Mark Kan, Kirk Lam, Noah Easter Hon Chem Marangelo P5

Stoichiometry and Measurements Lab

Stoichiometry Lab As a doctor in the hospital, your patient needs 1.35 g of Barium Sulfate for the production of his "life saving" medicine. You know that every time you conduct this reaction, you get a 79.5% yield. The chemicals that you have to work with are Sodium Sulfate and Barium Nitrate . (they are very expensive, so use the minimum amount needed) Procedure: 1. First mass out 1.03 g of Sodium Sulfate and 1.90 g of Barium Nitrate 2. Dissolve 1.03 g of Sodium Sulfate into beaker 1 with water 3. Dissolve 1.90 g of Barium Nitrate into beaker 2 with water 4. Mass filter paper 5. Fold up filter paper and place into funnel 6. Place funnel into a vial 7. Mix dissolved Sodium Sulfate and Barium Nitrate in a separate beaker 8. Pour solution into the funnel 9. Mass the filter paper containing precipitate 10. Clean up Materials: Stirring Rod Funnel Filter Paper Beaker Electronic Scale Sodium Sulfate Barium Nitrate Distilled Water Pre-lab: Questions to address prior to starting lab 1. How much of the reactants will you need to measure out? 1.03 g of Na2SO4 and 1.51 g of Ba(NO3)2 needs to be measured out. 2. How much water should you add to the beaker? Enough water should be added to fully dissolve the salt into the water. 3. To separate the solid from the liquid, you will need to filter. What is in the filter paper? Should you mass the filter paper before hand? Why? Barium Sulfate precipitate is what is left in the filter paper. It is very important to mass the filter paper before hand in order to get an accurate measurement for the mass of the precipitate. It is

pertinent because you need to use the actual mass of Barium Sulfate to determine whether our calculations were accurate and also to calculate the percent error. 4. How will you collect the aqueous product? Does this need to be measured? The aqueous product will drip through the filter paper to be collected in a vial. The aqueous product does not need to be measured however, because all the calculations can be done using only the mass of the precipitate. 5. Where are some places where you might lose some of your product? How can you maximize your percent yield and minimize your percent error? When pouring the solution with the precipitate through the filter paper, some of the product may spill over the side, or if the mixing of the reactants is not done carefully some of the product may spill out as well. In order to avoid this the stirring should be done carefully, avoiding overly vigorous motion. You can also pour the product through the filter paper over another larger beaker so any spillage will be caught and can be poured back through the filter paper. Results: Table 1: Mass in grams of materials used Material Na2SO4 Ba(NO3)2 Filter paper #1 Filter paper #2 Filter paper #1 with precipitate Filter paper #2 with precipitate Mass 1.03 g 1.90 g 1.183 g 1.218 g 1.915 g 1.729 g

Calculations: Na2SO4 (s)+ Ba(NO3)2 (s) 2NaNO3 (aq)+ BaSO4 (s) 1.35 g BaSO4 1 mol BaSO4 233.4 g BaSO4 = 0.822 g Na2SO4 0.822 g Na2SO4 x g Na2SO4 x = 1.03 g Na2SO4 79.5 100 1 mol Na2SO4 1 mol BaSO4 142.05 g Na2SO4 1 mol Na2SO4

1.35 g BaSO4

1 mol BaSO4 233.4 g BaSO4

1 mol Ba(NO3)2 1 mol BaSO4

261.3 g Ba(NO3)2 1 mol Ba(NO3)2

= 1.51 g Ba(NO3)2 1.51 g Ba(NO3)2 x g Ba(NO3)2 x = 1.90 g Ba(NO3)2 Amount of BaSO4 in filter paper #1 = 1.915 g BaSO4 - 1.183 g BaSO4 = 0.732 g BaSO4 Amount of BaSO4 in filter paper #2 = 1.729 g BaSO4 - 1.218 g BaSO4 = 0.511 g BaSO4 Total amount of BaSO4 = 0.732 g BaSO4 + 0.511 g BaSO4 = 1.243 g BaSO4 = Actual Yield Percent Yield: Figure 1: Image of solution and funnel setup 79.5 100

Figure 2: Image of solution getting filtered

Analysis and Discussion: In this experiment, was based of a simulation of a hospital situation where a critically ill patient needs a certain amount of Barium Sulfate for his medication. We were told that the percent yield of a double replacement reaction with Sodium Sulfate and Barium Nitrate is at 79.5%. According to this information we used dimensional analysis to figure out the mass of Sodium Sulfate and Barium Nitrate we needed react in order to make 1.35 grams of Barium Sulfate. Our results were 1.51 grams of Barium Nitrate and 1.03 grams of Sodium Sulfate. After the reaction of both substances we massed our precipitate to find that our precipitate, Barium Nitrate weighed 1.234 grams. The resulting yield was less than necessary, leading us to believe that an error had occurred somewhere during the process. Because of errors commited in our lab result, we can safely say that we made enough Barium Sulfate to save our patients life. There were a few possible sources of errors. One of which could be an error during the massing of the initial reactants. It is possible that during the massing of Barium Nitrate and Sodium Sulfate, the scale was not tared properly resulting in an incorrect measurement. Another source of error could be the spilling or the incomplete pouring of the solution into the filter paper. During our experiment, we might have accidentally spilled some of the solution when pouring the solution into the filter paper. This might have skewed our results causing the final mass to be inaccurate. Furthermore, after the filtering was complete. We observed some white precipitate at the bottom of the vial. Leading us to believe that there was some sort of defect in our filter paper, allowing precipitates to leak through. There are also several improvements for future experiments. Firstly, in order to make sure that the massing of the initial reactants is accurate. We must make sure that the scale is tared properly and to further improve accuracy, multiple massings should take place. Thus increasing the probability of an accurate mass. Another improvement for the future is to make sure all of the solution is poured through the filter paper, and that the filter paper is free from defects which may cause leakage. With these improvements, future experiments should have result in far greater accuracy in data collected.