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Covalent Bonding
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Contents
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding in elements
They can only do this if they share electrons with each other. both atoms have a full outer shell
The atoms share electrons so there is a strong force that joins the atoms together. This is called a covalent bond.
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H H
O O
Cl Cl
Only the outer shell of electrons is involved in covalent bonding. This means that the inner shells do not always have to be included in diagrams. Two common ways to indicate a covalent bond are:
solid line
HH H H
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H2 or HH
There are two atoms in the molecule so it is called diatomic.
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Cl
Cl Cl
Cl2 or ClCl
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O2 or O=O
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NN
N2 or NN
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Contents
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding in elements
Cl
HCl or H Cl
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O H H2O or H O H
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H NH3 or H N H H
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How are carbon and hydrogen bonded in methane? C Electron 2.4 configuration Electrons 4 needed Ratio of atoms 1 H 1 1 4
CH4
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H or H C H H
1. hydrogen sulfide
2. carbon dioxide
H
3. ethane (C2H6)
H C
H
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C
H
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True or false?
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Contents
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding in elements
O H H
Most molecular substances are gas or liquid at room temperature. A few are solid and these are called molecular solids.
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I I
Millions of iodine molecules are held together by weak forces of attraction to create a 3D molecular lattice.
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All the bonds are covalent, which means that giant covalent structures have a very high melting and boiling point, and are usually hard.
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Allotropes of carbon
In the element carbon, atoms bond in different ways, creating different kinds of giant structures. Two of these structures are diamond and graphite. They are called allotropes of carbon. Allotropes have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons.
However, they have different physical properties because the electrons are shared in different ways with other atoms.
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C
C
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C C
C
weak forces of attraction
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Graphite is soft and slippery layers can easily slide over each other because the weak forces of attraction are easily broken. This is why graphite is used as a lubricant.
Graphite can conduct electricity the only non-metal to do. There is a free electron from each atom to carry a charge.
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C C
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C
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Sand
Sand is an impure form of silicon dioxide (quartz). It has a giant covalent structure with certain similarities to diamond. Each silicon atom (2.8.4) is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom (2.6) is bonded to two silicon atoms. O
Si
O
O
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Contents
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding in elements
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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