Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
E
8QLWj
QR RQRQXHXQX
D
SHUPHWWH"vPLGD LYRLH"vPLSHUPLWH L"
SLDFHUHP
ORURHLHOH
EXFXU
VLJQRUGRPQXOH
FKLVRQRFLQHVXQW
E
VLJQRUDGRDPQ
TXDOHFDUH
TXDOq"FDUHHVWH"
LOQRPHQXPHOH
ODVLJQRUDGRDPQD
LO6XRQRPHQXPHOH'XPQHDYRDVWU
ODVLJQRUD'XFFLGRDPQD'XFFL
LOPLRQRPHQXPHOHPHX
LOVLJQRUHGRPQXO
LOVLJQRUH&URFHGRPQXO&URFH
5
/HLQRQq'XPQHDYRDVWU
QXVXQWH L
%XRQDVHUDEXQ
VHDUD
VRQRVXQW
FRPH"FXP"
HL
FRPHVLFKLDPD"FXPY
QXPL L"
/HL'XPQHDYRDVWU
VFXVLVFX]D L
PROWRPXOWIRDUWH
QRQQX
PROWRSLDFHUHP
QRQFDSLVFRQXvQ HOHJ
EXFXUPXOW
SHUIDYRUHY
URJ
WHGHVFRJHUPDQ
FLDRFLDR
WHGHVFDJHUPDQ
LRHX
RVDX
WXWX
VY ]]HURDHOYH LDQ
VHLHWL
YHURDGHY
QRQRQVRQRQXQXVXQW
UDW
YHUR"DGHY
DOORUDDWXQFL
UDW"
LWDOLDQRDLWDOLDQ
VuGD
XQQRPHXQQXPH
GLGHGHVSUH
GRYHXQGH
QR"QXLDD"
GLGRYHGHXQGH
QRQX
GLGRYq"GHXQGHVXQWH L"
TXLDLFL
LOWXRQRPHQXPHOHW
LOVXRQRPHQXPHOHV
ODVLJQRULQDGRPQLRDUD
DQFKHL
&
DQFKLRLHX
DXVWU DFRDDXVWULDF
DKVu"DKGD"
DPHULFDQRDDPHULFDQ
L%LDQFKLIDPLOLD%LDQFKL
MXJRVODYRDLXJRVODY
OXLHO
IUDQFHVHIUDQFH]
PDGDUvQV
LQJOHVHHQJOH]
OHLHD
RODQGHVHRODQGH]
qHVWH
HVVHUHDIL
/HLSDUOD"'XPQHDYRDVWU
HVVHUHGLDILGLQ
LWDOLDQRLWDOLDQ
D
/HLq'XPQHDYRDVWU
8QLWj
VXQWH L
FDULDPLFLGUDJLSULHWHQL
YRUEL L"
ODSURIHVVLRQHSURIHVLD
PLFKLDPRP
OD6XDSURIHVVLRQHSURIHVLDGYV
LQVHJQRSUHGDUH
LOPHFDQ FRPHFDQLFXO
LQVHJQDUHDSUHGD
GDGLQGHOD
ODVFXRODFRDOD
QXPHVF
TXDQGRFkQG
LQXQDVFXRODODRFRDO
LQ*HUPDQLDvQ*HUPDQLD
LOUDJD]]RE
XQDQQRXQDQ
ODUDJD]]DIDWD
FRQFX
LOILJOLRILXO
ODIDPLJOLDIDPLOLD
ODILJOLDILLFD
ODPRJOLHVR LD
FRVuDDDVWIHO
PLDPRJOLHVR LDPHD
FKHFDUH
LDWXO
DQFRUDvQF
LQ,WDOLDvQ,WDOLD
LQVHJQDQWHSURIHVRU
JUD]LHPXO XPHVF
DGHVVRDFXP
DFDVDDFDV
SHUFKpSHQWUXF
ODFDVDOLQJDFDVQLFD
S FFRORDLHPLF
L
D&RORQLDOD.|OQ
PROWRPXOWIRDUWH
&
LOWHPSRWLPSXO
PROWRWHPSRPXOWWLPS
PDHVWURDvQY
LEDPELQLFRSLLL
LPSLHJDWRDIXQF LRQDUH
VRORGRDUVLQJXU
VHJUHWDULRDVHFUHWDU
LOPHVHOXQDU
RSHUDLRDPXQFLWRURDUH
LOPDULWRVR XO
SHQVLRQDWRDSHQVLRQDU
6XRPDULWRVR XOGYV
VWXGHQWHHVVDVWXGHQW
GXHGRL
GRWWRUHHVVDGRFWRUL
GXHDQQLGRLDQL
SURIHVVRUHHVVDSURIHVRURDU
GLFRPHGLF
WRURDUH
PLOOHRPLH
LOJLRUQR
TXDQWRFkW
TXDQWRWHPSRFkWWLPS
QDWRDQ
VFXW
LOSDGUHWDW
OHEDPELQHIHWL HOH
PLRSDGUHWDW
ELWDORFXLHWH
DELWDUHDORFXL
VHPSUHPHUHXWRW
WUHWUHL
OPHX
FLQTXHFLQFL
ODPDGUHPDPD
ODYRUDOXFUHD]
PLDPDGUHPDPDPHD
ODYRUDUHDOXFUDDPXQFL
PXQFHWH
ODSURYLQFLDSURYLQFLDUHJLXQHD
ODVHWWLPDQDV
SW
PkQD
XQDVHWWLPDQDRV
SW
PkQ
QRQSLQXPDL
VRORDVLQJXU
SHUSHQWUX
VWXGLDUHDVWXGLD
JLjGHMD
ODVWXGHQWHVVDVWXGHQWD
SHUVWXGLRSHQWUXVWXGLR
ODO QJXDOLPED
O QJXHOLPELOH
ODPHGLFLQDPHGLFLQD
PROWHJUD]LHPXOWHPXO XPLUL
EXRQJLRUQREXQ
ODPLDIDPLJOLDIDPLOLDPHD
LQYDFDQ]DvQYDFDQ
]LXD
SHUSHQWUX
LOODYRURPXQFDVOXMED
VLDPRVXQWHP
VRORDOFXQLHGRDUFk LYDFkWHYD
WXWWLWR L
FRPHPDL"FXPDD"
ODSHQVLRQHSHQVLXQHD
LOJHODWDLRFRIHWDUXO
DOODSHQVLRQHODSHQVLXQHD
VHLPHVLDVHOXQL
TXDWWURSDWUX
SDUODUHDYRUEL
VLHWHVXQWH L
WDQWHJUD]LH>PROWHJUD]LH@PXOWHPXO XPLUL
WDQWRPXOWIRDUWH
EXRQHYDFDQ]HYDFDQ
SUHJRY
IUXPRDV
URJ
ODYLDVWUDGD
LQYLDSHVWUDGD
QGLFLXQVSUH]HFH
DUULYHGHUFLODUHYHGHUH
SURSULRYLFLQRFKLDUDSURDSH
ODWHU]DDWUHLD
DVLQLVWUDODVWkQJD
EHQYHQXWLELQHD LYHQLW
DGHVWUDODGUHDSWD
V
&
DOODVFXRODLWDOLDQDODFRDODLWDOLDQ
ODFKLHVDELVHULFD
KDLDL
LOWHO
DSUHVWRSHFXUkQG
DGRP
QLFDSHGXPLQLF
VVLPRDXUP
IRQRWHOHIRQXO
KRDP
RWWREUHRFWRPEULH
DGRPDQLSHPkLQH
SU
ELWRLPHGLDW
GRSRGXS
WRU
WDUGLWkU]LX
VDL"WL L"
DSLWDUGLSHPDLWkU]LX
VDSHUHDWL
FKHFH
8QLWj
FKHLQGLUL]]RFHDGUHV
OLQGLUL]]RDGUHVD
FKHFDUHSHFDUH
ODSLD]]DSLD D
ODVRUSUHVDVXUSUL]D
FRPHVWD"FHPDLIDFH L"
VWDUHDVWDDVHVLP L
SUHVVRDSURDSHOD
EHQHELQH
VHGDF
DEEDVWDQ]DGHVWXOGH
WHOHIRQDUHDWHOHIRQD
LOSLDFHUHSO
D
FHUHD
FKHSLDFHUHFHSO
LQSLD]]DvQSLD D
GLHFL]HFH
LOVXRQ
FHUH
FRVuFRVuDDLDD
PHURQXP
UXOV
E
QRQORVRQXWLX
ORvO
FRPHVWDL"FHPDLIDFL"
EHQ VVLPR>PROWREHQH@IRDUWHELQH
QRQFqPDOHQXLWkU]LX
PDOHU
F
VDWLH
WHOHIRQDUHD3LDDWHOHIRQD3LHL
LOVDOXWRVDOXWXO
D
FDULVDOXWLVDOXW
RJJLD]L
PHJOLRPDLELQH
SXUWURSSRGLQS
VWRVWDXP
ULGUDJL
FDWH
DYHWHDYH L
VLPW
DEELDPRDYHP
E
QRQDEELDPRQXDYHP
VWDVW
VHVLPWH
WHO
IRQRWHOHIRQ
ELVRJQDWUHEXLH
OR]LRXQFKLXO
FKLDPDUHDFKHPDDQXPL
DOVHFRQGRSLDQRODHWDMXOGRL
EUDYREXQ
QRYHQRX
ORQWDQRGHSDUWH
LOQ
PHURQXP
FKHQ
UXO
PHURKDFHQXP
UDUH
ORVWXGHQWHVWXGHQWXO
ODPLFRSULHWHQXO
DYHUHDDYHD
SHUFKp"GHFH"
]HUR]HUR
WHOHIRQDUHDL)HUULDWHOHIRQDIDPLOLLHL)HUUL
XQRXQX
IRUVHSRDWH
VHWWHDSWH
KDQQRDX
VEDJOLDWRJUHLW
FHUWRVLJXU
GRPDQGDUHDDFHUHDvQWUHEDSH
FqVHDIO
OHDPLFKHSULHWHQXO
LOODFRQRVFHQWHFXQRWLQ D
HFFRLDW
ODFRQYHUVD]LRQHFRQYHUVD LDFRQYRUELUHD
ODXWRIILFLQDDWHOLHUXODXWR
LOYLDOHEXOHYDUGXO
ODIDUPDF DIDUPDFLD
EXRQDSSHWLWRSRIW
OHVWPHVWXO
DOWUHWWDQWRODIHO
YHVWPYHVWXO
IDUPDF HGLWXUQRIDUPDFLLGHVHUYLFLX
LOFRUVREXOHYDUGXO
YDLPHUJL
EXQ
QJRORFRO XO
DQGDUHDVWXGLDUHDPHUJHSHQWUXVWXGLX
WLOHXWLO
YDGRPHUJ
ODFHQWUDOHFHQWUDOD
FKHEHOORFHIUXPRV
DPEXODQ]DVDOYDUH
ODERUVDGLVWXGLREXUV
ODHURSRUWRDHURSRUWXO
PDJQLI FRPDJQLILF
ODVWD]LRQHFHQWUDOHJDUDFHQWUDO
WDQWLDXJXULODPXO LDQL
ORVWXGLRP
GHVWXGLX
GLFRFDELQHWXOPHGLFDO
EXRQRVWXGLRVSRUODvQY
WXU
&
ODSROL] DSROL LD
O$&,
YDPHUJH
$XWRP
ELOH&OXEG,WDOLD
$XWRPRELO&OXEWDOLD
DQGDUHYLDGDDSOHFDGHOD
VWDUHDVWD
EXRQDIRUWXQDQRURF
D
DUULYDUHDVRVL
YDPHUJH
E
DQGDUHIXRULDLHL
SURQWRDOR
Fq3LHUR"3LHURHVWHDFDV
LOFRUVRGLLQJOHVHFXUVXOGHHQJOH]
"
DOFRUVRODFXUVXO
FLDLFLQH
EXRQODYRURVSRUODWUHDE
RUD>DGHVVR@DFXP
SHUzvQV
DOO
VWHURvQVWU
LQ
WDWH
TXHVWRDDFHVWDDFHDVWD
QXRYRQRX
TXHVWDQQRDQXODFHVWD
XQPRPHQWRRFOLS
DOPDUHODPDUH
LOSUHILVVRSUHIL[XO
SHUSLDFHUH>SHUIDYRUH@Y
DQGLDPRDWURYDUHPHUJHPvQYL]LW
URJ
QRQFqGLFKHQXDYH LSHQWUXFH
KRVEDJOLDWRDPJUHLW
PHURQXP
VEDJOLDUHQ
WURYDUHDJ
VL
DOO VRODG(OEDSHLQVXOD(OED
EXRQYLDJJLRF
WRULHIUXPRDV
GUXPEXQ
UXO
PHURDJUHLQXP
UXO
LOZHHNHQGLOILQHVHWWLPDQDZHHNHQG
QRQFLVLDPRQXVXQWHP
GRYHXQGH
DQGDWHPHUJH L
LQXIILFLRODELURX
LQVLHPHvPSUHXQ
OXIILFLRELURXO
LOODJRODFXO
GDGHODGLQ
SRLDSRL
SULYDWRSULYDW
ODEDUFDDYHODEDUFDFXSkQ]H
HFFRLDW
DQGDUHLQEDUFDDPHUJHFXEDUFD
JHQWLOHDPDELO
VDSHUHSDUODUHDWLV
FRPSOLPHQWLIHOLFLW
YRUEHDVF
SkQ]H
EHDWLYRLFHELQHGHYRL
UL
EXRQILQHVHWWLPDQDZHHNHQGSO
LQFLWWjvQRUD
8QLWj
XQSRGLSX LQ
DQGDUHIXRULDLHL
DFDVDDFDV
DFDVDGL$JQHVHDFDV
OD$JQHVH
WURSSRSUHD
FXW
JOLVSRVLVR LL
DFDVDDFDV
LOPDWULPRQLRF
WRULD
VWDQFRDRERVLW
ODIHOLFLWjIHULFLUHD
DOHWWRvQSDWODFXOFDUH
EXRQDQRWWHQRDSWHEXQ
EXRQULSRVRRGLKQ
SO
DYRLSHQWUXYRL
FXW
RJQLILHFDUHRULFH
DXJXULGLRJQLEHQHXU
ULGHELQH
FDOHQGDULHWWRFDOHQGDU
ODVRUHOODVRUD
YDQQRDSU
QGHUHPHUJV
LD
WU
GLFLWUHLVSUH]HFH
DSULOHDSULOLH
DQGDUHDSU
SU
QGHUHDPHUJHV
ODSXEEOLFD]LRQHSXEOLFDUHDDQXQ DUHD
LD
QGHUHDOXD
SXEEOLFD]LRQLGLPDWULPRQLRDQXQ DUHDF
YDQQRPHUJ
LOEDULVWDEDUPDQ
LOIUDWHOORIUDWHOH
ODSDUUXFFKLHUDFRDIH]D
FLDFROR
LOFDUDELQLHUHMDQGDUPXO
WRULHL
FLYDL"PHUJLWHGXFL"
DQGDUFLDPHUJH
LQPRQWDJQDODPXQWH
JOL VWXGHQWL GHO PLR FRUVR VWXGHQ LL GH OD FXUVXO
PHX
VFLDUHDVFKLD
EXRQGLYHUWLPHQWRGLVWUDF LHSO
FXW
ODIHVWDGHOO8QLWjV
UE
WRDUHD]LDUXOXL8QLWj
WDQWHEHOOHFRVHWRDWHFHOHEXQH
ODFRVDOXFUXO
YDEHQHELQH
ODJDPEDSLFLRUXO
ULWRUQDUHDVHvQWRDUFH
FLDRFLDR
OXQLYHUVLWjXQLYHUVLWDWHD
OHVDPHPH[DPHQXO
ODVDJUDGHOODVDUGHOODV
LQERFFDDOOXSRQRURFVXFFHV
ODVDJUDV
DQGDUHGDDPHUJHODSHUVRDQ
VDOXWLDVDOXW
UE
ULSHQWUX
GDOD
5
LOFRPSOHDQQRDQLYHUVDUHD
LOFRPXQHSULP
ODSDUWHSDUWHD
DJRVWRDXJXVW
GDSDUWHPLDGLQSDUWHDPHD
LOSHVFHSHWHOH
WDQWHEXRQH>EHOOH@FRVHWRDWHFHOHEXQH
LOFRPLWDWRFRPLWHWXO
ULD
ORVYLOXSSRGH]YROWDUHD
&
WXU VWLFRWXULVWLF
DOODYRURODPXQF
VSRUWLYRVSRUWLY
DOEDUODEDU
FXOWXUDOHFXOWXUDO
DOULVWRUDQWHODUHVWDXUDQW
PDJJLRPDL
LQ5LYLHUDSH5LYLHUD
ODIU
JRODF
SXQD
ODPRVWUDH[SR]L LD
LOILRUHIORDUHD
EXRQ1DWDOH&U
LO1DWDOH&U
FLXQIHULFLW
FLXQXO
&
IHOLFH$QQR1XRYR$QQRXIHULFLW
LOYLQRYLQXO
EXRQD3DVTXD3DWHIHULFLW
ORWWRPDU]RRSWPDUWLH
EXRQHIHVWHV
ORVSRUWVSRUWXO
UE
WRULIHULFLWH
D/HLSHQWUXGYV
LIXQJKLFLXSHUFLOH
DOOD6XDIDPLJOLDSHQWUXIDPLOLDGYV
EXRQRQRP
VWLFRSHWUHFHUHIUXPRDV
JOLVSDJKHWWLVSDJKHWHOH
OHFDVWDJQHFDVWDQHOH
DIIHWWXRVRDIHFWXRVGUDJ
ODEEUDFFLRvPEU
LDUHD
LOSHQVLHURJkQGXO
VDOXWHV
IHOLFLWD]LRQLFRQJUDWXOD]LRQLIHOLFLW
WDWH
UL
UE
WRDUHWkUJ
PDODWRDEROQDY
WRDUHDVDUGLQHL
DFFLGHQWLODQDLED
FKHFRVD"FHDQXPH"
VLVH
VVHUHLQULWDUGRDILvQvQWkU]LHUH
DYHUHODIHEEUHDDYHDIHEU
D
PDOGLWHVWDGXUHUHGHFDS
PLGLVSLDFHvPLSDUHU
PHQRI
XQTXDUWRXQVIHUW
OHWUHPHQRXQTXDUWRWUHLI
VWDWRDLHIRVW
SUHVWRUHSHGHGHYUHPH
LHULLHUL
UHVWDUHDU
QRQVWDWHEHQH"QXY
XQVIHUW
PkQH
VLP L LELQH"
E
LQSXQWRIL[
OLQIOXHQ]DJULSD
PHQRPDOHFXDWkWPDLELQH
FLQH
LQWHPSRODWLPS
FLYHGLDPRQHYHGHP
D
YHGHUHDYHGHD
ORURORJLRFHDVXO
VWLDPRVXQWHP
DXJXULGLRJQLEHQHWRDWHXU
ULOHGHELQH
5
LOPLQXWRPLQXWXO
ODPHGLFLQDPHGLFDPHQWXO
HVDWWRDH[DFW
ORUDHVDWWDRUDH[DFW
VWDQQRVWDXVXQW
SHUSHQWUX
E
LOUDIIUHGGRUHJXWXUDLXO
PH]]DQRWWHPLH]XOQRS LLRUD
PH]]DQRWWHPHQRYHQWLRUHOHLMXP
WDWH
DOSULPRV QWRPRODSULPXOVLPSWRP
&
ODYLWDPLQDYLWDPLQD
VDSSLDPRWLP
SHUFKLSHQWUXFLQH
VDSHWHWL L
PDOGLSLHGLGXUHUHGHSLFLRDUH
ORVWHVVRDFHODLODIHO
VDQRV
WRV
ULSRVDWRRGLKQLW
ODWHPSHUDWXUDWHPSHUDWXUD
DFKHRUD"ODFHRU
LOWHUP
VWDVHUD
PHWURWHUPRPHWUXO
FO QLFRFOLQLF
"
TXHVWDVHUDDVW
VHDU
DOOHODRUD
ODSUHFLVLRQHSUHFL]LD
&
GDOP
PDOGLGHQWLGXUHUHGHGLQ L
ODPDWWLQDGLPLQHD D
PDOGLVW
VWDPDWWLQDD]LGLPLQHD
PDFRGXUHUHGHVWRPDF
PDOGLJRODGXUHUHGHJkW
SHFFDWRS
GLFRODPHGLF
ODSSXQWDPHQWR vQWkOQLUH RU
FDW
SURJUDPDUH
&
DOWHDWURODWHDWUX
DOH]LRQHODOHF LH
DOFRQFHUWRODFRQFHUW
ODOH]LRQHOHF LD
LQGLVFRWHFDODGLVFRWHF
TXHVWRSRPHULJJLRRJJLSRPHULJJLR
D
YHUVRSHOD
FKHRUDq"FKHRUHVRQR"FkWHVWHFHDVXO"
GDDGHODOD
ORUDRUD
GDOOHDOOHGHODOD
GXS
qOXQDHVWHRUDXQX
ILQRDSkQ
PDPPDPLDYDLGHPLQH
DOODVWD]LRQHODJDU
ODP
OD
FFKLQDPDLQD
FRORVSHFWDFROXO
E
ORVSHWW
VRQROHGLHFLHVWHRUD]HFH
FRPLQFLDUHDvQFHSH
PH]]RMXP
WDWH
VRQROHHPH]]DHVWHRUDLMXP
WDWH
DPLD]
GDODYYRFDWRODDYRFDW
OXQHGuOXQL
EDQGDRUFKHVWU
LOFRUVRGLJLQQ
JJHUHDFLWL
VWLFDRUHOHGHJLPQDVWLF
LOWHVWRWHVWXO
ODS
JLQDSDJLQD
YLHQLYLL
YHQLUHDYHQL
PDUWHGuPDUWLH
DVSHWWDUHDDWHSWD
LOGHQWLVWDGHQWLVWXO
GDOGHQWLVWDODGHQWLVW
YHQLUHDWURYDUHDYHQLvQYL]LW
YHQJRYHQLDPRYLQYHQLP
ORVSHFLDOLVWDVSHFLDOLVWXO
DOFRJUHVVRODFRQJUHV
ORGRQWRLDWU DGHQWLVWXO
YHQLUHDSU
ODSU
YLHQHYLQH
WHVLGHQWDULDSURWH]DGHQWDU
QGHUHDYHQLV
LOODERUDWRULRGHQW VWLFRODERUDWRUXO
DOPHQRP
ORUDULRRUDUXO
XUJHQWHXUJHQW
ORVWXGLRGHQW VWLFRFDELQHWXOGHQWDU
OLPSHJQRREOLJD LD
LD
FDU
PHUFROHGuPLHUFXUL
LPSHJQLGLODYRURREOLJD LLGHPXQF
JLRYHGuMRL
FRPXQTXHRULFXP
YHQHUGuYLQHUL
V
EDWRVkPE
DYHUHUDJLRQHDDYHDGUHSWDWH
LQWDQWRvQWUHWLPS
FKHJLRUQR"vQFH]L"
YHQJRQRYLQ
LQ6LFLOLDvQ6LFLOLD
LWXRLJHQLWRULS
FHUFDUHGLDF
XWDV
DFDVDWXDDFDV
ODWLQH
VHQ]DI
ULQ LLW
YHQLUFLDYHQL
IUDSHVWHSULQWUH
LOWHVRURFRPRDUD
GDFFRUGRGHDFRUG
5
YHQLWHYHQL L
LOSDQRUDPDSDQRUDPD
GRSRGRPDQLSRLPkQLQH
SULPDPDLvQDLQWH
ODPHWURSROLWDQDPHWURXO
FHUWDPHQWHGHVLJXU
VEDJOLDWRJUHLW
PDVuFKHVLJXUF
LVXRLFROOHJKLFROHJLLV
LOODFROOHJDFROHJXOV
XFROHJDVD
SDVVDUHDWUHFHDSHWUHFH
DFDVDVXDDFDV
ODHOHD
YHQJR"YLQ"
YDPHJOLRHVWHPDLELQH
TXDQWLQHDEELDPRRJJL"FHGDW
O
HVWHDVW
QGLFLXQVSUH]HFHDOHOXQLL
SDJDUHDSO
WL
]L"
SHU/HLSHQWUXGYV
ORVWHVVRODIHODFHODL
LPLHLDPLFLSULHWHQLLPHL
ODVVLFXUD]LRQHDVLJXUDUHD
5
VHWWHPEUHVHSWHUPEULH
LOSULPRvQWkLDOHOXQLL
QRYHPEUHQRLHPEULH
GLQXRYRGLQQRX
EHOO VLPR>PROWREHOOR@IRDUWHIUXPRV
LOYHQWLGRX
LOWXULVWDWXULVWXO
]HFLDOHOXQLL
JLXJQRLXQLH
'RPQXOXL
VLFDXQILOPGHVSUHPX]LF
VXGHVSUH
D
LQJHQQDLRvQLDQXDULH
ODYLWDYLD D
OHQWUDWDLQWUDUHD
E
FRQWLQXRDFRQWLQXX
LQIHULHvQFRQFHGLX
DOOLQL]LRGLODvQFHSXWXO
ORUDULRIHUURYLDULRPHUVXOWUHQXULORU
OLQL]LRvQFHSXWXO
VLFXURVLJXU
Y
D
DPHWjOXJOLRODMXP
WDWHDOXLLXOLH
OLGRYDODELO
GXQTXH>DOORUD@GHFLSULQXUPDUH
OHVSUHVVRGHOOHH[SUHVXOGHRUD
E
SU
QGHUHDOXD
DOODILQHGLODVIkULWXOOXL
ODILQHVIkULWXO
&
WUHQLLQDUULYRWUHQXULFDUHVRVHVF
SDUWHQ]HSOHF
UL
IHEEUDLRIHEUXDULH
PDU]RPDUWLH
RWWREUHRFWRPEULH
OD
GLFHPEUHGHFHPEULH
LOSRVWRORFXO
UHRSHUDYLRQXOVSUH
LOYROR]ERUXO
O EHUROLEHU
LQ6DUGHJQDvQ6DUGLQLD
SUHQRWDUHDUH]HUYD
ODF
PHUDFDPHUD
O+RWHO6SLDJJLDG2URKRWHO3ODMDGHDXU
SULPDGLvQDLQWHGH
SULPDGHOODSDUWHQ]DvQDLQWHGHDSOHFD
GLVHUDVHDUD
GDUHDGD
GDUVLXQDSSXQWDPHQWRDLGDvQWkOQLUH
PLVDGLUHvPLSXWH LVSXQH
ODOEHUJR>OKRWHO@KRWHOXO
ODQDYHQDYD
QRQDYHUHODP
IUDSHVWH
FFKLQDDQXDYHDPDLQ
LOOXRJRORFXO
XQTXDUWRGRUDXQVIHUWGHRU
8QLWj
TXDVLDSURDSHFLUFD
LOWUHQRWUHQXO
UGHUHODFRLQFLGHQ]DDSLHUGHOHJ
LOWUHQRGD5RPDWUHQXOGHOD5RPD
OWLPRXOWLPXO
ODOLVFDIRYDSRUD
LOORFDOHWUHQORFDO
DSURS
DYHUHULWDUGR>
VVHUHLQULWDUGR@DILvQvQWkU]LHUH
WXUD
VLWRDSURSRV
FRPHDUULYRGDDFXPDMXQJGHODOD
LOGLUHWWRWUHQDFFHOHUDW
RJQLPLQXWLODILHFDUHPLQXWH
GRSRGXS
UDJJL
QJHUHDDMXQJH
WURSSRSRFRPDLSX LQ
LOU
ODSRVVLELOLWjGLSRVLELOLWDWHDGHD
SLGRUDSLGXO
LOWUDJKHWWRYDSRUDXO
LOPRORFKHLXO
VVHUHLQULWDUGRDILvQvQWkU]LHUH
DUULYDUFLDDMXQJHDFROR
VVHUHLQDUULYRDVRVL
XWREXVPDXWREX]XO
ODUULYRVRVLUHD
LQRJQLFDVRvQRULFHFD]
DOELQDULRODSHURQXO
LOWD[LWD[LXO
YRUUHLDYUHD
ODO QHDGLUHWWDOLQLDOHJ
SDUWLUHSHUDSOHFDVSUH
YLFHYHUVDYLFHYHUVD
FKHWUHQLFLVRQR"FHWUHQXULVXQW"
LOWUDQVSRUWRWUDQVSRUWXO
ODXWRI>ODP
YRUUHEEH"D LYUHD"
LOF
WXUDGLUHFW
FFKLQD@PDLQD
PLRQFDPLRQXO
SRVV ELOHSRVLELO
LOSXOOPDQDXWRFDUXO
DTXHOORUDODRUDDFHHD
LSDVVHJJHULSDVDJHULL
TXHOORDDFHODDFHHD
GLYHUVRDGLIHULW
ODSRVVLELOLWjSRVLELOLWDWHD
)6)66
)HUURYLHGHOOR6WDWR&
OHVSUHVVRH[SUHVXO
PLYDEHQHvPLFRQYLQH
LOH)HUDWH
6WDWHOH
ODILGXFLDvQFUHGHUHD
ODVLFXUH]]DVLJXUDQ D
FHQWRRVXW
ODWDULIIDWDULIXO
ULVSDUPLDUHWHPSRDHFRQRPLVLWLPS
ODEDVVDVWDJLRQHVH]RQXOPRUW
LOFRQIRUWFRPIRUW
EDVVRMRVVFXQG
LQWHUQD]LRQDOHLQWHUQD LRQDO
ODOWDVWDJLRQHVH]RQXOGHYkUI
PW
ODSUHQRWD]LRQHUH]HUYDUHD
GDLQSRLGHODGHDFXP
DXWRFDW$DXWRFDWHJRULD$
PHWULPHWUL
ODFXFFHWWDFXHWD
ODQQXOODPHQWRDQXODUHD
VHFRQGDFODVVHFODVDDGRXD
LOVHJXHQWHXUP
VXvQ
ODSHUFHQWXDOHSURFHQWXO
VXOWUHQRvQWUHQXOODWUHQXO
SLGLPDLPXOWGHSHVWH
ULPDQGDUHDDDPkQDSH
PHQRGLPDLSX LQGH
WRUXO
ODSDUWHQ]DSOHFDUHD
FDPELDUHDVFKLPED
ULF
YHUHDSULPL
LOWUDPWUDPYDLXO
WXWWLLWUDPWRDWHWUDPYDLHOH
LOP
VVHUHIHUPRDVWDSHORF
ORVFL
GLFRJHQ
ULFRPHGLFXOJHQHUDOLVW
OLQWHUQLVWDPHGLFXOLQWHUQLVW
SHURJUHYD
ILQRDTXDQGRSkQ
D
FkQG
DYHUHIUHWWDDVHJU
LOPXV
EL
RPX]HXO
DSULUHDGHVFKLGH
LOFDUWHOORDQXQ XODILXO
5
PH]]RGLWUDQVSRUWRS
EEOLFRPLMORFGHWUDQVSRUW
SXEOLF
LOSHUVRQDOHSHUVRQDOXO
SHUTXHVWRSHQWUXDFHDVWD
VHGDF
FKLXVRvQFKLV
DUULYDWRVRVLW
ODPDQFDQ]DGLOLSVDGH
DYHUHPLQXWLGLULWDUGRDDYHDPLQXWH
vQWkU]LHUH
E
FqVWDWRDDIRVW
DFKHRUDFKLXGHODFHRU
ODQHEELDFHD D
FKL
FDURVFXPS
OLQFLGHQWHPDFFLGHQWXO
SLFDURPDLVFXPS
VXOODXWRVWUDGDSHDXWRVWUDG
DSHUWRGHVFKLV
vQFKLGH
GHUHDvQFKLGH
LOPRUWRPRUWXO
LOIHULWRU
QLWXO
DFKHRUD
SURQRODFHRU
GHVFKLG
LOGLVWULEXWRUHGLEHQ]LQDSRPSDGHEHQ]LQ
SDUWLWRSOHFDW
ODEHQ]LQDEHQ]LQD
LOELJOLHWWRELOHWXO
QHOSRPHULJJLRGXS
ODSHUVRQDSHUVRDQD
FU
VVHUHLQOLVWDDILSHOLVW
RFFXSDWRDRFXSDW
DPLD]D
GHUHDFUHGH
TXDOFXQRFLQHYD
5
LOWXUQRUkQGXOWXUD
PLQXWLIDDFXPPLQXWH
DQWLPHULGLDQRDP
IDUHDIDFH
SRPHULGLDQRSP
VHUYL]LRQRWWXUQRVHUYLFLXQRQVWRS
GDOOD&RUVLFDGLQ&RUVLFD
ODEDQFDEDQFD
QHUHvQJHQHUDO
LQJ
LOSDVVRSDVXO
WXWWDODVHWWLPDQDWRDW
DGXHSDVVLODGRLSDL
GXUDQWHLOSRPHULJJLRvQFXUVXOGXS
TXDOLFDUH
V
SW
PkQD
DPLH]LL
LOSDVVDJJLRSDVDMXOWUHFHUHD
RUDULRGLVSRUWHOORRUDUGHJKLHX
RUHVXRUHGLQRUH
ORVSRUWHOORJKLHX
JLRUQLIHULDOL]LOHOXFU
&
WRDUH
OHVSRVL]RQHH[SR]L LD
VHPLIHVWLYLVHPLIHVWLYH
ODELEOLRWHFDOLEHUWDWHD
LJUDQGLPDJD]]LQLPDULOHPDJD]LQH
LOVXSHUPHUFDWRVXSHUPDUNHWXO
LOQHJR]LRPDJD]LQXO
LO3DOD]]RGHL&RQJUHVVL3DODWXO&RQJUHVHORU
5
DYRVWDGLVSRVL]LRQHODGLVSR]L LDYRDVWU
YRVWURDDOQRVWUXDYRDVWU
WXUQRGLULSRVRVHWWLPDQDOHWXU
V
GHUHSDRV
SW
PkQDO
LQWHUHVVDQWHLQWHUHVDQW
ODJHQWH6JOXQHD
OuDFROR
DOOHSUHFLVH>HVVDWWHLQSXQWR@ODIL[
ORUDOHJDOHRUDOHJDO
ODGLWWDILUPD
WWHUHDYDQWLP
VHQRGDF
DQGDUHJLDFRERUv
HVWLYRGHYDU
WWHUHDSXQHDGDvQDLQWH
QX
LOSDQHSkLQHD
XQRUDGLVROHLQSLRRU
HVWLYDO
GHVRDUHvQSOXV
LOVROHVRDUHOH
ORUDULRHVWLYRRUDUXOGHYDU
LOSDHVH DUD
O(XURSDFRPXQLWDULD(XURSDFRPXQLWDU
O$XVWULD$XVWULD
LOULVWRUDQWHUHVWDXUDQWXO
OD*UHFLD*UHFLD
LOJLRUQRGLULSRVR]LXDOLEHU
)HUUDJRVWRDXJXVW6IkQWD0DULD
5
OD6SDJQD6SDQLD
LO3RUWRJDOOR3RUWXJDOLD
OD6YH]LD6XHGLD
SHUIHULHSHQWUXFRQFHGLX
OD1RUYHJLD1RUYHJLD
VWDWRVWDW
VSRVWDUH>P
LQDXJXUDUHDLQDXJXUD
VLLQ
ODSLWWXUDSLFWXUD
WWHUH@DGHSODVD>DGD@
DYDQWLvQDLQWH
XJXUDVHLQDXJXUHD]
LOULWRUQRUHvQWRDUFHUHDUHYHQLUHD
ORUDVRODUHRUDVRODU
QHOODJDOOHU DvQJDOHULD
ODPRVWUDSHUVRQDOHH[SR]L LHSHUVRQDO
qILVVDWRHVWHIL[DW
YLVLWDUHDYL]LWD
VLQRDO>ILQRDO@SkQ
OD
LOJLRUQRIHULDOH]LXDOXFU
ODPDODWW DERDOD
PHGLFLQDLQWHUQDPHGLFLQ
WRDUH
QHLJLRUQLIHVWLYLvQ]LOHOHGHV
UE
WRDUH
LOV
QJXHVkQJHOH
ODFROOH]LRQHFROHF LD
LOULFDPELRPHWDEROLVPXO
LOF QHPDW
HVFOXVRH[FOXV
JUDIRFLQHPDWRJUDIXO
ODUWHPRGHUQDDUWDPRGHUQ
SHUUHVW
XULSHQWUXUHVWDXU
LQWHUQ
DSSDUDWRGLJHUHQWHDSDUDWXOGLJHVWLY
LOOXWWRGROLXO
UL
ODPEXODWRULR>VWXGLRP
GLFR@FDELQHWPHGLFDO
DOWULJLRUQLDOWH]LOH
ODOLEUHU DOLEU
ULVHUYDUHDDUH]HUYD
ULPDQHUH>UHVWDUH@DU
OLQJUHVVR>OHQWUDWD@LQWUDUHD
LOWDJOLRW
ULD
LHUHDWXQVXOWXQVRDUHD
XQVRORXQVLQJXU
WURYDUHDJ
HQLDVWU
ODVWUDGD>YLD@VWUDGD
8QLWj
VL
LOSDUUXFFKLHUHIUL]HU
YRVWURDDOYRVWUXDYRDVWU
SURLELWRLQWHU]LV
JUD]LHDPXO XPLW
PkQH
JUD LH
XQRVSHFLDOHXQXVSHFLDO
LOFRQWUDWWRFRQWUDFWXO
OHIDUPDF HQRWWXUQHIDUPDFLLOHGHVFKLVHQRDSWHD
ODJLRUQDWD]LXD
DYHUHDQQLDDYHDDQL
ODPDWWLQDGLPLQHD D
]LL
DSLHGLSHMRV
&
ODELFLFOHWWDELFLFOHWD
IDLIDFL
PDQJLDUHDPkQFD
IDUHDIDFH
IDFFLRIDF
IDQQRHLIDF
IDUHDIDFH
GLPDWWLQD>ODPDWWLQD@GLPLQHD D
LOF
GL>LOQHO@
PSLWRWHPD
VWDUHFRQDVWDFX
SRPHULJJLRGXS
JXDUGDUHDSULYL
IDUHODGRFFLDDIDFHGX
OD79
IDUHJLQQ
WHOHYLVLRQHWHOHYL]RU7HOHYL]LXQH
JXDUGDUHODWLYDVHXLWDODWHOHYL]RU
LQRQQLEXQLFLL
VSRVDWRDF
TXDOFKHYROWD>WDOYROWD@XQHRUL
ODUUHQGDPHQWRGHFRUDUHDDUDQMDUHD
SUHSDUDUHDSUHJ
WL
TXDOFKHYUHXQYUHR
LOFDIIqFDIHDXD
>DOFXQLH@Fk LYDFkWHYD
IDFFLDPRIDFHP
IDUHFROD]LRQHDOXDPLFXOGHMXQ
SRUWDUHDGXFH
FFKLQDFXPDLQD
QHUH@GHRELFHLvQJHQHUDO
EUHYHVFXUW
SUDQ]DUHDOXDSUkQ]XO
IDUHODVSHVDDIDFHFXPS
QRVWURDLHQRVWUXQRDVWU
U
WXUL
ILQDOPHQWHvQVIkULW
ULSRVDUVLDVHRGLKQL
ODFHQDFLQD
LOWXUQRGLQRWWHWXUDGHQRDSWH
VSHVVRDGHVHD
GLVHUD>ODVHUD@VHDUD
IDIDFH
ODWUDGX]LRQHWUDGXFHUHD
VFU YHUHDVFULH
WWHUDVFULVRDUHD
LQLQJOHVHvQHQJOH]
LOFOLHQWHFOLHQWXO
LQ
LQXO
DFDVDQRVWUDODQRLDFDV
ULFRPLQFLDUHDDvQFHSHGLQQRXV
IDOLQVHJQDQWHHVWHSURIHVRU
OLQJHJQHUHPLQJLQHU
OHOHWWU
SHUHVHPSLRGHH[HPSOX
DOODWUDWWRU DODORFDO
VS
SUHIHULVFRPDQJLDUHSUHIHUV
SUHIHULUHSUHIHUD
FXFLQDUHDJ
LQI
IUHTXHQWDUHDIUHFYHQWD
WLWH
YLY
QGHUHDFKHOWXL
DOEDUODEDU
&
LOFRUVRGLVSDJQRORFXUVXOGHVSDQLRO
QLFDHOHFWURQLFD
LQFHQWURvQFHQWUX
QHOWHPSRO EHURvQWLPSXOOLEHU
RFFXSDUVLGLDVHRFXSDFXGH
RODOLFHX
FRQWHQWRDPXO XPLW
PL
RFXSFX
QRWULQRDVWUH
JUDQGHPDUH
DOOLF
WDOYROWDXQHRUL
FFXSRGLP
VLFFRPHSHQWUXF
YLFLQRDOkQJ
&
JXDGDJQDUHDFkWLJD
Y YHUHDWU
LQYHFHvQVFKLPE
ORVWUDQLHURVWU
LPSDUDUHDvQY
ODPHQVDFDQWLQD
VWUDQLHURDVWU
QHOORVWXGLRvQELURX
ODVROX]LRQHVROX LD
XVDSDX]D
LOSUDQ]RSUkQ]XO
ODO
TXDOFKHRUDFkWHYDRUH
ODUFKLWHWWRDUKLWHFWXO
DOORVSHGDOHODVSLWDO
ODS
DOWULDO LL
LQWHUHVVDUVLGLDVHLQWHUHVDGH
SULPDPDLvQWkL
OLWR>LQJ
LQFRQWUDUVLFRQDVHvQWkOQLFX
GRUPLUHDGRUPL
VFRO
DO]DUVLDVHVFXOD
GLV
TXDOFRVDFHYD
WRULW
LQP
VWLFDDIDFHJLPQDVWLF
ODUFKLWHWWXUDDUKLWHFWXUD
V
OLQIHUPHULDLQILUPHULH
PLDO]RP
DPLD]D
WLDSUHSDUD
EEULFDvQIDEULF
ODPRWRFLFOHWWDPRWRFLFOHW
&
LSDUHQWLUXGHOH
ORSHUDLRPXQFLWRUXO
LQSURYLQFLDSURYLQFLD
P
QkQF
DQGDUHVXHJLDVHGXFHLDVHvQWRDUFH
ODQQXQFLRDQXQ XO
XQRUDGLYLDJJLRRRU
OXIILFLRFROORFDPHQWRRILFLXOIRU HORUGHPXQF
SLF
GHGUXP
PRGRDPDLFRPRG
LQIRUPDUVLVHDVHLQIRUPDGDF
FRQLOSUH]]RFXSUH XO
WRUQDUH>ULWRUQDUH@DVHvQWRDUFH
GzGDX
ILQLVFRGLWHUPLQGH
GDUHDGD
ILQLUHDWHUPLQD
PDGDU
LOODYRUHWWROXFUDUHD
FDPELDUHWUHQRDVFKLPEDWUHQXO
DQGDUHPLOLWDUHDSOHFDvQDUPDW
TXDQGRFkQG
SUHVWRUHSHGHFXUkQG
ORFFDVLRQHRFD]LD
DOSDQLILFLRODIDEULFDGHSkLQH
DPERVHVVLXQLVH[
ILQLVFHVIkUHWH
VHQ]DHVSHULHQ]DI
PSOLFHVLPSOXXRU
H[SHULHQ
LOVHWWRUHVHFWRUXO
OLQIRUP
LOFRPXQH3ULP
ULD
WLFDLQIRUPDWLFD
ODWLSRJUDI DWLSRJUDILD
RUDULRGLODYRURFRQWLQXDWRRUDUSUHOXQJLW
RUHSDVWLRUHGHPDV
FRQWLQXDUHDDFRQWLQXDV
WHU]DPHGLDFODVDDWUHLD
WURYDUVLDVHDIOD
ODULFHUFDF
LOWU
ULFHUFDGLSHUVRQDOHF
IILFRWUDILFXO
SUHIHULDPRODVFLDUHSUHIHU
PV
O
XWDUHD
XWDUHDGHSHUVRQDO
ODFRPSDJQ DWHDWUDOHFRPSDQLDGHWHDWUX
ODOXFHOXPLQD
LOTXDUWLHUHFDUWLHUXO
FRQJUDWXOD]LRQLIHOLFLW
ORQWDQRGDGHSDUWHGH
ODGRQQDIHPHLD
LPH]]LS
EEOLFLPLMORDFHOHSXEOLFH
ILVVRIL[
FDVDGLFXUDFOLQLF
LQROWUHvQSOXV
QRQVLWURYDPDLQXHJ
VHWHQLFLRGDW
UL
GHWUDWDPHQW
OHYLFLQDQ]HvPSUHMXULPL
QRQPDLQXQLFLRGDW
ODVVXQ]LRQHLPPHGLDWDDQJDMDUHDLPHGLDW
LOSDUFKHJJLRSDUFDUHD
JHQ
LQVLHPHDvPSUHXQ
LOYHVWLWRURFKLDKDLQD
QHOFHQWURVW
ULFRJHQHULF
FX
ULFRvQFHQWUXOLVWRULF
GDOOHLQSRLGHODRUDGXS
RUD
YHQXWRYHQLW
RWWDQWDRSW]HFL
PLVRQRULSRVDWRDPDPRGLKQLW
QHOOvQ
GLYHUWLUVLDVHGLVWUD
ODPRUWHPRDUWHD
GDDOORUDGHDWXQFL
PLSLDFHvPLSODFH
SLDFHUHDSO
PLVRQRRFFXSDWRDPDPRFXSDW
FHD
ODSXEEOLFLWjSXEOLFLWDWHD
ODVLORJU
GLQL D
SHUIRUWXQDGLQIHULFLUH
ODPDJJLRUSDUWHPDMRULWDWHD
PHQWUHvQWLPSFH
SDVVDWRWUHFXW
SXOLVFHFXU
&
FDSLUHORVYHGHVHDvQ HOHJHVXHGH]D
IDUHORVSRUWDIDFHVSRUW
&
GDTXDOFKHSDUWHXQGHYD
IDUHLOPLOLWDUHDIDFHDUPDWD
RJQLWDQWRFkWHRGDW
ODGRQQDIHPHLD
SXOLUHDFXU
WWHUHDSRVWRDSXQHvQRUGLQH
WURSSRVWDQFRDSUHDRERVLW
DOWULPHQWL>VHQR@DOWIHOGDF
ODPDWXULWjEDFDODXUHDW
OqWDYkUVWD
FHUFDUHDF
XWD
GLII FLOHJUHX
JL
LOFRQWDWWRFRQWDFWXO
YDQHWkQ
GLVRFFXSDWRRPHU
SHUFLz>SHUTXHVWR@GHDFHHD
FRQ
FLOHXRU
VFHUHDFXQRDWH
PLVRQRRUJDQL]]DWRPDPRUJDQL]DW
VVHUHLQJLURDKRLQ
FRPSUDUHDFXPS
LOJLRUQDOH]LDUXO
UD
UL
VHVVDQWDDL]HFL
VHWWDQWDDSWH]HFL
QX
YHFFKLRDE
WUkQ
YHFKL
QHOODFLWWjYHFFKLDvQRUDXOYHFKL
PRQ
DOO
FDW
GDW
WRQRDPRQRWRQ
QJRORvQFRO
DYHUHGDIDUHDDYHDGHI
FXW
GDGH
YROHQWLHULFXSO
FHUH
LQIUHWWDvQJUDE
ODUDGLRUDGLRXO
DOFXQHFRVHFkWHYDOXFUXUL
GDOODOWUDSDUWHSHGHDOW
LJLDUGLQLS
SROWURQFLQDIRWROLX
YDOHUHDYDORUD
DVFROWDUHDDVFXOWD
qXQYHURSHFFDWRHVWHXQPDUHS
XQDOWUDYROWDDOW
SDUWH
EEOLFLSDUFXULOHSXEOLFH
VEULJDUHD]RUL
FRQOXLFXHO
XQDEXRQDLGHDRLGHHEXQ
JJHUHDFLWL
ODULYLVWDUHYLVWD
VRSUDWWXWWRPDLDOHV
LOOLEURFDUWHD
FRQTXHVWDSLRJJLDSHSORDLDDFHDVWD
LOWHOHJLRUQDOHWHOHMXUQDOXO
VHQWLUHDDX]L
D
ODQRWL]LDWLUHD
FRPHYD"FXPPHUJH"
LOILOPGDPRUHILOPXOGHGUDJRVWH
YRJOLDPRYUHP
ODPRUHPGUDJRVWHD
YROHUHDYUHD
XQ
SL
SHUDRRSHU
YHUHDSORXD
VXOWHU]RSURJUDPPDSHFDQDOXOWUHL
LOSURJUDPPDPSURJUDPXO
E
SHUORSLPDLDOHV
LOWHPSRqEHOORYUHPHDHVWHIUXPRDV
LOYLFLQRGLFDVDYHFLQXO
FRQWHFXWLQH
RFFXSDWRDRFXSDW
DOORVWDGLRODVWDGLRQ
DLXWDUHDDMXWD
DQGDUHLQJLURDVHSOLPED
DYHUHELVRJQRGLDDYHDQHYRLHGH
FRQORURFXHL
VHQWLUVLDVHVLP L
GDWHODWLQH
VXRQDUHDVXQDDFkQWDODXQLQVWUXPHQW
VDSHUHDWL
VHQWLDVFXOW
LOODLOHORURDODDLDOHORU
FRQQRLFXQRL
ODFKLDYHFKHLD
LOWHDWURWHDWUXO
XQDEHOOLGHDRLGHHEXQ
PSLHUHJOLDQQLDIL]LXDGHQDWHUH
RJQXQRILHFDUH
5
KRFRPSLXWRDQQLDPvPSOLQLWDQL
&
ODSRO WLFDSROLWLFD
ODVWRULDLVWRULD
ODILORVRI DILORVRILD
LOVXFFHVVRVXFFHVXO
ODGDQ]DGDQVXO
LOILOPSLEHOORILOPXOFHOPDLIUXPRV
LOIRONORUHIROFORUXO
LQGLPHWLF
ODUFKHRORJLDDUKHRORJLD
ODVWRULDGDPRUHSRYHVWHDGHLXELUH
ELOHGHQHXLWDW
ELOLDQWLFKLPRELOHDQWLFH
8QLWj
DYHUHYRJOLDGLDDYHDFKHIGH
FRQPHFXPLQH
ODSURSRVWDSURSXQHUHD
DOF QHPDODFLQHPD
KRVHQWLWRFKHDPDX]LWF
GDQQRGDXHL
PLGLVSLDFHPROW VVLPRvPLSDUHIRDUWHU
SHUPLSHQWUXPLQH
XVFLDPRLHLP
DFHQDODFLQ
XVFLUH>DQGDUHIXRUL@DLHL
GDYRLODYRL
FKHSHFFDWRFHS
LOELJOLHWWRELOHWXO
FDW
D
ODUHJLRQHUHJLXQHD
GLVWXUEDUHDGHUDQMD
SLPDL
GDSRFRGHSX LQ
LQGLIILFROWjvQGLILFXOWDWH
LOPHUFDWRSLD D
O$OWR
SHQVDUHDFUHGH
JKLDFFLDWRvQJKH DW
YHUDPHQWH>SURSULR@vQWUDGHY
UFKLDU
GLJH$OWR$GLJH
ODFULVLFUL]D
IDEHOWHPSRHVWHYUHPHDEXQ
ODVWDJLRQHVFLLVWLFDVH]RQXOGHVFKL
ODIROODPXO LPHD
SDVVDUHDSHWUHFH
DOODSLVFLQDGLODSLVFLQD
GDWRFKH>VLFFRPH@SHQWUXF
LQ5LYLHUDSH5LYLHUD
E
IDFDOGRHVWHFDOG
FRQTXHVWRFDOGRSHF
OGXUDDVWD
FqYHQWREDWHYkQWXO
LQSLVFLQDODSLVFLQ
IDUHLOZLQGVXUIDIDFHZLQGVXUI
SRVVRSRWHX
SXRLSR L
SRWHUHDSXWHD
LQFDPSHJJLRvQFDPSLQJ
DOPHUFDWRODSLD
ODFTXDDSD
IUHGGRUHFH
F
IDUHLOEDJQRDIDFHEDLH
JLRFDUHDWHQQLVDMXFDWHQLV
LOVXRUDJD]]RSULHWHQXOV
QHOWDUGRSRPHULJJLRGXS
DPLD]DWkU]LX
FRQTXHVWRWHPSRSHYUHPHDDVWD
FRQYRLFXYRL
VVRQRHLSRW
ODJLWDH[FXUVLD
LOYDSRUHWWRYDSRUDXO
5
PLOOHQRYHFHQWRVHVVDQWDRPLHQRX
VXWHDL]HFL
IDUHXQJLURSHUDIDFHXQWXU
UHJLVWUDUHDvQUHJLVWUD
ODWHPSHUDWXUDDOWDWHPSHUDWXU
PDUH
&
QHO6XGvQ6XG
EDOODUHDGDQVD
ODVSLDJJLDSODMD
IDUHLOMRJJLQJDIDFHMRJJLQJ
SURSULRFKLDU
OHVFXUVLRQHIH[FXUVLD
IDUHORVFLGDFTXDDIDFHVFKLQDXWLF
QRWL]LHVXOODVLWXD]LRQHLQWHUQD]LRQDOHWLUL
GHVSUHVLWXD LDLQWHUQD LRQDO
FRPHYDQQROHFRVH"FXPPHUJOXFUXULOH"
SDUFRJLRFKLSDUFXOGHGLVWUDF LL
LOJLRFRMRFXO
YLHWDWR>SURLELWR@LQWHU]LV
FDOFLRIRWEDO
&
XQ
SDWWLQDJJLRSDWLQDM
WWLPDLGHDRLGHHIRDUWHEXQ
SRVVLDPRSXWHP
SDOODYRORYROHL
SDOODFDQHVWUREDVFKHW
SDOODPDQRKDQGEDO
ODSDURODFXYkQWXO
FqLOVROHHVWHVRDUH
DEEDVWDQ]DGHVWXO
VHFqDEEDVWDQ]DGDF
QHYH]
HVWHGHVWXO
SDG
ODQHYH]
JLRFDUHDERFFHDMXFDSRSLFH
QRQQHVVXQRQXQLPHQL
SDGD
QHOJLDUGLQRvQJU
GLQ
SRWHWHSXWH L
SRUWDUHDGXFH
ODVOLWWDVDQLD
JLRFDUHDFDUWHDMXFDF
U L
SXzSRDWH
IDEUXWWRHVWHWLPSXUkW
FLVHQWLDPRQHVLP LPQHDX]LP
IDUHORVFLQ
XWLFRDIDFHVFKLQDXWLF
>VFLGDFTXD@
5
QRQQLHQWHQXQLPLF
ODSLVWDSLVWD
ORVOLWWLQRV
QLX D
QRQQHDQFKHQXQLFLP
ODOWURLHULDODOW
LHUL
VLqDPPDODWDVDvPEROQ
YLW
FDU
DPPDODUVLDVHvPEROQ
YL
DOOLPSURYYLVRSHQHDWHSWDWH
LQSDHVHOD DU
SLXWWRVWRPDLGHJUDE
D
SLF
PRGRPDLFRPRG
QRQQXOOD>QLHQWH@QXQLPLF
ODWWR
LQSODW
QLFRDFWXOXQLF
DvQVDO
FDURGUDJ
XQDWXDULVSRVWDXQU
VSXQVDOW
QRQQHDQFKHQXQLFLP
FDU
LQYHFHvQVFKLPE
5
ODVWDJLRQHO UFDVWDJLXQHDPX]LFDO
TXDOFRVDGLEXRQRGDFHYDEXQ
OHQWHDXW
OHWWR>O
QRPRRILFLXODXWRQRP
JJHUH@FLWLWDFLWL
OHPDQLIHVWD]LRQLFXOWXUDOLPDQLIHVW
E
ULFXOWXUDOH
GLUHD]LFH
LOELJOLHWWLQRELOH HOXO
XQQRVWURDPLFRXQSULHWHQDOQRVWUX
GDYDQWLDvQID D
FRVD>FKHFKHFRVD@FH
ODIRWRJUDIL
IRWRJUDILD
qLQFRUVRHVWHvQFXUVGH
VHWWHPLODDSWHPLL
OLPP
ODFKLWDUUDFKLWDUD
HV VWHUHDH[LVWD
FRQFRQVXPD]LRQHFXFRQVXPD LH
VLFDOHJJHUDPX]LF
JLQHILPDJLQHD
ODY VLWDYL]LWD
XRDU
LOVHUYL]LRVHUYLFLXO
RGLHUQRDFWXDO
ODFXFLQDEXF
ODY VLWDJXLGDWDYL]LWDFXJKLG
ULD
OLQFRQWURvQWkOQLUHD
JXLGDUHDFRQGXFH
LOEDOORGDQVXO
LOEDOOROLVFLRGDQVXOOHQW
&
LOFDEDUHWFDEDUHWXO
DOODSHUWRvQDHUOLEHU
ODFKLXVXUDvQFKLGHUHD
SHUFKLSHQWUXFLQH
EDUFD>DQGDUHLQEDUFD@EDUF
WUDWWRGDOURPDQ]RGLHFUDQL]DWGXS
OXL
EDUFD@
ZLQGVXUI>IDUHLOZLQGVXUI@ZLQGVXUIDIDFH
LOURPDQ]RURPDQXO
F
>DPHUJHFX
URPDQXO
ZLQGVXUI
OHEUHFHOHEUX
LOY
GRYRY
GXYXO
VXOODFRVWDSHFRDVW
]XWDYHGHD
TXHOORFKHFHHDFH
GRYHVLYD>GRYHDQGLDPR@"XQGHPHUJHP"
ORVSHWW
ODFRPELQD]LRQHFRPELQD LD
FRORLQSLD]]DVSHFWDFROXOvQSLD
VDSHUHDWLDDIOD
FHQWRPLODRVXW
GHPLL
KRVDSXWRGDDPDIODWF
LOJUXSSRWHDWUDOHWUXSDGHWHDWUX
FKHFqGLEHOORGDYHGHUHFHHVWHIUXPRVGH
Y
]XW
HVFL"XVFLUH>YDLIXRUL@LHL"DLHL
GHF GHUHDGHFLGH
VXOJLRUQDOHvQ]LDU
SRVVLDPRGHF GHUHFKHFRVDIDUHSXWHPGHFLGH
GHWWR]LV
FHV
WXWWRHVDXULWRvQ]LDU
VWDUHLQJLDUGLQRDVWDLQJU
GLQ
GDOOD&DODEULDGLQ&DODEULD
LPSURYYLVDUHDLPSURYL]D
DOOD79OD79
DYYLVDUHDDYL]DDDQXQ D
QLHQWHGLGLYHUWHQWHGDQLPLFGLVWUDFWLY
JOLDOWULFHLODO L
FKHVLIDFHIDFHP
VVHUHGLULWRUQRDVHvQWRDUFH
FLVHQWLDPRQHPDLDX]LP
qWDQWRFKHHVWHPXOWWLPSGHFkQG
VLYDPHUJHP
5
OHPHUDYLJOLHPLQXQLOH
IDFHP
LOIDURIDUXO
LOFDQDOHFDQDOXO
SURYDUHDvQFHUFD
ODWUDQVPLVVLRQHWUDQVPLVLD
VDUHEEHDUIL
VLS
VVRQRIDUHWDQWHDOWUHFRVHVHSRWIDFH
PXOWHDOWHOXFUXUL
ULQJUD]LDUHTXDOFXQRDPXO XPLFXLYD
HQWURvQ
ODVHUDWDVHDUD
ODFDQ]RQHSRSRODUHFkQWHFXOSRSXODU
ODSDVVHJJLDWDSOLPEDUHD
QHLGLQWRUQLvQvPSUHMXULPL
ODIULWWXUDGLSHVFHIULSWXUDGHSHWH
WUDWWRU DDOODSHUWRORFDOvQDHUOLEHU
LOSHVFHSHWHOH
&
HVFRLHV
LOFRQYHJQRvQWkOQLUHDFRQJUHVXO
HVFHLHVH
VDUHLDIL
XVFLUHDLHL
8QLWj
QRQIDQLHQWHQXIDFHQLPLF
FKLDFFKLHUDUHDVWDGHYRUE
LQYLWDUHDLQYLWD
YLDVSHWWRY
DWHSW
LQVHUDWDGLVHDU
VHDUD
FHQDUHDFLQD
LWRUWHOOLQLWRUWHOOLQL
DOODSDQQDFXVPkQWkQ
WXWWLTXDQWLWR L
ODVIRUWXQDJKLQLRQXO
IDUVLXQDEHOODPDQJLDWDDOXDRPDV
GHYRWUHEXLHHX
ODPR]]DUHOODPR]]DUHOOD
EXQ
GRYHUHDWUHEXL
UHJLVWUDUHDvQUHJLVWUD
LOIRUPDJJLREUkQ]D
LSRPRGRULURLLOH
LOSDVWLFFLRvQFXUF
LEU
WXUD
LOFRF
FFROLEURFFROL
PHURSHSHQHOH
ODSDUPLJLDQDVDODW
DFFHWWDUHDDFFHSWD
FXYLQHWHURLLL
PR]]DUHOOD
GHYLWUHEXLHWX
DOOHVSRVL]LRQHODH[SR]L LH
ODSURYDSUREDvQFHUFDUHD
&
JUD]LHGLWXWWRPXO XPLULSHQWUXWRW
GHYHWUHEXLHHO
LOSROORDUURVWRSXLXOIULSW
HQWUDUHDLQWUD
OLQYLWRLQYLWD LD
SURSULRDGHVVRFKLDUDFXP
ULILXWDUHDUHIX]D
ODVWDQ]D>ODF
GREELDPRWUHEXLHQRL
FRPHKDLIDWWRDFXPDLI
PHUD@FDPHUD
FXWGH
ODILHUDWkUJXO
DOO
OWLPRPRPHQWRvQXOWLPXOPRPHQW
LPSRVV ELOHLPSRVLELO
LQFDQQHOORQLFDQQHOORQL
VFKHU]LDSDUWHO
OLQVDODWDVDODWD
QDWXUDOPHQWHILUHVF
GRYHWHWUHEXLHYRL
ODFU WLFDFULWLFD
GLVWXUEDUHDGHUDQMD
GLFLDPRV
VFKHU]DUHDJOXPL
XQEDFLRQHXQV
VkQGJOXPD
VSXQHP
UXW
VVHUHFRQWHQWRGLDILPXO XPLWGH
G
YRQRWUHEXLHHL
D
VWDUHDGLHWDD LQHUHJLP
QHOO
OWLPRSHU RGRvQXOWLPXOWLPS
LQYLWDUHDDLQYLWDOD
&
FRQ
ODWHOHIRQDWDDSHOXOWHOHIRQLF
DOOHJURDYHVHO
VLPS
WLFRDLKHVLPSDWLF
LQTXDWWURvQSDWUX
ULPDQHUH>UHVWDUH@DU
SU
VFHUHDFXQRDWH
PkQH
QGHUHLOVROHDIDFHSODM
PHQWUHvQWLPSFH
IDIUHVFRHVWHU
FRDUH
LH
ODUDJLRQHPRWLYXO
LOPXQLFLSLRSULP
XQDUDJLRQHGLSLXQPRWLYvQSOXV
ODFHULPRQLDFHUHPRQLD
YHQLUHTXLDYHQLDLFL
GLUHWWDPHQWHGLUHFW
ODEEUDFFLRvPEU
ULD
LDUHD
E
E
VVHUHSUHVHQWLDDILSUH]HQWOD
FRQWHQWRDGLPXO XPLW
GH
UDOOHJUDUVLDVHEXFXUD
OHQR]]H>LOPDWULPRQLR@QXQWDF
VDUHEEHLGHDOHDUILLGHDO
VDOXWDUHDVDOXWD
QRQYHGHUHORUDDDWHSWDFXQHU
EGDUH
WRULD
DIIHWWXRVDPHQWHFXDIHF LXQH
F
DULDIUHVFDDHUSURDVS
ODQ
ULQXQFLDUHDDUHQXQ DOD
YRODQRUXO
ULQXQFLDUHDOOLQYLWRDUHQXQ DODLQYLWD LH
ODYDULFHOODYDULFHOD
UUHUH>SDVVDUH@DSHWUHFH
WUDVF
VXSHUDUHJOLHVDPLDWUHFHH[DPHQHOH
ODJLRUQDWDGLIHVWD]LXDGHV
UE
LPLJOLRULDXJXULFHOHPDLEXQHXU
VXSHUDUHDGHS
ODO
LOEDFLRV
WRDUH
UL
UXWDUHD
XUHDOLFHQ DGLSORPD
5
IHVWHJJLDUHDV
UE
DQQXQFLDUHDDQXQ D
WRUL
SULPDvQDLQWH
VDOXWDUHDVDOXWD
FRUGLDOH>DIIHWWXRVR@FRUGLDODIHFWXRV
LOSLDWWRIDUIXULDIHOXOGHPkQFDUH
VWDUHILQHQGRDVHVIkUL
VXILFLHQW
PRQWDUHDXUFD
WDQWRSLFKHFXDWkWPDLPXOWFXFkW
ODULJDUkQG
FRPXQLFDUHDFRPXQLFD
OHVDPHILQDOHPH[DPHQXOILQDO
RUJDQL]]DUHDRUJDQL]D
XQDIHVWLFFLRODRPLF
SHWUHFHUH
OHODVDJQHODVDJQD
WRDUHD
YHQLUHVXDFUHWH
USUHWHLQWHUSUHWXO
VFU YHUHXQDUHOD]LRQHDVFULHXQUHIHUDW
DSLHQRW WRORGHSLQWRWDO
ILQFKqSkQ
ODYYHQLPHQWRHYHQLPHQWXO
KRULVROWRLOSUREOHPDDPUH]ROYDWSUREOHPD
VHQ]DIRUPDOLWjI
IRUPDOLW
ODOOHJU DYHVHOLD
ULV
FkQG
OYHUHDUH]ROYD
JOLDPLFLSLFDULFHLPDLGUDJLSULHWHQL
SHQVDUHDDVHJkQGLOD
WUD>IUD@SULQWUH
SRYHUHWWDV
OLHWRDGL>FRQWHQWRGL@YHVHOPXO XPLW
PLIDFFLRVHQWLUHGDXXQVHPQGHYLD
FX D
GH
qFKLDURFKHHVWHFODUF
IDUVLVHQWLUHDGDXQVHPQGHYLD
YDOHUHDYDORUD
ODFRQIHUPDFRQIRUPDUH
FRUGLDOPHQWHFRUGLDO
FKHFRVDVWDLIDFHQGR"FHIDFL"
QLHQWHGLVSHFLDOHQLPLFVSHFLDO
VVHUHLQFXFLQDDILvQEXF
ULH
LOULVSDUPLRHFRQRPLD
LOPLQHVWURQHFLRUEDGHOHJXPH
VTXLVLWR
VDOWDUHDV
DDOHVGHRVHELW
UL
ODWRUWDWRUWXO
LOUHJDORFDGRXO
LQUHJDORFDGRXvQGDU
UDFFRQWDUHDSRYHVWL
D
D
FLVSRVLDPRQHF
VSRVDUVLDVHF
WRUL
WRULP
(JUHJLR6WLPDW
YHQLUHDVDSHUHDDIOD
>VDSHUH@GDDWLGHOD
FRQFXLFXFDUH
YDULRD>GLYHUVR@GLIHULW
DYHUHLQWHQ]LRQHGLDDYHDLQWHQ LD
ODEHYDQGDODE ELWDE
XQSHULRGRSLOXQJRRSHULRDG
GLVVHWDQWHU
PDLOXQJ
XWXUD
FRULWRDUH
ORFFDVLRQHIRFD]LD
EHYXWRE
ODFDOPDFDOPXO
HYLWDUHDHYLWD
XW
LFROORTXLGDIIDULGLVFX LLGHDIDFHUL
LVXSHUDOF
JOLDIIDULDIDFHULOH
LOYHWURVWLFOD
ODGLWWDILUPD
VuJUD]LHGDPXO XPHVF
LQFDPSDJQDOD DU
ODELUUDEHUHD
ODGXUDWDGXUDWD
LOVXFFRGLIUXWWDVXFXOGHIUXFWH
OLFLE
XWXULVSLUWRDVH
LOVRJJLRUQRVHMXUXO
QHOODVSHUDQ]DFXVSHUDQ D
RSSXUHVDX
LQDWWHVDvQDWHSWDUHD
ODUDQFLDWDVXFXOGHSRUWRFDOH
E
ODOLPRQDWDOLPRQDGD
PXO XPHVF
/DULQJUD]LRY
V
OLWRRELQXLW
PDJDULP
FDU
PDQGDUHDWULPLWH
ODFRFDFRFDFROD
LPSRUWDQWHLPSRUWDQW
JHQWLOHDPDELO
LQWRUQRDvQMXUGH
DW
YRODODPDV
WUDQVIHULUVLDVHPXWDDVHWUDQVIHUD
JXVWRVRDJXVWRVDV
DFDXVDGLGLQFDX]D
DSSHWLWRVRDDSHWLVDQW
DYHQGRLOGHVLGHULRDYkQGFXGRULQ D
VDQRDV
VDOXWDUHDVDOXWD
JHQXLQRDQDWXUDO
WRVRDV
OHJJHULVVLPRWRDWHXRU
FRQFXLFXFDUH
LOJUDGRJUDGXO
IHVWDGLDGG RSHWUHFHUHGHDGLR
YDEHQ VVLPRFRQPHUJHIRDUWHELQHFX
DFXLODFDUH
LOSLDWWRIHOXOGHPkQFDUHSUHSDUDWXO
DYHUHOXRJRDDYHDORF
ODVWDJLRQHVH]RQXO
LOORFDOHORFDOXO
LOSURGXWWRUHSURGXF
WRUXO
VSHUDUHDVSHUD
ODULSRVWDSRVLWLYDU
VSXQVXODILUPDWLY
&
FRQDIIHWWR>DIIHWXRVDPHQWHFRUGLDOPHQWH@FX
GUDJRVWH
ODSHVFDSLHUVLFD
LOOLPRQHO
PkLD
LOSRPSHOPRJUDSHIUXLWXO
ODFDPRPLOODPXH HOXO
8QLWj
ODFTXDPLQHUDOHDSDPLQHUDO
WLWH
ODFTXDW
RIIULUHDRIHUL
ORVSXPDQWHYLQXOVSXPDQW
TXDOFRVDGDEHUHFHYDGHE
XW
ODSHULWLYRDSHULWLYXO
IRUWHWDUH
ODQDOFROLFRE
QLFDDSDWRQLF
ODIDPHIRDPHD
XWXU
I
DOFRRO
/H9
GYV
WLYD"v LSODFH"
EHYREHDX
VHQRQ/HGLVSLDFHGDF
OHJJHURDXRURDU
QXY
GHUDQMHD]
EHYHWHYRLEH L
SUREOHPLGLGLJHVWLRQHSUREOHPHGHGLJHVWLH
ODVSUHPXWDGDUDQFLDVXFXOGHSRUWRFDOH
ODGLJHVWLRQHGLJHVWLD
LOVXFFRGLDOELFRFFDVXFXOGHFDLVH
ODVHWHVHWHD
ODSDVWDDOEXUURSDWHXFXXQW
EHYLEHL
SHUVHFRQGRIHOXOGRL
ODPLQHVWUDFLRUED
ODIHWWLQD HOLQD
GLYLWHOORGHYL HO
XQDFRVWDGLV
ODYHUGXUDFRWWDOHJXPHILHUWH
LSLVWDFFKLILVWLF
&
URYLQDUHLQHUYLDP
GDQRRWXOSLQ
ODULFRWWDEUkQ]DSURDVS
FLQDQHUYLL
UGHUHDSLHUGH
OHROLYHP
LFDPSLRQLFDPSLRQLL
VOLQHOH
&
ODYLWWRULDYLFWRULD
LFDODPDULFDODPDUL
&
JOLVSLQDFLVSDQDFXO
LSHSHURQLDUGHLLJUDL
JOLDVS
LOSDQLQRVDQGYLXO
OHFDURWHPRUFRYLL
LOULVRWWRSLODIXO
ODSDVWDDVFLXWWDSDVWHOHI
UDJLVSDUDQJKHOXO
JOL]XFFKLQLGRYOHFHLL
ODFLRFFRODWDFLRFRODWD
LQRDVH
YROHWHYUH L
VFKHU]DUHDJOXPL
XWLYDU]DPXUDW
VDOWLPERFFDJXVWDUH
OHSDWDWHFDUWRILL
/HSLDFH"9
SODFH"
SLDFHUHDSO
FHD
qSLDFLXWRDDSO
PLSL
SUHSDUDUHODW
YRODDSXQHPDVD
GHVLGHUDUHDGRUL
FXW
GRSRPDQJLDWRGXS
FFLRQRvPLSODF
ODFDUQHGLPDLDOHFDUQHGHSRUF
LQPRGRSDUWLFRODUHvQPRGVSHFLDO
ODVSHFLDOLWjVSHFLDOLWDWHD
IDUHYHGHUHDDU
PDV
WD
YXROH"YUH L"
DVVDJJLDUHDJXVWD
OHVDUGLQHVDUGLQHOH
YRJOLRYUHDX
ODULFHWWDUH HWD
LUDYLROLUDYLROL
SURQWRJDWD
XQDTXDUDQWLQDGLYUHRSDWUX]HFL
LOEURGRVXSDGHFDUQH
LOI
LOSURVFLXWWRXQFD
URVDUR]
LFU
GH HOLQ
JDWRILFDWXO
ODSROHQWDP
OLJD
LQIRUQRFXSWRUXO
JOLvLOXL
JOLLQJUHGLHQWLLQJUHGLHQWHOH
OLQJXUL
ODVDOVDVRVXO
GXHFXFFKLDLDWHGRX
OHvLHL
LOSDQJUDWWDWRSHVPHWXO
GXHVSDJKHWWLFkWHYDVSDJKHWH
ODVF
ODSDSSDSLXUHXO
WRODFXWLD
SRPRGRULSHODWLURLLGHFRMLWH
5
XQPD]]HWWRGLQSUH]]
PRORROHJ
LOFHVWRGHOSLFQLFFRXOGHSLFQLF
LOSDVWLFFLRGLI
JDWRSDVWDGHILFDW
WXU
WUXQMHO
WULWDWRWRFDW
RFFRUUHQWHQHFHVDU
XQRVSLFFKLRGDJOLRXQF
SDQHDFDVVHWWDSkLQHWRDVW
OROLRXOHLXO
HOGHXVWXURL
LOSHSHSLSHUXO
LOVDOHVDUH
OHVHFX]LRQHIH[HFXWDUHD
LOULSLHQRXPSOXWXUD
VFRODUHDVFXUJH
LOFXFFKLDLROLQJXUD
PHWWHUHQHOWHJDPHDSXQHvQWLJDLH
ODFHWRR HWXO
DJJL
ODFLSROODFHDSD
VXOIRQGRSHIXQG
XQUDPHWWRGLVDOYLDRFUHQJX
XQDIRJOLDGDOORURRIUXQ]
ODSDQFHWWDFRVWL D
GHVDOYLH
GHGDILQ
QJHUHDDG
LSH]]HWWLEXF
XJD
HOHOH
ORVWUDWRVWUDWXO
XQILORGROLRXQVWURSGHXOHL
FRSULUHDDFRSHUL
DIHWWLQHIHOLL
LOELFFKLHULQRS
WDJOLDUHDW
LD
FX
K
UX XO
FHUHDFRDFHDILHUEH
VFDOGDWRDvQF
VHUYLUHDVHUYL
O]LWOD
GH
FRQDJJLXQWDFXDGDRV
VSDJKHWWLDOODJOLRHROLRVSDJKHWLFXXVWRURLL
XOHL
SHQVRGLVuFUHGF
GD
FKLHGHUH>GRPDQGDUH@TXDOFRVDDTXDOFXQR
DvQWUHEDFHYDSHFLQHYD
&
LOGROFHGHVHUWXO
ODPDUHWWRYLLQDWD
ORVWUXGHOWUXGHOXO
LSHSHURQLULSLHQLDUGHLLXPSOX L
ODTXDOLWjFDOLWDWHD
GLS
QGHUHGDDGHSLQGHGH
LOELFFKLHUHSDKDUXO
GHJHWHGHJHWXO
LOFRQWRUQRJDUQLWXUD
ODQWLSDVWRJXVWDUHDDSHULWLYXO
LSLVHOOLPD]
XQSH]]RREXFDW
&
ORVSH]]DWLQRWRF
OHFR]]HVFRLFLOH
XQDWD]]DRFHDF
LOFXFFKLDLROLQJXUD
QL D
LOWUDPH]]LQRVDQGYLXO
ODELVWHFFDIULSWXUD
OHFLOLHJHFLUHHOH
QHKRYRJOLDDPSRIW
UHD
GH
LOYLQRURVVRYLQXOURX
LIDJLROLIDVROHDYHUGH
OHPHODQ]DQHYLQHWHOH
5
SURVFLXWWRFUXGRXQFDFUXG
ODIU
JRODF
SXQD
&
ODSDQQDVPkQWkQD
LQIULJRU IHURvQIULJLGHU
ODSHSHURQDWDVDODW
GHDUGHLJUDV
VVHUH>VWDUH@DGLHWDD LQHUHJLP
ODURYLQDUXLQD
VHY
JOLRQRGDF
GRUL L
RIIULUHDRIHUL
YLWHOORWRQQDWRYL HOFXWRQ
5
PDJURVODE
FUXGRDFUXG
ODYRORQWjYRLQ D
LOSDQHWRVWDWRSkLQHSU
LOVDOHVDUHD
MLW
LOFXFFKLDLQROLQJXUL D
LOPLHOHPLHUHD
ODEDQDQDEDQDQD
LOSURVFLXWWRFUXGRXQFDFUXG
LOPHORQHSHSHQHOHJDOEHQ
XQELFFKLHUHSDKDUXO
LOYLQRELDQFRYLQXODOE
VRUVHJJLDUHDVRUEL
JURVVRDPDUH
ODQJXULD>LOFRF
PHUR@SHSHQHYHUGH
ODSRU]LRQHSRU LD
PHGLRDPHGLXH
JULJOLDWRODJU
WDU
EROOLWRILHUW
LOFHQWULRORFDVWUDYHWH
FRQGLUHDFRQGLPHQWD
ODPDFHGRQLDPDFHGRQLD
FRULFDUVLDVHFXOFD
OLQIXVRLQIX]LD
WL
ODIHWWDIHOLD
SLGRF
OGX
ODPHQWDPHQWD
PRVWUDUH>IDUYHGHUH@DDU
WD
&
LOUDGLFFKLRULGLFKHD
LOIULWWRPLVWRIUXFWHGHPDUH
LOYLQRORFDOHYLQXOUHJLXQLL
OLQVDODWDPLVWDVDODW
PL[W
ODFDFLRWWDFDXO
OD]XSSDYHUGHVXSDGHOHJXPH
OHWDJOLDWHOOHW
L HL
OHSHQQHSHQQH
OHIHWWXFFLQHIHWWXFFLQH
XQOLWURXQOLWUX
XQJRFFLRXQVWURS
XQDERWWLJOLDRVWLFO
ODLXWRDMXWRUXO
GDUHXQDPDQRDGDDMXWRU
QHKRYRJOLDDPFKHISRIW
LOPRWRULQRVFXWHUXO
FKHFLIDLTXL"FHIDFLDLFL"
WWHUHYLDDSXQHGHRSDUWH
IXQ]LRQDUHDIXQF LRQD
VXOW
LOPRWRULQRQRQPLIXQ]LRQDVFXWHUXOPHXQX
YRORSHPDV
LELFFKLHULSDKDUHOH
YDQQROuLQDOWRXUF
PHUJH
DFRORVXV
GDUHXQSDVVDJJLRDTXDOFXQRDOXDFXPDLQD
OuLQEDVVRDFROR
GDTXHOOHSDUWLvQWUDFROR
JLjFKHFLVHLWRWHWLDLFL
FKHIDFFLRGLFHIDF
DFFHQGHUHDDSULQGH
ODVFLDODV
LOIXRFRIRFXO
DSULGHVFKLGH
VRWWRVXE
GLHWURGXS
ODS
HFFRIDWWRJDWD
QWRODRDO
LQTXDQWLVLDPR"Fk LVXQWHP"
KDQQRVXRQDWRDXVXQDW
ODSRUWDXD
ODFRSSLDSHUHFKHD
ODULXQLRQHHGLQ D
P
VHQWLUHGDDDX]LGHOD
/DSRVVRDLXWDUH"SRWV
Y
WWHUHLQ
UGLQH>DSRVWR@DSXQHODORFvQ
DMXW"
RUGLQH
/HRFFRUUH">KDELVRJQRGL@DYH LQHYRLH"
GLPHQWLFDUHDXLWD
ODVSLULQDDVSLULQD
OXRYRRXO
OHXRYDRX
ORVFLURSSRSHUODWRVVHVLURSXOGHWXVH
OR]
ODULFHWWDUH HWD
LOV
OH
FFKHUR]DK
UXO
GDQR HOLQD
/HVHUYH">/HRFFRUUH@DYH LQHYRLH"
PLV
UYRQRGHOOHEDQDQHDPQHYRLHGHEDQDQH
ODPHODP
UXO
ODFLSROODFHDSD
ODYDUHDVS
WHQHUD LQH
SXOLVFLFXU
QHFHVVDULRQHFHVDU
IDI
GDG
VVHUH
WHUJH
FLSHQVRP
WLOHDILXWLO
OD
JkQGHVF
LOSLSUHVWRSRVV ELOHFkWPDLUHSHGHSRVLELO
LOTXDOFKHPRGRFXPYD
WUDQTXLOORDOLQLWLW
LOJXDVWRGHIHF LXQHD
LOPRWRUHQRQSDUWHPRWRUXOQXSRUQHWH
VWUDQRFLXGDW
UHJDODUHDGRUPL
LOUXPRUH]JRPRW
FRVuJHQWLOHGDDWkWGHDPDELOV
ODODYDVWRYRJOLHPDLQDGHVS
VHQ]DOWURGHVLJXU
OHSRVDWHWDFkPXULOH
LOSXOLWRFXU
HQLD
ORVSOHQGRUHVWU
VXFFHVVRVXFF
OXFLUHD
HFFH]LRQDOHH[FHS LRQDO
VFRUVR>SDVVDWR@WUHFXW
OLJLHQHILJLHQD
SUHVRSU
LOODYDJJLRDPDQRVS
ODWYDVH
OHVWRYLJOLHYDVHOHYHVHOD
ODWXOPDQXDO
JUDYHJUDY
GDDOORUDGHDWXQFL
ORVSD]LRVSD LXO
LQRIILFLQDvQDWHOLHU
FRQWLQXDUHLOGLVFRUVRDFRQWLQXDGLVFX LD
SURQWRDJDWD
GDVROD>VROD@VLQJXU
PLVHUYHDPQHYRLH
LQVLOHQ]LRvQW
ODUDEELDIXULD
WDQWRFqWRWHVWH
SUHVWDUHDvPSUXPXWD
PLJOLRUDUHDvPEXQ
FHUH
QHKRELVRJQRDPQHYRLH
&
FKHQHGLFL"FH]LFL"
VVHUHGDLXWRDILGHDMXWRU
FDPELDUHDVFKLPED
&
LOODWWHODSWHOH