Indicators

The following table lists indicators commonly used for visible end-point determinations. Indicator methyl violet cresol red (acid range) metanil yellow m-cresol purple (acid range) xylenol blue (acid range) thymol blue (acid range) tropeolin OO quinaldine red Chemical name mixture of tetra-, penta-, and hexamethyl-p-rosaniline hydrochloride salts o-cresolsulfonphthalein 4-anilinoazobenzene-m-sulfonic acid, sodium salt m-cresolsulfonphthalein p-xylenolsulfonphthalein thymolsulfonphthalein 4-phenylaminoazobenzene-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt 2-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)quinoline ethiodide 2,4-dinitrophenol p-dimethylaminoazobenzene 3,3,5,5-tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein tetrabromophenol tetrabromosulfonphthalein 3,3-dibromo-5,5-dichlorophenolsulfonphthalein diphenyl-4,4-bis-(2-azo-1-naphthylamine)sulfonic acid, sodium salt 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4sulfonic acid, sodium salt 4-ethoxy-2,4-diaminoazobenzene hydrochloride Acid color1 Y R R R R R R C C R Y Y Y B R R R Y Y C R R 3,3-dichlorophenolsulfonphthalein Y V 5,5-dibromo-o-cresolsulfonphthalein 3,3-dibromophenolsulfonphthalein Y Y C 3,3-dibromothymolsulfonphthalein phenolsulfonphthalein p-quinonemono(bis-4-oxyphenylmethide) 3-amino-6-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazinium chloride cyanine Y Y Y R C pH range 0.15-3.2 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.3 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.3-3.2 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.9-4.0 3.0-4.6 3.0-4.6 3.0-4.6 3.0-5.2 3.1-4.4 3.5-5.5 3.7-5.0 3.7-5.2 3.8-5.4 4.0-5.8 4.4-6.2 4.4-6.4 4.8-6.4 5-5.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.6-7.6 6.0-7.6 6.4-8.2 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 7.0-8.0 Basic color1 V Y Y Y Y Y Y R Y Y Pu B Pu R O Y Y V B Y Y B Pu Y Pu R Y B R R Y V Preparation of stock solution2 0.01-0.05% in water Dissolve 100 mg in 2.65 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.01-0.1% in water Dissolve 100 mg in 2.65 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 40 mg in 0.98 ml 0.1M NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 100 mg in 2.15 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 1% in water; 0.4% in 50% aq alc3 0.1% in alc or 90% aq ethanol3 0.1% in 70% aq alc3 0.1% in 90% aq alc3 Dissolve 100 mg in 1.5 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 100 mg in 1.01 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 40 mg in 0.69 ml 0.1M NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.1% in water 0.04-0.1% in water 0.1% in 90% aq alc3; 0.2% in alc 0.1% in ethanol or 70% aq alc3 0.1% in water Dissolve 100 mg in 1.45 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.1% in 70% aq alc3 Dissolve 100 mg in 3.7 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water; 0.1% in alc 0.2% in alc Dissolve 100 mg in 2.35 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.25% in methanol Dissolve 100 mg in 1.85 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 40 mg in 0.78 ml 0.1M NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.1% in water; 0.2% in alc Dissolve 100 mg in 1.6 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 100 mg in 2.85 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.2% in 50% aq alc3 0.1% in 70% aq alc3 1% in alc

-dinitrophenol
methyl yellow; dimethyl yellow bromophenol blue tetrabromophenol blue bromochlorophenol blue Congo red methyl orange p-ethoxychrysoidine hydrochloride naphthyl red alizarin sodium sulfonate bromocresol green

-naphthylaminoazobenzene dihydroxyanthraquinone sodium sulfonate

3,3,5,5-tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonphthalein 2,5-dinitrophenol 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-2carboxylic acid

-dinitrophenol
methyl red lacmoid chlorophenol red benzoyl auramine G bromocresol purple bromophenol red p-nitrophenol bromothymol blue phenol red rosolic acid; aurin neutral red quinoline blue

Indicators (Continued)
Indicator cresol red (basic range) Chemical name o-cresolsulfonphthalein Acid color1 Y C Y Y C thymolsulfonphthalein p-xylenolsulfonphthalein di-o-cresolphthalide di-p-dioxydiphenylphthalide dithymolphthalide dimethylphenolphthalein 3-nitro-4-oxyazobenzene-3-carboxylic acid, sodium salt 4-nitro-4-oxyazobenzene-3-carboxylic acid, sodium salt diethylaminonaphthophenazoxonium sulfate 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine 2,4-dioxyazobenzene-4-sulfonic acid, sodium salt triphenylrosaniline sulfonic acid, sodium or potassium salt indigotin-5,5-disulfonic acid, disodium salt Y Y C C C Br Y Y B C Y B B C pH range 7.0-8.8 7.3-8.7 7.4-8.9 7.4-9.0 7.5-9.1 8.0-9.6 8.0-9.6 8.2-9.8 8.2-9.8 9.3-10.5 9.8-11.0 10.0-12.1 10.0-12.1 10.1-11.1 10.8-13.0 11.0-12.7 11.0-13.0 11.5-14.0 12.0-14.0 Basic color1 R G-B P Pu B B B R-V P B G-B Br-Y R R Br R-Br Pu Y O Preparation of stock solution2 Dissolve 100 mg in 2.65 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.1% in alc or 70% aq alc3 0.1% in water Dissolve 100 mg in 2.65 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water satd soln in 1:1 acetone-alc Dissolve 100 mg in 2.15 ml 0.1N NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water Dissolve 40 mg in 0.98 ml 0.1M NaOH, dil to 100 ml with water 0.04% in 50% aq alc3 0.1% in alc or 60% aq alc3 0.1% in 80% aq alc3 0.1% in alc 0.1% in ethanol or water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in 70% aq alc3 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.25% in 50% aq ethanol3 0.1% in 70% aq alc3

-naphtholphthalein tropeolin OOO; naphthol orange

m-cresol purple (basic range) ethyl bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)acetate thymol blue (basic range) xylenol blue (basic range) o-cresolphthalein phenolphthalein thymolphthalein

-naphtholazobenzene-p-sulfonic acid, sodium salt

m-cresolsulfonphthalein

-naphtholbenzein
alizarin yellow GG; salicyl yellow alizarin yellow R Nile blue nitramine tropeolin O Poirrier blue C4B indigo carmine trinitrobenzene
1

2One 3

The indicator colors are abbreviated as follows: B, blue; Br, brown; C, colorless; G, green; O, orange; P, pink; Pu, purple; R, red; V, violet; and Y, yellow. to ve drops of the indicator stock soln should be added to every 10 ml soln to be titrated. When preparing the aq alc solns, it is important to dissolve the indicator in alc rst and then dil with water to the indicated conc. For example, to make a 0.1% soln in 70% aq alc, dissolve 100 mg indicator in 70 ml alc, then add 30 ml water.

References I. M. Kolthoff, Acid-Base Indicators (Macmillan, New York, 1937). I. M. Kolthoff, V. A. Stenger, Volumetric Analysis vols. I, II (Interscience, New York, 2nd ed., 1942). R. G. Bates, Determination of pH (Wiley & Sons, New York, 1954). E. Bishop, Indicators (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1972). F. J. Green, The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes, and Indicators (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1990).