GREEK AND ROMAN MAPS O. A. W. Dilke ith lta CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca, New York‘consipond with the names of Etruscan des on he ive; bat no {goer correspondence an be Worked out andthe oetation {Sssahfacrry. The Pacens ver one may see, not Map! at bow it may be desibed a schematic model Tn the Greco-Roman ae no world maps of the erly period, orapproximationsta them, have been discovered hey oF ev pip p30), had xed then, posts mighe oe have recounted {ce voyages of ch heroes a Jon, Odpseus oF Acnxs 559 ‘Sretour, Bet something shin to ap deserbed by Homer in {he Tad cis a well-known forare of Homenc epi da some ‘Ascrptions mir in pode lguage Mycenaean istaions of ‘many cones carr Thay be the ce with what ems to ‘omewit anual deseripon, he of Ace” sb” 1 was ‘made for that hero, the poee el us, by she cratsman god Hephaets of olds, in and bronze plater-On onc ofthe bronze pater he engraved counlen sabes at hy and the neve sting a, $i apo wn fll ret Se he hy ns mip ya, Pde Wace crag rm wate Gu e ‘ioe at ning ato Oconee Artis esd wo have engraved two fine cis, one of peace {nd one of war. Agricul scones, dancing and mery-making ‘esmong te spe of everyday hi epic, Round the whole ‘ihe pret stent of the rver Ocean We cannot know ‘whut thiceseripson roles wage ofan hind. The only ‘hiclbeap tnowa tothe Deca Europos sil (p10), dates ftom someone tuusad yarslater and seed pectic porpon ‘Butte sf ne clei scene, wth he connelsions epreted eth to enable se to find one's way ats, and one terest, ‘his sutrounded by te Ocean, des ogg ently tempat ‘mspeaaing which may have been par misunderstood inthe atk Ages tat followed te Mycenaean period. Homers id to fave ved iter on the wes co of Asa Minor or ona adje=xt ‘lind. Since Miles wa he Brpace of Greck map-making, ‘nd ince Homer oe only showed heen awstenes of fog Fhy ‘Bede ved not fom here, es spproprit hat many Tater Grose should have thought of in athe ther of comp. CHAPTER I EVIDENCE FROM ANCIENT GREECE Ieisunforsnat that so derma rom what war leatlyagrest fey penod ofthe development ef mapping Ths may be dct the peiable o reusable materials on which mupe were dev Wrst cvdence sere is sugges the thee were normally eet puinedon Wood oF more rly engraved on bronze Manuscips [Ef Grosk author of the Clastl snd Hellenic periods, cop ‘monly fom the uh tthe Benth century, survive ether trthout maps or, inthe ate of Artes Merlo, with Imodival maps wich may oF may not rfc claws sources, Tes rom the early pllosopber shat Grek mapping cones spring. Alough Greckcolonaition hile consprcuous acest ‘ben andrarllnd vision therein evidence fat wrveyons of {hse colonies wed maps. Moreover the pare played by Greck ‘avigators in mapmaking is dispute: Grek perp! appese © Inve bon veel mtractone The lain philrophes ah het sicesors were interested is theorca rather than pratiel ‘Grtoraphy: though it wil bescen that hei researches could have Pract effec, Their wady of cosmology led a numberof then {0 map dhe hesvens as much ade car Although thi ook iin rncpleconcemed wit eesti maps the chevements ofthe Grsks cannce be completely undertood without some cogton ofthe work of he philosopher and mathemsticanson the mapping ofthe heavens Evidence ofeany interes in sles atogeaphy scanty When sweare tld by Diogens Lae that Amamander (ce blo, theft acknowledged extogrpher wt sho theft 0 contract 2 phere! we may agin the ths wat # sphere of the heavesfrom the wold fren given. But cy ae aly ew have bea fort Meme ita Te ler shaded xt i sae a arcs ead ihe ed to have be pobihed whoa a ep a Homers The tm ey ed Fem bing cul suns of ple oc ls ey a et giensbvey id ie ae dae een Fe ean od prbeby fom el noveneat: One fom th Gr Floor my otro ave down 0 aan Caer our» ike sms ikea a AS alos Cla ear uy be asin ee APPENDIX I PLINY, NATURAL HISTORY vi.211-20 (fp. 6) ala nde oe more Greek netian of raordiay bey, tl at Fert roe ay tk ating and ty ey re omcon ey ram wt ian Besos ‘pe rh ep and wh of dem fave ows of carat gh culo care othe mnie stn and ea gt Ei be vay and the whe ch wil Be Faron npr the Ree ramon Ey ne ofthe uitene (ers mand) wih car ne Salis cick), whee Grechsbavecale he. seein winner refine, oe EN ae Lat Pie coats ofthe Red Sex The sce oe the Cet Caeman Pew Hiyma Parton Ari Sins, Sea Baylin Sela, Ara Peta Cock Si Mm Sse Egy imown Chor Alec, ool reso th ree fata sh owns of Gye. Tap, Hida, Fe ee tea tae two Hipgon, Numi, the 0 Feet nan he Plot ee Atte wat Ieyasu hc ys en frie ain ache, "et eg mmr na and gos though eta ana eae the sees ps of Pe the ea art of Ara Fae eens Sar hen and etc Babylon, Iie arate, Ava, Joppa Cue, Phan, Pola Sane eee Bur Fapols, Bylox, Antioch, Ladies, Le Fn aeraSemin, the cowl ates of Ci, the south of Cyprn, Cae Tikytacin Sly andthe mre parse provinces of Ase nd fRamidm M35 gromon tthe uno tows dow 28 ng, iat pe ee re "Todor with nda cle thar (stay gos troup he Copan Gate he near par of Mein, Cato Spade te Tawar, Aunts has the Cas Gates, Sh, Tea (Gps Poids, Poplin, Sc, Up, Lp, Pore, Nol (Cols, Rhode, Con Hales, Cad, Doni, Cla, Deon he ‘url Cyc, Gyan, Male, Argon Lacona, Eat, Olvepi, ‘Menosa ote Pelopomes, Sasi, Catia, er ily, sates Std, Cut, Cater A gromen toi long rows soe 7 Eup Th ngs doy tel eqn bes, "Fo ourh aor ng nde tees onthe there of he nan he wth a of Capac Casa, My, Sara Sey ME Spy Mi Tai Uy Cara, fos, Tne, Colophon, Eph ‘MB, Chin etd cy), Son he ein Sey he note (pda Adres Megat, Coea Sey, haa Here sal pi te nae of uy, the et of Cae Naan the cota Sin om Nova Carthago andthe re wo oie Tos omen 1 ling orerpoed shadows lng Taeloaget dy bs a Sequnoc Sacra, Hibe, Arment Mia, Phe [foul ab te Hallopon, the rod, Feeds Abydo Sep Ihr (Toy) Me Ma. {Cynon Lampacan, Spe, Amity, Hace: Pons, Pphingen eerste ieee Comet eet, kaa a ‘mpbipoty Theisen Pele, Edens, Bere, Phar, CaPson Bowoaan Eeboc Chak, Dep, Acamans, Avs, Apollonia, Bewdisum, Toretom, Thr, Los, Reyusm, be Lacan, Nesp, Fol the Tuco Sen, Corrie Beare Lradand cal p= ‘Fitch erou, wich intr the cy of Rome, embrace te Capi ties the Crocs the north of Ame, Apolona on he Rie, Nome, Net Cason, Bynum, Lina, the Chenoa, te Blac Bay (Mal sas Aber,Semetirae Mérooc Aco, these of he Bes, Thrace, he eso the Mad, Peon Hymn, Dueracim Corti, the tinge of Apola Campi, ri, Pe, Lina Lac Gena, gar” Anopalic amt Nato, Tura, stl Hispana Tarconna and ee ‘rough Luton, gnome tf sndow. The long dy 815 tous coring to Nis 13 hc vet on gi cot ehe ie fhe Capi ed goes thor Cath be (Cen) orem he ores, Toa INouleu Akinum. Vents, Vices, Pao, Verona, Cremons ‘Bl hpeaas anaes ts agin Gol Via Ves) {he Pron and Clr gnaw: sof sadown exp tae SGptonow me hive publnhed the fdingsofancet writers The most cach neque ave vagal opens ere he Sie am heh Hn rng al ne Srna Si byphene ntti Deen ad prt of Coma oe Ebciovnes calc teeiemafiecomstoen say gh eticion hod gh ic Hyped Bia assy feos tisivecctaclys ses Pooew rman oe iS toe Cink goed oe ee ee gel Satie night Tas nowy St pesto aa bl one ‘Seale neh Und Mad aoe ‘iS er clpaneunangh where hg ny 24 hor {Sco gomg agh per type wha sea. Teeane Rievintaled fn Sow 22 of he a op eoAPPENDDX DATA ON THE ORANGE CADASTERS (pp. 108-10) 1 The incipton ecordng Vespa’ 3 Prmentf oases ACC Many gents mere vil eco EERE pea the Orange mci the femandr ai See hs nce sen of Coase Bash enue Ngan 9 coun wie 2 roger he pb cod of is rei, ‘eso to the Testi [TITTLE ssa ie woes i connate. bur se that TRACM Revie cmperon och ot what wan efx poorer nd wat ren bck ee has, Tormey bt paying The Tecan had 18 Sncomple os The igh iter bland nie rand cnc cnt te ter boundary he fogerame C= too oe fe Anns rnsategotedin dead erally tte were 19 SOMERS eee goto wae reer ro he dvr, “To 1 aes ses by SA PPP ESE = de fig. 30 shows pars of smo ‘amt te ech ide ft ado ‘imu Ble TIC no. 1 PipAPPENDIX IV PTOLEMY, GEOGRAPHY ii.3, ‘Manuscript variants on British place-names (2) = Flreotnay Laurentian xxv. SP pots ed er § (2) and dred mmc the apaatin ‘Tih bang puro apiece Maller eo, v1 peucsersusseueersary“Thos vara a omens dc 1 roding of copys omision, sometimes mensona The os srs apn among he oes Fiedc Vinton chee wach ery bre fcr van, APPENDIX V PEUTINGER TABLE Categories of places Penonifcton Roms Craantnspl, Anica Polygons! walla cles (9: Aguica, Ravenna, Tesaonc, Ricca, Neo FARCE ‘Baths and seni evorts (8) for bins ofcharacesisigh ee ‘Annan ML, heros pt Rome, 967) pp 222) Eatoed ‘thee iow tet sahdvinom 1,19 and 3, which have Kenge pers and do oot rm fo lng 1 egyanata ee) Apne “Temples ee Coupes motte (9) Serapeum (24 Diana (9 Templo eerie ovine: (RE cv, oper 3) lve pana eat ‘pio (-luppaer Apeoninas Ignis love finan, Templar: Meroe Tenpl, Ven Ten Here Ad- helen Ad MEcciee: Teel Aogunk Fine Fogare hon Fate ane, Fema ant (Baga, oe tmp ASSP (0) Onl panes Daracetra, Amuse (Amon: Saas Colas ‘Reena lely}ciums favo (= learamt NS. cepa (Rophaena NS Ace Sen Sys Aug Rurcum (Aoga eurcorom), Pon £5 Neapols (RE sy. Nespls 11), Cabone (Cibo) loner; Senos Oceans abou (2): [Pon No Oa, Fo Mains _Lighthowes (3): [Boho (Alenia ‘Alas: pica Ace Pin) i: A ede ndividal lldings (0): Ad matics Vs Vadis Sots (Vade Sito) ite Tegan V3. “Tamme (i 1Cera Neal] V4 yo, Fors a pose whose Anan nd. rape Rome th pass Th atten at ‘fund al ins ited par of hep may pot he his oF itd grape ier han to any Senate tectionGREEK AND ROMAN WORDS FOR ‘MAP’ Grek 1. i sla, ‘ap ofthe ite way sound the ext Ha NaRM Ios Ae hike, Ai MSR Kinde i ee ee) oe ec. ‘peed. srt, spin fmerion ror C3). Abo ye a fohsooe senator. Diog Lie 2 nos, Fd, vg: Plt The nino verbal & Sato Lt. Ck. moyen, desing of mips See onuoysgos, Eat of DP Kindred omer aronomcal fom Dep cand comer 2: psig. oe per of ay kind wavoyei,pan om fn P. Meyer 30 cond otry Sr raves ane sentry 49). CE mayonsea “sw 2 es Br FR LB. Copa apnea Blame ea nde nerkorm Sema‘ eng et ale shay mp AN say sete womcil Gp! ey i Gun He 2a oh ole nC al ota ‘nr plo: Vogt. es mcernwheher the pee rie‘Something similar may have been designed by Parmenides the Dythagoreans in southern aly Bat eke rl ep foreard came with Boss of Caos (¢- 408-355 30), the welldnown {Seronommer, who was pupil of Pats Fir rest achievement ‘wast contract globe showing the sky assen fom ouside, He ‘Kpied th globe in his works Phanomons and ‘The Minor (ents impact on Grek sd Roman reedersip was asted och incr when Aras of So (315-240 e) ace 2 vee ‘ender of the Phamomena? From ths we ea seth the diet {ature waste lost o the slbe of conventional sgn forthe Iavenly bodice depicted. Art version at 0 poplar Chat tras sveal ines mtd int Latin ven No ewer than the ofthese rendering are extn, by Cicer, Tiberias nephew and Mopeed som Germaicay and Avene (po t4)) A very {ever ids of the appearance ofthe globe may be obained fom the Famese Ast the Naples Archacologal Miseum+ ‘Therapporting ofthe sk by the gn Ale wars Bvourtetheme of Grek ar and thi + Reman copy of a Hellniste orgina ‘The ln sent in 1 polly Independent Grek sate, Arcades of Syacite (7-313 c) wat famous 2 inventor of ‘he theory of dplacement, bute dd contbue mucho ees ‘mapping Fle made any specs ne ofthe ems tae boon ITI lake which showedthe people, amas afer which all ‘onstellaons were named le was very accurtely designed apdin ‘hr colours Another wasamachine kino oery sma ‘hemotion ofthe sn, the moon and five panes Te was specially ‘Contved show sla ad lana eclipsr air the correc member ‘Strevoltions Arties ws unfortunate killed by Roman Seldine at the gege of Syracuse ae he wat making gromeicl ‘wings in tbe tnd. Bur he aod hit drawings wee » major fuilay target at it wit be who hid devied canning, wate machines eed Sgn he Romane The orery” wen spl the commanderinehie M. Claudius Mavcellay Archimedes trork war abvioul spprecaed ari globe wa placed on public Siew in the Temple of Vrs im Rome Laer Greeks considered da the ist map-maker was Anasiman~ (er of Miles (41-546 #6), whose maser Thas Was sid t0 ave visited Egypt co const pie, and to have predicted an (ipo the sn, Mess Crock cit Ass Minor, was wel (Sided to abuorb sypoxs of Babyonin scence. ncading Posy Be enomon, the upright member of 9 sundial though ‘Anustmandr id onl have invented HeScako said fave ot up a sundln or near Sparta "Aounitmander wath second proper of the loxian school, sich war parculryintrenedincommology- Theshapeand Se (rhs map ate dificult to envige fom the accounts? Te was Sheony 2 map ofthe Known world, and” Stabo. and ‘Rgshomers alc pinay, stern ased pics of pine pl tut sometimes sho of ronte panel, Diogenes Lartus ays ‘rit portayed an ctin erinaton) of he land apd sea Bt Sten the sme author tll that Avaximander believed in {evctitc untvene with a sphere eth e suspect, sine the {Phenesl concept war not deed eal, and others atta nenimander the diferent concept of «cylinder Neverthe, he may indod, Diogenes Lari aims, hve bre te fin to conte sphere, tough more ikely celestial than eesti “The poctcal-map-making which developed fom Anunimanr' ap may be lated from a wel-Enown Sry in Horador'* In 4 e, Arstagors rant of Miles made tour of important ote on manlind Greece looking for ales ‘omnt Dun King of Per, He took with him on ths Cour ‘at Herodon cals bronze alt [pax] with an engraving of nap [ped hcraly "going ound ofthe whole worl wi [Mltever and sea Among hr contac was King Cleomenes of Spartan onthe showed hivall te aeason Chewy rom oma {0 Suen, eapiol of Pens, The nt region of Ans Minor oo the Dropowd march, Clic, i deebed a “opposite Cypas Etplyng hat Cypros too appeared: snd the pons est of Asa unr tegen Armenia, Matin, sd Cea wth hey of Si Like! many ether mips in andy, however, ts Peimably Id mo wale: for Cleomene, two days ater asked How long would sacha march take” “Three month’ was the reply, whereupon despite sractve fers of money he efised “The map ses probably developed rom ear of Amsimander. Buk ‘we may prentne that ital contained the cure of the Royal "Road, which Heredonus derbes im some deal immediatlyafte, pong the number of xaging-poss and the dizane. This eral (Sits of Girt), they reported hat they bad the toad Hed ben carly measured fr the Gret King by rod Shbkny wn on hcg Depredirobourendene of ling ‘Stveyon, and the eter proprsont of Avago a anor the cqusor they leer 10 fave. ben dibeeve etary the secon rath to Au, may well have teen Hitodonor ioc onentthenecminntaredscsied soided by sch vey work om A plusble ery iat the Sepp sr below fopapicr snd mybographsr Hecate f Milas 300 8) "Bo sey oie Herons thee of perl car nd “Tasthendec promoter his map sed on Anaximander and redo anew cartographic concep. Hebimsel emigrated Thur {Gn hit own aves in Asa and Egype Hs Prods Ces, Tourney ‘Southern aye e438. This wast fr omy Crown to which ‘nd he worl des with Europe in Boo, As wc he ‘Rowe spe ec Pytagorss had moved fom Same to found + {nine Afi a Book 1 Some tine hans fragments ex, euhesaccl and pllnpbieal commminity. ANbough Pyeh- {atthe re monty bre and nor wery inrmatve se recorded by por wrote nothing, we Kaow tat he condered the sper 5 Sephatr of Byzantium. When we ie tld hte enormously the perist sae for all bodies in the univers, presmabhy improved Avieagorst ip hs psbably mest tat be caed Incang the earth, Tir wa aken up by Pam of lain {ei text ater han rede the map {onthe ay (born sts). have ben he ist to divide ‘a judge from the term peridy, “way round’ Aragon Tiphceal erin ve tone on hot two temperate and two word mp is Hhaly to hve Bern ela In another panoge Gv. ol rscens icy tot be srt is von eer ova map oy Herons reat" am amused tose 0 many Poole Sta lobe oducing cesar maps fr no go enon. We are hoe the Tidhoweve, a fat surface was wed wo porta the inhabited Sccan towing round text perfectly crake wif arned ona wold (ikomene) the pilsoper map-maker debuted wich Inthe with Etrope and Asa the same sae” He, ike some ott Seishe bot shape for ach map. An oblong or oval shape wat Gest ofthe Clie prod, heoght tat Europe was ich ingested by Detnocri of Aber 470 450-1790 30 80), Inger Theis of an encrcing Ocean wan ery ld one, pehaps ‘who wih his maser Leacippa alo drew up the coexp of the Snherted fom esly Babylonian maps and venforced by Greek Nom Dems ald ery wie coming eed meh mythology a inerpteted by Homer. Thee aly Grek maps hd im Eeype, Mesopotamia and eve, scoring o onc wure, nd. ese tte cen pevops with Dep occupying the ental Fis Coninon on he sape ofthe habit world was tha he Poston. This was ot oly Benue its ay cenally stated Proportion o gs ees) tt with as 3.2" TS fEanand Gree ven cing tobe he opto, nave of he Froporton had some meen on sbsequnt atographers ofthe {Se wa alo te chet regous ewig ofthe Ges ‘mene. Buti wa ecognid bring bated on acme Sere Apts race aed on mch mater clomation rowiadge, Pato maker Socrates my tat out the wodd Ferolottctcrm enable tosee tha map producion bythe Iinowa othe Grek thee ate probably geat number of people ne he was wing 44430 8) wa aly age even hoogh {ig na reat any sla eon repcitive. “Ree pt we nay conader ha owedge owe oF mags Th ew chapters ate (42) Herons expan on is view of ‘anise dn ChaacalGaak ey, forex st how maps shold be mie. Before srrunding Europe and ths ime of the Stan expedition, 413 ne- Did the ordinary ie eater eer ‘Netan know where ily war ana heany es ofthe es tour them, kn hee of Abs, which be ills iby, Pharaoh ‘titopogtapiy Evidence anwer othe quetion ys, ‘Neco (6o0so4 ae) had sent Phoenicians who in seve ships tothe sed ne Otc onc hand Purse el that ow bed Chewmmavgaed in thee year thus proving at except the the invasion the average Athenian could seth the onthe of Thm of Sue twas srcoundd by water. When afte tr Sic and place i elation to north Aisin gecal and 10 Clockwise rcurmavigeton, they earned io Egypr athe Plas Cihage i ponetln® On th oder hand we are tld by“Thucydides that he mann he set general knew ite about {he akc or population of Sis. Evidence frome Arsephanes {er aisttry, bu aera was art ofthe comedian’ stock in lende to exaggerate and caintare. To ae with land 200 Sern nf by Stepan the simple countryman when es ‘Town a map of the worl, imagines it a pln of an allotment ‘Thon, when he reais what te he hs diel sn recognizing ‘Albee Bucs and. Spar; bot the resins are expresed ‘Stiscly. Whore Athen appearson dhe map, hecanorsce any of the hordes of jrymen The nln of Eaboes surprisingly lon tr dhe map, bat evens be recs tha i's being ourpace, i. policy cutditaned, By Athens. Finally, enemy Sparta Tooke {rch ton cow for any Atbeian’s peace of mind “Tn alon by Arsophanc oan allotment plan reveling “Thats the orto plan hae any conerymen might be expected to have sen Panes lable to be produced, arnong other things, {or amplicon of gs deitions Such plans might wel have teen em papyrus ffom ancien Gree, 3+ opposed to FSYPt, Hirclongum and chewbere no. papyei have survived. The nae mont ely tobe preserved stone; Du wheter one sch {fom the Athcasores our than sore meron uncertain Teomght so cortain an extremely smal pla or a monogram is Tending "bundy between shop and Dou At Thorcos, at ‘Atienuntabove he wes parodorofthe theatre, she entrance PTounivcenary Re mine ecely explored by Profesor HF ‘Mache sed ott of the Comte des Fuller Belgesen Gre. On Therock face immediatly above ti entranceis whac appears tobe {mall plan of he mine, correrponding eoughly to the 120 m fection so far excited, Sack an example ery es 0 mi ba there may be others sae which are as yet undetected, The {mre of Thorkos in surveying is indieated by thre nsripons Which ead qos obaddur,"Eoundary of apportionment cit fou on te rok" “Phe fourth entry nc wt one of great Scentific achievement, |Akhougs Endonur”contbuton 10 terteial mapping. wit probably smalr tans cretial conebuon (p23), we are od Ey Strao thar he wie rgarded san expert figures and ‘haters ented and by Agatemeros that he regarded the Tength ofthe iabted world at doubles breadth “Figure (hema) mt refer to geomet gues eave to ters) Caregraphy. “Climate (Mimatss erally “inclinations are not Shetindentood nthe modem sens, bot a aoeade er tudal ‘Snes ice boson masimam hours of sunshine. This wee of imate deiended via Prolemy’s cicsm of Marinus with ‘modifications tothe Middle AgetsodtheRenassance Cleary the portion ofthcinhabted word mentioned above wate fora Ting ume antigay lathe fie centry ac, Gemma of Rhodes sero "The breadth of the mbsbted world approxima halt {tengo to draw a map coscle one should me rectangslar pel withing ewes bree» Whether Eadoxus had sch PGheme of rectangulsr panel we do not know: the surviving Fragments concen, pystel geography ate_devespive of peoples ofthe workd Bute he fs rectangle bss may alo dere the aprosch of is cotemporary, the historian Epon. ‘Unforunately our svidence fr thi secremely te, comings tx docs fom Cosas Indcoplesses (p78). tn Book IV of his Hitery. Epon of Cyme nthe Aeobid (405-320 Ro equated Compus pointy expr i terms of winds wih peoples, hs Wd ition — Pape Ae aid Aptis Ea Indians From summer ie Nowe Soh ———Etopans rom wine ng Borst Noh Seythins From mm sting The ares alloated co Ethiopians and Seyhins indicated hat they cepa gener tof tect thn Idan and Cel, though the whole scheme i only very approximate, Cosmas la- ‘opie ay tat Ephorus Husted this concep with the iniplof the flowing drawing, whereypor » rectangular mp flows, wih Greece orthe Aegeninthe centre Although some ‘fis deal are eee Chri fn concep of #09 crude for phon to have icomporte, we msy a lest conjecture that Eptony ike Budonansvourda rectangle yout fora mapot fe known wor ‘Wheres snumber of previous writers hadammed the ea [espera Artal (38422 cet out proof spheric: at Zephyroe We ceIunar esis the cn’ shadow on the mace i cela: the (elotal pole rie ar ope eaves north. He adapted Parmenider {Hee ancy but defined them in terms of ator, opis ad arte Gels Like Herodorss, be ertcned circular maps of the ‘ikamenc and he gave the proportions ofthe lnwer a over $3 {Stats of Gibrakirinda, Elsopis Sa of Arow). He was pesmi about fer exploration either north-south, because SP advan imate conditions, oF cat-wet, because of the hormour eaetch of ocean between Tod and the Puls of Herel (Senits of Gibrakan). Ariotl’s esate of the ‘Shsumibrene ofthe earth svar 400000 tae, We do not knove Saat gt of ade he wed, but the extremes re approximately {o,00 and Back. 37,000-0,00 miles). any cases ‘nina wat appreibly niger tan Ertothcne mestorerent os) “The only pusage in Artal where we know dc there was 2 dlagram skin tot map eter drawn or intended i Moterlogie ti Modern edisone™eccotet thi snd abo cx corpt formina Madr manenpt of the wells century” Theabjects to tbow the postion of the windy 30 the cone of the map Iehere melvin hr cae Grsce or the Aegean, and de ile ‘presents he hotizan seen rom that pone By marking onthe ‘Sfeumiorence addon go the cardinal oie he samme nd Iviterssings and stings ofthe un, nd jining thee pois, be eShic mee to depc the nore temperate sone; hi gram TRAINS ken purposely incomplete ae ecognaes ony fen ot AE Winds not twelve. Ar hes co the tdinon of this Sewoetam wind map, we may compre the Pero anemexope ee and te map avached to Polemy’s Handy Tale (P179) F.2 Siuc Maded manisepe which gives the diagram from ‘vote’ Metta ss as atcmpe showing in map form ie cerain prominent mountains and Vers te sated. AS ‘hs eontin wou topographical err, they ae unlicly tbe SSSce'tom Aroronies diagram rather they must be poor feeonstntons from his text ofthe Metovol “Pin manihe ate of work erography sehen Alexander the CGnat bimse'a ppl of Arte, ser ont ans expdition othe fn ‘which youled inthe overérow of the Persian Empire Git Sos te) Although be believed imelf t have a divine Geko mntary comes was or by any means his sole aim, He nus genuinely enquiring mind, nd wanted i posible to cxpore thc holland ato the Ea He gsr secretaries collect Athaever mac wat salle on the more imacesibe regions had tok vero sholr with him to wate up the areas covered ‘Whatner de collsed maveralincuded mapesreare not 4: Bat the tecseans on the eapedition inladed to roud-measurer®* whose fincton was to Keep 2 record of al disancsbecween Soppie: places Gh ier Pliny ives some deraisof thes) and to oente the geoprophy, sol lor pd fauna ofall eas raven ‘Th formation wa ncorporstd in a daly expedition report {not extn) compiled by Eurenes of Cardia eu clee dat ter {Spographicl weer sucha Isidore of Chars (p12 drew ‘heme on the incaryconent of te expeatoon. Alexander's lun to go farher and explore the For Eat was thovarted by & vol of is amy, Rather than abandon all discovery of new feetone he subicated ad and ea joumney fom the Inds {iS to the head ofthe Persan Ga (pp 134-8) Tn the West above 330 ne Pydhes 2 Greck fom the colony of ‘Masia (Mrseile) explored the Adan coasts of Eorope ar ov as poles Although a sneguty geographers and others Sree sce of hv findings we ean see tat is voyage mat Thhtef senife ems Hi man object ems have been 1 ‘work out ade! for many ofthe remote ples ether through‘he tngthof the longs day or through the eight ofthe an tthe MoeShaie Heke the enact neson ofthe celestial pol, nd ‘Worked or the land of Marie p42" very ner the once vale of 4F 15 "is voyage (p13) tak han ia Cadiz up the Spanish cmt, 29 tne Castries or Ti lind, wos Toation sdnpted. He then ‘Srermmavigaed the Bri es, and may even have sale nto ‘Se Duloc Arche fret point ord at which observations are {inguenablyeeconded, Mena (ee thee of Man) and the Bighrottabeck the son rnc ro only cubits — 1 ac midis, deh longes day bad nineteen equipo hous. Bat om the Somnacy of the sere be could tll ata some pint the ‘etn ewsanly vl at midurnmer, giving he Koger sy esi tour hour; soa hat point he plced (ona map or in is (Shy amd tht he ald Thal, Since hs on aerount hs noe Sivived we enor tell wheter e vised such an land ot ‘ether i ean inded be relted t a acl pice ofan ‘Biecarehus of Meson (Messina), fc 320 BC, pupil of -Arwote, wrote among er lot woth Perio gs, which can be erst inening eae voyage round the world ce mapping of {Se world He Sared from Democrit’dimension of bd ‘workelons baseline (ops fom the Pillars of cul ia SOUS, Sualy where he wat born, the Peloponnes, where Be then ved sowie Asa Minor, he Tours mounnas apd the Hialsya ‘Thi ate ine dade the width ofthe Known world Ter approx int a coil halves On tor Branching oot Tom he gave estimate of fength, thus Fe te Sate Pla Hewes Sei of Mesina 00 Siri of Mewina ——_Relopomese yo Felopomese Fendt aie over 08 ‘Athough Seabo (663 Ne-aD 21 off) cxtized Dieaarcha figures the evening tree handed years. with the sesources tf Rome fo ands a supplied mach more eaefl menrement How fer thee writer made or looked at maps exmot be decrmined, bar they were accumulating sformation on the ‘Remowork 2 ella some dea ofa ofthe known world. A ‘Selig on the splay of aps in Athens comes rom the wil of “Theophesus (970-2861), mecesiorto Antti ssbead ofthe Fa oan Event with the general 2m of cg Perf Athens fe sequss that ‘the Fae [nak sowing the Pateke world [pds gi] sould bes wp sh the lower ar ot The were erdemly wooden panel, which ike pictures scaly be removed when required, Th information a ie wide spread of world maps. Coins struck abou this a hop. 1) and showings small art of Asia Minor are ‘Spe forms of onal maps ‘An important by-product ofthe capeare of Egypt by Alexander JE eRe tnd the esablshmene of his gnerl Prolemy 1 Sote, ot Gre Soning of Aland, among other hing Tew een Erect leming, During the reign of the sucesoi PeiGuy nPhldepns (j08 246 2c, te Crone fom 2832 Prcleny Alotndrm Libary and Mascom were pied, The Teston poreeullyveuable slaving 2 very good collection trod cenificwerke Apoonits of Rhodes wrote there Shaba Rhode as Argon largely geographic epc poem. In arene ge evidently oy 2 rol of reenche he had made be SEE aE in cary acs prey of eign from ExypE © CEE lca cont of be lack Sex, erected plas on which caesar map ofthe land and sea journey was etched "Pinothenes of Rhodes, one of Pele I's adn 270 10h ane cite now le Ot Hana He add wo winds TORTS Gite in Anodes Meteoolags and allocated remore ‘Ropleoreoumtesto tae weve dvections Since wekow dat eced Seytia beyond Thrace and Ethiopia beyond Egypt it ape ly tte made Rhodesthe ent of hs windrose which ‘Say have teen secompanicdby + map hs was adoped by many Tru Sctiorn and even afer the fil fe Roman Empire We ‘nay compare what may be deduced trom the Ravenna Cotmogeapy (p74): Rhodes wasa good place from which 9 tuk obsrvstons st had long naval ado and mos ave Fal spa mas of nawalinformaon gathered over 3 long feriod. Nevers, Sabo wat eaily ale to find Aaws st ‘Timouhonc’ geogesphic) decipiens thus he placed Met- {gumon (Mellin, orth Afb) oppoute, +. due south ofManis, wheresitshoul, ye Sabo, be placed oppositeNova Corhapo (Caragen "Avie conttion rea in mapping on world scale ca wwith'a scenic stimate of the creumfrence ofthe earch, Us Urigiatorsceptd tha te eth asa sphere, nd sumed hat {hat sphere wer perfect, Ertotenes (275-194 80), who was bon Cyrene ad tied in Aten, was invited by Drlemy I oergctes King of Egype 246221 ne, to come to Alexandea 36 {tort bison and tory afer decor of the Library. His evan works either of hich has sorved, were On He ‘Mecueme te Eat ad Gregrphice? Cleomedes summarizes the former and Serbo cin the eter. While til keeping 1 the geocenc views of the vnivene, he waned fom the ‘Shurnpion tht de sus ws odin ht fr practical purposes fe cold conser a ar aye om earth and i was (hs theory tht erabled In co anv a2 smarkably sccorate {alealaton. He sumed tht Syene (Aswan, where a midday on ‘esummer auc the sun was exactly overhead, waron the same longitude ts Alexandra, though thee 2 ditrnce of 2. He worked out the angle, Alexandr en the summer sluice, ewoen the vrocal nd dhe ange ofthe sn at midday 3 1)s0 08 Boo. Then the angle subtended st the conte ofthe earth by ‘Mean and Syene woud be equal to ds angle. ese ples ‘rere apponemaey $000 des apart, the ceumference ofthe Tech wuld be sox $000 ~3s0(00 tds Burara mathematical floy. in order to ave a number divisible by 0 oF 360, s0 810 prc aades with his hdiisons or degre, he mended his to asao00 sade -A'siade (ann), orgy the stance covered by 2 plough ‘fore tnming, wat éoo fer of whatever sandard was wed Schluss have’ dopued what length of sade assed by Entonihenes Alte water, Juhu of Asclon. sys chat "Enstorhenes and Siro both had 8} staes to amie. Ths is not {ruc of Sto, who fad stad goa Roman male ™ Erosthonet eve teckoned ine, bot we may presume Juan wa defining in Olympie sade of 78m. 60, which would make the ‘rumference of the earth 45,007 km (27967 imperil mil) at Sans te acon equatorial reumfrence of ga75 km (24.902 ‘hle),Amakermativeggesson, made inthe nineteen entry, Which is bsed on Egypunn mcraremens nds thought have Fea temet peat amin gg oom plied to land tances in Egypt, hat Eetstenes may have Uedasodeof espe so, Thisthory, well summarized by Olive ‘Thomaone giver a mich elo equivalent 0 the actual ‘measurements samely 39690 ken (24.03 mle). ‘Once thru of 3.00 sede was aceped it was feasible a to work oat the crcumference af any parallel. Thus enihenes calelated tha the prallel of Rhode, 32, was ‘mnder 290000 sadn conference. To obtais te equivalent in ‘Ses of one dager of trade he had only to divide by 360,12 Joostades wo oben the equivalent of one degre of longitude at Rodeshe coal vie, sy, 195,00 stades by 36,1 544 sade. ‘Ths there wat the Bast Of ly aceure coordi for any ‘ection mapping of the Meditranean bcd 0m the Rhodes ple Ths Geographies Eestcthenes dscused the best method of eiwing map oftheinbabtedareaof teenth askaowns! Than ie coeuited te dance slong the Alexandrian merdan fom the Cinnamon country im the south Thulin the north os {ppronimatly 400 sade The way he expres thin detalis by dhuancs aor ofthe eqator ofthe wep and of vaneus aly bt splifed forms works outasfllowsad See oo ‘land Rhodes ie Roser tyumacha ts Tyumachis ——-ReBorystenes S000 R’Borptione The sco His meridians, from wes to eat, may have heen somewhat a fallow Dita of Mende prog ats Pili of Heras so Sra of Mesin/Carage fe RodoyAboandeia 5000 thor ‘oo Cain GatePeian Golf ease Rida Neooe Essen fot of nda ae [As with eather map constrecion, dhe length of the oikumene {rey exc the with though by what proportion depends on flow much of the northern, eastern snd southern extents Wat regarded anid Irises fom Suabo dat Eaten id ‘Srorchogonl prejecaon, Rates than a rectangle, be ought of dcerkumene tapering offatcachend of tlenst, ikea clans (hort Gres nae. Moreover Strabo tess that wo de above foal of 7gco0 eades Ersoshens, sing another mathemati! Ploy: added 200 at cach end to preven the with being mart Thambalf the length, Germaine Ase points ot that on the paral) ff Rhodes thi tal of Thane sads corresponds to about 4 Tongitde, which roughly the datance rom Koes tothe west ut of Spun, But ancient metho of reckoning longitude were torte compared withthe fran bined Gon sl or See Rite ee Gee Ewer Bt SSS eee amy thoin or petal men ely commana ad iid hres On the wha rca med pore a Pak cnpeon Ea Nicodemer oF Nic clon ais som Wee Dims 363 me North Theodore or Theo- doc aos sane South Polytiun a es Iewillde sea thi the combination ofthe figure poinsto a date showt mine of tea years cavers but 4, daring Cass ‘gatoniup, seme much more likely. The four repos ofthe word ace not sel-explnatory, but what Caer tems t0 have teint ia fallow Ell othe cat of Asta Minor, West, Europe execpt Greer, Macedonia and Thrace; Noth, Greece, Maccdoni, race nd Asa Minor: Southall Acs If Romans sree Puneing ty, hey wend poe the noe seton much Fence went, whereas tise were Greeks, following a ation Which ongiated im Rhodes or Alexandria "We may peclte whether hs map wa at nd Scuba even hong suche shape nighthave been conaierd'unscenieand oly adaped tthe shape ofthe known word. Thoth form ofthe Heretord Wend Map (p73). wh, however, siusly Alnor the slave postions and snes of aes ofthe world i & ‘way ate shoud not imagine Joan Caeur and fis ednicans ‘wotld haves though the only artic claimed 3b ths, the Mavchamp stone (p. 102, must be admitted tobe too uncerain Csodence Ante Roman geogrphiel mans gees toa of pcapbical fares this low map without recording names, Efren the tots turn out on examination to be unreliable iced cecent bot vainly mot creat op Het of ‘Aging we compiled futher Roman april expreion M, ‘ffi Agrippa (663-1290) was one of the caliest supporers ‘Wine young Octavian im bight 0 exalt 8 Jlae Cases heir He ist became prominent as goveror of Gaul Grier he improved the road stem and pot down arebelon Jegurci, He pated te werner Cologne (arsed 2 ‘Roman clory) by setding the Ubi tee request onthe west ‘nk ofthe Rhine In 37 che was cons and ble Ocean ast ‘thi embed im the follwing yer to detest Sexten Pompei Sic, Agsppassadniral ofthe eet weds new ype of grape) ‘Svcd by him Hisgrester very wasin 3 ecwhenof Actin, tei Presa in wrote Grace Octavian ad he defeated Antony fed Clopar, He was one ofthe mtn her of Octavian whet {ay ne the later wn sve with special powers andthe te ‘Aagures in33 nc Angst the wat banded bs gna ‘o Ageippa his inating him 5 aceing emperor. The sme eat ‘Agnppe as given charge of al the ener prs ofthe Empire, ‘with Headquarters a Miele. In3t rc he retuned to Rome aed Imared. Augustas daygher Ja. Afr he had pot down the Cena of mother Spain in 19, he recuroed 0 Rome moe permanently apd was even adional var, From 17/1080 13 Ee wae paling the eaween roving, and in 12'9¢ went to Prononi, but died shorty afer his es, "Augustus tad spacial intretic spomsoring the new map of ‘heinhabted wordeneted to Agrippa. On te re-eblhnent ‘of peace after he cil wats he wat determined on the oe ad found new colonieto provide land for dcaged veteran onthe ‘therliendo build upanew image of Romeasbenevoenthesd of 2 vas empie. Mapping cabled him to cary out these objectives fd to perfect + tak ea by los Cac. Te besa OME ber ching. «us tool i the propaganda of mperal Rome ‘Agripp was an obvious hoice a compet of sucha map beg ‘aval man whe had teeled widely and hada inter i the "eel ide He mst have ha plan draw, and may even avelevine and sd ange mip lp him withthe conversion UF Lake Avena andthe Lact Lari nto nal pos, The world map inconpste a Agnpp's death i128, wat completed by Augusas hime. erected it Rome onthe ‘allot portco inet afer Asrpp, which exended along the {ist side ofthe Via Lat teen Vn dol Coro). This poco, of ‘which frginents ave been found near Via del Tetons as ‘oul eae Porian Vip, but may have Been the ame the fone which Marl cl Pordcut Europse, probably fom 3 [antng of Eorops oni wall.» The builing of his eolomade ‘ar uneaken by Agsipp's ster Vipanis Polls. The date at Which the bulding wae nared 8 ace known, but i wa sil Incomplete in'78e: Whater the ap wat pind engraved on {he walle do aoe Row. The theory tha as rae mast Suey be wrong, nich bape desta clonnade walls Til to hae em sectanglar, probably with north ather tha south ate top "The chi ancent writer who refers totisthe eer Piny, who fegucaly quotes Aging By mane though wheter a mo ass [asoure the maportheconmentryshardoay-Plnys most ‘pec reference 9 the map sin NE 1-17, where records Bethe Iingth of Bae the southern Spanish province, was [given at 475 Roman mle anda 236 Roman miles, Such Tearement fe say were obulte By Agrippa’ cme. In fet thelengy August sme wavabour240Romun mls, whereas the width Gould sil be core, depending how Was ‘alelted Piny contnaes "Who woul beeve dat Agrippa 2 ‘ery carfil man who took gst pins over thi works shuld, Irina he was going to er op the mapeo hooked aby the people ‘OF Rome, hve made es mistake, and how could August have Scceped i? For as Augustus ho, when Agrippa ster bad begun bung he portico ied through the seem roms the intention std noe [omena] of M Agrippa In point of fet ‘Augustus may have delegated the deed checking 0 one of bis fenlmen, chs isle C eis yginan* Pays words do ot make ela whether he nots were wten Up a9 separate ommentary, and Delfen thought they were not? Cera fines in Play lead one eo soppone they came Flom Eommentary, noe map. Thus Agappa sido have writen fp blow) that he whole oat of he Capa fom the R, Cane storey i i which preset nding fo 435 mex If $Piehecnary had not been ominous but hed merely ered ee sepcmenay woe we requ the 3 pom at 2, Pinyotime tomecighty yar erm have gone ot of xfanvon Teo le geogrpive wring, the Divi oi and Sinem povectoun (Commonly breed vo Dire 25 Dinara nay tbat come rem Agi, Bese Gey tow simluris wth Play’ Bgures Bot he numerals redness tee be ry conrepe Thee Efecver, ewes eg the combine measurements of Macedonia, Ace tnd te Bellon whch age wth Phy? ae ‘rte eds tot an Agipp bc muy ncverthlen in t ave Benne him, We may test at scondary sources Oost, Thew siernon pone and the Ish prograpieal wrter ‘ral (fa a9)" Gros ser 0 have ted od lowed ly ley both Agrippa and Piny aswell cay witers fom Enosthenonwerds Bellbcr tate followed Py exept ter he ad enon oe ht Pin ar ong Tes alo daimed ht Strabo cbained hs gure for Tay, ‘Cost, Sarina snd Sy ro Agaps soars war deep ‘re comnmistoed by Ronn or Gres ah Bur fr hoe ‘SHosarein es ot stad, But Sabo over name his sore, trey ean the choogespher Sacha word erty Se up Ath Bas The word dd op note ar raed Furope. Ata, iby or Afi. Aug wa he Bs fo sow it {th wen by chomogrpty Een rena dg ferme ff mening betwech hand Peles defiion, by which Shorogrphy tees to reponal mapping. A diet companion with Pin, who may here be trang to Agrippa 2st source ‘hgh eds ane bi, cn be made ow nthe se of Sialy where the Bgures do no al Fee 57 mls legs etme, Teva Foals 6xb eles(0) Cape Pachyu-Cape Bots (4) Mesa (Mesa-Libyboeum (Maral) 2 mls 2) Ty Yuen 24 mies om) Unkes Agrippa map and his commentary gave diferent rege, which anlkly te question arses wheter Strabo ‘rent ntsothe, the mow recent Roman source avaiable hin, Bet las Caesar's map. For t more comple nscament of what Agrippa wrote or ordered tb puton his map, we may ton passages where Piny ‘Quotes hin specially a refrence. These nla both nd and ‘Eineaurements thoughte commonest arelengbsand bens Of province or oupe of provines. In ths eomext, length ovmaly means the grecr ofthe two meaturement. The act that for Content measurement abo usally means weet ‘or north-westsouth-es i largely coincident Altbough the Stords scat lpi andlatitd, they have no connection with TRngitdinal sad liana degree divsions Plin, NHi.6, See p42 ove. With eferencet this length of ‘Baten tL Pliny fers a pone explanation when he wits ff Agrippa a consering that mow of the cost of Buca was ier aceupied By Phoenicians Sis. "Agapp spores he length of Gallia Narbonensi 8379 snl why 248 Te Burs ate cored from Martians Capella: smilar one ace given the Dimer, ile “Thecheumference of Sly, according Agrpps,is618 rls" See ove although Deteben wanted emedthe figure {0 sat, Dic bas the some Ogre iki “The Liciian promontory [C. dele Colona, near CCrotone, Sal) sepoced by Agoppa tbe 79 mes fom Ghul {Keaslones nee Lor’ This comet it undertond asa ‘Saight ea mensrement followed by the sore dance up ever. Tino, lanes maximum width 325 mules, ng fom R. As iti, ai] eo. Denim [Dr] $3. From the Din tothe ‘Acrotaunion promontory [C. uke Albuns] was sid by ‘Aguppatobe rsa, whe the whole lain and yan Gals roo. mies round.’ The liter mewurement, for which, if {Rida mesaurements ace dep, 160 ms would be more itt tle to the Adee fom is head to ©. Glos aod Seno ris From the mouth ofthe Dansbe tothe outlet ofthe Back Set same have reckoned 00 ils, Agtppe added 0 This Sct. aia very convincing emerson, athe han the BiS scadng DLL, which would cs even more wih 1-78 (tow so, it promontory Crsmetopon ("Ram's forchea” wow €_ Kris), scoring to Agsppa Crete 126 ser fom ‘Gyren'spromontory Peas (os Rar Sem, Libya) He alo gives {iu isancs rom Clete Me Cadi (NE spur of Mi Date) Gipe Mala in the Peloponsese a "and from the nd of ‘Clpatos to Cae atte promontory of Sanson Go mies ‘Sat Wheres Ertowhnts had reckoned the dance beeen (Ghz and Cyrenin 2200 sade 230 Roman sales), Piny ‘ial goo bark to pa-Seylx four cemary nc] whospake of ‘Tioventysfourhour si Teo Tne cance round the Back Sea, according wo Vatro nd os ofthe early writers 3850 miler: Comes Nepos ads io. Aremidore aes #2119. Agsppa 20, and Mucins 2235" Piny bas omed to more ours than wal none ite very aly tad sing with ©. Lice Maan, who had ‘en gover of Syria nab 8-6. The onl iia wits be figure given fo Agipa 230 mile that Phy aboattbutesto [im seporae gue forte north and the oath shore Ge below), vile when added together, eet without the (wo sat Invlved come to ass less posubly 2560 was he iended amber ~“ 78 Agripa gives Byzntian-Danute fo mesa Gm the Danube to Paspucum [Reroch a 36 aes. The MSS ive DORAN in bar tein memiglen, DCXXXVI wat probably tended eo “Agrippa repored she whole ara rom de Danube to he oceans goo mies in gy 394m wht Ge Vis rom the Seppe of Savmat” The width expresed (hing the reading of {he tcond and intro manscrpe) erally 420 mus € an Aherstve width i the 6 miler given by the Divo and Dine The former mentors thee as Dac, he ater =“ ote 40 ROMAN Dac and Gece. Py avo tho names, perhaps Bec Aspe exp dnt contin tem. Wat ous we eckoned eit he moth a the Danae tote Vas uncer "raya me om. Achile” and 22 sordid pen ccd"achile ceaure”[Dromos Ach he pt fear he ou of te Dacpr ow Known » Tender Kou} hos lngih Ageppe ever 80 mile Sabo poe Tenth soo sey, capone wo 135 Roman men's That tein war potbly lca om Eseotees beech tine tnd Agippr the epi may wl ave bom sorened by marine ron sh hott tay. won Ths length of Smt, Scythia and Tai and the whole wretch om he Re Borate [Depa] ven by Me [en a mts wi 0 mls poral comet meDRrence tnt pot of the world nen” Deen Inegoted fe Se aan the endering Tae Seyi itine Comes! which b here refered to led by Py ‘Tana. The eng of os olde thug texten theDon snc Ao under oder, ung, ‘Which daaced group of Stan emigrated fom the Crea Ibu south sie Bom the ih cenry be. Aro Sy ope Play comm Gort “The ane Of Scythes at opel ben tered fo te Seatac and he German ‘Tanidows dar scent mapseatng.n marin iba usc, fod th roles oF al peal map The eg given bythe Bio and he Dienst ah om tha os athe thn aerate Sh given by some Pliny suns bod ‘be preferred. . R98 The Grecks and ome of our weiter have ier he cout of Garaany sco mle ong Ages peste length of Germany Rac Nora 686 ke wl 2h wherein tect id of Race lone perap longer Sn ha, hog tained wr compared aboot he tne of is death An mative eoing foe be engi 66 the Dro gives abot Soothe Dimes 2 Pun cam o eg ep ty Assops fly jot. nto Agrpp love thelegih Drisintobe foo mile, wij the ne wi orang buen 0 so Kigoseperd wih Jules Caner meter gooed for ‘Siete for the ngh of Bsa, So my, but not with Sere Ss Se Re Coca’ fy acute woth cost gure of $00, uns ined Py’ wil of joo mes exceptionally denotes an average on -Ageipa reckoned the coast of the provinces of Gas 1530 nile ante lenge of ton ovine beeween the Rhine hd the Pycoces and oe ocean and the Cevennes and the Ja, lating Narbonse Gast 42 mls, tet wid 55 ile” ‘Bs with Gurmanys Agrippa’ ent apd bread ae too short. Drea who announced in is preface hate would mend Piy's Fwresifthy seemed wrong, corrected 4300 930; the Divs 58 for the kenge eIi8eAgeppa made Lasana, together with Astra and Gatlacs exten length for S40 mes, wid For 36° The ‘renremts given in Diao ae 480, 430; 8 Dimon $80, ‘ocso Polya. sys hae west of Me Adis ate woods and pln panes [ia al wid Aeon animals as arate, ‘Anas fin Maurctanay south ofthe Roman proving). 496 mie From tere o Linus [race] Ageppa makes 205 ies, ing ‘har Linu 112 mie from the Seri of Gaba. From there be Tet gulf called Sagig stow onthe promontory of Mullica, ‘he ver Sub and Salat, the harbour of Rubs [= Rss,“ ner ao NOMA wars probaly the modern Matagan] 234 mile from Liss, then the Promontory ofthe Sun [Sols bat probably adap from Grek CSch the harbour of Ryda perhaps near C. Chih the Gaeta Auolels [or Auttele the Rs Quotes [Sour ee ter elas an Masi the R Masta [wa she. Dare[De it which are eoeoes Then be saya gulf te milesacrosete sain bys promontory of Me Brac, projecting tothe wes, wich flied Sarentiom: Afer ths the Sl Raver, Beyond which are the Eitipln Peroe, and behind them the Phar. Next eo hese inland according to Agrippa are he Gaetan Dar, bat onthe Cont Ehipian Dette and the R Barbs, fll of rocoes nt hippopotan, From ther, according im, are continous ‘mount upto the one called Thebo Odhtma, “Chait ofthe ‘Godt which we sll enenon. Prom that momntin #0 the promomtortum Hesperian, "Western Cape" often nigh {indy Inthe mit of tae pace be pled Mt As, whic all ‘thers poe a beng inthe frst acs of Mauretania "Ths pase fully dscuved by) Desngen is Bod edition ofthe Attic section of Book Vf Piny's Nanel Hioy.” He ‘hint mst ofthe conte pasge, om R.Anats southward, taken fom Agrippa av indated by he repored speck onstruction, bu that Theda Ochema and dhe Wess Cape ate {nvered beens Pliny tok them fom Hanno’ woyage. Where the tance nee given at ton days and might» NH 97 8 fgven at only four days sa Claly thee were ehtvely ‘explored atest Thedn Ochéma (p. 12) is most generally ‘Sat with Mc Kaban, near Conakry, Gunes The Bure of ‘ne mils corresponds so clever days ala yx ales da, a figure adapted rom Polybise The R, Dambotwe fe varioudy aphids asoctted wih s moder reqional name Bamouk in Upper Senegal or fom te eae Grek compound pa, ‘e ung’ Mont of the places mentioned lice mesorements, in where they ar icra, Lvs, they ae nce "40. Ageppa gives the length forthe whee ar Af rom the Adan, tcating Lower Egypr, yoko mies" This foe an ‘toendition by Desnges for EXXX (= 80 mi) inthe MSS: Martanus Capella gives 5040 6s, "Agnips tes the dance fom Pelasam [north-east of l-Qunars, Egypt Arce [eat Serato onthe Red Se, ‘dvough de dere as 125 miles, Suchasmal dence st beeen toon ding egons’ Mach cai, Herodotashadgiven the eeitanee tooo sade, They ship canal ffom the Neticanean 0 the Red Sea, dag by Pharsok Neco, was Mewed by Dara, Polemy Uand I and Tea, "toa “Aanpps divided As ito to part. One he denied by heya and Lyeroms on the ea by the Aegean onthe es, Bh the Eeypia Ses cn thc south and by Paphlagonia om te mort e'rmde ts length 470 mes, width 420. The second he ‘Esimted by Armenis Minor onthe et, Phrygia, Cyctona and ‘Pamphyinon te weston henorh he proving of Panton the fouth the Parphtian Sex 6 mie log 335 miles wide The ‘Seis question are both part of Ada Mio, the ie being the ‘nosern fl Although the province of Pons mentioned, dhe ‘onda ar ot intended follow thos of Roman rowers, For frther Ass ce on vi y7 and $7 below ‘ia 'Agsipa gives the dance fom Chaledon othe Pi [ie the Bowporpis the dstance wo the farthes place easton the [ick Sea} tou0 my and ffom there to the Cimmenan ‘ovpora [tea ct of the Sea of Azor] s+ 960 mules” For he Altice round the Black Sea sce on 9.77. Agippa' measitement ‘of ovo Roman miles about 1500 kan very generous and mt Sede indentons it aken over fom ratoenes ‘a7 "Agrippa ates that he Cpa, with tees found i, and Armen dented onthe ist By the Chia Ses, om the wet ‘bythe Cacao the sour by the Taras and onthe north by {he Scythian Ocen, extend favs how 480 miles het ye in wah’ Thee measurements, Uke the in many other {niet writers nthe Eng are abr sal. The pase xed for ‘he China Seis Osan Sees" The length of yo Rowan miles ‘sconfemed by tbe Divi andthe Dinesa, ‘139 Asp write ta the whole shore of the Capi rom. 1. Cats, wth ery high rock, has no sees for 425 les" The shore decid is eher the won or he out the R: Cast not tment chewhre I scems ikely dus Agips thooghe ofthe (Gispan ae having an ote norehvard ‘157 "Ageippa give he eng finds 23300 ie, it Width 1 10" One manuscrie gives the wid 2300, which sounds tore enonale Artemidonss gave a009 mules between he ds And the Ganges Agappa's exes figure ited to apply the ‘sim Ind’ to de Whole ace fara the Pati (Ores Eau,cording 19 Piny, NH .40 (p48 above), was the much ower tne of oso mies Book Vil ofthe Naural Hitry x amhropoogical, and in i Agrpg's commentary dors no peat, so that lily 9 have bad ny concern wih deve of ee, which perhaps ‘alps ta confit ie concentration on mappiig Tit pty that Pliny, who sceme #9 Be hil treed scene fest ores bon gral ‘map. Fors geneal deception, however, of what meat by eee shy weearytart ie Senin 24.17 Gcmenticact al Suabo aowhere names Aesipps): Tis these above all which Shapesand dtinesthe and, stoning gulf, oceans and stat and [ews shies, persue and promontore But over and ‘mountains too help with this It through ch fears tt Coninent ations fvourable tera tes and ter refinements tave been conceived, features of which a egonal [chorograph] ‘map is fl; one abo Gnd quantity of ands seatered over the ‘eorand along the cots" Cerly Agrippa map had many of the ove features, but whether ako" Contined ato ade Snceraim The only specie referees, sn connection with Sky (p-43), sto Strabo chorographer, wo snot very ike to have teen Agppa | “Alhough the term harrahs erally means “eponal topography’ tsems to include tiny detled avtography of the oven world The map probably dd ot in the absence of any ‘mention, we any sym of late and longo, no dsb inert system ofeional shapes from Ertonhene eh tone might expect, more acetate im wel-known dan ieseknown pare and more sceurstefor ad than rsa tea From he above {otto there would appear to bes general tendency to Ainderestimat and dances n Gal and Germany and in the Fat Ens ado overesimate sea dtancs ier Arc ian pide, Iarese where dunce were no cabled they were probably ered only very selectively Wha purpose was served by ving ‘vie fr he long np om the Black Sento the Bali noe ‘ee ‘Bt on the cred ide, Agrippa map, sponored by August, swasobvioulyanimprovement on tata Jus Caearon wee ‘key rohave bee bined. The act hat sch sn lgnat ed Alita place at Chara was med on the map shows the deta rich t embodied. Morcoveritaemsto have ben the ist Lain pte be ccompanied by oc or commentary. Romans gong. luomer pariculrly otsde lly, could oa information “out he ction or characters of particule place. Abo the {Blestent of te Roman Empire could beeen at glance. We do nor heat of any map the works of Vigil and Hac, Roagh Herc jursy 6 Drundtum (Sara tes red {ket ny, fom Ov and Prope however, we ave Ii ence owing ha thy tad become iar meveyany BE" Om in How, recaac oer which Penope tigre oar ote lngreheet lp Arh en te he takes hiv wars shey rehome rte eo ED. ‘Khaw ie eaeciporsy Romans One of te eed {Tenge pin Troy im wine oe he tice foe Sma te Sgr Age Pat any pte oe ns, and geen olocte then Acland Ulysse pie he Hers mung buy wes dnged round Properties mike Ans bet at he hatin Lycos! an tospend he wi ngs eming abt heour of he Re Aratoin Armenia ere ei cmpegnng. ad bow many Ihe Panu hone gallop withoot ay watt, snd that Se mpcicd om the ap oer op pied words Although the De arin of Views (f.30-20 n) comand agra ony nes preserved in he eldest manascrip > namely a wmdrose whic Vituus sas sso dra tha itis ele where The winds come from Inanother asagele wets ofthesouces ff vers “pamted ce wate In all over the world by ‘Shorogespes" “The tao of Roman wallmaps continue in two forms theiy plan (pp 1s) andthe worl map, No examples theater SLR bee we havea decsiton ofthe edecatonal value f wach ‘up the sbecorien Eumenis, Born AD 364, ts of “hid he planing forthe school at Augstodumer (Aut Franc) ‘Als ke the schoolhldrn se i dose pore and Teak cverp dy atl nsandcs and every ota or ibethat scree pn ah eo angut by the waur or conta by inspinng feat. There you {eeScefredcation poser, alas spleen wat (Miia to sjor> merely ffom beng told aboot the sinstion, Sea and anes OF al las Tht nate are wren the sSepcsand mn of sl vers ae ica, gs ae all cota ‘Bltseadons and te pars where te oven eer ences the tori or makers dad i anne The word ended on rts (= et eran), bot despte theleraseie'ole™ thes ne indict that he proposed tap wat be cco. As Tin Agappe's map Hs ponion on 4 porico wal so & Tecan shape CHAPTER IV GEOGRAPHICAL WRITERS the Greck and Latin writers to be examined het, who incde as Crocs and encylpeedis aswell groper Wee aoe napmaker but fom Hecaacs onwards hey may re cprsted some apes ce works. They ceanly eed aa erage likely scl or indy eo have sed opmaker, uly Greck fteraare was exchusvey poetry, and the fit cay Siicar porn irre may conie ea tat was Homers SESS ly hd today ta the Mad and Ody were Cert probly only nthe ast place, in he ight centry sar Pey reteset of any centres eater. The TEarelte of Homer wat cngened even in antiquity, but was eet on the west cont of Asa Minos or an adjoining sand Fae poe hows hime or bere according to Samuel Bt) Ei Niowlegeable aboot he Peloponnese and he lands othe SF Oageeus hac being alos ceil Kaki fr ess sree oe Teron more dant rom hisare. Arsen scholts SEPIA REGY ther in locating hse, as did Apollon Rhodins eS i ae pencaly pred hat de Lots aters were in nor Fixe ESe8y a te sland of Djerba; thatthe Cyclops ved eesfit Ena tt Selo and Chaybais were one on ech sd of sees ceMteina and tht the sand of Pharaia was Cor hanes whether Homer asd any maps dependsnocon te sopogty af he Ofysey but om the decepsan nthe Tal of RERPA Sacoued Ghewbere# This shoud probably noe be REG SPSS inp, move aa complex work of ae whose port Fane aber sem io have seen radimentary map. Tete,the description ends: ‘On the pct the mig sng of Ocen, Bonet inate Wale er ees From this one might imagine that there wat wome atempe at rest, since the ver Ocrana strounding te aed cet ‘rata permanent cnceptin Greeco- Roman anegity- But the est ‘ofthe dstption does no aly: theres fse clea eton then toro lier dewnbed st grest dee, a8 mewn, with 3 ‘Srounding countryside, tun and county serie both being ‘tied One can pechapr envisage the terre fetes 2t ‘somewhat esembing the Ther Santor) fesco mentioned on. iy above “The fine Greck geographical work, in pros, wa the Pees {(gade round?) ce Brdos Ges Courney round the word) of. Hesiaee of Miley, writen abou soo 2. wat wo book, “Eorope’ and As delater abo eluding Aiea. Heeatcus bad eavlled in As and Egypt ands sudo have madea ma, wel Seg eS no aye ‘Anaximander of Miletus (p. 23). Modern rcomtructions ‘essonbly show hismap, which slkely co fave accompanied his ook creas, with te Ocean surroundag nd mau which ds Gtwandea he lds onthe Caspian "Gul The cree Pe fhcTE i Ce oy pl a ea oe Shape of flat maps inthe carty period was laughed a by Inter SELL Hecate isthe ft water we know oft think of the (Copan lowing oto the Ocean mies which long persed (Govthe Blsck Sea, an area colonized by Niles, he was ceaiy ‘Glarmativeand hs wating may ave helped Herodotus on ars She Thrace To the orth ofthe Danube, according ro Hecntaes, tree the Rhipean (unt) Mountains, beyond which were the FHyperboreum: For Chase Grecke thee were "men of the ar sow Hevedots sys thre are yperboreans tere mast ao Fe Hypemotans [men ofthe fr wourh]# Andene and modem pion har difered onthe Iciton of he Rhipsean Mountains ‘Resch and Pad imagined eat hey were atthe ware ofthe ‘Damabe fa wes Affe Fsctacus lly knew ome places onthe Ese of Morocso i view ofthe Nl seems to have been that it ine, somehow, fom the southem ocean = "Amore cio approach geography and cartography tobe scenin Herodotr (2 495-c 42520), Heke Hela (490 ‘Davel, wennotso mach geogerpbicl writer sa historian witha Song iatresin geography. Te works of Hellmics who was {So prolife s wre, have no auvived, He devoted whole works {o regional story or ethnography. and did not se maps? Herodotus sas ben sen (2) despised all exiting maps and ‘nc have no evidence tat he insted any Yet i sdess may well Ive inftenad dhe developmen of Greck eatography. ‘Since he beiceed thats destin ofthe background vo dhe svar berwecn Pes a Greece wa at mporane as he sy of Aint ar iocl, Herod devotes the Elf of is work 9 fall ‘count ofthe Peesan Empire 02405, cstomsnsutons nd ‘ware Hraccoun of world geography comes 3s digresion afer Ths remark about the Hypetborea menioned above. The Iuriame expeditions sehich he desebes are that organized by Dar om he nd to he Re Se: that of Piro Neco (24) tnd that ofthe died Satapes, executed by Kevnes becase he fumed back tothe Mediterranean fom the west cons of Afeics ited of steummavgating the connent, saying dats ship ould gon further stopped” Unforatly, Herodotst ‘more nested n personalities than inde deals ofthese voyages. FHinsecountof the tine ake, wich reateto the entre journey. ‘how how lor and dict they were Hecamnt gues why thee "The choice of the Macandet i tereting beet through ler Grek sage i led to the Englah "meade Hesodots continues: Thee sabo in Arabia nica Egypt Bay of cxoexaniest WRITS » these Gal of Agua] whose lng forty days rowing and its vit days na reali and thik Eaypt was aaenn Star buy.-- Athe Nie weretoturn fester ino aoc eaban Gal, what would prevent om being i with th Ah zoo yeas? Pesoally Tank would be within ww idence for history be quctes 2 record th mn fea ears caiy when the Nie rose # cubis it Booded alt sand low Memphis wheres nhs day, unk ro 1-16 Fayre el no do an, Ths evel leads bi om ro the cab puna Roding ofthe Rie and vo the loon of sa oe ecmarer of the temple Sais tol hm the ours was a montis between Syene (Awan) and Elephantne. But SEAMS fete mock furher out, pst Mex tote land of ce eee ci then westwards, on the bass of explorations nko dhe Roby some young Netemonsans reported byte pnesof the san WY anumon Snot), Th ead Herodotus 0 coneeture Geese oughly symmetrical wat the Dansbe, abo ring fart the wes ‘Peupsun of Aberin Thrace, who ibe known as founder swith eater Leusppas of the somic theory, a0 wrote caren le Hes sid coe bon the ist to gas hat GEESE rol was rouply rectangular, with proportions = Seisoned (pe ash exert} nort-souch 3. This extent ree lcd norance of the Far Ean, but was acepted ab SECU by Datcarchan wring slate a2 cenary ter” [Alehough the main objective of Aleander the Grest was 0 ieee Peruan Empire bad soa seriou scien project ‘n'tmind. Ta the fine place he aranged im advance for the vatplstion af eg bay of information once geography and CARDS ofthe eons ikly to be pentated. Then he ook Sea eer anasto dcp, so a eo have very fall ‘Dostmuraron compiled inthe el (p.29)-Afler conquering tbe Penn Alocanr wanted to advance as fx enti Ada at Be eu Bat in army revlied. He compromised by ordering is ‘nl Nearest sal back va the mouth of the Inds and he ‘Nomi marched ong she Baluchistan const under great ‘Bae camedehetiy by ites het, mownainous whe-dunesAppoies oswocesnina ru cases 183 ruin, NevURAL STORY (21-30) 185 proven. czocnaow Ga). waeuscaire VPEUTINGES FABLE: CATEGORIES OF PLACES 193 ‘one AND ROMAN WORDS FOR'MAP 196, ‘nPrOLIMY MANUSCRIPTS WITH MARS 198 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS am neg 98 nd 7) Macon, Uivesty of Pay (na. sith shes mb of Mea, Sill cece oan ser face Ae ‘Ni See ce One, Poh ob unl ara te Hey Se fr ‘hue wh foe Paty Aug Bee Weel MS ese Gt ‘Mma am tend ro Ang Bitch, ‘eet Kran 8 Gol Fy Forms hi Romana fhe Cpr Mari ee Rom. orm Us oma Luts Mg (Bienes pow, Vn Fite fn.1nd frasment by teibesmen. Had he noe ded in Babson, be ‘might wel have ered oat plan to cxplore the western rons ffthe known world wos rumoured tht his a pln of eonguet ‘ras to march west along the north Afcan coast ene (Garhage and cay on afr athe Stats of Gibraiar "The Greckenecenaiy explored wea outsso a tokeep up rade With thei very widespreed marine colonies. One of he tore dian ofthese in the West was Masils (Masuli), founded by Phooey about oo ne. Abou 30. very som af the death of ‘Alexander, Pyhews of Masilaset out byseatesploresomiofthe fortes water of Eeope. Since his voyage can be seeded as perp tey are decribed on pp. 136 [A Greck who formed over many yews ery strong ik with ‘Rome wat the historan sad saterman Palys. 200-afes 128 tc) He became s fend of cgso Aemslisnsand was prsent with fim atthe destruction of Cartage in 146 ne. Shorty beloe this, the preceupation of Carthage with sown defence opened up ‘new routes fr Greeks and Romans Theclder Pliny write "When Scipio Acmilanes wat in command in Afics the hcoran Polybus was provided by him with «Reet for exploring that ontinent, snd led round (ve explned NW Affe by ea He ‘reported tha foe Me Ada to the wes or 46 ml to the. ‘Ants thee ate sls (plan woods with searing) fl ofthe ‘wld animate hat Aten producer" Polyiur devoted Book XXXIV of his Hosni 0 peography i doo noe wvivey xcept for many references in taba tad 2 few quotations frm other authors. Some ofthese give measurements some deicribe cats, Fiver, seings, pase (be Knew Hanns route at fist hand), ‘olemoes; But the monty are of no extopraphi ners His Comment on geographical writers i that he ll ignore eae nes, but chamine csr of them sich at Diss, towns, ‘the latest writer on geography’ and Pythes. who ‘has mised many by tying that he waned the whl of Ben on fot, giving the snd sercamfeence of tore than 4,000 Stade, and telling wt about ‘Thule too.” However, Seabo CrtcinsPolbiss messrementy, maining tht hough in ‘he Mediceranean Polybias clan hei comecting Dicastcs tat Eratostnnes he sometimes makes won mistakes hime He wa ine dance from Cape Male (8, Gree) to the Danube stone" ba scording to Artemios the correc tance 1°eee thereon fr shin tat Polis not measure the Siac: ins sraight ine but by» cane toute ken by ome Sp Aremidoro (104-01 ne) 4 nav of Ephons, wrote leven docks of geography and perp, whi ave wor survived. ie taveledextentoely aod fade resonable clusions of ‘kane though he sometines misapplied Roman sources ‘ro Poon, whose messrement af the dreumference of she cath fe been mensoned (p38), we are told that he (Ssruced globe and drew s map The fapoens fi sory sShiy-cwo books are meagre but Sabo guotsexensvey fom Peqar wort ofis, Ox The tran" Reviewing thes of the Ski f the earth inc ive sone" Ponds id dh the {prone ot dvson wereto Be cele hte sould be new ‘Mpc one cena zone vo be named ampbisoan with shadow oming tometn orn noth somesimes fom south) den 0 feteosun Ghadov coming fro ove dccion inte norte, fom the oppose inthe wuthera hemisphere; ten two PO onco bs elad peri (with encircing shad). Buta ie were uppers one shold ad two maton zones beneath the cll rps nd cromed by he teresa opis these be (Ghaderd the homes aes of the word “Tr must ave Benin an rodacory ction not confined to the ocean, The man novelty in dhe setion on the ocean ise oncemed he explorations of Eudowor of Cyc Some ime Sttween tan 116 ac the Eads was sme by Pokey cnet King of Egypt explore the sero ofa and ‘gain by Cleopate Isr 186. On hit retum journey he 3s ‘vce ou er Eiopiaand made note ons ae lnguage. He sho ound shore fguesea which he later proved to have come From Gades (Cai) some ship estan ecient having ‘longed ws ship thr aed fre sot than waned on the wes cast of Afren, This eased im to make repeted emp ol found Aft to ld from Gade when he was Exploring with ht third ship, he recogized words rom the se ‘ont angunge Evenly i ace of hin was ft, and Strabo ven devs the whole ory‘We ate fortunate im porsesing all seventeen books of the Gangraphyof Sno. rte n food Greck although he hime waved mised Avatc and Greck sock; through hi wang that mow of our knowledge of Ertontene! mapping hs come flown, He was born a Ana in Pontus in 6 oF 63 8 hit feanditee had eon an opponent of Miniter and. wat oadered by sme’ trary behanded over ortess to Rome Strabo was educed at Nysu near Thales in Cai and 44 sents Rome, wher he nadie ender the Phownian cdma “Tyranio” andthe Stoic phlosoper Athenodorws. He sbowed Inmaetfa heen supporter of Aguas andthe pax Agua, aed sted Rome seer! tame. From about 25 t0'20 ne he was [Egype, bse at Alexandela His Geagrphic was writen betveen ands wean prev in nD 181. esx nos to have be Feud Romein the fs century ot even being mentioned bythe ‘der Pliny. Suabo taveled widely and lived oa lest. aD 2 He i lengthy and dicate wre, but shows good ens power in aseing air geogephial writes and ving ws a ‘erbal pit of the knoven wold te time He wets Homer at, the fine writer on geograpy and defends te Homer prctre oF the known world as sebrantaly tue Bet within the Homeric ‘haps easton 3-9) n which he temps to analyse ‘vigation of the oceant over the ages Tis he sys ess ot ‘euomable to suppose thatthe Allntc consol tO ea, ‘Confined by arrow tims as to prevent cicumnavigaion: Father me he confine apd continous” His spumene i at Caplrers ed tal round Aca but earned back when not ‘Sbutucted by any land-mas. The problems of the srmchit {sograpler ae revealed in the journaicie ck of quotes fom {Geoteon sn portant exploration Poidonian ys Herons ‘hinks dha eran men sent by Neco competed the cirumavi- {ton Thi he repre, that we have o Beware of ng This work ss scnscally worthy maternal Perhaps beeawe ets correon needed to be made fr the northern ball Prolenys information on Brin, contng chiehy of co- codinaten hin Book. Chapter 3 ofthe Geoephy. may Be ovsed in Miller's eon with ain amaton,o in Ret nd Sih ands ecnsructon rom the co-ordmats given the Ordnance Srey map. Al of hee goal anes ofc torte foreach pe ben profubiteadingy. Batt wl be seo om Mille apparat ci tat many vrai nd thee are hed in Appendix IV. The vrs mow ely fo Ieprocnts revi aren the promontory of th Novamac (al ‘f Galloway). Most manwsctipi give the lstude of the R ‘batannn hogy Rives Seah obethe Ware of ee ‘s6¥,butonegrosphutanéers andthe asbght van ‘rence the groups of mansep forthe nearby fa tay Ina mumterofexey minor oflangitideor tae se ound offto an crac numberof depress The vars contribute to Sorting mor mipacecnt. Tha Vinevium or Vineva {Binet which othe England, male by Prolog, in eter vain, a Bing nett the noire cou sou of Morcamb ear4 nee aso ROMAN MAR For southern Britain Ptolemy seme 9 ave ied on reports from no 4} to abont 70, For order Bstain he turns manly Evidence of Apiolt® times, 78-84, probably dows om ‘Marius, tut forthe lgionary eadguartes a Chester and York te laer cidencey incorporating changes of «aD 87 and 39 ‘eapctvely isnot rpraing a psces on Hadas Wal laid steal, but thow onthe eae Sanat (aD o) are ‘ho mining: Encet abelled in eandion, Toa, 204 lepion ‘Rugus, polis of the Dumont The egioney information i ‘ivenry ether outofdae or misien. It has only fly eccaly bemeublihed by excavation that Legon I Augusta wat racer nthe cay sages By thee Prolemy as compiling ioe which includes York (Ebuakon, Legion V Vie) and (Cheer (Dev, Legion XX Viet), Lego t Augusta had moved tothe other les (Calon; with this daphetion of mimes nok Stupesing i updating by 2 complet ata ditance was mised "Reto were Tse ston tthe relevant bes, sting wat maak caver The mow earou msuke cancers Uroinion, ‘erat, which Polemy givesasabou 95 Roman nls rom Lor re ney on a Do ch mistake sould have aben rom dictation i kapps eps (G3) were mitheard x kopps epson 6) ea (Exeter) sbownas {ot 11s Roman miss mtad of 170, Clleva, known froma [ineuptone to be Scherr, wrongly oncated. Durovernt CContocorom (Canterbury) is cled by Pokey Darvernon of Darucnon and locted omenbere near Maine. Whit pathapetrpragisth lng umber of pcesmamedn Seong Since tec of thew are Korda, Kora and Kuna (variant Kor, ‘ne might wonder thee wat depiction; bu Konda describe St pol of te Segovae Kors ofthe Dumsnon nd Kura of the {dein so that Bichon an Crawford weve probably right {i thinking of Gas as a name fr 2 bal mectngepace° The Suggestion of Re). Wyatt that sn several sianee, 6 Vinuopire-Corde-Cashantorgam, dice place in nore riaisheve ben plowed in saightline aot entirely borne out by potion graph paper "Fhe choce of flaceames is erate: Gloucester, Cured, Ccacrwents Chelmsford; Manchesr and Corbridge do notaPPett ‘chica mumiberofwsunporan places. Among he ater group UMeimay pethape try to ey one the west Rivet and Smith eof Uxes“Unknown,butapparnly analy Ran fori Fc e Conall Now fare est Prolemy ha he pace Dever eta) which wherever was ooksasift was onthe simi erase We therefore need a more wenesly river fOr Somers’ en a as an etuay by Pelemy: and she Ordnance ere Bp of Reman Brat crs ight negating st wih the se et naps eqully meses the R. Cary 130 the ear oe Cele must have Seen ator neat Baw, co which seulement Med fom Linkin lebeer). The fc that the co- Rea or Uaca and forthe Usla sary ae rater dierent is Jr bemysseparte plotng of onal and inland ures 2 a ropes evento bess that, Como look asititisrather tise from Como, {OTe Bolen the absence of accurate information, Pokemy ‘gt stereo he dore of Grest Geman, 3 3 he ‘Poca wich ae absolutly wang est-east on latitude 56 eer emerges 2 thee small and one age Seana sand enh, Hore the soustine cannot be understood sithout else othe Bo valley. Atiough Prolemy dos ot gi c= ‘Site fr roads be doe often ist he principal ples on them. PaaresSfthe Do alley, the nc of he placeson the Via emia {Bote the be mistakenly thought of i as cunning taslly ‘Bete wherein fact onataton i roughly ESE-WNW, SRE Hloned pots when sted re about 30 out This mistake My hie aber I Prlemy comlted one or more entiation taps ofthe Po valley and imagened hey tad de ont at theo EPR halo, The fe of mach onewtaton ofthe Po valley 0 Shake dhe Adee sow foun Rigas fo Ancona extend 09 far ‘etwas ese of which e realizes that for che southern seneanc coeation needed. Te hee of aly ses to show ‘fidence of ire suceesive eeensons, of which itis thougt hat ‘Seine wo are tho of Prolemy hime" Dat in ech of thee it Jhrtes srt suth an ormtton, The co-ordinates for che shape FS po prof aly man Hes) are Tes acre than the might have expect: from an ibd so Geely sted by (Grete tscomm eng that he dot more accurate information. {Gh Cosoaluo pea Where bi egrdis paid the Gul of Bengt the erences fo te coast fom C. Bon (Tania 0 Drachodes promontory (Ras Kapodi) give a oughly NW-SE or WWNWCESE alignment instead of roughly norhouth SeePolemy lived in Alexandria one might have expected him to now his sctch better yt () be may ar wath the Po valley, have fooked at 1 Roman enturiasen, map and have tke the {pproximatly NE-aing hades facing sth, thus roRRng (CHAPTER VI ‘He orentation by about 4 8 eovelles from Egype to Cartage oe gyri hep wt ca nd cof i ee LAND SURVEYING ye nda Te) The ed Se and Persian Cal. Refsencet shape te Red Sex oo broad soma the sh Co-ordinates for the Pesan Gul uc aso #8 COLONIES frm secange, with prster lenge east-west. I northemmore ppomt giver the ame aad st Alecandr somewhat too Bt ore souernnon pot owing 0 the spe, much foo ft sor "i nd Si Lan Prlemy’s gue for eh Indian coating givetheangleberwcen te catand wet oss ses cue thant She much foo fr noth, shat he effect mos be oo Aten a ‘Coast The sae of Toprobane (Se Lanka), a ter Clscal ries, exenively larg {Sheet na Menton abeudy been mae of Catigaa, thefts place extn Poley's co-ordinates (p. 81). The Sequence bear thsi allows fica ofthe Ganges Gl isthe Gilden Cherione, which coresponds, though salle, 10 the Malay Penna Then, tothe norh-at. the ‘Great Gulf which be aoiates wi che Chinese” and Cigars ion he {cots Moder investigators have wondered whys point ther ia turm southward A vterinSoath Amery advances the {Rory chat the Grete Gu telly the Paci and the te on i far side 1 part of South America cortsponding to Peru ‘Abbough seh theory should pot be dnmased out of hand, Priene in Asta Minor and Olynthus in the Chaleidice had a large ‘pen taco objeto () theres no evidence that Europeans turban grid Megalpola in Arcadia founded in 371 mca cents See eer Ateetca fa) pevediier sees fbegrener ntunzaton and beter defence, had bung on beh ‘working ons length fr th clkumene of only 186, much shorter side of she R. Helinen on, te same orientation. Rear ‘han Maru’ ater than greatly shorten any ditance be would fnvenigasons ty ProfevorH. Wiliams of the Canadian have change its onentation (i the centre ofthe "Great Gull 8 ‘Archaeological Inte Athens, with a proton magpetometr ‘sociated with Sige Le Chines: (i) in any ach investigation a snd computer mapping, have shown evidence thatthe arcmaker, bod ecu to Polemate maps, BY extending the eaves length of nist sa which had tose Mart figure, and then ang 2 for he nd covered by Mateo Poo, ps 39 «othe st ‘cat ofJapan, Clams concluded habe voyage to Japan fom ‘he Camanen for which be wrongly added another J woul ‘ccupy only 6F longi” An edition beled as Polemy’> Geography that of Walsceiller (157), actualy fas the fist aming of Arica sh comin 0 be found bork on the tapas text of the tame year ied to acompany the map tat probaly wren by Waldwembiler sect, the poe 2nd Fmt Matias Ringmann" Inti text Ringma, 1 ws fete "Since after fourth pare ofthe word bas been - ‘eury ap acograper virally nothings now krown. Millet SSomr fo tage been wrong in ening as Castors withthe ‘Sper ofthe Peatinger Table" The names in the Coxmog- faphy eover fr more laces tan appearin he Peutinger Table: we fd al name friar capitate adiion ofthe werd fois Shere appropriate, deci of military eet and mention of 3, allt which underline the dferencts between the to, “Thora over five showsand placename sted, with pate section for ivrs and land; though gute often ver names are IBeoncely ceed aH they were pes. The Conogapber eide cxpunding fom thy tying “We could with the help ofCri, have mentioned more accuracy, the harbours and Sreenorcallover the world nd he mbes of miles between Ife"cider theme (18). Despite the mention of Fr, rgundans Soxon Bulgar aod ober racs prominent in the Dusk Ages the place-name tendto be ofthe Clas period and par ine tthe Wesem Expire. Whats iniunating ithe Sma way tn which atone Se sing of namesake TRughly tpogapinc sequence, then suddenly thee 3 change, Seutio of hee appar ffom different pat of the province res etiens at nincsenlcpeamy.famiosio cha floeny be de a cory iadogfssumption of the earths apheridty, led to 4 mote scenic emetic mapping, whichis the ate third century De REGS Capenion inthe work of Eratahencs in Alexa But wheres is understanding of the earths se and mechanism a cd an advance on predecenos, his cartographic method ‘Sitting apres regular polygon ogee leftsomething to Pee ince second cotary ae Hipparchos wa ble © Peat eandard of world eatogry by geometrical calelaton nd by evidence from the explores thes “Tht greatce Roman conribaions Tay in the diction of octal mapping. lnd surveyors wo mapped centurion, eae eye tho made the pan othe cy of Rome, sn ronde see he imped ners and road maps, We may regard ‘Radppss map ofthe known world too 3: evenly practic Meee tacmpeed to incorporate the test data 00 distances 226 ae The led work ied out by urban surveyorsatedat Bat the ealy tied centry aD, wheres wor! mapping tear eee big pine caer ith Marinas and Prlemy, The ie ophntetedprjstion for maps ofthe known work and ee Sehogon! regional mappiag, with appropiate proportions, ree apeteaions, rely sper to anything hat cme EGS Romun sed Bysontsne cartogeaphy. This wa followed by Ahval mepparmand hich may be explained 2 products of ‘Boer adr tan sclntic geography. New progres came it ‘hetbne pce with the oupue of competent porolans promoted A te dncovery af the compa, the development of ade, nd ee Knowledge of navigation in the Mediterrancan and ZGucan sre and later sloop the revive of Prolemy’s ‘pray inthe Renasnce The Arabs had log asad hit ORR sored to maps Bu thir al no appreciable mpact i Si Go open, and iw etfs eo the estusias of ‘Plea (te turtecnth centery) ip Byzancium andthen 0 jcope Tages trarlton (1405) of the Geapephy to. make the ‘Wesem world appreciate ts we work ‘The conmuingcompion between Earopean sats ed fartheseemion fom the old known word, ands to tempt (Bap Affe, northern Europe and Gally the Americas. The fs wed the Proensc blueprint, which emained foe world ape nd ahs compilation un he APPENDIX COSMOGRAPHIA IULII CAESARIS (p. 40) (A. Riese, ed., Geographi Lani minores, pp. 21-3) athe cop foi Cac nd Mark Aatony the whole wold wat Wicd under wr ery we ond cov ma Niademas eo ‘lly the wo, Theoons the nowt and Paty he oh rom tie sore nes the compo Aas ode ort ine sol Casa sheet messed im 3 en Sones 9 dyed Sao de ote coma of Rupa foreseen ie Ss Ai i ede] he wou tered {FAnguse tc nrc pr wa mead 9 es 8 month From ‘irate com min Cle sot 92ers 9 be or ean ‘Pca fn fay nde 7 moun 7 provinces 7 towns 17 "ep tm 9 amin 2 ois "Fhe marr prt soy 12 mounts, 6 provins * hte 6nd mom roi 1 The alegd yea of compton ae eno 48 exept fr te ‘out efor coma of Sens Sturm ter for ‘SR Spm fs nas wrenly pve he lego a inthe Yenc pues iftirtheonslp of Sr Samir som A {though Gn Core Cia Magar ws coma een btn A. ‘Some afte fur ones gen above show ph deep