OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition Chapter 3 Token Ring

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Chapter 3 Lab2- Token Ring

Token Ring Model Description

Model Scope and Limitations

Process Models Model Interfaces
Packet Formats
ICI Formats Token Ring Addressing and Ring Identifiers

Lab 2 Token Ring

N. Abedpoor International Imam Reza University of Mashhad Dec. 2013

Token Ring Description

The Token Ring Access Method (TR) provides general purpose networking at 4 or 16 Mbits/sec transmission rates for small or large numbers of communicating stations configured in a ring or hub topology.
Detailed information on the Token Ring protocol can be found in the following documentation:

IEEE Standard 802.5, 1985 Specification Token Ring Access Method.

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Model Scope and Limitations

The first important restriction is that the ring initialization and recovery processes are not modeled explicitly. While the model could be extended to address these areas (it is provided in source code form), its primary usefulness is in obtaining measurements of steady state performance. A second restriction has to do with the modeling of error conditions and in general, the role of the NMT entity. In its current form, the model makes no attempt to implement the mechanisms related to the detection of damaged frames, or the reporting of errors to NMT. The interface between MAC and NMT is, in fact, not presently incorporated into the implementation of MAC. The effects of station latency and propagation delay are also incorporated into the model. The restack operation and the THT are also explicitly modeled.
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Model Scope and Limitations

The parameters that may be easily controlled by the user, without having to modify the internals of the provided models include: The number of stations attached to the ring The address of the station that launches the token as the simulation begins, the active monitor The delay incurred by frames and tokens as they traverse a stations ring interface The propagation delay separating stations on the ring The number of bits per second transmitted by the medium The duration of the THT, the amount of time a station may transmit on the ring The amount of time it takes a station to modify its priority stacks in a restack operation
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Model Scope and Limitations

Model features include: 24-bit assured minimum latency Token acceleration Modularitythere can be more than one ring in a network model Token Ring link models allow you to simulate point-to-point trunk links; a single trunk link can carry traffic for multiple VLANs as specified by IEEE 802.1q.

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Model Scope and Limitations

Model features include: You can configure port-based VLANs on all generic bridge and switch models, and on any vendor-specific models that support this technology. To configure a VLAN, set the VLAN scheme attribute to Port-based VLAN on the bridge or switch supporting the VLAN. You can assign VLAN identifiers to specific port numbers in the VLAN Port Configuration Table. (To find a links port numbers, use Link Interfaces on the Edit Attributes (Advanced) dialog box.) Note that you can assign only one VLAN identifier to a specific port.
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Process Models

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Process Models

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Model Interfaces
Packet Formats The following table enumerates the packet formats used in the Token Ring model suite.

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Model Interfaces
ICI Formats (Interface Control Information) The following table enumerates the interface control information (ICI) formats used in the Token Ring model suite.

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Model Interfaces
Token Ring Addressing and Ring Identifiers Each ring has a unique identifier, specified by the ring_id attribute of the tr_mac_op_v2 process model. All Token Ring MAC entities on the same ring must agree on the value of this identifier. The ring IDs can be specified to be automatically assigned to meet these requirements.

Each MAC entity has a physical address, specified by the station_address attribute of the tr_mac_op_v2 process model. Token Ring addresses must be consecutive (no gaps in numbering) and increase in the direction of the point-to-point links along a ring. In addition, when using these models in conjunction with the Spanning Tree Bridge models, the addresses must be unique across the entire OPNET network to support correct bridge address learning. The addresses can be specified to be automatically assigned to meet these requirements.

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Lab 2 Token Ring

A Shared-Media Network with Media Access Control

A token ring network consists of a set of nodes connected in a ring. The ring is a single shared medium. The token ring technology involves a distributed algorithm that controls when each node is allowed to transmit. With a ring topology, any link or node failure would render the whole network useless. This problem can be solved by using a star topology where nodes are connected to a token ring hub. The hub acts as a relay, known as a multi station access unit (MSAU)

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The token, which is just a special sequence of bits, circulates around the ring; each node receives and then forwards the token. When a node that has a frame to transmit sees the token, it takes the token off the ring and instead inserts its frame into the ring. When the frame makes its way back around to the sender, this node strips its frame off the ring and reinserts the token. The token holding time (THT) is the time a given node is allowed to hold the token. The THT has an effect on the utilization and fairness of the network, where utilization is the measure of the bandwidth used versus that available on the given ring.

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In this lab, you will set up a token ring network with 14 nodes connected in a star topology. The links you will use operate at a data rate of 4 Mbps. You will study how the utilization and delay of the network are affected by the network load as well as the THT.

Pay Attention and Then Start

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NOTES:

Create Project:
Name the project <your initials>_Token Name the scenario Balanced make sure that Create Empty Scenario

Choose Office for Network Scale

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NOTES:

Create the Network:

Use Rapid Configuration. Star Topology Choose Token_ring from Model List

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Save Project

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NOTES: Configure Network Nodes configure the THT of the nodes Select Similar Nodes Edit Attributes. Set Value Shown in figure.

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NOTES: Configure the Simulation

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NOTES: Configure the Simulation

Object Attributes Tab

Office Network.*.Token Ring Parameters[0].THT Duration

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NOTES: Configure the Simulation

Advanced Tab

Set Scalar File Name to <your initials>_Token_Balanced

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NOTES: Choose the Statistics

Choose Individual Statistics - Expand the Global Statistics hierarchy a) Traffic Sink check the Traffic Received (packets/sec) box b) Traffic Source - check the Traffic Sent (packets/sec) box Expand the Node Statistics hierarchy a) Utilization

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NOTES: to collect the average of the above statistics as a scalar value by the end of each simulation run: Simulation menu - Statistics (Advanced)

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NOTES: be sure Traffic Sent and Traffic Received appeared under the Global Statistics Probes and Utilization appeared under Node Statistics Probes Set the Values for both Traffic Sent and traffic Rec

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we need to analyze the effect of THT on the network performance: Objects menu Create Attribute Probe Right Click on new Attribute Probe Choose Attributed Object expand Office Network select Node_0 Right Click on new Attribute Probe Edit Attributes Save from File Menu

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NOTES: Duplicate Scenario The token ring network scenario we just implemented is balanced: the distribution of the generated traffic in all nodes is the same. To compare performance, you will create an unbalanced scenario as follows: 1- Scenarios menu Duplicate Scenario name Unbalanced OK 2- select Nod_0 and Nod_7 by shift-Clicking Right click Edit Attributes Set the Interarrival time Value show in this figure. 3- select all nodes except Nod_0 and Nod_7 Right click Edit Attributes Set the Interarrival time Value show in this figure. 4- click anywhere in the workspace to unselect objects.
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NOTES: 5- Click Configure/Run Simulation button:

Name the scalar file <your initials>_Token_Unbalanced

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NOTES: Run the Simulation

Scenarios menu Manage Scenario. Value under Results column to <collect> OK (to run Simulation) After simulation completes, click close Save your Project

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NOTES: View the Results Flow Steps in your source document to get the flowing results.

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NOTES: View the Results Flow Steps in your source document to get the results.

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