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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A. SULPHURIC ACID F. COMPOSITE MATERIALS B. AMMONIA & ITS SALTS

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

E.

C. ALLOYS

GLASS AND CERAMICS

D. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

A. Sulphuric Acid

PRODUCTION OF SULPHURIC ACID


CONTACT PROCESS

STAGE 1

S + O2

SO2

STAGE 2

2 SO2 + O2

2 SO3

CONDITION: CATALYST: VANADIUM (V) OXIDE TEMPERATURE: 450C PRESSURE: 1 ATM

STAGE 3

i) SO3 + H2SO4(CONC)

H2S2O7
OLEUM

ii) H2S2O7 + H2O


OLEUM

2 H2SO4

MANUFACTURE OF DETERGENTS AS ELECTROLYTES IN CAR BATTERY PRODUCTION OF FERTILISERS

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

LEATHER TANNING

MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FIBRES

MANUFACTURE
OF PAINT

B. Ammonia

PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
HABER PROCESS

N2 + 3 H2

2 NH3

CONDITION: CATALYST: IRON TEMPERATURE: 450C PRESSURE: 200 ATM

USES OF AMMONIA FERTILISERS BY REACTION WITH SULPHURIC ACID 2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 AMMONIA CONVERTED TO NITRIC ACID IS USED TO MAKE: SYNTHETIC FIBRES, EXPLOSIVES, WOOD PULPS, PAINTS VARNISHES, LAQUERS AND ROCKET PROPELLANT

C. Alloy

DURALUMIN 93% ALUMINIUM + 3% COPPER + 3% MAGNESIUM + 1% MANGANESE USED FOR BUILDING BODY OF AEROPLANE & BULLET TRAIN

PEWTER 96% TIN + 3% COPPER + 1% ANTIMONY USED FOR MAKING SOUVENIRS

BRONZE 90% COPPER + 10% TIN FOR MAKING STATUES, MONUMENTS, MEDALS, SWORDS AND ARTISTIC MATERIALS

ALLOY IS A MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS IN ORDER TO MAKE THE METAL STRONGER, HARDER, RESISTANT TO CORROSION AND SHINY BRASS 70% COPPER + 30% ZINC FOR MAKING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND KITCHENWARE STEEL 99% IRON + 1% CARBON FOR MAKING BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES, BODY OR CARS AND RAILWAY TRACKS

STAINLESS STEEL 74% IRON + 8% CARBON + 18% CHROMIUM FOR MAKING CUTLERY AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS

D. Synthetic Polymers

NYLON USED FOR MAKING ROPES, CLOTHING AND CARPETS

POLY(ETHENE) USED FOR MAKING PLASTIC BAGS, SHOPPING BAGS, PLASTIC CONTAINERS AND INSULATION FOR WIRING

POLY(PROPENE) USED FOR MAKING PIPING, BOTTLE CRATES, CARPETS, CAR BATTERIES AND ROPE

POLYMERS ARE LARGE MOLECULES MADE FROM IDENTICAL REPEATING SUB-UNITS CALLED MONOMERS THROUGH POLYMERISATION POLY(CHLOROETHENE) USED FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, WATER PIPES AND RECORDS PERSPEX USED FOR MAKING SAFETY GLASS, REFLECTORS, TRAFFIC SIGNS AND LENS

TERYLENE USED FOR MAKING CLOTHING, SAILS AND ROPES

E. Glass and ceramics

FUSED GLASS USED IN MAKING LABORATORY GLASSWARES, LENSES, TELESCOPE MIRRORS AND OPTICAL FIBRES

SODA-LIME GLASS USED IN MAKING FLAT GLASS, ELECTRICAL BULBS, MIRRORS AND GLASS CONTAINERS

CERAMICS USED IN MAKING ABRASIVE, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, TABLEWARE AND INSULATORS

GLASS The major component of glass is silica, SiO2

BOROSILICATE GLASS USED IN MAKING COOKWARE, LABORATORY GLASSWARE AND AUTOMOBILE HEADLIGHTS LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS USED IN MAKING FINEST TABLEWARE, LEAD CRYSTAL GLASSWARE AND ART OBJECTS

F. Composite Materials

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS USED IN OPTICAL LENSE, CAR WINDSHIELDS, SMART ENERGY EFFICIENT WINDOWS, DISPLAY PANELS, CAMERA LENS, OPTICAL SWITCHES

REINFORCED CONCRETE
COMPOSITES FOR HIGHRISE BUILDINGS, BRIDGES AND OIL PLATFORMS

COMPOSITE MATERIALS STRUCTURAL MATERIAL FORMED BY COMBINING TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES TO PRODUCE SUPERIOR QUALITY PRODUCT FIBRE GLASS FOR MAKING STORAGE TANKS, BADMINTON RACKETS, SMALL BOATS, SKIS AND HELMETS SUPERCONDUCTORS COMPOSITES FOR BULLET TRAIN, MRI, ENERGYSTORAGE SYSTEMS, GENERATORS, TRANSFORMERS

FIBRE OPTIC REPLACEMENT FOR COPPER WIRES IN TELEPHONE LINES, MOBILE PHONES, VIDEO CAMERAS AND TO LINK COMPUTERS

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