POGIL Thermodynamics Goals: To gain a historical background into the history surrounding the science of heat To understand and

d and apply heat and temperature in the context of the laws of thermodynamics To understand how a heat engine functions and calculate the ideal efficiency of a heat engine To understand the viability of processes which utilize heat to produce mechanical energy

Useful Terminology: System A system is the part of the universe that is being studied. Surroundings Open system The surroundings are everything else in the universe outside of the system. An open system is one where both energy and matter can be transferred to and from the surroundings.

losed system A closed system is one where only energy can be transferred to and from the surroundings. !solated system An isolated system is one where neither energy nor matter can be transferred to and from the surroundings. Adiabatic process A thermodynamic process that occurs without any heat entering or leaving a system. !sochoric process A thermodynamic process where volume is held constant. !sobaric process A thermodynamic process where pressure is held constant. Part 1: The First Law of Thermodynamics An Absolute Temperature Scale As we have discussed previously" there is no upper limit to the motion of particles and therefore no upper limit to temperature. There is an absolute point however where motion of all matter theoretically ceases. !t was noted by #$th century scientists that gases reduced in volume by #%&'( rd for each degree reduction in temperature" which suggested that there must be a lower boundary limit for temperature. This observation led to the formation of an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale by )illiam Thomson *aka +ord ,elvin-. )hen performing thermodynamic calculations" we must be careful to ensure that our temperatures are converted to ,elvins. .ecall that the conversion between elsius and ,elvin is: K ! " #$%&1'

Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics .ecall that the sum of all of the energies within a substance is known as the internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics is an examination into the fluctuations of internal energy that occur when heat flows into or out of a system. The first law of thermodynamics states that: (hen heat flows to or from a system) the system gains or loses an amount of energy e*ual to the amount of heat transferred& !f you think about the meaning of this statement" it is nothing more that a statement of the conservation of energy. /ut another way" the change in internal energy of a system can be measured if you know whether heat flows in or out of the system and if the system does work on the surroundings or has work done upon it by the surroundings. Stated as an e0uation" the first law takes the following form: +U
(here U

*"w
heat) and w wor,

internal energy) *

,ey oncepts" /art #: #. )hat are the units of !nternal 1nergy" heat and work2 &. At what ,elvin temperature does water freeze2 3oil2 ritical Thinking 4uestions" /art #: (. )hat does the first law of thermodynamics imply about energy2

5. !magine you are at a restaurant and are really in the mood for a nice piece of apple pie. The waitress brings you the pie straight from the refrigerator at 5 6 . 7pset because you love hot apple pie" you tell her to make the slice of pie twice as hot. )hat temperature will the pie be when she serves it to you after heating it2

5. In each case below calculate the missing quantity in the table:

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. ;ou lose $.6 x #6: 8 of heat playing basketball 9o heat is added 56 8 of work done to compress a gas * #66 8 of heat flows in &66 8 of heat is added :66 8 of heat is added '6 8 of heat is removed from a gas w System does 56 8 of work 9o work is done System does (:6 8 of work '6 8 of work is done to compress the gas 1xpanding gas does :66 8 of work !nternal energy increases by (56 8 ;our internal energy decreases by #.&6 x #6< 8 +U

<. !f work is done on a gaseous system by compressing the gas adiabatically" how will the system change2

'. !f you stopper and then vigorously shake a bottle filled with water for more than a minute" will the temperature of the water increase2 Try it and see and then explain the outcome of this mini= experiment.

>. !s it possible to cool your kitchen by closing the windows and doors and then opening the door to your refrigerator2 1xplain.

Part #: The -econd Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law The second law of thermodynamics seems rather intuitive. Simply stated: .eat always flows from high tem/erature 0hot1 to low tem/erature 0cold1& Heat Engines !t is very easy to convert work" mechanical energy" electrical energy or virtually any other form of energy wholly into heat. The reverse process however is impossible. A heat engine is a device that utilizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics into account in order to change internal energy into mechanical work. !t is possible to extract work from a system using the innate flow of heat from high temperature to low" but again it must be emphasized that it is impossible to completely convert all of the heat in a system to work. The basic idea of a heat engine is illustrated in the figures below.
Figure 1:A Simple Heat Engine Figure 2: A Steam Heat Engine

As heat flows from the high temperature reservoir to the low temperature sink" waste heat is discarded *this waste is called thermal pollution-. The ?rench engineer Sadi arnot determined that there was a limit to how much work could be extracted from a heat engine" even in ideal conditions. The ideal efficiency of a heat engine can be calculated using arnot@s e0uation: !deal 1fficiency

THot TCold THot

ritical Thinking 4uestions" /art &: $. The combined ,1 of the molecules in +ake Aaxinkuckee even in the dead of winter are much greater than the combined ,1 of molecules in a steaming hot cup of Ar. ook@s coffee. !magine that you immerse a cup of warm water into the lake and the water inside absorbs :6 8oules from the lake and becomes hotter" while the lake water becomes cooler. )ould this energy transfer violate the second law of thermodynamics2 Befend your answer.

#6. A dirty coal=fired electricity plant utilizes steam generators to produce electrical energy. The steam engines use incoming #&: 6 steam" which is used to turn turbines and is later expelled to a cold sink at ': 6 . Betermine the ideal efficiency of the steam generators.

##. Cow is the efficiency affected if the steam generators from problem #6 operated using incoming steam that was merely :6 degrees elsius hotter2

#&. !f you are an engineer charged with increasing the efficiency of a heat engine" would it be better to produce the same temperature increment by increasing the temperature of the reservoir while maintaining the temperature of the sink constant" or to decrease the temperature of the sink while maintaining the temperature of the reservoir constant2 1xplain.

onclusion: Address the following 0uestions in concise paragraphs: Cow does internal energy change when a system does work on the surroundings while gaining heat2 an you determine the sign of D72 1xplain. 7sing both the first and second laws of thermodynamics" defend the statement that #66E of the electrical energy used to light the lamp in your dorm room or barracks is converted to thermal energy. Cow is the efficiency of a heat engine affected by larger temperature differences between the hot reservoir and cold reservoir2 )hat is%are the conse0uence*s- of converting other forms of energy into heat2