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AE1101 Formula Overview

Aeronautics

Lift for a Balloon.
Q=volume
( )
gas at gas B N
at at B
gQ W L L
gQ Q L


= =
= =


Hot air balloon
T T
T
gQ
T
T
gQ gQ L
at
at
gas
at
at
at
gas
at N
+

=
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

1 1

|
|
|

\
|
= =
|
|

\
|
=

at
gas
at N
at
gas
at N
M
M
gQ L gQ L 1 1

M =molair mass

Ideal gas law
kgK J R
mol g M
molK j R
air
air
/ 0 . 287 02897 . 0 / 3145 . 8
/ 97 . 28
/ 3145 . 8
= =
=
=


( )
( )
( )
( )
G
G
G
G
G
h
G
h
G
G
h
G
G
G
G
G
G a
h
h r
r
h
r h r
h r r
r
r h r
r
h r
r h
dh
h r
r
dh
dh
h r
r
dh
dh
g
g
dh
dh
dh
g
g
dh g gdh dp
h r
r
g
h
r
g g
G
G
+
=
|
|

\
|
+
+ +
=
|
|

\
|
+
+

=
|
|

\
|
+

=
+
=
+
=
=
= = =
|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|
=

2 2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2 2
1 1 1
0
0
1 0
0 0



RT p
T R p
T R n V p
air

=
=
=
ISA
( ) ( ) 1 / 0
/ 0
1 1
1 1
+

\
|
=
|

\
|
=
aR g
aR g
T
T
T
T
p
p




Lift
S V C L
L
=
2
2
1


Drag
S V eAR
L
S V C D
S V eAR
L
C
eAR
C
C C
C C C
S V C D
Di i
Di
L
D D
Di D D
D
2
2
2
2 4 2
2
2
0
0
2
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
1

= =
=
+ =
+ =
=


Wing aspect ratio
S
b
AR
2
=

Pressure cabin

( )
( )
2
2
1 2
1 2
=

=

=
long
circ
long
circ
ratio
t
r p p
t
r p p



Momentum equation
( )
0
V V m T
j
=



Jet efficiency
( )
( )
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
V
V
V V m
TV
P
P
TV P
V V m P
j
j
j
a
j
a
j j
+
=

= =
=
=


Mach number

M / 1 sin =

Equivalent airspeed

S V C S V C
V V
TAS L EAS L
TAS EAS
2 2
2 2
2
1
0
2
1
2
1
0
2
1


=
=


Astronautics

Earth gravity
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
/
2
/
0
0
E E
E
orbit E
E
orbit E orbit E
E
C S
orbit E
E C S
g
R R
GM
g
h R
R
g
h R h R
GM
g
g M
h R
M GM
F

= =
+
=
+
=
+
=
=
+
=


( )
( )
( )
orbit
orbit E
orbit E
E orbit orbit C g
orbit E
orbit
C S C
orbit E
E
C S g
V
h R
T
h R
g
R h V V F F
h R
V
M F
h R
R
g g M F
+
=
+
= = =
+
=
+
= =
2
0
0
2
/
2
2
/


Payload
M
F
a
L
Torque
F
=
=


Orbits
( )
( ) cos 1
1
2
e
e a
r
sat
+

=

Ground systems
a areaantenn A
receiver itter disttransm r
d transmitte P
received E
A
r
P
E
distsat d
antenna diameter D
bitrate b
frequency f
p
b
f
d k
D
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
2
4


Atmosphere
sat D
M S V C a /
2
1
2
=
Reduction of semi-major axis: ( )[ ]
1 0
2
2
2 exp 2 eI I c a
M
S C
a
p
sat
D
+ =


Reduction of eccentricity: ( ) ( )
(

+ + =
1 0 1 2
2
exp 2 I I
e
I c a
M
S C
e
p
sat
D


Limit lifetime:
2
a
H
L

=

Radiation
Total energy radiated by black body:
4
T E
tot
=
|

\
|
=
=

a
R
a
R
E
E
1
sin
sin


Eclipse fraction (%):
100
360
2
=

eclipse
T

Eclipse length(s):
axis major semi a
a
T T
orbit eclipse
=
= =


3
2
360
2
360
2


Solar panel size/solar heat capacity
t
CM
SA
T
S P
P
P
A
req
a
=
=
=


=solar panel efficiency
S=solar intensity
C=heat capacity
A=area exposed
M=mass

Aerodynamics

K J k
kT KE
/ 10 38 . 1
2
3
23
=
=


Equation of state for actual gas
3
1
T
bp
T
ap
RT
p
+



Specific volume
RT pv
v
=
=

1


Continuity
2 2 1 1
V A V A
AV M
M M out in
=
=
=




Euler equation
( )
VdV dp
dx
dV
V dxdydz dxdydz
dx
dp
a m F
V
dx
dV
dxdt
dVdx
dt
dV
a
dxdydz V m
dxdydz
dx
dp
F
dydz dx
dx
dp
p pdydz F
a m F


=
=
=
= = =
= =
=
|

\
|
+ =
=


Bernoullis law
( )
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
0
2
1
2
1
1 2
0
V p V p
V V p p
VdV dp
V
V
p
p

+ = +
= |

\
|
+
= +



First Law thermodynamics
vdp dh q
pdv vdp pdv dh pdv de q
vdp pdv de dh
pv e h enthalpy
pdv de w de q
pdv sdA p pdAs w
w q de
A A
=
+ = + =
+ + =
+ = =
+ = =
= = =
+ =



Specific heat
For constant volume dv=0:
T c e
dT c de
v
v
=
=

For constant pressure dp=0:
T c h
dT c dh
p
p
=
=


Isotropic flow relations
Since dT c de pdv pdv de q q
v
= = = + = = 0 0
Since dT c dh vdp vdp dh q q
p
= = = = = 0 0
air for
c
c
v
dv
p
dp
v
dv
c
c
p
dp
c
c
vdp
pdv
p
v
p
v
p
v
= =
=
|
|

\
|
= =

4 . 1


[ ] [ ]
[ ]

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
= =

1
2
1
2
1
2
ln
1
2
ln
1 ln 2 ln 1 ln 2 ln
ln ln
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
v
v
p
p
v
v
p
p
v v p p
v p
v
dv
p
dp

2
1
2
1
1
1

=
=
v
v
so

|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|

1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
p
p
p
p


with p/=RT we write

1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2

\
|
=
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=


T
T
p
p
T
T
p
p
T
T
p
p
T
T
p
p
p
RT
RT
p
p
p


Energy equation
vdp dh q =
for adiabatic q =0
VdV dp
vdp dh
=
= 0
Combining gives:
0
0
= +
+ =
VdV dh
VdV v dh
Now integrating

( )
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
0
2
1
1 2 0
V h V h
V V h h VdV dh
+ = +
= + = +

h=CpT

= +
2
2
1
V T C
p
constant

Isentropic flow relations second form
2
2
1
V T C
p
+ = constant

2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 2
1
1
1
0 1
2
1
1
0 0 0
2
1
0 1
2
1
1
M
a
V
T
To
RT a
RT
V
T
To
T C
V
T
To
T C V T C
V V T C V T C
p
p p
p p

+ =

+ =
=

+ =
+ = = +
= + = +


now with isentropic relations

1
1 1
0
1
0

|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

T
To
p
p


1
1
2
1
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
0
2
1
1
2
1

\
|
+ =
|

\
|
+ =

M
M
p
p


Reynolds number

x V
x
Re

Boundary layer thickness
x
x
Re
2 . 5
=

Total skin drag coefficient
x
f
C
Re
328 . 1
=

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