Unit Review

Pure Substance

Made up of one kind of matter. Gold and water are examples of pure substances. There are two types of pure substances, an element and a compound. Element a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler. Gold and oxygen are elements. Compound another pure substance, has at least two elements combined in a certain way, water and is an example of a compound.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

All matter is made up of very small particles. There is empty space between particles. Particles are constantly moving. Solids, particles are tightly packed and cannot move around freely. Liquid, particles are further apart and slide past each other. Gas, particles are very far apart and move around quickly.

Particle Model of Matter

All matter is made up of very small particles that cannot be seen by the naked eye. There are spaces between the particles, the amount of space is different for different states of matter. Gas has more space. The particles that make up matter are always moving. The particles are attracted to one another , strength of attraction depends on the type of particle.

Temperature What Happens When?

Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. This is known as the melting point. Boiling is the change of state from a liquid to a gas, this is called the boiling point. Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. Solidification or freezing is a change of state from a liquid to a solid. Water solidifies at the same temperature that it melts 0 degrees C. Some can go from a solid to a gas, this is called sublimation. Gas to a solid is called deposition.
Dry ice is an example of sublimation.

Density
Ratio of materials mass to its volume. Mass/volume = density. Mass is the amount of stuff in a substance. Not weight.

Physical Properties

Qualitative State solid,liquid,gas. Colour colour. Malleability ability to be beaten into sheets. Ductility ability to be drawn into wires. Crystallinity shape or appearance of crystals. Magnetism tendency to be attracted to a magnet.

Physical Properties

Quantitative Solubility ability to dissolve in water. Conductivity ability to conduct electricity. Viscosity resistance to flow. Density ratio of mass to its volume. Melting and freezing pt. temperature of melting/freezing. Boiling and condensing pt. temperature of boiling/condensing.

Vocabulary Continued
Atom Composed of tiny particles including protons, neutrons and electrons. Electrons surround the nucleus. Atoms have the same number of electrons as protons. So are neutral in charge. Number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number. Electrons occupy specific energy levels. The mass is basically the nucleus. How ever many protons and nuetrons will be the mass of an atom. The largest space of an atom that is occupied is the electron areas.

Atomic Theory

All matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or divided into smaller particles. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size, but they are different in mass and size from the atoms of other elements. Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together to definite proportions.

Atom Parts

Electric charges happen when there are less or more electrons to protons. Subatomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. Mass, most of the mass is in protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have 1800 times more mass. Electrons cover 99.9% of the volume of an atom. Remember your charges.

Mass Number / Atomic Number

Atomic number is the number of protons. Mass is the number of neutrons and protons.

Atoms

Scientists

Dalton JJ Thomson Ernest Rutherford Niels Bhor All found on page 30-32, read this and memorize.

Rutherford

Thomson and Dalton

Bhor

Remember how many in each shell and what is his theory

Periodic Table

It tells you the elements name, symbol, atomic number, atomic mass and ionic charge. Know the patterns with ionic charge, valence shells and how many electrons are there in an outer valence shell. Which elements gain and electron, which lose an electron. Metals lose, non metals gain. Periods are found where? There are 7. Horizontal Families where? 1 to 18. Groups, 18 as well.

Groups to Know

Look these up, know their properties and where they are found
Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases Metals Non Metals Metalloids

Periodic Table

Understand how the period, ionic charge and number of valence shells all work together on the table. Period tells us what? Number of shells. Calculate that and we know how many electrons are in the valence shell. Note the ionic charge does it match the number you get? Is it a metal or non metal? We can also find the number of valence electrons by looking at the following groups:

Bhor

Electron shells how many can each hold? Know how to draw an atom and an ion. 2,8,8,18.

Covalent Compounds

Atoms combine by sharing electrons to form molecules. Molecule a group of atoms in which the atoms are bound together by sharing one or more electrons through covalent bonding. Molecules are formed through covalent bonding and between non metals. Below, hydrogen needs another electron to complete its first shell which fills at 2 and oxygen needs 2 electrons to fill its outer shell of 8. Oxygen gains 2 electrons from 2 different hydrogens. These electrons are shared.

Ionic Bonding

Metal and non metal. Metals lose, non metals gain. The losing atom becomes a positive ion, the gaining non metal becomes a negative ion. They bond due to having opposite charges.

Elements vs. Compounds

Element have one kind of atom. A pure substance that cannot be broken down nor separated. Compound a pure substance made of two or more elements. These bond either through ionic or covalent bonds. No charge. Polyatomic ions are compounds with a charge atoms are bonded together through covalent bonding and have a charge.

Prefixes

ide a non metal that changed into an ion. Or gained an electron to fill its outer shell. ate, ite and cyanide and hydroxide are polyatomic ions. Subscript is that little number after the letters H2O means 2 atoms of hydrogent and 1 atom of oxygen. Coefficient is the number in front, 2 H2O means 2 compounds or 4 atoms of hydrogen and 2 atoms of oxygen. Subscript after the bracket (MnO4)2 this 2 multiplies everything in the bracket. The small letter n is not a separate atom. So we have 2 atoms of Mn, and 8 atoms of O.

Vocabulary

Chemical change production of a new substance with new properties. Reactants produce products. New bonds are made or broken. We see a color change, heat, sound or light consumed or produced, bubbles and gas form and a precipitate is formed. Physical change in appearance but no new chemical bonds are made or broken. Exothermic- release of energy in form of heat or light. Endothermic charging a battery absorbs energy and this is endothermic.

Law Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in any ordinary chemical reaction. The mass of substances produces by a chemical reaction is always equal to the mass of the reacting substances.

Parts of a reaction

Reactant, yield and then product. reactant yield then salt is the product

Chemical Reactions
How to Balance a Chemical Equation

1. Count the number of each atom present and write this number beside the symbol

H2 H O

O2

H O

H 20 __2__ __1__
Subscript: Small number to bottom right of an element symbol that tells you how many atoms of an element there are

Coefficient: Large number in front of the atom or molecule that tells you how many atoms or molecules there are

__2__ __2__

Chemical Reactions
How to Balance a Chemical Equation 4. Change the coefficients so that the number of atoms on the products side and reactants side equal (note: you can NEVER change the subscript number, only the coefficients)

__2__ H2 + ____ O2 H O 2x2=4 __2__

__2__ H20

H 2x2=4 O 2x1=2

Balancing Tips:

if O atoms appear in several different formulas then leave O until last if polyatomic atoms are on both sides, then leave as group dont count individual atoms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4WWi Am3nPM

Finding Chemical Formulas

Copper (I) sulphide Note, copper has 2 ionic charges, in this case out of the 2+ and 1+ listed on the table, the 1+ is chosen in this question. Sulphide ends in an ide so it is a non metal ion look at the periodic table for the answer. Its charge is 2-. Cu 1+ S 2- we need 2 Cu for every 1 S to balance the charges.

Answer: Cu2S
Review pages worksheets 3 and 4 for this.

Chemical names

NaBr
Answer, sodium bromide.

CrS
Answer, chromium (II) sulphide. We used the roman numerals because chromium has 2 ionic charges see page 52 for more details.

Ti(CH3COO)4
Answer, Titanium acetate.

Balancing equations

Review final worksheet as answers are on my website