Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton. 2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves. 3. Life as a slave could be wildly variedsome slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased. 4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper. 5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers. IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God. His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery. Sojourner Truth American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women. Theodore Dwight Weld A prominent abolitionist. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is. Harriet Beecher Stowe Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. William Lloyd Garrison Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. David Walker He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: "Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have? King Cotton was a popular term used in the antebellum South, mostly due to the fact that cotton dominated the southern economy. Its powers extended beyond the South, because the North also benefitted from the cotton, and it was shipped to England as well. The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?" Like New England, the South was first settled by English Protestants. But whereas New Englanders tended to stress their differences from the old country, Southerners tended to emulate the English. Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton? The Souths dependence on cotton simultaneously made them dependent on manual labor, thus they felt they had to maintain slavery to keep their cotton plantations running. The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery? White folks believed in white supremacy and thought it was right for rich whites to have black slaves in chains. Since they did not own slaves, they looked up to these wealthy plantation owners. Many white farmers aspired to become large slave-owners. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain. It would have been better to be a free Black in the North because of the fact that the blacks in the South were treated much harsher due to the hatred. Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves. There is very little good about it because it is referring to people being treated as property which is terrible, you could argue however that it was good financially for their owners. The slaves were also provided with shelter and food. Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible? For slaves, life meant hard work from sunrise to sunset and no civil nor political rights. Laws that tried to protect slaves were difficult to enforce. As a result, the blacks lived in close-knit environments with only their fellow slaves to lean upon.

The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement? If you are able to grab a wolf by its ears, you cannot and should not let go because it will turn and savage you. The slave owner is holding the wolf, slavery, by its ears. Slave-owners thought that everything would fall apart if abolition was recognized and slavery was banned. Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists. Early abolitionists worked with State legislatures to get Northern states to individually outlaw slavery. They also worked by publishing books, newspapers, and pamphlets. They had conferences and charities to try to put a ban to slavery. Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass 10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be? Both worked tirelessly to end slavery and establish rights for all Americans. However, Douglass was more into the oral presentation of his ideas while Garrison preferred to write. Douglass went on tours across the United States and England preaching the gospel of racial equality. Garrison, on the other hand, was a gifted writer and journalist. His newspaper, The Liberator, made a great leap in implementing the idea of emancipation across the country. The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists? The South claimed that slavery was supported by the Bible and the wisdom of Aristotle. They attacked the North by saying that their factories were no different from slaves. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success? Surprisingly, a great majority of Northerners opposed abolition in the inception. This was because the economy of the North partially was because of the cotton that the South manufactured. Because they did not want to lose this money, many Northerners opposed abolition.

Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Big Picture Themes 1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peaceably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. 2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, itd been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845 3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better. 4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California. 5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler Elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died just a short while in office. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving the mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. Slidells Mission Appointed minister to Mexico in 1845, John Slidell went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to communicate with him. John C. Fremont United States explorer who mapped much of the American west and Northwest. He was against the extension of slavery in territories. An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of president of the United States. Manifest Destiny The belief that God had given Americans the destiny to control the entire northwestern hemisphere in the 1840-50s. James K. Polk The Democrat-nominated presidential candidate for the 1844 election. He was called "young hickory" by the opposition party for his background in Tennessee and "Dark Horse" for being a relatively unknown candidate. Webster-Ashburton Treaty An agreement between the U.S. and England (1842) defining the boundary between British and American territory from Maine to present-day Minnesota. Spot Resolution Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from President Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Lincoln, then a

congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldiers blood had been shed. In Polk's report to Congress, he stated that the Americans fell on American soil, but they had actually fallen on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. To find out where the soldiers fell was important because Congress was near to declaring war on Mexico. The Tariff of 1842 A tariff signed reluctantly by John Tyler, not for protective reasons, but because Tyler saw the need for more revenue. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the United States and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas. In return, the United States promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million. Wilmot Proviso Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in the Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso, as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.