Rachel Corn

Dared to whistle at a white woman Was beaten, tortured, and shot to death 8/25/1955 Found floating in the Tallahatchie River His death brought on the Modern Civil Rights Movement Emmett Till Video

33 Recorded Murders of African Americans 1930-1950

Henry Bedford:72 year old man beaten to death for speaking disrespectfully to a white man J.B. Grant: 17 years old, shot over 100 times, his body hung on railroad trestle Charlie Lang & Ernest Green: 14 years old, tortured and murdered for being accused of raping a white girl who was a childhood friend

 National

Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded in 1909 Rooted in battling racial domination via litigation Assumed white racism was based in ignorance of nonwhites Produced educational materials Outlawed in several southern states after refusing to release membership list in 1956
(Desmond, Emirbayer 108-109)

secretary for The NAACP Worked to overturn segregation at University of Mississippi Assassinated in his driveway June 12th, 1963 by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of a white supremacy group
(npr.org)

Field

 One

of the only safe places where black people could voice their problems Preachers didnt have to worry about losing their jobs due to speaking out against segregation Produced leaders such as Rev. T.J. Jemison (Baton Rouge bus boycott), Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth (beaten trying to enroll kids in school), Martin Luther King, Jr.
(Desmond, Emirbayer 109-110)

 Triggered

by Rosa Parks refusing to give her seat to a white man (12/1/1955) Organized by Parks and Womens Political Council Gave rise to Montgomery Improvement Association Lasted over a year, during which time MIA organized carpools to get boycotters to and from work Trained hundreds of activists how to perform confrontational, non-violent acts of civil disobedience
(Desmond, Emirbayer 110)

 Southern

Christian Leadership Conference Founded in 1957 Evolved from MIA Led by Ella Baker- critical of messiah myth Organized demonstrations, marches, boycotts, and rallies Taught many blacks to read in order to pass voter registration tests
(Desmond, Emirbayer 111)

 Student

Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded in 1960 Invented sit-ins First sit-in started with 4 black college freshmen 2/1/1960 Initiated Freedom Rides Branched into 2 arms in 1961 to split focus between desegregation and voter registration
(Desmond, Emirbayer 111-112)

Members of a group called CORE wanted to test the supreme court ruling desegregating buses Chartered 2 buses for blacks & whites to ride together from D.C. to New Orleans Riders pulled out of the buses & beaten by a white mob in Birmingham. Members of SNCC provided substitute riders, so demonstration could continue Pulled from buses and beaten again in Montgomery JFK provided federal marshals to protect the riders, who then made it to Jackson

(Desmond, Emirbayer 112)

 Organized

by SNCC and SCLC Took place 3/7/1965 Hundreds of activists lined up in pairs Never made it out of Selma Police drove marchers back to town with use of tear gas and billy clubs Came to be known as Bloody Sunday
(Desmond, Emirbayer 115)

Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Activist

Bull Connor Commissioner of Public Safety, Birmingham, AL

We must learn to live together as brothers or we will perish together as fools.

You can never whip these birds if you dont keep you and them separate.

Police Brutality
Arresting non-violent individuals taking part in the marches, sit ins, and so on Beating for no reason Tear Gas Attack dogs Stopped marches at gunpoint Fire hose used to knock protestors down

Reverend George Lee Shot in face & killed for urging blacks to vote
Governor Hugh White

-Refused to investigate -No one charged, although there were witnesses. -Murderer went free

Source: Austin, Curtis J. (n.d.). On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Mississippi History Now. Retrived October 7, 2012, from http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/62/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-onviolence-and-nonviolence

Lamar Smith 16 year old WWII veteran & farmer

Shot in cold blood in a crowded lawn courthouse for urging blacks to vote. No one admitted to have witnessed the murder Killer went free

Source: Austin, Curtis J. (n.d.). On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Mississippi History Now. Retrived October 7, 2012, from http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/62/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippion-violence-and-nonviolence

James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner

Civil Rights activist went to investigate a number of church bombings Were arrested and turned over to KKK They were beaten and then shot to death.

Goodman

Federal govt. responded by establishing an FBI office National Guard & US Navy sent to search for the 3 men

& Schwerner were white

Source: Austin, Curtis J. (n.d.). On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Mississippi History Now. Retrived October 7, 2012, from http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/62/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-on-violenceand-nonviolence

George Wallace
Governor of Alabama Stood against the Civil Rights Movement Would not allow desegregation Influenced many individuals and White Supremacy groups

Assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. 4/4/1968 Thought he would be a hero to all the upper class fighting the Civil Rights Movement Thought that Governor George Wallace wanted him to murder the Dreamer Convicted March 10th, 1969 after being found by the FBI

Used powers of director of FBI to follow Martin Luther King Jr. and try to turn Americans against him using the media

Drive by shootings of leaders of the Movement Bus Bombings Home Bombings Beatings Lynching Drowning

Blacks

had taken it up themselves to defend their lives and property Set-up around the clock surveillance of churches and homes that acted as meeting spots for the movement Not striking back while participating in public protest was different from not defending ones home, church, or community center

Source: Austin, Curtis J. (n.d.). On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Mississippi History Now. Retrived October 7, 2012, from http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/62/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippi-onviolence-and-nonviolence

National

change

public exposure brought about substantive

Pres. Kennedy & Pres. Johnson put a halt to at least some of the violence

-Supported passage of Civil Rights Act 1964 -& Voting Rights Act of 1965

Source: Austin, Curtis J. (n.d.). On Violence and Nonviolence: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Mississippi History Now. Retrived October 7, 2012, from http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/62/the-civil-rights-movement-in-mississippion-violence-and-nonviolence

1967, Major race riots in Newark & Detroit

1968, Martin Luther King Jr. Shot 1971, Supreme Court upholds a busing system with intention to achieve integration of public schools. Opposed with violence 1992, race riot in south-central Los Angeles, reaction to video-taped beating of Rodney King by LAPD

Source: Brunner, Borgna and Haney Elissa. Civil Rights Timeline Milestones in the modern civil rights movement. Retrieved October 7, 2012. from http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/civilrights.html

2004, 2005,

Emmett Tills case reopened by Dept. of Justice

Edgar Ray Killen, ringleader of Mississippi civil rights murders is convicted of manslaughter.
2007,

Emmett Tills Case officially closed. The confessed murderers died of cancer in 1994.

Source: Brunner, Borgna and Haney Elissa. Civil Rights Timeline Milestones in the modern civil rights movement. Retrieved October 7, 2012. from http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/civilrights.html

Fixed to Fail: Part 1 Fixed to Fail: Part 2

Documentaries
Made in 1994
Made in 2010

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: A Historical Perspective Road to Memphis: The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Soundtrack For a Revolution
Made in 2009

Books

Racial Domination, Racial Progress: The Sociology of Race in America

By: Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer Published By: McGraw- Hill Companies
Copyright: 2010