Methods of Integration The definition of the indefinite integral is , where c is an arbitrary constant for any variable x.

. In general ( ) ( ) , where ( ) ( ) Definite integral ( ) ( ) ( ) where ( ) ( ) ( ( )).

( ( )).

The substitution rule If ( ) is a differentiable function whose range is a interval I and f is continuous on I, then ( ( )) ( ) ( ) .

Integration by parts The product rule of differentiation states that if f and g are differentiable functions [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Hence ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Let ( ) and ( ) then

Trigonometric integrals , n is even, use the identity n is odd, use the identity , n is even, use the identity n is odd, use the identity

. and substitute .

. and substitute .

 If n is odd, save one cosine factor and use factors in terms of sine. Then substitute If m is odd, save one sine factor and use factors in terms of sine. Then substitute to express the remaining . to express the remaining .

If both n and m are even, then use the half angle identities ( ) It is sometimes helpful to use the identity

If n is even, save a factor and use factors in terms of . Then substitute If m is odd, save a factor of remaining factors in terms of and use . Then substitute , ( ( ( )] )] )] to express the remaining . to express the .

To evaluate integrals, , Use the corresponding identities, [ ( ) [ [ ( ( ) )

Trigonometric substitutions Expression or substitution identity

Integration of rational functions by partial fractions Steps: 1. Is the degree of the polynomial in the denominator greater than the degree of the polynomial in the numerator? If not , divide out. 2. Factor denominator. 3. Write the fraction as a sum of fraction. 4. Solve for constants. 5. Integrate. Lemma:
( ) ( )

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Table of indefinite integrals For the following, the letters a, k, n and c represent constants. 1. ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )

2. [ ( ) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

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