Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 This presidential election included four candidates: Lincoln (republican), Douglas (N. Democrats), Breckinridge (S. Democrats), and Bell (Constitutional Union Party). Lincoln won less than 40% of the popular vote, but emerged victorious anyway. This caused much controversy among the Southern states. William Seward He was the Senator from New York and was nicknamed Higher Law for his devotion to Christianity. He later became Lincolns presidential rival, but was not nominated in the end. When Lincoln became president, Lincoln made Seward the Secretary of State. Edwin M. Stanton After Simon Cameron, he became the Secretary of State in the year of 1860. Because of his fierce opposition against anything related to Lincoln, Congress was swept up in a storm of conflict. The Alabama This was a fast, Southern war vessel commanded by the Confederate officer, Captain Raphael Semmes. It was incredibly effective and succeeded in sinking sixty-four Union ships. Emancipation Proclamation This was declared by Lincoln in 1863, and this stated that all slaves in the Confederate States were to be free. A few other goals of this proclamation were to injure the Confederate States morale and threaten their economy by declaring their slaves free.

Trent Affair This incident nearly caused conflict with Britain. A Union vessel stopped the Trent, a British ship, and detained two Confederate diplomats on board. In order to calm the British down, Lincoln released the men, and conflict was avoided. Merrimack and Monitor The Merrimack was a wooden warship from the Confederacy, and was later turned into an iron ship. They also renamed it the Virginia, and it was very successful in destroying Union vessels. It was later destroyed to keep the Union from capturing it The Monitor was a small, iron ship from the Union. It was constructed as a form of retaliation against the Merrimack. Both ships fought in 1862, and only achieved a standstill. Anaconda Plan This was a strategy created by Winfield Scott. This plan stated that the Union would blockade the Souths access to the coast, and along the Mississippi River. This was supposed to starve them out and show them that secession was not the right choice in order for them to bring the Union back. Border States These were states that allowed slavery, but did not secede with the rest of the south. They were also on the border between North and South. These states included Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland. None of the border states ever actually seceded and joined the Confederacy. Appomattox This was the Appomattox Courthouse, located in Virginia. On April 1865, General Robert E. Lee (Confederacy) was cornered here by General Ulysses S. Grant (Union). Here, General Lee formally surrendered to General Grant on Palm Sunday, April 9th, 1865. Election of 1864 This was the election in which the Republican Party decided to merge with the party of War Democrats in order to bolster Lincolns chances at winning a second term. Their merging created the Union Party. Other Democrats and the Copperheads nominated General George McClellan.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations? First off, it was difficult for the North and South to separate because geographically, they were connected. Also, it would be tricky dividing up the national debt as well as the federal territories. The Fugitive Slave Law would also be harder to enforce. European countries were also looking forward to this separation so they could spread their form of power to one of the Americas and undermine the Monroe Doctrine as well.

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? Lincoln notified the Southern forces blockading Fort Sumter that he would just be sending a ship full of provisions to his needy garrison. However, the South could not allow that to happen, and attacked the ship. The Souths attack on the provisions ship fired the North up, and started the Civil War. After this, Lincoln called for 75, 000 soldiers. After Lincoln called for these soldiers, the South geared up for war. More states joined the Confederacy as well, such as Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the Border States affect northern conduct of the war? These Border States were crucial to the war. If they had seceded and joined the Confederacy, the tides of war would have turned in their favor. Lincoln did everything he could to keep these states (Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) in the Union. His actions were less than legal, especially when he declared martial law in Maryland, sent troops to Maryland, Western Virginia, and Missouri. He also never stated that he was fighting to free the slaves, since that would turn away the slave-holding Border States. The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North? The South did not need to win, they only needed to not lose. They also had a shared belief that they were fighting for self-determination. Their generals were and are considered some of the finest military minds in American history, such as Robert E. Lee, and Thomas Stonewall Jackson. They were also very outdoorsy people, and lastly, they were fighting on their home turf. The North had a much bigger population, and so their army was much larger than the Souths as well. Although their navy wasnt great, it was better than the Souths. Threefourths of the USs money was also with the Union, as well as three-fourths of the railroads. The idea of a Union was also highly promoted by Lincoln, who was a great leader. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? King Cotton failed in the south because the Souths big clients, Britain and France, retained huge surpluses from when the production was plentiful. Also, when the North conquered Southern territory, they took the cotton, and sent it to Europe. India and Egypt also started producing cotton since the South wasnt making as many. King Cotton was then overthrown by King Wheat and King Corn, since food was more desperately needed than cotton.

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? The Trent incident was when a Union vessel stopped a British mail ship, the Trent, in order to capture two Confederate diplomats on board. This infuriated the British, and pushed them onto the verge of war. In order to avoid fighting, Lincoln released the Confederate prisoners, and war was avoided. Then, Britain constructed the Alabama, technically not a warship, for the Confederacy. Charles Francis Adams, an American minister, then managed to convince the British to stop building ships for the Confederacy. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? In 1863, a British shipyard owned by John Laird and Sons produced two warships for the Confederacy, named the Laird rams. They were heavy-duty iron warships complete with battering rams and artillery. They would have easily destroyed the Union navy if they had been released to the Confederacy. Francis Adams warned Britain that this is war if the rams were ever given over to the Confederacy. Britain later on relented and did not release the ships. President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? The Confederate government, headed by Jefferson Davis, was weakened, ironically, by its support of states rights. It was very difficult for Davis to get the Confederate States to do anything, even have troops fight outside of their own states. Also, since they had seceded from the Union, the Confederacy couldnt keep other states from seceding either. On the Union side, Abraham Lincoln had his weaknesses, but the public liked him much better than the Confederacy liked Davis. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? Lincoln instituted a blockade; he made the Union army much larger by adding more troops; he paid private citizens 2 million dollars for military purposes; and he suspended habeas corpus. Along with these actions, Lincoln also intimidated citizens in Border States as they voted in order to sway the ballot. Most of these were done without Congress having a say, although they approved some of the decisions later on. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.

The Civil War was, indeed, a rich mans war but a poor mans fight. This was because the rich were able to buy their way out of the war. In the North, the wealthy paid $300, and they were able to acquire substitutes to fight the war in their stead. The poorer men, of course, could not afford such a luxury. In the Confederacy, rich men could also pay for their way out of the war. Men with twenty or more slaves could also claim that they were exempt from the war. The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? In both the North and the South, paper money led to inflation. In the North, greenbacked money was based on how much credit the Union had. At one point in time, their credit was so low; each dollar was only worth thirty-nine cents. In the South, bluebacked money was printed without care. This was called runaway inflation and led to the value of the southern dollar plummeting to a depressing 1.6 cents per dollar. The inflation rate was at 9000% in the South and 80% in the Union. The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? The North prospered due to new factories which were aided by the protective tariffs. Many dishonest businessmen profited off of the gullible by producing shoddy wool and making shoes with cardboard soles. The sewing machine and the mechanical reaper also allowed the North to get a lot of work done with less man power, which allowed men to leave their jobs and fight in the war. Elizabeth Blackwell established the US Sanitary Commission which helped teach a new generation of nurses, gave hospitals supplies, and gathered medical supplies for the war. The same efforts were accomplished by Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix, who elevated the status of nurses in the US. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South. The South was economically devastated after the Civil War in several ways. First, in 1860, the South had a proud 30% of the United States wealth, which was drastically reduced to a mere 12% in 1870. The average salary of a Southern man, which was twothirds the salary of a Northern man, was also lowered to a measly two-fifths. Southerners also had to resort to scavenging for materials such as railroads, metal for bullets, dishes, and pins since the blockade severely impacted their resources.

Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 These riots were incredibly violent and concentrated mainly in New York City. They were led mostly by enraged Irish men who felt that the new conscription law was unjust. Many of them also held onto hostility against blacks. Charles Frances Adam He was an American minister who played a pivotal role concerning foreign relations with Britain. He also convinced Britain to stop constructing warships for the Confederacy since it would lead to the ships being used against them after the Civil War. Sherman's March This was when General William Tecumseh Sherman was given the task of conquering Georgia. With his sixty thousand troops, Sherman led a sixty-mile march through Georgia, leaving ruins behind. He and his men obliterated Georgia in order to get rid of Confederate supplies and demoralize the Confederate army as well. Clement L. Vallandigham He was a Copperhead Democrat and he also used to be the congressman for the state of Ohio. He was very outspoken about his desire to end the Civil War, and he was later sent to prison for treason. He was exiled to the Confederate lines by Abraham Lincoln as well. He even tried to run for Ohio governor but did not get enough votes. After that, he went back to his home state. His story is seen as the foundation for Edward Everett Hales piece, The Man Without a Country.

Andrew Johnson He was Lincolns running mate in the Election of 1864, and a Southern Democrat. Although he was from the South, he chose to stay loyal to the north, which was part of why he was nominated by the Republicans. He was also nominated in order to balance out the ballot. After Lincoln was assassinated, he took over the presidency, but was later impeached. John Wilkes Booth Booth was a radical Southern supporter and an actor. He was the assassin who murdered Abraham Lincoln in Fords Theater on April 1865. C.S.S. Alabama This was a war vessel that the British had constructed for the Confederacy. It was technically not considered a warship by the British since they were going to send it to the South unarmed. It was very successful and succeeded in capturing around sixty Union ships throughout its wartime career. National Banking Act This allowed the banks in the US to sell government bonds and create a unified form of currency. This also raised the nations credit and allowed more profit for the war. It was a big step in favor of an actual banking system. Union Party This party was formed when the Republicans merged with the pro-war Democrats. This was a preemptive step taken because Republicans feared Lincoln wouldnt be able to win a second term as president. GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? The Battle of Bull Run had different effects on the North and South. For the North, the loss at the Battle of Bull Run made them start preparing for a longer war. Prior to this, the North was confident that they would end the war in a matter of months. For the South, their victory gave them a false sense of security. This also resulted in many deserters. For both sides, the battle and its casualties made the Civil War more real, and made them take it more seriously. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war. After the failure of the Peninsula Campaign and General Lees victory, Lincoln decided that the Union would, in fact, fight a total war. Winfield Scott proposed the Anaconda Plan, which was put into place. This stated that they would cut off the Souths access to the ports

and the coasts. Next, they would free the slaves in order to weaken the Souths economy. Then, they would take control of the Mississippi River; they would also send troops into Georgia and the Carolinas; they would capture Richmond; and lastly, they would fight the Confederate forces head on. The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? The questionable part about the blockade practices of the North was that Northern ships would capture British mail ships. Their excuse was that since British ships were obviously going to bring supplies to the Confederacy, it was acceptable for them to capture the ships. Britain honored the blockade anyway since they didnt want to involve themselves in what might lead to a future war. The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" The battle of Antietam was probably the most decisive battle of the Civil War because both the North and the South waited on its outcome in order to decide several things. General Lee had been planning on winning this battle in order to win foreign support from Britain and France. However, since McClellan had found Lees battle plans, the North was able to turn the tides of war. The Northern victory convinced Britain and France not to aid the South. It also convinced the Border States to stay in the Union. The victory also gave Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 5. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. The Emancipation Proclamation added morals to the Civil War. The Union was now fighting for the freedom of their fellow man, and this angered some people in the North. They felt that they had agreed to fight for the Union, not for abolition. The South also rose up against Lincoln, calling him a fiend and saying that he was trying to cause a slave rebellion. Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 6. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War for several reasons. First, they were highly dedicated to the Civil Wars new moral cause, which was ending slavery. They also added more man power and support to the Union army. Many slaves abandoned Southern plantations, and this added to the list of problems held by the Confederacy, which definitely aided the North. Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 7. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?

Gettysburg was a significant battle since it marked a huge victory for the North. This was also a failed attempt, on the Souths part, to invade the North. This also made General Lees army retreat back to Virginia, but they were not chased after by the North, and so the war dragged on. The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 8. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. As a man, Grant wasnt that remarkable. He was an average student at West Point, but seemed to have a knack for horsemanship and mathematics. Later on, personal problems drove him to alcoholism. He was also unremarkable when it came to starting his own businesses, and he later ended up working for his father in a leather store. As a general, Grant was definitely not the best, but the fact that he kept achieving victories kept him in Lincolns favor. Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 9. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South? Sherman attempted, and succeeded, to demoralize the South by marching through Southern cities and leaving destruction in his wake. He ordered his men to pillage these cities, such as Georgia, in order to destroy Southern morale and make Georgia howl. The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 10. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war. First off, Lincoln had to deal with conflicts inside his own political party. Many people didnt trust him, and wanted to either control him or kick him out of his seat as president completely. Among these people was the Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon Chase. The Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War was also very troubling since it was led by overzealous Republicans who had pressured Lincoln heavily when it came to emancipation. Next, the Northern Democrats, without Stephen A. Douglas, were divided among themselves. The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 11. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? The factors that contributed to Lincolns electoral victory were the creation of the Union Party, the several victories achieved by the Union army, and the votes cast by the Union soldiers. Without the decisive victories made possible by Admiral Farragut, General Sherman, and General Sheridan, Lincoln most likely would have lost all face with the citizens. The fact that soldiers were brought in to vote for him also bolstered his support and allowed him to win a close election.

Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 12. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? In order to defeat Lees army, Grant employed a strategy which was basically to beat the army into submission. He pursued Lees army tirelessly; engaging Lee in several, bloody battles. Grant even stated, I propose to fight it out on this line. Lincoln had picked Grant specifically to fight Lee because he knew that in order to defeat Lee for good; he would have to pick a general who was willing to take on the taxing task. The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe 13. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. Lincolns death, altogether, was bad for the South. This was mainly because it was Lincoln who spearheaded the belief that the South should be treated well even after the Civil War. He was very kind and understanding when it came to conduct toward the losers. However, with Lincoln gone, many of the more radical politicians could have possibly gotten their way in regards to treating the South harshly. The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 14. What was the legacy of the Civil War? The legacy of the Civil War was both positive and negative. For the positive, it proved the US governments strength, and that democracy could survive as a form of government. For the negative, it accumulated national debt, hundreds upon thousands of lives were lost, and hostility still festered between North and South. The outcome of the war did nothing to quell the hatred. Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 15. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? I disagree with historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated. This is because the Civil War was a pivotal event in our nations history. It pit brother against brother, and its aftermath was the bloodiest in all of American History. It also somewhat put to rest the question of abolition and states rights. It reaffirmed the governments strength, and sparked hope for African Americans everywhere.

Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their ownsouthern whites reasserted their power.

GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction 1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain After the war, the South was destroyed in every sense of the word. Their economy had plummeted, since the slaves had been freed and banks and businesses were ruined by runaway inflation. Their land was rendered useless due to Yankee aggression, and they werent able to make any profit out of agriculture until much later. Due to the outcome of the war, many southerners refused to acknowledge the Union or the government and lamented only that they lost. Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war? African-Americans celebrated their freedom, and if not for resistant Southerners, they would have acted on their newfound freedom much earlier. Since they were able to go out on their own, many African-Americans formed communities and they moved en masse to Kansas. These African-Americans were called Exodusters. Their religion was also incredibly important to them, and they formed a large congregation within the American Methodist Episcopal Church.

The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmens Bureau was led by Oliver O. Howard, who was a Union general, and thought very kindly of blacks. Despite this, the Bureau wasnt very effective at all. In some areas, it was successful in educating former-slaves. However, in others, the Bureau conspired with former slave owners in order to trick blacks into working for their old masters. All in all, President Andrew Johnson was also quite racist and hated the Bureau himself. It was done away with in 1872. Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnsons strength lay in his experience with politics, his oratory ability, and his loyalty to the Union. He had refused to secede along with his home-state of Tennessee, and this earned him brownie points with the Northerners. However, with this, came some of his weaknesses. As both a Democrat and a Southerner, he wasnt trusted by the Republicans or the Northerners when he ascended to presidency. He was also quite headstrong and shorttempered, and this was not what the US needed in the time of Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans? In terms of reconstructions, the presidents were much more lenient. Lincoln wanted to treat the South with forgiveness, which was evident in his 10 percent plan. This plan stated that the Southern states which had seceded would be welcomed back into the Union if 10 percent of their voters took an oath of allegiance to the US. They would also have to reestablish their state government, and they would be welcomed back. However, Radical Republicans wanted much harsher terms. They proposed the Wade-Davis Bill, which called for 50 percent of voters to pledge their allegiance. It also called for stronger federal backing behind emancipation. The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down? The Black Codes were basically designed to emulate the system that existed before the Civil War. Southerners wanted to maintain their racial dominance over blacks, and they also wanted laborers who would work without question, just like slaves. Labor Contracts were designed to be binding documents, and blacks who skipped out on them were brought back by force. Poor farmers and blacks who participated in sharecropping were also looked down upon and threatened some of the Southerners who thought they were being too independent.

Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical) First off, Northern congressmen refused to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats because they didnt forgive them for their actions in the war. They still viewed the southerners as rebels, and they didnt want to work with their enemies so soon. Secondly, the South was politically powerful since the results of the war had freed blacks counting as an entire person rather than just three-fifths. The Northern congressmen didnt want the southerners elbowing them aside and taking control of the White House. Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response? Using their dominance in Congress, Republicans passed the Civil Rights Bill in order to retaliate against the Black Codes, which were highly hated. In response, President Johnson vetoed each attempt at this every time the issue was raised. However, the Republicans were enraged, and overturned Johnsons veto. After that, they basically took the reins in Congress, and started turning the Civil Rights Bill into the Fourteenth Amendment so Southerners wouldnt be able to get rid of it later on. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire? Johnsons campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfired due to the public altogether not responding very well to Johnson. His speeches were met with hecklers and jeering, which brought out his quick temper. After lashing out at the crowd, people started talking about his drinking problems once again, which pretty much sealed his political fate. Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? Radical Republicans wanted to keep the Southern states from being restored so quickly since they didnt want the Souths economy to go back to the way it was before the Civil War. However, Moderate Republicans wanted policies that kept the government from taking away citizens rights. They also wanted to get blacks into the fold in terms of voting. Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction. Military construction was backed by Congress with the passing of the Reconstruction Act in 1867. This was supported by further legislation which allowed Congress to cut the South up into five districts. A general was placed in charge of each district, and Union soldiers

patrolled them. This was to control the riots which had broken out in Southern cities, and it effectively alienated ex-Confederates. No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment 12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War? Some women felt that they did not receive their due after the Civil War because before the war even started, they had fought for the right to vote for both blacks and women. They were also fervent abolitionists. When the war was over, and the Fifteenth Amendment came, however, they were still not permitted the right to vote. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? After getting the right to vote, African-Americans immediately began to organize themselves into groups and makeshift political parties. They created the Union League which was an organization that was pro-Union and located in the North. They supported Republican politicians, and their reach soon fanned out in order to include black churches and schools. In response to the blacks growing political movement, White Southerners were outraged and indignant. They turned most of their rage towards the whites who aided the blacks, calling them scalawags and carpetbaggers. The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise 14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down? Many radical, racist Southern whites kept the former slaves down through terrorism. They formed the Invisible Empire of the South, aka, the Ku Klux Klan. This group originated in Tennessee, 1866. Their goal was to intimidate upstart blacks and their allies. They kept the former slaves down through cruel tactics such as brutal force, mutilation, and even murder. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson? The Radical Republicans had long been planning to get rid of Johnson since he was an obstruction in the White House. First, they made up rumors about Johnson which stated hed been keeping a harem of dissolute women in the White House. Next, they established the Tenure of Office Act after overriding Johnsons veto. This law stated that the president couldnt dismiss anyone in his cabinet without first getting the OK from the Senate. They finally got their chance to impeach Johnson when he fired Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, who was actually a spy for the Radical Republicans.

A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office? The Radicals were unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office because during the trial, they couldnt get the required two-thirds majority to impeach him. This was because seven Republican senators had voted not guilty, despite what all the others had urged. These people didnt want to encourage the violation of the system of checks and balances and believed that impeaching Johnson would only lead to further abuse of power. Also, Johnson didnt have a vice president, and so with him gone, the presidency would be given to Ben Wade, a Radical Republican. He was not well-liked, and would have given the Radical Republicans everything they wanted. The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway. Alaska was called Sewards Folly, but was purchased anyway because of two main reasons. First off, the sale was being proposed by Russia, a nation that was very civil toward the United States, and the US had no intention of angering their ally. Secondly, many believed that Alaska would later be a treasure trove of natural resources (which it was), and so they also believed that the whole purchase would pan out. The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction. In my opinion, and based on the facts, Republican reconstruction wasnt very successful at all. The South had always been obstinate, and had always fought with the Republicans attempts at Reconstruction. In the South, in response to the Fourteenth Amendment and the blacks right to vote, the Ku Klux Klan was formed. Through terrorism and murder, they intimidated everyone who went against them. Also, it seemed that in its core, the South hadnt really changed at all. The actions undertaken by the Republican reconstruction had only united many of the people, and resurrected the Old South.