90 307 1 PB - 2

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}}}}\paperw11893\paperh16826\margl666\margr133\margt666\margb106
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Annan Naidu Paidi,}{
}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {et al, International Journal of Research in Compute
r and Communication}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {technology, IJRCCT, ISSN 2278-5841, Vol 1, Issue 6, November 2012.}\par\par
d\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-706\slmult0 \fs52\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Recent Trends In 4G Over 3G Technology}\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Annan
Naidu Paidi,}\par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A
sst. Professor , CSE Department,}\i0 \par\pard\li3813\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Centurion University, Odisha, India.}\i0 \par\pard\li4200
\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {annanpaidi@gmail.com}\i0 \par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5640\colsr-0\colno2\colw5453\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx161
3\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Abstract-}\b0 \i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {The objective of this paper is to evaluate}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {recent trends in Fourth generatio
n (4G) mobile}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {services. Given the success of Third generation (3G)}\b0 \par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {mobile communications sys
tems and services, the}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {third generation mobile networks and applications}\b0 \par\p
ard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {are faced with a lot
of expectations such as providing}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {omnipresent access to online services via mobile}\b0
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {terminals. Howe
ver, 3G technologies and applications}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {have encountered obstacles that have stalled both the
}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {technology
development and user acceptance. This}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {paper reviews existing literature related to 3G
as well}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {as
evaluate a framework that presents the factors that}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {contribute to the success of 4G.}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Keywords:}\b0 { }
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3G, 4G, User Acceptance, OFDM, UWB.}\i0 \par\pard\
li2173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li2173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I. Introduction}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-466\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3G refers to technologies associated with
wireless}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communi
cations and is most often associated with}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cell phones. Popular use of the term 3G, such as "a}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3G phone," refers
to the types of cell phones}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {equipped to access to a wireless data network using}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3G standards. Cell phones a
nd other Internet-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 {enabled devices that use 3G wireless technology}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are perceived as achieving higher s
peeds when}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {brows
ing the Web, downloading files or}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {performing other wireless Internet-related tasks.}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Technically, 3G stan
ds for 3rd generation and}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {refers to the third generation of related standards}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {established by the ITU
, or International}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Telecommunication Union. The family includes}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {technologies recognized by consumers suc
h as}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {GSM EDGE
and WiMAX. The 3rd Generation}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Partnership Project (3GGP) has taken an active role}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in establishing and promo
ting 3G standards in}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {order to increase the benefit of 3G technologies to}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consumers.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {3G network technology became available for}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {commercial use first in Japan in 2001 and
was}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {followed by
availability in South Korea and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {European countries. However, 3G networks for}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consumer use in the U.S. did not
become available}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un
til 2003.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3G techno
logy features that are meaningful to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {consumers fall into two broad classifications. The}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {first is data rates, w
hich refers to the rate at which}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {3G devices can transfer data through 3G networks.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cell phones and related devices
can regularly}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acc
ess the Internet and are capable of playing}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {music and displaying videos. Because video
and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {audio file si
zes can be large, higher data transfer}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rates for files being downloaded from the Internet}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {provide a better user
experience. The second set of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {3G features relates to security. Because consumers}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {may send and receive confidentia
l information}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from
their cell phones, security for wireless}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communications is essential. 3G security features
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are intended to ad
dress that need.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As
consumer expectations relating to the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {performance of cell phones and similar devices in}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {connecting to the Int
ernet increase, device}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {technology increases as well. As devices become}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {capable of higher-performance functio
ns such as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {playin
g larger, higher-definition videos with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {higher-quality audio, the need for data transfer rates}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that support larger

, higher-quality multimedia files}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {increases. There is no 4G standard from the ITU in}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {place. The 3GPP consortium is see
king to expedite}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {th
e creation of 4G standards.}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {II. ANTECEDENTS OF THE SUCCESS OF}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3G SERVICES}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {A. Industry Standards}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The importance of common indu
stry standards with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3G networks has been emphasized in many studies}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(see e.g., Curwen, 2000; Grundstrm & Wilkinson,}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2004;Harrison & Holley
, 2001; Kumar, 2004). The}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3666\col
sr-0\colno2\colw5266\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\pard\li773\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs2
6\cf1\f2\charscalex100\ul {w w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1226\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {chiefeditor@ijrcct.org}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Page357}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\margtsxn666\margbsxn106\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Annan Naidu Paidi,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {et al, International Journ
al of Research in Computer and Communication}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {technology, IJRCCT, ISSN 2278-5841, Vol 1, Issue 6,
November 2012.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5640\colsr-0\colno2\colw5453\pard\li773\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mobile phone industry is curre
ntly using many}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
standards [e.g. Japanese PDC (Personal Digital}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \*\tx2533\*\tx3653\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Communication), }\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {European }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {GSM,American}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CDMA], which has
made it difficult for users}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {travelling to utilize their phones worldwide. The}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {evolution of 3G is expected t
o simplify this because}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {in Europe there are only two standards competing;}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division M
ultiple}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Access)
which will become the European UMTS}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2
146\*\tx3253\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Universal}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Mobile }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Telecommunications}\par\pard\li773\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {System)and the CDMA2000 (Code
Division}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multipl
e Access). Although the WCDMA and}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {theCDMA2000 are regarded as the two main}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {standards (Mobile}{ }\fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {IN, 2004) in the world}\i0 \fs52\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
,}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {there}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
are}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {other varian
ts of 3G such as NTT Do Como\uc1\u8217Xs}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access(FOMA)}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and the Chinese TDSCDMA (Time Division-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access),}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which are also competing for market share.
As the}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TD-SCDMA
developed by Siemens and its}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Chinese partners has suffered technical problems it}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is not to date ready for
commercialization}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(Hillman, 2004). The WCDMA standard is said to}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dominate the global market for the next five ye
ars}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Sehovic, 200
3). However, 3Gnetworks still require}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {large investment efforts in for example in base}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stations, in order t
o provide promised transfer}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {speeds (Robins, 2003). With standardization it is}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possible to meet one of th
e basic goals of 3G; to}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {provide global access for the same services. This}\par\pard\li773\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {means creating a truly single, world
wide standard.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Th
e International Telecommunication Union (ITU)}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is working on 3G international standardization}\
par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {through its projec
t IMT-2000(International Mobile}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Telecommunications) that aims at setting the global}\par\pard\li7
73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {standard for3G.}\par\pard\li77

3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {B. User Acceptance}\b0 \i0
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It is important
to consider user acceptance of 3G}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {services and to classify different user needs.}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Generally speaking, in
designing 3G applications}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {and planning profitable business models, the end-}\par\pard\li7
73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {users\uc1\u8217X needs and
wants should be in the hot spot}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(e.g., Fenton et al., 2001;Gerstheimer & Lupp,}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2004). The main challe
nge when exploring user}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {needs and wants lies in the intersection of unknown}\par\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {future customers\uc1\u8217X needs
and wants and new}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {technology that is not even available for many}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {users. Therefore, it is suggested t
hat service}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {devel
opers can only meet the needs and wants with}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a profound understanding of the mobile}\par\pard
\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communication system, rang
ing from voice-centric}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1733\*\tx2200\*\t
x3426\*\tx4280\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {to }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multimedia }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {centric }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Gerstheimer & Lupp, 2004). Further
more, their}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stud
y suggests that an interpretative-creative}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {approach should be used when designing 3G}\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services rather th
an taking linear or analytic}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {problem solving approaches. Therefore designers}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {should examine use
rs\uc1\u8217X needs and requirements,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with concrete reference to situation-oriented and}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {social-spatial context
s; concentrating on open}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {parameters like \uc1\u8216Xuser\uc1\u8217X, \uc1\u8216Xplace\uc1\u821
7X, \uc1\u8216Xprocess\uc1\u8217X, and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8216Xtime\uc1\u8217X (Figge, 2004; Gerstheimer &
Lupp, 2004).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {To g
et the big picture, it is essential to understand}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the different situations in which consumers a
nd}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {business users
use mobile services. First, we can}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distinguish the different types of presence people}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {typically have. Prese
nce can be broadly defined as}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {reachability, availability, and willingness to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communicate with other users. Pres
ence is one of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
he central factors in designing mobile services}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Camarillo & Garcia-Martin, 2004: 303).Prese
nce}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {data includes
information about whether users are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {online or not, if they are idle or busy, and various}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {other information users h
ave given to the presence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1453\*\tx3786\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {service such}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as info

rmation about}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {their}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communication means and capabilities conce
rning}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {their mobile}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Terminals, for exam
ple. At a basic level, presence}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {information can be classified to at home, at work}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and mobile (on the move)
(Dholakia & Dholakia,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2004).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {To beg
in with, at home users are typically}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {connected with at least two types of networks.}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {More and more households
have fixed Internet}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {access (LAN) that allows relatively fast Internet}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {connection speed (starting from 256 kbps).
Thus, it}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is expec
ted that households with fixed Internet}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {access will use mobile devices (classified in thi
s}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paper as phones a
nd PDAs, but excluding laptops)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {differently than households without fixed Internet}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {access. For instance, mobile te
rminals can be used}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{to get online access, either directly from mobile}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terminal or in connection with another
terminal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as l
aptop or PC. With the help of 3G, mobile}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terminals as mentioned can offer faster connection}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {speeds than some LAN conne
ctions. However, with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {the diffusion of 3G networks, we should expect 3G}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phones to be used in combination with pe
rsonal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {computers. F
or example, many mobile operators in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Europe (e.g. Vodafone, Orange, T-Mobile, O2)}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {already offer 3G data cards tha
t allow fast access to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Internet services via laptops, and are able to utilize}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {also GPRS connection when 3G is not
available}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ZDNet UK
, 2004). The idea is that data cards}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {provide abroad band wireless link to the Internet or}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {company network (lik
e WLAN) allowing users to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {do the same computer activities on the road as in}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the office.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {At work, users typically also hav
e fixed Internet}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
access that is used to access many}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Informative services related to work. However,}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more people are relying on
mobile terminals to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {manage their daily activities. With the diffusion of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {smart phones, computers and mobile terminal
s are}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more and mo
re used in combination. As smart}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {phones can be synchronized with laptops and table}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\co
lw3666\colsr-0\colno2\colw5266\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\pard\li773\ri0\sl-1226\sl
mult0 \fs26\cf1\f2\charscalex100\ul {w w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri

0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {chiefeditor@ijrcct.org}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Page358}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
bkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {computers, followed by their a
bility to send and}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {receive e-mails and use of other company related}\par\pard\li773\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services, the line between different
}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terminal is fade
d. The third option, mobile, means}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {that the services users can access are limited due to}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network constraints. On t
he go users mainly rely on}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {mobile networks that to date offer limited data}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transmission speeds, although
the rise of the 3G}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {network and Wireless Local Area networks}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(WLAN) provide faster data transmission.
The}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {most import
ant development in relation to mobile}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {users and the services they need relate to the}\
par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {networks\uc1\u8217
X ability to provide the same services}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {globally. As mobile users are increasingly}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {travelling worldwide,
it is important to develop}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {networks and services that can be accessed with}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {one mobile terminal. This
has been mentioned as}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {one of the main challenges mobile network}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {development will face in the coming y
ears (e.g.,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Birc
hler et al., 2003). In conclusion, mobile data}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services undoubtedly have the most value for
users}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on the go,
or for users who are not currently able to}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {access the services the Internet provides via ot
her}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {means such as
fixed Internet connection (LAN) or}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {wireless local area network (WLAN).}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {III. LIMITATIONS OF 3G AND DRIVERS}\b0 \
par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {FOR 4G}\b0 \par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3G performances may
not be sufficient to meet}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {needs of future high-performance applications like}\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2160\*\tx3426\*\tx4280\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multi-m
edia, }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {full-motion }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {video, }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teleconferencing. We need a network
technology}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that e
xtends 3G capacities by an order of}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {magnitude[4].}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A] There are multiple standards for 3G making it}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difficult to roam and intero
perate across networks.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {We need global mobility and service portability.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B] 3G are based on primarily a wide-area
concept.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {We need
hybrid networks that utilize both wireless}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {LAN (hot-spot) concept and cell or base-station}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wide area network d
esign.}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C] We need
wider bandwidth.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{D] Researchers have come up with spectrally more}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {efficient modulation schemes that cannot be}\
par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {retrofitted into 3
G infrastructures.}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{E] We need all digital packet networks that utilizes}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {IP in its fullest form with converged voic
e and data}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {capabi
lity.}\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {IV. 4G MO
BILE TECHNOLOGIES}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c

harscalex100 {This new generation of wireless is intended to}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complement and replaces the 3G
systems, perhaps}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in
5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anytime, with a seamless connection to a wid
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {range of informat
ion and services, and receiving a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {large volume of information, data, pictures, video,}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and so on, are the keys of
the 4G infrastructures.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {various networks using IP (Inter
net protocol) as a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{common protocol so that users are in control}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {because they will be able to choose every
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {application and
environment. Based on the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {developing trends of mobile communication, 4G}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {will have broader bandwidth, higher da
ta rate, and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {smooth
er and quicker handoff and will focus on}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ensuring seamless service across a multitude of
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless systems a
nd networks. The key concept is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existing mobile technologies
through advanced}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
echnologies. Application adaptability and being}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {highly dynamic are the main features of
4G}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services of in
terest to users. These features mean}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services can be delivered and be available to the}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {personal preference
of different users and support}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment,}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and quality of service. Con
nection with the network}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {applications can be transferred into various forms}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and levels correctly and efficien
tly. The dominant}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{methods of access to this pool of information will}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop
to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seamlessly acc
ess the voice communication, high-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {speed information services, and entertainment}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {broadcast services. Figure
1 illustrates elements}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {domains. The fourth generation will enco
mpass all}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {systems
from various networks, public to private;}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operator driven broadband networks to personal}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {areas and ad hoc
networks. The 4G systems will}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with digital (broadband) bro
adcasting systems. In}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {addition, 4G systems will be fully Ip based wireless}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \*\tx986\*\tx1653\*\tx3360\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Internet. }\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {all-encompas

sing }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {integrated}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perspective shows the broad range of systems that
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the fourth gener
ation intends to integrate, from}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {satellite broadband to high altitude platform to}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cellular 3G and 3G systems
to WLL (wireless local}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(wireless local area network) and PAN
(personal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {area ne
t-work), all with IP as the integrating}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {models will be availabl
e. These services and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {models need to be further examined for their}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interface with the design of 4G systems.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4G Wireless Systems
or Fourth generation wireless}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {system is a packet switched wireless system with}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wide area coverage and high
throughput. It is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{designed to be cost effective and to provide high}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {spectral efficiency. The 4g wireless u
ses}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Orthogonal Freq
uency Division Multiplexing}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
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w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {chiefeditor@ijrcct.org}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {Page359}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826
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7;32768}}

7;32768}}
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3FE81DAA7FE02B51FDBA9FF40ED53FF015A8035E8AC8FEDD4FFA076A9FF80AD47F6EA7FD03B54FFC
056A00D7A2B23FB753FE81DAA7FE02B559B2D496F26318B4BD870BBB74F0945FA64F7E6802F51451
40051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451
40051451400514514005145140051451400981CF145145002D145140051451400514514005145140
05145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140
05145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140
051451400514514005145140051451401FFFD9}
}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn106\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Annan Naidu Paidi,}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {et al, International Journal of Research in Computer an
d Communication}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {t
echnology, IJRCCT, ISSN 2278-5841, Vol 1, Issue 6, November 2012.}\par\pard\se
lw5746\colsr-0\colno2\colw5346\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB),and}\par\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Millimetres wireless. Data rate
of 20mbps is}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {em
ployed. Mobile speed will be up to}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {200km/hr.The high performance is achieved by the}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {use of long term cha
nnel prediction, in both time}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {and frequency, scheduling among users and smart}\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antennas combined with a
daptive modulation and}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives}\par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the ability for world wide roamin
g to access cell}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {anywhere.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Fig.1. 4G Mobile Communica
tions}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Features of 4G Mobile Technolo
gy:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs34\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {o}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Support for interactive multimedia, vo
ice,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {streaming v
ideo, Internet, and other broadband}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {services}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs36\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {IP based mobile system}
\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs34\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {High speed, high capacity, and low}\par\pard\li
1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cost per bit}\par\pard\li149
3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch

arscalex100 {Global access, service portability, and}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {scalable mobile services}\par\pard\li1493\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs34\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Seamless switching, and a variety of}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Quality of Service driven services}\par\pard
\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs34\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Better scheduling and call admission}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {control techniques}\par\pard\li1493\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs34\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {strict delay requirements of voice}\par\par
d\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {make multi hop network
service a}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dif
ficult problem)}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs36\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {o}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Better spectral efficiency}\par\pard
\li1493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs34\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Seamless network of multiple}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {protocols and air interfaces (since 4G}\par\p
ard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {will be all ]IP, look
for 4G systems}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
o be compatible with all common}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx386
6\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {technolog
ies,}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {including80
2.11, WCDMA, Blue}\par\pard\li1853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {tooth, and Hyper LAN).}\par\column\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\
tx973\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An infrastr
ucture to handle pre}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {existing 3G systems along with other}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless technologies, some of which}\par\pard\li973\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are currently under development.}
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {V. T
he Future and 4G}\b0 \par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1466\*\tx2053\*\tx2
746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {According}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to }\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Internation
al}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Telecommunicat
ion Union (ITU), the future}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {of mobile phone connectivity now lies in the}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hands of 4G technologies. According to IT
U}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in October 20
10, "harmonization among}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {these proposals has resulted in two}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {technologies, 'LTE-Advanced' and 'Wireless}\pa
r\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {MAN-Advanced' being
accorded the official}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {designation of IMT-Advanced, qualifying}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {them as true 4G technologies." In the United}\par
\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {States, 4G technolo
gies are already being}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {incorporated into phone units, such as the}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sprint Samsung 4G and products prov
ided}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by Verizon W
ireless. According to a Yahoo}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {News article in October 2010, "while the}\par\pard\li173\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {initial [Verizon] LTE rollout will b
e for}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {laptops an
d other mobile devices, 4G smart}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {phones will quickly follow. Currently, there}\par\pard\li173\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are only a handful on the marke

t, made by}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {HTC
and Samsung and sold by Sprint}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Nextel for its WiMAX 4G network. Metro}\par\pard\li173\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PCS has also announced some 4G
phones}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for its g
rowing 4G network." With the fast-}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {changing world of mobile technology it}\par\pard\li173\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seems that users will be migrati
ng to 4G}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phone
technologies in the near future.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b \i {A. 4G Technology}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Meanwhile, researchers and vendors are}\par\pard\li
253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expressing a growing inter
est in 4Gwireless}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{networks that support global roaming across}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiple wireless and mobile networks\uc1\u8212
Xfor}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {example, fr
om cellular network to a satellite-}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {based network to a high-bandwidth wireless}\par\pard\li
253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {LAN.With this feature, users
will have access}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
to different services, increased coverage, the}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {convenience of a single device, one bill wi
th}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reduced total
access cost, and more reliable}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {wireless access even with the failure or loss of}\par\pard\li2
53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {one or more networks. 4Gne
tworks will also}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Internet access and bit rates of 50 Mbps or
}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {more. Because d
eployment of 4G wireless}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {technology is not expected until 2006 or even}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
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}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn106\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Annan Naidu Paidi,}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {et al, International Journal of Research in Computer an
d Communication}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {t
echnology, IJRCCT, ISSN 2278-5841, Vol 1, Issue 6, November 2012.}\par\pard\se
lw5786\colsr-0\colno2\colw5306\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {later, developers will hopefully have time to}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a)}\i0 \
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A multimode device lets the user, device, or}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\
colno1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw1880\colsr-0\colno3\colw4946\pard\li1133\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2146\*\tx3053\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resolve }\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {issues }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involving}\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heterogeneous networks
such as}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100
{\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {access,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {handoff,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f
3\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {location coordina
tion,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resource coordination to add new}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\uc1\u616
23X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {users,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {support for multicasting,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\
cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {support for
quality of service,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {multiple}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {network initiate handoff between networks}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {without the need for network modification or}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interworking devices.
(b) An overlay}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
network\uc1\u8212Xconsisting of several universal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {access points (UAPs) that store user,}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network, and device in
formation\uc1\u8212Xperforms}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a handoff as the user moves from one UAP}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to another. (c) A device capable of}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automatically switching
between networks is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{possible if wireless networks can support a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5893\colsr-0\co
lno2\colw5200\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100
{\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless security and authentica
tion,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network failure and backup, and}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs26\cf0\f3\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6162
3X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pricing and billing.}\par\pard\li973\ri0\sl453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Network architectures will play a k
ey role in}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impl
ementing the features required to address these}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {issues.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {B. Possib
le Architectures:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {One of the most challenging problems facing}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deployment of 4G technology is how
to access}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {severa
l different mobile and wireless networks.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Figure 2 shows three possible architectures: using a
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multimode devic
e, an overlay network, or a}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0

\charscalex100 {common access protocol.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
00\slmult0 \*\tx1840\*\tx2800\*\tx3333\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fig.2}\tab \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Possible}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4G}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless network}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {architectures.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \*\t
x3666\fs26\cf1\f2\charscalex100\ul {w w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {chiefeditor@ijrcct.org}\par\column\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {common protocol to access a satellite-based}\par\pard\
li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network and another prot
ocol for terrestrial}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {networks}\fs48\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {.}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {C. Multimode devices}\b0 \par\pard\li106\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {One configuration uses a single
physical}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {termin
al with multiple interfaces to access}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {services on different wireless networks. Early}\par
\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {examples of this a
rchitecture include the}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {existing Advanced Mobile Phone System/Code}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Division Multiple Access dual-function ce
ll}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phone, Iridiu
m\uc1\u8217Xs dual function satellite-cell}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phone, and the emerging Global System for}\par\pa
rd\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mobile telecommunicatio
ns/Digital Enhanced}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Cordless Terminal dual-mode cordless phone.}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The multimode device architecture may}\par
\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {improve call complet
ion and expand effective}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {coverage area. It should also provide reliable}\par\pard\li106\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless coverage in case of net
work, link, or}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sw
itch failure. The user, device, or network}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {can initiate handoff between networks. The}\
par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {device itself in
corporates most of the}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {additional complexity without requiring}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {wireless network modification or employing}
\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interworking dev
ices. Each network can}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {deploy a database that keeps track of user}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \*\tx1120\*\tx1960\*\tx3253\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {location, }\
tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {device }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {capabil
ities, }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmu

lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conditions, and user preferences. The handling}\
par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of quality-of-ser
vice (QoS) issues remains an}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {open research question.}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {1). Overlay network:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li106\ri0\sl466\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In this architecture, a user accesses an
overlay}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network
consisting of several universal access}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless}\par\pa
rd\li106\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1266\*\tx2240\*\tx2960\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {network }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {based }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {availability,}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {QoSspecifications, and userdefinedchoic
es. A}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {UAP perfo
rms protocol and frequency}\par\pard\li3040\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {Page361}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {translation, content adaptati
on, and QoS}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ne
gotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b \i {2). Communication:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {4g wireless networks support global roaming}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {across multiple wireless and m
obile networks.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
network, rather than the user or device,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {performs handoffs as the user movesfrom one}\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {UAP to another. A UAP
stores user, network,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {and device information, capabilities, and}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preferences. Because UAPs can keep trac
k of}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the vario
us resources a caller uses, this}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {architecture supports single billing and}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subscription.}\par\pard\li108
0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {3). Common access protocol
:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This
protocol becomes viable if wireless}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {networks can support one or two standard}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {access protocols. One possi
ble solution, which}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {will require interworking between different}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {networks, uses wireless asynchronous tran
sfer}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mode. To
implement wireless ATM, every}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {wireless network must allow transmission of}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ATM cells with additional header
s or wireless}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AT
M cells requiring changes in the wireless}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {networks. One or more types of satellite-based}\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {networks might us
e one protocol while one or}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {more terrestrial wireless networks use another}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {protocol}\fs54\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {.}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {D.
Quality of service}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Supporting QoS in 4G networks will be a major}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {challenge due to varying bit rate
s, channel}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chara
cteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tolerance levels, and handoff support among}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {heterogeneous wireless
networks. QoS support can}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network levels. Packet-level
QoS applies to jitter,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {throughput, and error rate. Network resources such}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as buffer space and access proto
col are likely}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
nfluences. June 2001 95}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Wireless LAN Cellular network Fixed wireless}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network Satellite network Handoff96 Compute

r}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3013\fs58\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1
\u61623X}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Transaction-level QoS:}\b0 \i0
\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {describes both the time}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {it takes to complete a transaction
and the packet}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
loss rate. Certain transactions may be}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {timesensitive,while others cannot tolerate any}\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {packet loss.}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2240\fs58\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u61623X}
\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Circuit-level:}\b0 \i0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Qo Sincludes call blocking for}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {new as well as existing calls. It depends prima
rily}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on a network
\uc1\u8217Xs ability to establish and maintain the}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {end-to-end circuit. Call routing a
nd location}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manage
ment are two important circuit-level}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {attributes.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1226\fs60\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u61623X}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Use
r-level:}\b0 \i0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {QoS depends on user mobilit
y and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {application
type. The new location may not support}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {the minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {applications. In a complete
wireless solution, the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {end-to-end communication between two users will}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {likely involve multiple wireless networks.
Because}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {QoS will v
ary across different networks, the QoS}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for such users will likely be the minimum level}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {these networks suppo
rt.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {E. End-to-End
QoS}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Developers
need to do much more work to address}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {end-to-end QoS. They may need to modify many}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existing QoS schemes, includi
ng admission control,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {dynamic resource reservation, and QoS}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {renegotiation to support 4G users\uc1\u8217X divers
e QoS}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {requirements
. The overhead of implementing these}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {QoS schemes at different levels requires careful}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {evaluation.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A wireless network could make
its current QoS}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in
formation available to all other wireless networks}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in either a distributed or centralized fashion s
o they}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {can effectiv
ely use the available network resources.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Additionally, deploying a global QoS scheme may}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {support the diverse require
ments of users with}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {different mobility patterns. The effect of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {implementing a single QoS scheme across the
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {networks instead o
f relying on each network\uc1\u8217Xs QoS}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {scheme requires study}\fs48\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {F. Handoff de
lay}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Handoff

delay poses another important QoS-related}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {issue in 4G wireless networks. Although likely to}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be smaller in intranet
working handoffs, the delay}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {can be problematic in internetwork handoffs}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {because of authentication procedures
that require}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mes
sage exchange, multiple-database accesses, and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {negotiation-renegotiation due to a significant}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difference between
needed and available QoS.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {During the handoff process, the user may}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {experience a significant drop in QoS that
will affect}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the pe
rformance of both upper-layer protocols and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {applications. Deploying a priority-based algorithm}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and using locationaware adaptive applications can}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When there is a potential for considera
ble variation}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {betwe
en senders\uc1\u8217X and receivers\uc1\u8217X device capabilities,}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deploying a receiver-specific
filter in part of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {network close to the source can effectively reduce}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the amount of traffic and processing
, perhaps}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {satisfyi
ng other users\uc1\u8217X QoS needs.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3666\colsr-0\colno2\colw5266\
colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\pard\li773\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs26\cf1\f2\charscalex10
0\ul {w w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {chiefeditor@ijrcct.org}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1226\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Page362}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
November 2012.}\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {CONCLUSIONS}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Nowadays, wireless technology is getting popular}\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and important in the network and t
he Internet field.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{In this paper, we briefly introduced the history}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {background of 3G to 4G.}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The lack of radio spectrum
suitable for 4G}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{deployments will be a major impediment to the}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {migration of 3G to 4G networks, especially in
the}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U.S.}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Two 4G candidate syste
ms are commercially}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {deployed: The Mobile WiMAX standard (at first in}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {South Korea in 2006), and the first-r
elease Long}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {term
evolution (LTE) standard (in Scandinavia}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {since 2009).However, we can get the general idea}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {about 4G from acad
emic research; 4G is the}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {evolution based on 3G\uc1\u8217Xs limitation and it will fulfill}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the idea of WWW (
World Wide Wireless Web)}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {offering more services and smooth global roaming}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with inexpensive cost.}\par\pard\li17
73\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {REFERENCES}\b0 \par\pard\li7
73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[1] Firmanto, W. T. and G
ulliver.T. A., Code}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Combining of Reed\uc1\u8211XMuller Codes in An Indoor}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1800\*\tx3213\*\tx4240\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Wirel
ess }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Environment, }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Wireless }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Personal}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \*\tx2853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Communications 6:}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {359\uc1\u8211X371,1997, Kluwer}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Academic Publishers, Netherlands.}\par\pard\
li826\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[2] Beach M., Propagatio
n and System Aspects,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {University of Bristol, Future Communication}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Systems course, April 1994. [3] Classen,
F, Meyr,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H, Sehi

er, P, Maximum likelihood open loop}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {carrier synchronizer for digital radio, Proceeding}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ICC'93, pages 493-4
97, 1993}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2026\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{[4]WSANs:}\tab \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y.}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sankarasubramaniam, E.
Cayirci, Wireless sensor}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {networks: A survey, Computer Networks.}\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs42\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5] ITU global st
andard for international mobile}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {telecommunications IMT-Advanced, Circular}\par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {letter, ITU-R March 2008.}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[6] "ITU World Radio commun
ication Seminar}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
highlights future communication technologies".}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \*\tx2120\*\tx2813\*\tx4373\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {International}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tele}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {communication }
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Union.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/20}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10/48.aspx.}\par\pard
\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[7] http://www.engadget.c
om/2011/11/08/atandt-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {commits-to-lte-advanced-deployment-in-2013-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hesse-and-mead/}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3666\colsr-0\colno
2\colw5266\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-1306\slmult0 \fs26\cf1\f2\charscalex100
\ul {w w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-1306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {chiefeditor@
ijrcct.org}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-1306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Page363}\par}

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{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252

nd other Internet-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1

\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that support larger

73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {standard for3G.}\par\pard\li77

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {service such}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as info

mult0 \fs26\cf1\f2\charscalex100\ul {w w.ijrcct.org}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri

he go users mainly rely on}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars

\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {This }\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {all-encompas

{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}

3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1853\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch

\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are only a handful on the marke

e, an overlay network, or a}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0

ities, }\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-266\slmu

al of Research in Computer and Communication}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0

\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {network Satellite network Handoff96 Compute

lay}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Handoff

{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}

F, Meyr,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H, Sehi

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