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TGFs Lightning in the ionosphere: unpredicted Significant lightning whistler wave amplitude all the way to the magnetopause

TGFs (Terrestrial Gamma Flashes)

TGF examples Antimatter In lightning http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/11/ antimatter-lightning/

TGF-lightning are Simultaneous!

GBMlightcurvescorrectedforlighttraveltimeandclockdrift(histogram) WWLLNstroketimeanduncertaintyband(dottedverticalbar)

Positron Features Detected with GBM

TGF080807 TGF090813 TGF091214

Spectra fitted by separately simulating electrons and positrons along the field lines. Fits require both electron and positron components Exponential continuum spectrum with Ecutoff=2-4 MeV.

References about lightning

Reading Lists for Global Circuit, and lightning above the clouds: The Earths Electrical Environment (National Academy Press) http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309036801 Atmospheric electricity. By J. A. Chalmers.Oxford (Pergamon), (2nd Edn.), 1967. Pp. x, 515; 70 Figures, 5 Tables. 105s. Atmospheric Electricity, Volumes 1 and 2 by H. Israel (first edition 1961 in German) Israel Program for Scientific Translations [available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.] (1970) Atmospheric Electrodynamics, Volland, Hans, , New York, SpringerVerlag, 1984. NATSCI - QC801.P46 v.11 or OUGL - QC961.V64 Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, Vol. 1 & 2, by Volland, Hans, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995. Lightning: Physics and Effects By Vladimir A. Rakov, Martin A. Uman Published by Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0521035414, 9780521035415 697 pages

Sprite scenario

Ground based measurements

Ground based measurements

Prediction by Dejnakarintra and Park: Lightning E-field ~10-4 V/m in ionosphere

Discovery paper

Ionospheric fields 10s of mV/m

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T I I I w h

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