage' forming' is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ *erforming /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 2 :oe is the manager of the mar3eting department of an organi ation. @e is restructuring his department and is creating teams to increase the effectiveness of his department. @e recogni es that the si e of groups impacts their overall behavior and effectiveness. -?) :oe is forming a fact5finding group. What would be the better group si e to gain diverse input? A) two B) five C) seven !) ten ") over twelve Answer$ " "%planation$ ") When it comes to problem solving or fact5finding' large groups consistently get better mar3s than their smaller counterparts. Groups with a do en or more membersHare good for gaining diverse input. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ =ocial 1oafing /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 7

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6,) Cost li3ely' what would be the si e of the group that is e%pected to implement a mar3eting plan? A) two B) five C) seven !) ten ") over twelve Answer$ C "%planation$ C) Groups of appro%imately seven members tend to be more effective for ta3ing action. &mplementing a mar3eting plan ;that is already designed by someone else) involves ta3ing action. @ence the appropriate si e of the group is appro%imately seven members. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 7 Iour organi ation has recently started using group decision ma3ing. 61) Iou are most li3ely to observe that <<<<<<<<. A) group decision ma3ing is slower than individual decision ma3ing B) group decision ma3ing leads to decreased acceptance of the solution C) groups generate less information and 3nowledge than individuals !) group decisions are less creative than individual decisions. ") group decisions are more accurate than the #udgments of the most accurate individual in the group. Answer$ A "%planation$ A) Groups generate more complete information and 3nowledge. Group decisions are time consuming because groups typically ta3e more time to reach a solution. Group decisions are generally more accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group but less accurate than the #udgments of the most accurate. &n terms of speed' individuals are superior. &f creativity is important' groups tend to be more effective. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ =trengths of Group !ecision Ca3ing /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9

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62) Iou have observed that the group tends to come to consensus very Buic3ly and there appears to be an illusion of unanimity. Iou conclude that they may be suffering from <<<<<<<<. A) negative affect B) groupshift C) cognitive dissonance !) groupthin3 ") positivity offset Answer$ ! "%planation$ !) Groupthin3 relates to norms and describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual' minority' or unpopular views. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 116 AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ Groupthin3 /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9 Iou decide that your company)s choice of which new product to manufacture needs to have widespread acceptance and that this decision needs to be of the highest Buality possible. @aving read the literature on decision ma3ing' you believe that this choice needs to be made by a group of your best managers. 64) Iou have decided to use the nominal group techniBue. Which of the following statements is true about this method? A) (his method is good for building group cohesiveness. B) (his method is good for processing ideas rapidly. C) (his method is good for encouraging independent thin3ing. !) (his method is an ine%pensive means for generating a large number of ideas. ") (his method is good for achieving commitment to a solution. Answer$ C "%planation$ C) Eominal group techniBue is a group decision5ma3ing method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their #udgments in a systematic but independent fashion. &t does not restrict independent thin3ing. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ Eominal Group (echniBue /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9

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67) Iou are li3ely to select nominal group techniBue over brainstorming because <<<<<<<<. A) nominal group techniBue involves a great deal of face5to5face interaction B) brainstorming encourages severe criticism to all ideas C) research generally shows nominal groups outperform brainstorming groups !) brainstorming decreases group cohesiveness ") during brainstorming sessions' group members feel high pressure for conformity Answer$ C "%planation$ C) (he chief advantage of the nominal group techniBue is that it permits a group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thin3ing' as does an interacting group. +esearch generally shows nominal groups outperform brainstorming groups. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? AAC=B$ Analytic =3ills .b#ective$ "lectronic Ceetings /uest. Category$ Application 1.$ 9 69) A tas3 group is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ A command group is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. A tas3 group can cross command relationships. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ 8ormal and &nformal Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 6-) &nterest groups are formal groups Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ &nterest groups are informal groups. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ *unctuated "Builibrium Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 66) 8our employees from different departments who meet every =aturday for a game of tennis form a tas3 group. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ (as3 groups are organi ationally determined formal groups. 8our employees from different departments who meet every =aturday for a game of tennis form an informal group. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ *unctuated "Builibrium Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1

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6>) !uring the forming stage of group development' close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ (he forming stage is the first stage of group development. &t is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership. !uring the norming stage of group development close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ Fimbardo)s *rison "%periment /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 6?) !uring the group development process' when the storming stage is complete' there will be a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group. Answer$ (+G" "%planation$ (he storming stage is one of intragroup conflict. Cembers accept the e%istence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. When this stage is complete' there will be a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group. !iff$ 1 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ +ole *erception /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2 >,) According to the five5stage group5development model' the storming stage is the first stage of group development. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ According to the five5stage group5development model' the forming stage is the first stage of group development and the storming stage is the second stage of group development. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2 >1) A role indicates a set of e%pected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Answer$ (+G" "%planation$ A role indicates a set of e%pected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,? .b#ective$ Conformity and Culture /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4

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>2) +ole e%pectations indicate our view of how we)re supposed to act in a given situation. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ +ole perception indicates our view of how we)re supposed to act in a given situation. +ole e%pectations are the way others believe you should act in a given conte%t. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,? .b#ective$ Group =i e and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4 >4) As compared to collectivist cultures' conformity to social norms is higher in individualistic cultures. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ Conformity to social norms is higher in collectivist cultures' but it is still a powerful force in groups in individualistic countries. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 112 /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 >7) @igh5status members interrupt others more often than low5status members. Answer$ (+G" "%planation$ @igh5status members spea3 out more often' critici e more' state more commands' and interrupt others more often. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 >9) @igh5status members of groups are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ @igh5status individuals are often given more freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members. As high5status individuals' they)re given a wider range of discretion as long as their activities aren)t severely detrimental to group goal achievement. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ =tatus /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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>-) &f a group is highly cohesive then it will be highly productive even with low performance norms. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ =tudies consistently show that the relationship between cohesiveness and productivity depends on the group)s performance5related norms. &f performance related norms for Buality' output' and cooperation with outsiders' for instance' are high' a cohesive group will be more productive than will a less cohesive group. But if cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low' productivity will be low. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 119511.b#ective$ Cohesiveness and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 >6) &ndividual decisions are more time consuming than group decisions. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ Group decisions have their drawbac3s. (hey)re time consuming because groups typically ta3e more time to reach a solution. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11.b#ective$ Groups versus &ndividuals /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 >>) &ncreasing the group)s status and the perceived difficulty of attaining membership' encourages group cohesiveness. Answer$ (+G" "%planation$ &ncreasing the group)s status and the perceived difficulty of attaining membership' encourages group cohesiveness. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11/uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 >?) &f creativity is important then individual decision ma3ing tends to be more effective than group decision ma3ing. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ &f creativity is important then group decision ma3ing tends to be more effective than individual decision ma3ing. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11/uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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?,) Group decisions are generally less accurate than the #udgments of the most accurate individual in the group. Answer$ (+G" "%planation$ Group decisions are generally more accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group but less accurate than the #udgments of the most accurate. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11/uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 ?1) (he chief advantage of the nominal group techniBue is that it permits the group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thin3ing' as does the interacting group. Answer$ (+G" "%planation$ (he chief advantage of the nominal group techniBue is that it permits a group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thin3ing' as does an interacting group. +esearch generally shows nominal groups outperform brainstorming groups. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ Eominal Group (echniBue /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 ?2) +esearch consistently shows that a group in a brainstorming session generates more ideas than an individual wor3ing alone. Answer$ 8A1=" "%planation$ +esearch consistently shows individuals wor3ing alone generate more ideas than a group in a brainstorming session. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11? /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 ?4) !ifferentiate between formal and informal groups. Answer$ 8ormal groups are those defined by the organi ation)s structure' with designated wor3 assignments establishing tas3s. &n formal groups' the behaviors that one should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organi ational goals. &nformal groups are alliances that are neither formally structured nor organi ationally determined. (hese groups are natural formations in the wor3 environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 1,.b#ective$ Groups /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1

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?7) What is a command group? What is a tas3 group? !ifferentiate between command group and tas3 group. Answer$ A command group is determined by the organi ation chart. &t is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. An elementary school principal and her 1> teachers form a command group. A tas3 group' also organi ationally determined' represents individuals wor3ing together to complete a #ob tas3. @owever' a tas3 group)s boundaries are not limited to its immediate hierarchical superior. Gnli3e the command group' tas3 group can cross command relationships. All command groups are also tas3 groups. But because tas3 groups can cut across the organi ation' they are not always command groups. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 1,6 .b#ective$ Group !evelopment and +oles /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 1 ?9) 1ist and briefly describe the stages in the five5stage model of group development. Answer$ (he five5stage group development model characteri es groups as proceeding through five distinct stages$ forming' storming' norming' performing' and ad#ourning. 1) 8orming is characteri ed by a great deal of uncertainty about the group)s purpose' structure' and leadership. Cembers are testing the waters to determine what types of behavior are acceptable. 2) &n the storming stage' members accept the e%istence of the group' but there is resistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. (here is conflict over who will control the group. 4) (he third stage is one in which close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. (here is now a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. (his norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of e%pectations of what defines correct member behavior. 7) (he fourth stage is performing. (he structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to 3now and understand each other to performing the tas3 at hand. 9) &n the ad#ourning stage' the group prepares for its disbandment. @igh tas3 performance is no longer the group)s top priority. &nstead' attention is directed toward wrapping up activities. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 1,> .b#ective$ (he 8ive5=tage Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 2

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?-) "%plain the following terms$ role perception and role e%pectation Answer$ .ur view of how we)re supposed to act in a given situation is role perception. We engage in certain types of behavior based on how we believe we are supposed to behave. We get these perceptions from stimuli all around usHfor e%ample' friends' boo3s' films' television. +ole e%pectation is the way others believe you should act in a given conte%t. (he role of a G.=. federal #udge is viewed as having propriety and dignity' whereas a football coach is seen as aggressive' dynamic' and inspiring to his players. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 1,? .b#ective$ *sychological Contract and =tatus /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 4 ?6) What are four common classes of norms? Answer$ 1) (he most common class of norms is performance norms. Wor3 groups typically provide their members with e%plicit cues on how hard they should wor3' how to get the #ob done' their level of output' appropriate levels of tardiness' and the li3e. 2) Appearance norms include things li3e dress codes and unspo3en rules about when to loo3 busy. 4) =ocial arrangement norms are norms about with whom group members eat lunch and whether to form friendships on and off the #ob. 7) +esource allocation norms cover things li3e assignment of difficult #obs' and distribution of resources li3e pay or eBuipment. !iff$ 2 *age +ef$ 11, .b#ective$ Group Eorms /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 ?>) What is deviant wor3place behavior? @ow is deviant wor3place behavior influenced by the group to which the individual belongs? Answer$ !eviant wor3place behavior ;also called antisocial behavior or wor3place incivility) is voluntary behavior that violates significant organi ational norms and' in doing so' threatens the well5being of the organi ation or its members. 1i3e norms in general' individual employees) antisocial actions are shaped by the group conte%t within which they wor3. "vidence demonstrates that antisocial behavior e%hibited by a wor3 group is a significant predictor of an individual)s antisocial behavior at wor3. &n other words' deviant wor3place behavior is li3ely to flourish where it)s supported by group norms. Wor3ers who sociali e either at or outside wor3 with people who are freBuently absent from wor3 are more li3ely to be absent themselves. =omeone who ordinarily wouldn)t engage in deviant behavior might be more li3ely to do so when wor3ing in a group. A recent study suggests those wor3ing in a group were more li3ely to lie' cheat' and steal than individuals wor3ing alone. (hus' deviant behavior depends on the accepted norms of the groupHor even whether an individual is part of a group. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 1125114 .b#ective$ Conformity and !ecision Ca3ing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7
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??) According to the status characteristics theory' what are the three sources of status? Answer$ According to status characteristics theory' status tends to derive from one of three sources$ 1. (he power a person wields over others. Because they li3ely control the group)s resources' people who control the outcomes tend to be perceived as high status. 2. A person)s ability to contribute to a group)s goals. *eople whose contributions are critical to the group)s success tend to have high status. 4. An individual)s personal characteristics. =omeone whose personal characteristics are positively valued by the group ;good loo3s' intelligence' money' or a friendly personality) typically has higher status than someone with fewer valued attributes. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ Affects of Group =i e and Cohesion /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 1,,) !iscuss the effect of status on group interaction. Answer$ @igh5status people tend to be more assertive group members. (hey spea3 out more often' critici e more' state more commands' and interrupt others more often. But status differences actually inhibit diversity of ideas and creativity in groups' because lower5status members tend to participate less actively in group discussions. When lower5status members possess e%pertise and insights that could aid the group' they are not li3ely to be fully utili ed' thus reducing the group)s overall performance. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 117 .b#ective$ *unctuated "Builibrium Codel /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 1,1) @ow does group si e affect a group)s behavior? Answer$ (he evidence indicates that smaller groups are faster at completing tas3s than are larger ones' and that individuals perform better in smaller groups. @owever' if the group is engaged in problem solving' large groups consistently get better mar3s than their smaller counterparts. (ranslating these results into specific numbers is a bit more ha ardous' but we can offer some parameters. 1arge groupswith a do en or more membersare good for gaining diverse input. =o if the goal of the group is fact5finding' larger groups should be more effective. .n the other hand' smaller groups are better at doing something productive with that input. Groups of appro%imately seven members' therefore' tend to be more effective for ta3ing action. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 1175119 .b#ective$ Group =i e /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7

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1,2) !escribe the relationship between cohesiveness and productivity. Answer$ (he relationship of cohesiveness and productivity depends on the performance5related norms established by the group. &f performance5related norms are high' a cohesive group will be more productive than will a less cohesive group. But if cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low' productivity will be low. &f cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high' productivity increases but less than in the high cohesiveness0high norms situation. When cohesiveness and performance5related norms are both low' productivity will tend to fall into the low5to5moderate range. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 119511.b#ective$ Cohesiveness and *roductivity /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 7 1,4) !iscuss the advantages and disadvantages of group decisions as compared to individual decisions. Answer$ Group decisions are generally more accurate than the decisions of the average individual in a group but less accurate than the #udgments of the most accurate. &n terms of speed' individuals are superior. &f creativity is important' groups tend to be more effective. And if effectiveness means the degree of acceptance the final solution achieves' the nod again goes to the group. With few e%ceptions' group decision ma3ing consumes more wor3 hours than if an individual were to tac3le the same problem alone. Because groups can include members from diverse areas' the time spent searching for information can be reduced. Groups are generally less efficient than individuals. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 11-5116 .b#ective$ Fimbardo)s *rison "%periment /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 1,7) "%plain the following terms$ groupthin3 and groupshift. Answer$ Groupthin3 is related to norms. &t describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual' minority' or unpopular views. Groupthin3 is a disease that attac3s many groups and can dramatically hinder their performance. Groupshift indicates that in discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution' group members tend to e%aggerate the initial positions that they hold. What appears to happen in groups is that the discussion leads members toward a more e%treme view of the position they already held. Conservatives become more cautious' and more aggressive types ta3e on more ris3. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 11> .b#ective$ Groupthin3 and Groupshift /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9

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1,9) !escribe the nominal group techniBue. Answer$ (he nominal group techniBue restricts discussion or interpersonal communication during the decision5ma3ing process. Group members are all physically present' as in a traditional committee meeting' but they operate independently. =pecifically' a problem is presented and then the group ta3es the following steps$ 1. Cembers meet as a group' but before any discussion ta3es place' each independently writes down ideas on the problem. 2. After this silent period' each member presents one idea to the group. Eo discussion ta3es place until all ideas have been presented and recorded. 4. (he group discusses the ideas for clarity and evaluates them. 7. "ach group member silently and independently ran35orders the ideas. (he idea with the highest aggregate ran3ing determines the final decision. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 11? .b#ective$ =trengths and Wea3nesses of Group !ecision Ca3ing /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ 9 1,-) !efine status and discuss the global implications that status has for an international manager in both Western and "astern cultures. Answer$ =tatus is a socially defined position or ran3 given to groups or group members by others. =tatus permeates every society. =tatus in determined by the power a person has over other people' the ability a person has to affect other)s goals' or special s3ills or traits that a person has ;such as intelligence' money' title or personality). A person from a royal family in =pain has societal status because of traditional roles' but also because they usually have considerable financial means and are needed to help with various social goals. (hey are viewed favorably by the society and watched by the press' much li3e a movie star is watched in the Gnited =tates. (he importance of status does vary among cultures. (he 8rench are highly status conscious. Countries also differ on the criteria that create status. 1atin Americans and Asians derive status from family position and formal roles in organi ations. &n the Gnited =tates and Australia' in contrast' status is more often conferred for accomplishments than for titles or family trees. (hus' it is important to understand who and what holds status when interacting with people from a culture different from one)s own. A G.=. manager who doesn)t 3now that office si e is not a measure of a :apanese e%ecutive)s position is li3ely to unintentionally offend his overseas counterparts and lessen his interpersonal effectiveness' as is someone who fails to grasp the importance the British place on family genealogy and social class. !iff$ 4 *age +ef$ 12, AAC=B$ Analytic =3illsA Culticultural and !iversity .b#ective$ Global &mplications /uest. Category$ Concept0!efinitional 1.$ -

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