Learning A relatively permanent change in human

capabilities that is not a result of the growth processes.

 Verbal information Intellectual skills Motor skills Attitudes

Cognitive strategies

Emphasizes that people learn by observing other people whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable.

 Learning can take place by observing what happens to

other people , by being told about something as well as by direct experiences.

Observational Learning

Behaviors that are reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated.

 Learning is also influenced by a persons self-efficacy.

Self efficacy can be increased by using several methods: o Verbal persuasion o Logical verification o Modeling

o Past accomplishments

Modeling Process
Albert Bandura - Learning occurs through imitation Steps in modeling process: 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Reinforcement

 Ivan Pavlov

A process in which a formerly neutral stimulus when

paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a

conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

 Also known as Instrumental Conditioning

Reinforcement Theory B. F. Skinner Behavior is a result of its consequences. People learn to behave in a particular manner in order to obtain something they want or to avoid something they do not want.

 The tendency to repeat a behavior is influenced by reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by the consequences of behavior.

Reinforcement strengthens behavior & increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.

 Emphasizes on Internal processes that occur when

training content is learned & retained.

States that messages or information goes through several transformation in the human brain.

External events that influence learning

Changes in the intensity or frequency of the stimulus affects attention. Informing the learner of the objectives to establish an expectation. Verbal instructions, pictures, diagrams & diagrams learning process easier

Meaningful learning content.