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- A{Zb AdMQ>
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hohr Vwhr AmoiIco hmoV,o
Vwhr `wJmMm dO hmVr KoVcm
AZ gmV`mcm S>mi
o g ~Z{dco,
~Xcmcm {dkmZ{Z> {ddoH$mMo A{Y>mZ {Xco...
VwPo ho {MaVZ H$m`,
Vw`mdarc Jmo`m amoIy eH$Uma ZmhrV {_m!
3
Ho$gm`m OS> OmS>OSy > OQ>m,
_m`mda nmR>rda nocUm`m
A^mJr {`m...
Hw$`m {ZX` $T>rZo cmXcoco
Vo Hw$$n AmoPo
CVadcog Vy {_m...
VwPr r_w$s {V`m Ho$gmnmgyZMr,
rdmV`mMr IarIwar dmQ>
{_m, VyM emoYcrg...!
gmYZm
27
4
_amR>r rnwf-VUmBMm
Vw`m MidirMm Moham...
OmVrO_mVr, d`moJQ>, ehar, {e{jV AZ A{e{jV
Aem Ad`m ^maVr`VoMm Moham
AX` CgmhmZo {ZWiUmam;
nXm{YH$mar Zm__mM,
gJioM H$m`H$V} Ho$diVw`mgH$Q>.
VwPr Midi {~ZKamMr
dmVy Amcr H$s Midi Kwg_Q>V,o
EH$H$r hmoV OmVohm VwPm R>m_ {ddmg!
dmadmaMo A`mgdJ,
dmadmaMo H${VH$m`H$ _,
OdiOdi {V{XZ `m`mZ d Q>rhrda MMm,
Vy `mV gd,
Am{U Hw$R>ho r Zmhrg...
JXuV JXugmR>r amhZ
Vy {V`mnmgyZ A{chm VwPm gdmV _moR>m M_H$ma!
- AmVm, `mnwT>o {_m...?
gmYZm
28
5
VwPr eoH$S>mo chmZ_moR>r d$ò
cjmV am{hcr _wgo Xy nUmZo...
nmM {_{ZQ>mn dy u H$m_mV `J AgUmam Vy
ghm`m {_{ZQ>mcm _Mmda ~mocy cmJm`Mm...
gJmMo Am{M, `mMo Zo_Ho$ `moOZ,
Zo_H$m {dMma d Zo_H$m {dVma,
Zo_H$s ^mfm, WmoS>go o {dZmoXr d Zo_H$m doi...
VwPo ^mfU JwS >miyZ Xm{J`m`m _I_cr noQ>rV R>do mdo dmQ>!o
_mS>Ur Zo_H$s nU R>merd
^md lmo`mZm qOH$Umam...
~ao Pmco Vy {dkmZmMm S>m Q>a hmoVmg,
AmQ>g Mm nrEM.S>r AgVmg Va ZH$mo VodT>m
{deofU-{H$`m{deofUmV VwPo ^mfU Vw`mgH$Q> dmhZ Joco AgVo!
6
Vw`m AmdS>r AZ CgwH$Vm `mnH$
H$m_JmamnmgyZ {dMmadVmn`VgJ`mer gYr {_iVmM
ZmZm Z {dMmaV am{hcmg...
Vdo Am{U VdkmZ,
Y_ AZ amOH$maU,
AWH$maU {Z g_mOH$maU
gJ`mMr __} OmUyZ KoV am{hcmg`m`m AmVag~Y mgh,
VwPo ghO ~mocUohr {dMmamV nmS>Umao,
{ddoH$m`m Z`m {Xem gwM{dUmao;
{_m, KoV KoVM Vy XoVhr am{hcmgH$mQ>Ho $moa {dMmag` OmU`mMr VwPr Agmoer,
Vw`m Midircm {V>m {Z A{YH$ drH$mamhVm
XoV am{hcr,
{VMr `mnH$ VdVm AYmoa{o IV H$arV Jocr...!
7
eoH$S>mo n>mM m XVmdoO
g` KQ>ZmMm,
g`mVr ZoUmam
Vy {Z_mU Ho$cmg {d_mZ `wJm`m n[a^mfoV;
eoH$S>mo cmoH$^_ ^wVmIoVmM,o
OmX-M_H$mam`m dMZoM,o
^m_H$ XodXodVm AZ c~mS> ~m~m~wdmM.o ..
OZgm_m` \$gV AZ McmI
\$gdrV am{hco `wJo`wJo!
Vy Oo Oo Ho$cog Vo gm{JVcogVm|S>r AZ coIr,
amrMm {Xdg H$$Z
am{Xdg,
Midi nmR>nmoQ> AgVoH$m_mgmR>r nmR> AZ {dMmaoaUmgmR>r nmoQ>...
Vy Midir`m nmoQ>mnm`mMr
eVH$âmMr {~XmJr R>do Zy
Jocmg, {_mAmogm~moer aSy>hr Z XoVm Amhmcm!
8
S>m Q>a, Vwhr ~moccm;
""g_moa`m JXuVcm Hw$UrVar
_m`mda Jmoir PmS>m`cm Q>nZy Amho,
nU `m`m ~XH $sMr XheV _cm dmQ>V Zmhr...
~XH $s_mJMo hmV {ô AgVmV {_m,
Va Q>mH$ Vr ~XH$AmnU XmoKo {_iyZ H$memMm aVm emoY!y ''
-Vw_Mo ho ~moc S>m Q>a,
Hw$Umcm _hm`mMo dmQ>Uma ZmhrV?
gmYZm
29
9
EH$m jUmV VwVmer g_ag
Vo gnVmM Xg`m jUr nyUV : A{c...
{_m, Vw`m `m AOy~mMo Zdc nocco _r {Z_yQ>nUonU EH$ {Xdg Z amhdyZ {dMmaco,
""S>m Q>a, ho H$go O_Vo Vwhmcm?''
`mda _moR>mZo hgyZ Vo Cmaco;
""H$mhr Zmhr hmo! Am` OQ> EOm` ~moW- Qy> ~r Ama ZmQ> Qy> ~r''
_r hmXacmoM!
S>m Q>aM nwT>o _moR>m J^ranUo hUmco,
""_mPm d^md {dcjU EH$mV{` Amho, _mUgmZm _r Q>miVmo!''
hm Va Xgam hmXam!
{cVm d A{cVm, BV`m PQ>nQ> ~XcUmam
hm ~o{_gmc {_ hmoVmg_yhmgmR>r OJUmam Am{U Amn`m EH$mVdmgmgmR>rhr!
gmYZm
30
10
_XmZr Ioi Vwhmcm {`,
Hw$`m`m XJcrgmR>r
H$mohmnya-~oiJmdn`V dmadma dm`m!
H$~>r Vwhmcm AmdS>,o
Vw_`m hZw_mZ CS>rZo
{H$VrVar gm_Zo qOH$co d {edN>nVr nwaH$mahr!
Vwhmcm H${dVmhr AmdS>VHo$edgwVmnmgyZ gwaeo ^Q>mn`V...
`mMr gwX a AdVaUo Vm|S>nmR>
"gmYZm'Vrc H$mhr coImda `mMr h_oem {eamo^fy Uo!
nwVH$mMr {dcjU AmoT>{d{dY coIH$mer, ~h{dY {df`mMr
_w`V: dMm[aH$
nwVHo$ dmadma {dH$V Ko`mMr gd`!
coIZhr Vwhr Ho$co
MidirMm ^ma gm^miV...
Vw_Mo d MidirMo Iao Am_dm hUOo Vw_Mr nwVHo$,
"{V{_amVZw r VoOmH$S>'o hm Vw_Mm ~hXJW ,
`mnwT>rc Midir`m {dMma-_mJmMm XrnV^!
Midi Va Ahmoam Vwhr MmcdcrMnMdrg df}
AZw`m`mMr eoH$S>mo ~m{Ho$ KoVcr...
{ZfoY, {ZXeZ,o g^m, {_adUwH$m Am{U CnmofUhr Ho$cog.
{_m,
BV`m N>mQo >m d`mV AZ Ho$di nMdrg-Vrg dfmV
_hm_mOt`m dmQ>do $Z dmQ>Mmc H$aV
Vr dmQ>M Vy {H$Vr cm~X d AmH$fH$ ~Z{dcrg!
(Cô) AemoH$ (ecmMm ^mD$), Za|, XrZmZmW, XodXm, XmgmX, AVre, g, (IwMuda) crcmdVr, ecm,
mB (ecmMr AmB), mB, hrX, cVmd{hZr, gwZ, {Mm, (O{Zrda) gVm, w$m, ApVm.
(Wi - gmVmam, mBMm 75 dm dmT>{Xdg, {X.4 {S>g~| a 1978)
mmgmoa mZr H$Yrhr mmgmR>r

mZm H$mhr H$amcm Z {imMr IV
~mocyZ XmIdcr Zmhr. nU Amhm XmoKmMr
Or eodQ>Mr wcmIV EH$m nonacm {Xcr hmoVr,
mV mZr ho OmhranUo m Ho$c hmoV H$s""ecmMm r Iyn AnamYr Amho Ag cm dmQ>V.
H$maU r {VmgmR>r H$mhr H$$ eH$cmo Zmhr.''
r hQ>c, ""Ahmo, AnamYr H$emcm dmQy>Z KoVm?
Vwhr AmhmV H$s mm~amo~a!
Am{U H$mhr Zgc Var AmnU XmoKo AgoM EH$oH$mZm
^mS>mcm Var AmhmoVM Zm. Amncr V Aer
Hw$Umhr Xgmgmoa mS>Vm oV ZmhrV.
amo{Q>H$ o H$m Hw$Urhr H$$ eH$V.
nU ho Oo EH$oH$m~c dmQ>V, Vo Ia Ia gmJU
hoM hdmM AgV. Ag AgyZhr AmnU EdT>
H$m H$m MmJc H$aVmo, {Xdgâ EH$oH$mZm
ôQ>Vgwm Zmhr, Varhr Amnmcm EH$oH$mm
emQ>H$qOM OmV {XgVmV, H$maU Amncr dmQ>
nao$eZMr Amho.''
ecm Xm^mocH$a
gmYZm
31
Am{U d{S>bmH$S>rb Zm`mVrb {iyZ Xhm-~mam wb Amhm

^mdS>m~ amo~aM dmT>br. `m doib
o m AmM Ka N>mQo > hmoV. hUOo
Amhr gd OU Ho$di XmoZ-VrZ Imo`mò amhV hmoVmo. BVH$m
JmoVmdim gm^mim`Mm hQ>`mda nemMr MUMU H$m`
Agm`Mr. nU Ag Agb Var Amhr gJio A{Ve`
Jw`mJmoqdXmZ amhV hmoVmo. hr gJir AmnbrM wb AmhoV,
Aer AmB~m~mMr; Va hr AmnbrM ^mdS> AmhoV, Aer Amhm
wbmMr ^mdZm hmoVr. `mwio "Amnb Am{U naH$' qH$dm "mP
Am{U VwP' hr ôXmMr ^mdZm bhmZnUmnmgyZ Am`m Zmda
H$Yrhr q~~br Zmhr. CbQ> AmnU gJio EH$, hoM H$m` Zmda
R>gb Job. AOyZhr m`m ZmV hrM ^mdZm Amho.
Am`mnH$s H$mhr OU amR>r m`mV, Va H$mhr Bpbe
m`mV hmoV.o ~m~mZm Ag dmQ>m`M H$s mPr ~mobm`Mr nV
dJao MmJbr Amho, Vohm r Bpbe m`mV {eH$md. hUyZ
~m~mZr g|Q> Omogo $ H$mh|Q>ò mP EH$Q>rM H$m hmoBZ m, Zmd
KmVb. ho gJi `mZr Odi nwago o ngo ZgVmZm H$mQ>H$garVyZ
Ho$b. m Amhm wbmZm H$mhr H$r nSy> {Xb Zmhr. "Amhr
Vw`mgmR>r ho ho Am{U BVH$ Ho$b' Ag dm` m`m AmB~m~mZr H$Yrhr Cmab Zmhr.
mPo ~mbnU
1942 Mm dmV`bT>m Mmby hmoVm, Vohm mPo dS>rb
~oiJmd "VU ^maV'Mo gnmXH$ hmoV.o dmnmM H$m H$aVmH$aVm Oob Vg Vo dmV`m`m MidirVhr H$m H$aV AgV.
m`m d{S>bmZm `m`m bhmZnUr $mago MmJbo H$mQ>w { ~H$
OrdZ {imbo ZhVo. `m`mgmaIr Aer ${MV mUg
AgVmV H$s, `mZm gmYmZr ~mbnU {iV Zmhr. naVw
`m`mò EHy$U OJm{df`r Am{U mUgm{df`r Iyn
MmJb
y nUm d AmWm AgVo. ZmW n dJag| maIr mUg Vohm
dmV`m`m MidirV ^y{JV Pmbobr hmoVr. Aem ^y{JV
H$m`H$`mZm amhm`bm OmJm XoU, `mMr Im`m{n`mMr
`dWm H$aU, `mZm bmJob Vr XV H$aU, Oobò
Agbo`m H$m`H$`m`m Kar OmD$Z `m`m Ka`m S>itZm
{Xbmgm XoU, `mZm H$mhr hd-ZH$mo Vo nmhU. Vohm
MidirV`m bmoH$mH$S>o ngo ZgV, `mwio `m`mH$S>o ngo
AgV `m`mH$S>o OmD$Z Vo mJU d `mVyZ H$m`H$`mZm H$m`
hd-ZH$mo Vo ~KU AmXr {d{dY H$m mPo dS>rb A{Ve`
AmWoZo d Oob~mhoa amhZ H$aV AgV.
EH$ Hw$Qw>~ nVr Am{U AmMr KS>U
mPr AmB Jmo`mMr Amho. `m doib
o m Jmo`mV nmoVJw rOmM
am` hmoV. `mwio m`m mmMr wbo {ejUmgmR>r ~oiJmdbm
Ambr. Vr Am`mM d`mMr hmoVr. {edm`, d{S>bm`m
Zm`mVbr H$mhr wbh r Am`mH$S> hmoVr. hUOo AmBH$S>rb
gmYZm
32
{MaVZ y`mM amonU

Xgar hdmMr Jmo> hUOo, ~m~m Amhm wbmZm XaamoO
dmnmVrb boI dJao dmMyZ XmIdm`Mo. `mV AmMm` A`mMo
"amR>m'Yrb Iyn gwX a boI Agm`Mo. g`mH$mir AmR>ZD$bm H$mmd$Z naV Am`mZVa ~m~m Amhmbm AJbI
o
dmMyZ XmIdm`Mo. boI dmMVmZm Vmo H$gm dmMbm nm{hOo,
`mVrb {dam{MhmZgw ma-gdmXmZgw ma AmdmOmMm MT>-CVma
H$gm H$am`Mm, Hw$R>`m eXmda H$Yr {Z H$gm â m`Mm,
`mVbm hdmMm wm H$m` Amho B. gOyZ gmJV. `mVbr EH$
AmR>dU Aer H$s- Amn`mbm Oa Hw$Um~b MmJb gmJm`M
Agob Va AmnU H$g gmJy eH$Vmo qH$dm Hw$Um~b dmBQ>
~mobm`M Agob Va {H$Vr ~moby eH$Vmo, ho A`mZm {H$Vr MmJb
`m`M, ho Vo gmJm`Mo. Vohm Ao H$m` n.Zoh$da Iyn Q>rH$m
H$am`Mo. nU Oohm Zoh$ Job,o Vohm A`mZr Zoh$da gbJ 13
{Xdg Iyn MmJbo boI {b{hbo. `m boImMr H$mUo ~m~mZr
Amhm wbmgmR>r H$mTy>Z R>do br hmoVr Am{U Vr Amhmbm
nwZ:nwhm dmMm`bm bmdbr hmoVr.
~m~m Amhmbm doigJr {eH$dm`Mo, nU `m {eH$d`mV
AdmVd {eV Zgm`Mr. `mCbQ> mPr AmB A{Ve` {eV~
hmoVr. AmBMr AmB (AmOr) {V`m bhmZnUrM Jobr hmoVr,
`mwio AmBZ Ag R>adb hmoV H$s, {OW Hw$R> AmnU amh {VW
B{S>nS| > Q> Agb nm{hOo. {V`m ZmMr Vr R>do U hmoVr. `mwio
Vr Amhm wbmZm Iyn {eVrV dmT>dm`Mm `Z H$am`Mr.
{eVrd$Z `m XmoKmV ^mS>Uh r hm`Mr. gmh{OH$M AmMm
H$b ~m~mH$S> OmV Agm`Mm, H$maU ~o{eV amhm`bm
nadmZJr Agm`Mr. `mZr `m`m {dMmammUo Amhm wbmZm

dmT>db. "dmT>db' hU`mnojm "KS>db' Ag hUU A{YH$
g`w{$H$ R>ab
o . "{XdgmH$mR>r EH$ Var MmJbr Jmo> Ho$br
nm{hOo,' Agm EH$ gH$maM `mZr Am`mda Ho$bm hmoVm. Ia
hUOo, Amhr Vgo Jar~M hmoVmo. Ka OoVo nemda Mmbm`M.
Aem pWVrVhr dS>rb hUm`Mo H$s, ""ebm, Amn`mOdi Oo
Amho Vo H$m` OmVr Amho Ag gOm`M, hUOo Vw`mOdi
EH$ ^mH$ar Agob Va `mVbr MVH$moa Xgmgbm XoVm Ambr
nm{hOo.'' Aem {H$Vr Var Jmo>r bhmZnUrM ~m~mZr Amhm
wbmZm {eH$d`m hmo`m, `mhr nwT> OmD$Z gmJm`M Va {MaVZ
y`mM amonUM Am`m ~mbZmda Ho$b hmoV. AmO `mM bm
Iyn hd OmUdV.
AmZXmMr d gH$mamMr nwaMwS >r
EH$ hdmMr Jmo> gm{JVbr nm{hOo H$s, ~m~m JmYrOt~b
d EHy$UM `m`m Midir~b Iyn MmJb Am{U â^$Z
~mobm`Mo. `mZm {Xgbobo JmYrOr, JmYrOt`m Jmo>r,
JmYrOtMm {dMma qH$dm n. Zoh$ ~oiJmdbm Ambo VohmMr
`mMr ^mfU, Ag ~aM H$mhr Vo Amhmbm gmJm`Mo. {edm`
`m doir ~oiJmdmV Iyn ZmQ>H$mMo `moJ hm`Mo. mPo ~m~m
dmnmò Ag`mZo `mZm ZmQ>H$mMo nmg H$m` `m`Mo.
`mwio ~m~m Amhmbm Xa Ionb
o m ZmQ>H$mbm KoD$Z Om`Mo. `m
CbQ> AmB hUm`Mr H$s, "ZmQ>H$ ~KyZ wb {~KS>Vrb.' mPm
^mD$ {VM EoH$m`Mm Am{U Kar ~gm`Mm. r m Oam AdIi
Ag`mZo ZmQ>H$mbm Om`MoM. `m H$mimV r Iyn ZmQ>H$
nm{hbr. hm H$mi m`mgmR>r Iyn AmZXmMm Jobm. hm H$mi
hUOo AmZXmMr nwaMwS >rM. hm AmZX Xgm~amo~a dmQy>Z
Ko`mMr EH$ gd`M bmJbr. ho H$aVmZm AmnU $ma H$mhr doJi
H$aVmo AmhmoV, Ag bm H$YrM dmQ>b Zmhr. r d^mdV
gai MmbUmar Ag`mZ OJhr VgM Amho, Ag bm
dmQ>m`M. `mwio Amn`mH$S>o Oo Amho Vo H$m` Xgmbm {Xb
nm{hOo qH$dm Xg`mer eoAa Ho$b nm{hOo, Ag bm dmQ>m`M.
`m gJ`mwio Am`m Zmda ZH$iV H$mhr MmJbo gH$ma
Pmbo. gH$mamZr AmM ~mbnU J âbob hmoV, Ag hQ>b
Var dmdJ hmoUma Zmhr. Ag ~mbnU ${MVM Hw$Umbm {iV,
Vo m`m dmQ>mbm Amb `mM bm Iyn gmYmZ dmQ>V.
r S>m Q>a Pmbo
bm o{S>H$bbm AS>{eZ {imbr. nU nwH$iXm Km~$Z
r H$mbOo YyZ naV Kar `m`Mo. J ~m~m bm nwhm
H$mbOo ò gmoS>y Z `m`Mo. Ag H$aV-H$aVM r S>m Q>a Pmbo.
nwT>o bm E.S>r. (o{S>{gZ) H$am`M hmoV. AmMo EH$ ga
EAmagrnr (bS>Z) hmoV.o `mM {Q>qMJ Am{U Amoaeo Z Iyn N>mZ
hmoV. EH$m moR>m gaH$mar hmpnQ>bbm Vo AQ>M hmoV,o `mwio
Iyn OUmMr godm H$aVm `m`Mr. bm Ag dmQ>m`M H$s,
AmnUhr EAmagrnr H$$Z `mM H$mbOo ò {ejH$ hUyZ

amhmd. mPr BQ>Z{ en Mmby AgVmZm bm o{S>{gZò Iyn
N>mZ mg nS>bo hmoV.o Vr grQ> bm Z$s {iUma hmoVr.
`mgmR>r nemMr OdmOdnU Ho$br hmoVr. `m H$mbOo bm
Jar~ bmoH$mM Iyn moR> SZo Oo hmoV. {VWo Oa H$m H$am`Mr gYr
{imbr AgVr Va r hOmam|Mr godm H$$ eH$Uma hmoV.o `mwio
{VW OmD$Z bJoM H$mmbm gwdmV H$am`Mr, Agm mPm {dMma
hmoVm. m Kar ò`mMr mPr Or AmoT> hmoVr, `mwio grQ>
{iyZgwm mPm AQ>S| > g H$r nS>bm. `mwio Vo hUmbo H$s, hr
grQ> Amhr Vwbm ghm {h`mZo XoD$. J r EnrEggr`m
narjobm ~gbo Am{U VrV nmg hmoD$Z bm JSo > 2 : JPQo >So >
Am{$gaMr nmoQ> {imbr. mP nmopQ>J ~oiJmd`m {gphb
hmpnQ>bò Pmb. `mwio AmVm naV E.S>r. o{S>{gZbm
Om`M H$s Zmhr, Agm m C^m am{hbm.
b ZmdmMr VmnXm`H$ Jmo>
`m doir mP d` gwmao nMdrg df} hmoV. m`m S>mo `mV
bmMm {dMmahr Ambobm ZhVm. naVw AmOy~mOyM OJ ~KyZ
eodQ>r m`m ZmV nwhm

{dMma `m`bm bmJbm H$s,
Hw$R> Var Am`w`mV Amn`mbm
goQ>b hmdM bmJUma Amho.
`m VmnmVyZ AmnU H$mhr gwQ>y eH$V
Zmhr. `mVyZ ZmV ZH$iV
VwbZmhr hm`bm bmJbr, H$s
hr gJir ngdo mbr, {OmgImoa
wb EH$sH$S> Am{U gmVmaMm
Vmo wbJm EH$sH$S>. m XmoKmV
Iyn $aH$ Amho. H$maU `mZ
{ZXmZ Amn`mbm nyU dmV`
{Xb Amho. {edm` Vmo bm
Iyn [anoQ>hr H$aVmo- m`mda
Iyn {dmg R>do Vmo`; $$ r
Ka Mmbdmd,
EdT>rM `mMr Anojm Amho.
gmYZm
33
m`m AmBMr BN>m hmoVr H$s, r b Ho$bM nm{hOo. r {Vbm

hUm`Mo H$s, "Zmhr, bm AOyZ Iyn {eH$m`M`.' Am`m
EH$ b{bVm S> EH$Q>mM amhm``m. `m`mgmaIM
AmnUhr EH$Q> amhmd, Aer mPr BN>m hmoVr. nU AmB bm
{Xdgâ gmaI gmaI VoM- bmMM ~mobm`Mr. `mwio r nU
Iyn dVmJm`Mo. eodQ>r bm Ag dmQ>m`bm bmJb H$s, `mVyZ
gwQ>m`M Va AmnU b Ho$bobM Cm. r `m {gphb
hmpnQ>bò JPQo >So > Am{$ga hmoV,o `m hmpnQ>bbm
~oiJmdmVb EH$ o{S>H$b H$mbOo AQ>M hmoV. `mwio {VWhr
bm boMaa hUyZ {eH$dm`bm Omd bmJm`M. `m H$mbOo mV
`mZm r {eH$dm`Mo, Vr ~hVHo $ wb hr S>mZo eo Z ^$Z Ambobr
hmoVr. {edm`, H$mhr OU m`mnojm d`mZhr moR>o hmoV.o mPr
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34
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gmYZm
35
`m {Xder Iyn Iyn AmZX Pmbm. H$maU ZmoH$ar gmoS>`mZVa

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36
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o m
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Cm qH$dm nadm naV òBZ .''
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r Am{U Vwhr {iyZ Om`M,
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37
OmomV dmT>br Am{U nwT>o nwT>o Va Amhmbm hohr e` hmoBZ m.

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38
H$mhr ZdrZ KamV amhm`bm OmUma Zmhr. {dZmH$maU AmUIr

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39
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H$a`mMm H$Q> {XrVM aMcm Jocm Am{U `mMo `mM ^mfoV
Cma XoUo _cm H$_m Pmco. {dZ`mZo d gmO`mZo dmJ`mV
_cm AmZX hmoVmo. H$moR>ho r amJmd`mMm gJ Amcm, Va _cm
mg hmoVmo. _cm {c{hcoco n {grg md`mg ZH$mo hmoV,o Ago
AmnU AJa mVm`j hU`mg V`ma Agmc; Va
XImdco`m ^mdZm~c {Xc{Jar `V H$a`mg _r V`ma
Amho. _m X_~mOr H$$Z - amV AmdmO CR>Vm H$m_m Zò,
Agm ~Xmo~V H$a`mMm `Z Agoc Va- {H$_mZ
_m`m~m~VrV AmnU èdr R>aUma Zmhr, Ago _cm Z_nUo
gwM{dco nm{hOo.''
""Zmhr- Zmhr, _r {dMma H$aVmo.'' Ago ~Am hUmco
Am{U _r ~mhoa nS>cmo.
gd MM}_ò ~Am `mMm Moham EImm _hmnmnr
_mUgmgmaIm {XgV hmoVm. `m`m EHy$U Am{d^mdmd$Z H$moR>o
Var H$mio-~oao cnV Amho, Ago _cm gmaIo dmQ>V hmoV.o
Xnmar EH$`m gw_mamg _r Kar Amcmo. OodU V`ma hmoV.o
gwQ>rMm {Xdg Agcm hUOo Amhr gd OU {_iyZ OodV Agy.
KamVrc _S>ir dmQ> nmhV hmoVr. OodUmgmR>r IwMuda ~gcmo.
BV`mV _mPm {MQ>Urg AmV Amcm.
""`y.EZ.Am`.Mm \$moZ Amho. \$moZ _hdmMm Amho d `mZm
Vw_`mer ~mocmd`mMo Amho.''
gmh{OH$M _r CR>cmo. \$moZ KoVcm. _mPo {_ aJamOZ
`mMmM \$moZ hmoVm.
""_mohZ, EH$ J^ra dm Amco Amho. Vwhmcm Vo nVYmZmMo
n {_imco AgocM. Vwhmcm _{_S>imVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$`mV
Amco Amho.''
""aJamOZ, _cm Amn Var Vgo n Amcoco Zmhr. _r
AmmmM ~AmH$S>o hmoVmo. Vohr Vgo H$mhr hUmco ZmhrV.''
""_J... Vw_Mr {V{H$`m H$m`?''
""Aao, _cm H$mhr _mhrVM Zmhr, Va {V{H$`m H$m`
XoUma?''
Vmo \$moZ Imcr R>do Vmo VmoM nwhm KQ>r IUIUcr. nr.Q>r.
Am`. dmgWoMm `mM Ame`mMm \$moZ hmoVm. `mZmhr VgoM
Cma {Xco. VodT>mV EH$m Img JmS>rVyZ nVYmZmMm grc~X

cImoQ>m _m`mH$S>o Amcm. nVYmZmZr {c{hco hmoV,o
nVYmZ {Zdmg,
Zdr {Xcr
1 _mM 1975
{` lr. Ym[a`m,
AmnU {Xco`m H$mhr ^mfUmMo dmnmVrc Ahdmc Am{U
_hmam> Xoe H$mJgo H${_Q>r`m nmcm AmnU YmS>cc
o o Cma
dmMyZ _cm Am`mMm \$maM YH$m ~gcm. `md$Z ho gwn>
hmoVo H$s, `m~m~VMo Amnco {dMma H$mJgo njm`m
{dMmaUmcrer {_iVoOi
w Vo ZmhrV.
Amn`m _ZmV H$mhr eH$m hmo`m, Va `m _m`mn`V
nmoMdUo ho Amnco H$V` ZhVo H$m`? Aem n[apWVrV AmnU
`mnwT>o _{_S>imV amhUo `mo` R>aUma Zmhr. _r am>nVtZm
`m_mUo H$idV Amho.
Amncr Zohm{H$V,
B{Xam JmYr
nVYmZmMo n 2 _mMcm Xnmar EH$ dmOyZ nYam {_{ZQ>mZ r
_m`m hmVr Amco Agco, Var `mda 1 _mM 1975 hr VmarI
hmoVr. hUOo AmX`m amrM gd ~Zmd V`ma hmoVm. ~Amer
Pmco`m MM}_ò nVYmZ ZmamO AmhoV `mncrH$S>o _m`m
amOrZm`mg~Y r Vo EH$ eXhr ~mocbo ZhVo. _cm ~mocmdyZ
KoD$Z, B{XamOtZm _mPm amOrZm_m Ho$hmhr _mJVm Amcm AgVm
d jUmYmV Vmo XoD$Z _r _moH$imhr Pmcmo AgVmo. _m`m
dm{^_mZr d^mdmMr nVYmZmZm nyU H$nZm hmoVr. Ago
AgVmZm `m Ame`mMo n nVYmZmZr H$m {chmdo? Vo n
_m`m hmVmV nS>`mnyduM, dmn gWmH$S>o "nVYmZmZr
_mPo amOrZm_mn am>nVtZm {_imco,

naVw nVYmZmZr _cm n nmR>{dco
Agco Var am>nVtZm H$mhr
H$i{dcoco ZhVo. H$Xm{MV,
"`mnwT>o Vwhr _{_S>imV amhUo
B> hmoUma Zmhr; Vgo _r am>nVtZm
H$idrV Amho', ho g_O`m~amo~a
_r _{nX dmM{d`mgmR>r `m`mH$S>o
YmdV OmBZ d "Ago H$mhr H$$ ZH$m',
Aer {dZdUr H$arZ,
Aer `mMr H$nZm Agmdr.
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`m`mH$Sy>Z Kar nmohmoM`mZVa H$mhr {_{ZQ>mV M nr.Q>r.Am`. d
`y.EZ.Am`. `m dmgWmMo \$moZ H$m Amco?
Coe n> hmoV.o O`H$me ZmamÙ d am>r` dmr`m gd
Zo`m~amo~a nVYmZmZr gwgd mX gmYmdm, `m _mJUrcm `j
H$mJgo _YyZ \$ma _moR>m {VgmX {_i`mg gwdmV Pmcr hmoVr!
Vgo Pmco AgVo, Va _y`mMr H$Xa H$aUmao ZoVMo XoemMo ZoV d
H$$ eH$co AgVo; BVa ZoVo B{Vhmgm`m Imoc XarV \o$H$co Joco
AgVo, nmcmnmMmo`mV O_m Pmco AgVo. ho Q>mi`mgmR>r,
H$mJgo _Yrc gwgd mXmMm AmdmO ~X H$a`mgmR>r ho {dMmanydH $
aMcoco Hw${Q>c H$maWmZ hmoV.o H$mJgo njmVJV cmoH$emhr`m
nmR>rV Iwngcocm Vmo IOra hmoVm. `mM~amo~a AmUIrhr EH$
S>md hmoVm.
cmoH$gô`m d am`gô`m {Z`_mZwgma _{_S>imMm
amOrZm_m XoUm`m _`mcm g^mJhm_ò amOrZm`mg~Y r
Amncr ^y{_H$m {deX H$a`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. _m
_{_S>imVyZ `mcm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$`mV Amco Amho, Aem
_`mcm Vr gYr {_iy eH$V Zmhr. {ZdoXZ H$a`mMm _mPm
A{YH$ma {hamdyZ Ko`mgmR>r Am{U njmV O~aXV XheV
{Z_mU H$a`mgmR>r hm A{^Zd n{dm Q>mH$`mV Amcm hmoVm.
ggXo`m H$m_H$mOmMo {Z`_ _cm MmJcoM AdJV hmoV.o
nVYmZ d H$mJgo A`jmMm hm H$Q> CYiyZ Q>mH$`mMm _r
VH$mi {ZU` KoVcm. _`mMm amOrZm_m nVYmZm_m\$V
am>nVtH$S>o nmR>{d`mMr Wm Amho. Vr Wm JwS >miyZ R>do Zy _mPm
amOrZm_m am>nVtH$S>o Vm~S>Vmo~ admZm H$a`mMo _r R>a{dco.
gwXd mZo _mPo g{Md, Q>Zo mo dJao hOaM hmoV.o amOrZm`mMo EH$
N>mQo >go o n V`ma Ho$co. nVYmZm`m nmMr V `mcm OmoS>cr
Am{U _mPm amOrZm_m am>nVtH$S>o admZm Ho$cm. H$moUmMm
{dmghr ~gUma Zmhr- nVYmZmMo n Xnmar EH$ dmOyZ nYam
{_{ZQ>mZ r _m`m hmVr Amco Am{U nYam {_{ZQ>m `m AmV _mPo
amOrZm_m n am>nVtH$S>o admZm Pmco. _mPo am>nVtH$S>o
nmR>{dcoco amOrZm_mn Ago hmoV-o
_mM 2, 1975
Xnmar 1.30
_mZZr` am>nVrOr,
_cm nVYmZmH$Sy>Z AmmmM EH$ n Amco Amho. `mMr V
gmo~V OmoS>cr Amho. nVYmZmZr `mMr hr BN>m _cm g_j
AJa H$moUmH$adr H$i{d`mMm MmJc
w nUm XmIdcm AgVm, Va
VnaVoZo d _ZmnmgyZ _r _m`m nXmMm amOrZm_m `mZm {Xcm
AgVm. _mPo ho n hUOo ^maV emgZm`m _{_S>imVrc
_m`m nXmMm amOrZm_m hUyZ H$n`m _mZmdo. `m~m~VMr _mPr
^y{_H$m d ^m` _r cmoH$gôV AWdm nH$ma n[afXoV _mS>rZ.
gmXa Um_.
Amncm Z_,
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am>nVtZm nmR>{dco`m amOrZm_mnmMr V nVYmZmH$S>o

admZm Ho$cr. Xnmar naV ò`m~c _mPo {MQ>Urg, ghm`H$ d
Q>Zo mo `mZm gm{JVco Am{U KamVrc _S>it~amo~a emVnUo
^moOZmg ~gcmo. gd KQ>ZmMr H$nZm `mZmhr Amcr hmoVr. hm
gJ Ho$hm Var òUma, `mMr gdmZmM OmUrd hmoVr. OodU KoV
AgVmZm ~Am `m`m~amo~a Pmco`m MM}nmgyZ am>nVtH$S>o
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d _wcmZr `m gd KQ>ZmMo dmJV Ho$co. _Zmo_Z gmW XoUm`m
_m`mgma`m ghH$mar `Vrcm nVYmZmZr gmYo MM}gmR>r
~mocmdy Zò, `mMo _cm H$_mcrMo X:I Pmco. Vo EH$ X:I
dJi`mg _{nX Jo`m~c _cm H$mhrhr dmQ>co Zmhr; CcQ>
am>r` H$V` ~OmdrV AgVmZm {_imco`m _wVVoV EH$
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ImgXma ~Zcr Agcr, Var Amn`m Hw$Qw>~ r`mg_doV
Zoh_r`mM AmZXmV JnmJmo>r H$a`mV XJ Pmcr hmoVr.
gdgm_m` OZVocm {Xco`m AmmgZmMr n[anyVV m
H$a`m`m CoemZoM _r _{_S>imV gh^mJr Pmcmo hmoVmo.
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MS> gm_` {Xco AgVmZmhr nVYmZ d H$mJgo lo>tMr
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imdarc JmS>r dMZnyVu`m imda AmU`mV H$moUVmhr
AS>ga ZhVm. dmadma gmJZy , no d {ZdoXZo nmR>dZy H$mhr
Cn`moJ hmoBZ m hUyZM 1973 `m AIoarg "AmnU
dMZnyVugmR>r R>mgo nmdco Q>mH$Uma Zgmc, Va _cm
_{_S>imVyZ _wV H$am', Aer {dZVr _r nVYmZmZm Ho$cr
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_ZmoJV Am{U _m`m `Wm `mZVa _r EH$Xm `Vhr Ho$`m.
JwOamV_Yrc VUmMo AmXmocZ Vrd Pmco. `m ^S>H$co`m
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Amncr am>r` O~m~Xmar Am{U OZVocm {Xcocr n{d
AmmgZo {dg$Z am`H$Vm nj d gd Xoe gKfm`m XarV
\o$H$cm OmUma, Aer n> {Mho {Xgy cmJcr; Vohm _r
H$_mcrMm AdW Pmcmo. S>mi
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IwMu`m gajUmgmR>r gd Xoe Agwa{jV H$a`mMm _cm
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H$aUmao ZoVo AWdm S>mi
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n nmR>{dco Agco Var am>nVtZm H$mhr H$i{dcoco ZhVo.
H$Xm{MV, "`mnwT>o Vwhr _{_S>imV amhUo B> hmoUma Zmhr; Vgo
_r am>nVtZm H$idrV Amho', ho g_O`m~amo~a _r _{nX
dmM{d`mgmR>r `m`mH$S>o YmdV OmBZ d "Ago H$mhr H$$

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gai _{_S>imVyZ H$_r Ho$`m_wio ggXoV {ZdoXZ H$a`mMm
A{YH$mahr Jocm AgVm.
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cmJcr Agcr- Var g_mYmZr {MmmZo
dm{^_mZr OrdZ OJUo _cm
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B{Xam JmYr : AmUr~mUr Omhra Ho$cr Vohm
nVYmZm`m H$m`mc`m_m\$V gd gV Pmco hmoVo Am{U

^maVr` AmH$medmUrd$Z Vmgm-Vmgmcm hm Ag` Mma gw$
hmoVm. VoM g` Amho, Ago {g H$a`mgmR>r Iyn IQ>nQ> Pmcr.
naVw _mPo amOrZm_mn am>nVtH$S>o nmohmoMco hmoVo Am{U doi d
VmaIogh Ver coIr nmoM _m`m hmVmV hmoVr. `m_wio `mMm
ZmBcmO Pmcm. AIoarg am>nVr ^dZmVyZ amr Iyn C{eam EH$
nH$ {grg Xo`mV Amco Am{U Omhra H$a`mV Amco H$s""nVYmZm`m g`mZwgma lr. _mohZ Ym[a`m `mMm
_{nXmMm amOrZm_m am>nVtZr drH$macm Amho.'' (2 _mM
1975)
_cm _{_S>imVyZ dJico, H$mTy>Z Q>mH$co- hr ~mV_r Amc
B{S>`m ao{S>AmoZo {d{dY ^mfm_YyZ AIS>nUo gV Ho$cr.
^maVm`m H$moZmH$mon`mV Vr nmohmoMcr. {Xr`m n[agamV _mPo
Zmd Pmcoco hmoV.o {deofV: PmonS>nQQ>m, Jar~ d`m_YyZ
amhUmao a{hdmgr Am{U _`_dJu` `m_ò _m`m{df`r
AmWm hmoVr. ~hg ` H$mJgo H$m`H$`m`m _ZmV o_ hmoV.o
\w$c_mimgh `mMr gw$ Pmcocr arK AIS> hmoVr. ggXoMo
A{YdoeZ gw$ Ag`m_wio ImgXmamMm Vi {XrVM hmoVm.
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ôQ>`mgmR>r Amco. gdmZr A{^ZXZmMm dfmd Ho$cm. _{nX
{_i{d`mgmR>r d gmogmR>r O~aXV nYm gw$ AgVm,
gwgd mXmMm AmJh Y$Z am>{hVmgmR>r r Ho$co`m `mJm~c
`m`m _ZmV H$_mcrMr H$VkVm hmoVr. ~mYH$m_ d Jh~mYUr
_mc` Am{U {Z`moOZ _mc`mVrc ôQ>`mgmR>r Amco`m
gmYZm
64
chmZ-_moR>m A{YH$m`mZm `m KQ>ZMo o \$ma X:I Pmco. Jar~

g_mOmVrc Ag` H$m`H$V} d ghH$mar {_m`m S>m
o `mVrc
Aly nmhZ _rhr gXJ{XV Pmcmo. Vmon`V Vmam ò`mg gwdmV
Pmcr. XmoZ {XdgmV A{^ZXZna eoH$S>mo VmamMm Ajae: IM
nS>cm hmoVm. `m A{^ZXZm`m {T>Jm`mV d gwXm`m Aly `m
dmhmV _r ~wS>y Z Jocmo.
Xg`m {Xder dmnmV n{h`m nmZmda Xgam _OHy$a
ò`mMr e`VmM ZhVr. "lr. Ym[a`mZm _{_S>imVyZ
Kmc{dco', "dJico' B`mXr _Wio _m`m \$moQ>mgo h {g
Pmco. "Q>mBg Am\$ B{S>`m'gma`m H$mhr dmnmV EH$m
~mOycm chmZ MmH$Q>rV "am>nVtZr lr. Ym[a`mMm amOrZm_m
nVYmZm`m g`mZwgma _Oay Ho$cm Amho', ho dm Amco hmoV.o
Vmo H$ma nmhZ JwUr d AdJwUr _mUgmMr am_ JUoe JS>H$ar
`mZr Ho$cocr VwcZm _m`m ZOaog_moa Amcr. JS>H$`mZr hQ>co
Amho, "EImm nwnJwN>mV KmUoar`m \w$cmMo Jwcm~m`m
\w$cmer Oo _mU AgVo, AWdm _{XamnmZmV no`mVrc nm`mMo
Xm$er Oo _mU AgVo, VoM OJm_Yrc AdJwUr _mUgmMo JwUr
_mUgmer _mU AgVo.' dmnmVrc _OHy$a nmhZ JS>H$`mMr
VwcZm AmR>dcr Am{U OJm_ò VoM _mU Ag`mMo g`mer
Agmdo, Ago ghO _ZmV òD$Z Joc.o
{X. 3 _mMcm gH$mirM {XrH$amMr JXu Cgicr hmoVr.
dmno g_moa N>mQo >m Q>~o cmda nS>cr hmoVr. \$moZ òV hmoV.o
VodT>mV EH$ _hdmMm \$moZ Amcm. Vmo \$moZ hmoVm nVYmZmMo
g{Md Q>r.EZ.eofZ `mMm.
Xgam dmV`cT>m MoVdcm : (O`H$me ZmamÙ)
""Ym[a`mgmh~, _ eofZ ~moc ahm h & mB_ {_{ZQ>a

AmnH$mo ~wcm ahr h& H$c amVgo dh ~hmoV naoemZ h& Amn `hm
AmBE& AmnH$m _{nX H$m _m_cm ^r V` hmo OmEJm&''
_r emVnUo EoH$V hmoVmo. g_moarc dmnmVrc R>iH$ _Wio
'Dharia sacked', 'Dharia dismissed' ZOaog_moa hmoV.o
_{_S>imMm amOrZm_m {X`m_wio AWdm nVYmZm`m
H$madmB_i
w o OZ_mZgmV d gd Xoem_ò _mPr {V_m {H$Vr
CMmdcr Amho, `mMr MrVr _r KoV hmoVmo. Aem Ad_m{ZV
AdWoV _{_S>imV naV Jocmo AgVmo, Va Vo _mPo {OdVnUr
nH$acoco _aU R>aco AgVo. Xoem`m nVYmZmH$Sy>Z ~mocmdUo
Amco, Va H$moU`mhr `VrZo Vo drH$maco nm{hOo. _r
_{_S>imVyZ ~mhoa nS>cmo Agcmo Var H$mJgo njmV hmoVmo d
B{XamOr H$mJgo `m Zo`m hmo`m. gmh{OH$M _r nVYmZmH$S>o
OmUo _mPo H$V` hmoV.o naVw _mPm amOrZm_m _Oay Pmcm
AgVmZmgwm Amc B{S>`m ao{S>Amo d dmnm_YyZ `m VhoMm
Ohar d ~XZm_rH$maH$ Mma gw$ hmoVm, Vmo _m`m ZOaog_moa
Amcm. nVYmZmH$S>o Jo`mda "_{_S>imV `mdo hUyZ
Ym[a`mZr nVYmZmMr Iyn _ZYaUr Ho$cr, naVw nVYmZmZr Vo
_m` Ho$co Zmhr.' Aer N> ~XZm_r Va hmoUma Zmhr ZmAer eH$m _ZmV Amcr Am{U _r Cma {Xco,
""eofZOr, nVYmZ O~ MmhoJr Cg g_` _ dhm hmOra
hmoZm _oam \$O h& cmoH$g^m _| _oam Q>Qo >_Q| > hmoZo Ho$ ~mX _ O$a
AmD$Jm& _Ja AmOHo$ AI~ma {Og Vahgo âo hE h, dh
XoIH$a AmO dhm AmZm R>rH$ Zht hmoJm& Bg AdWm _|
_{_S>c _| {\$a go gh^mJr hmoZo H$m gdmc hr nXm Zht hmoVm&

IwX Ho$ dm{^_mZ H$s Omo `Vr ajm Zht H$a gH$Vm, dh Xoe
Ho$ dm{^_mZ H$s ajm H$^r ^r Zht H$a gHo$Jm& Xmo {XZ Ho$ ~mX
_ O$a AmD$Jm& _Ja AmO _ j_m MmhVm h {H$ _ Zht Am
gH$Vm&''
eofZ Var H$m` ~mocUma? {VWoM Am_Mo ~mocUo gnco. 5
_mMcm amOrZm`m~m~V cmoH$gôVrc ^mfU Pm`mZVa
ôQ>rgmR>r nVYmZmZm n nmR>{dco. Amn`m d^mdm_mUoM,
gmYr nmohmoM Xo`mMo gmO`hr `mZr XmIdco Zmhr.
3 _mMcm gH$mir eofZ `mMm \$moZ Am`mZVa
nVYmZmH$S>o Om`mMo _r Q>mico Vo `mo` H$s A`mo`- hm Z
_r Ho$hmhr {ZH$mcmV H$mTy> eH$cmo Zmhr. nVYmZmH$S>o
Jo`mZVa H$moU`mhr _{nXm`m Am{_fmcm _r ~ir nS>`mMr
e`Vm ZhVr. `m {Z{_mmZo `m`m~amo~a _moH$ionUmZo MMm
H$aVm Amcr AgVr. O`H$meOr `m`m~amo~a Pmcocr
g{dVa MMm `m`m H$mZmda KmcVm Amcr AgVr.
gKfmEdo Or am>r` gwgd mXmMm `Z hmoD$ eH$cm AgVm.
nVYmZmZr _mPo 26 \o$~dw marMo n AmX`m amr H$miOrnydH $
dmMcoco Agmdo. `m_wio `m`mda H$mhr n[aUm_ Pmcm
Ag`mg _m`mda Pmco`m A`m`mVyZ H$Xm{MV gwgd mXm`m
{dMmamcm `mZr _m`Vmhr {Xcr AgVr Am{U EH$ n{d am>r`
H$V` Ho$`mMo g_mYmZ {_iy eH$co AgVo. {H$_mZ, nVYmZ
B{XamOr d _mPo d`pVH$ ZmVo - Vrd _VôX hmoD$Zhr - MmJco
am{hco AgVo Am{U nwT>rc H$R>rU H$mimV `mMm dmna H$aUo
gmYZm
65
e` Pmco AgVo... ho {dMma _Zmg_moa Amco H$s, Vr ôQ>

Q>mi`mV AmnU MyH$ Ho$cr, Ago dmQ>V.o CcQ> gd _yò d
g~Y JwS >miyZ R>do Umao, YmoH$o ~mO amOZrVrMo gJ AmR>dco
Am{U _m`m amOrZm`mZVa KS>co `m KQ>ZmMm {MnQ>
ZOaog_moa Amcm H$s; Z ôQ>`mMm {ZU`M ~amo~a hmoVm, Ago
dmQy> cmJVo. `m_wio _m`m ddmMo d Ap_VoMo gajU _r
H$$ eH$cmo. AmO {H$Vrhr H$R>rU H$mimVyZ OmV Agcmo_`dVu _{_S>imnmgyZ _`dVu H$mamJhmn`VMr IS>Va
g\$a H$amdr cmJcr Agcr- Var g_mYmZr {MmmZo dm{^_mZr
OrdZ OJUo _cm e` Pmco Amho. EdT>o _m Iao H$s, B{XamOr
d _m`m_Yrc _moH$ionUmZo MMm H$a`mMm _mJ VohmnmgyZ
H$m`_ Hw$ {R>V Pmcm.
gmo_dma, 3 _mM 1975. _m`m amOrZm`mMm Xgam {Xdg.
ggXoMo A{YdoeZ Vohm gw$ hmoV.o _{nXmMr do Imcr R>do Zy
_r _mPo ghH$mar MeoIa d H$UH$mV `m`mg_doV Q> grZo
ggX ^dZmH$S>o Jocmo. Q> grdm`mZo ngo Ko`mg ZH$ma XoD$Z
_cm n{hcm YH$m {Xcm. dmM AS> dmS>M o ew^ dofYmar godH$
Zoh_rM hgV_wImZo _cm A{^dmXZ H$arV AgV. `m {Xder
H$VmW ^mdZoZo `m gdmZr _mPo dmJV Ho$co. Vm|S>mda hm`
Zgco, Var `mMo ^mdnyU S>mi
o o ~mocHo$ hmoV.o g|Q> c hmc_Yrc
g^mgXmZr d nH$mamZr J`mV Jim KmcyZ A{^ZXZ Ho$co.
`mZVa _r cmoH$gô`m g^mJhmV Jocmo. _cm nmhVmjUrM
gw$ Pmcocm Q>m`mMm MS> H$S>H$S>mQ>- gdmZm A{^dmXZ
H$$Z _r _m`m OmJoda ~g`mZVa emV Pmcm. {XrV
{\$aVmZm {R>H${R>H$mUr _r Vmo AZw^d KoV hmoVmo. Q> grdm`mZm
O~aXVrZo ngo mdo cmJV hmoV.o cmMmar d dmWmZo
~a~Q>co `m amOH$s` OrdZmV Anem `mJmMmhr _{h_m {H$Vr
AJmY Amho, `mMr MrVr _r jUmjUmcm KoV hmoVmo.
_hmZ _mZdr gH$VrMo Wmoa XeZ `m H$VkVoV gm_mdcoco
Amho. Amn`m mMrZ B{VhmgmnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmn`V
ghO ZOa {\$adcr, Varhr Vo cjmV òV.o gmm-gnmr`m
gm_`mda gdgm_m` OZVoMr Xò qOH$`mMo CXmhaU
H$moR>ho r AmT>iV Zmhr. ^y am_MmMo _moR>no U `m`m amOnXmV
Zmhr. Amn`m d{S>cmMo dMZ nyU H$a`mgmR>r XrK dZdmg
AmZXmZo nH$a`mV Vr Wmoadr Amho. dZdmg gndyZ am_M naV
òBn `V, dV:`m ~Yy `m nmXH$m qghmgZmda R>do Zy EImm
godH$m_mUo am`H$ma^ma Ho$cm hUyZM âVmcm AmnU
_mZVmo. ^JdmZ ~w d _hmdra amO_wI Agco Var {dcmgr
am`d^dmda R>mHo $a _m$Z _mZdr {V>o `m gajUmgmR>r Vo
~mhoa nS>c,o hm `mMm `mJ gdmZm AmH${fV H$$Z KoVmo.
Ohm{JarMm d Or hOay rMm ZmX gmoS>y Z, dV:`m gm_`mda
qhXdr dam`mMr C^maUr H$a`mgmR>r amZmdZmMm d
X`mImo`mVrc S>mJ| ar {H$`mMm H$>_` _mJ {edN>nVr
drH$maVmV hUyZM Amn`m X`_{Xamda Vo H$m`_ dma
hmoVmV. "AmYr cJrZ H$m|S>m`mM' Aer JOZm H$arV {ed~mcm
gmYZm
66
gmW XoUmao VmZmOr d eocma_m_m Amn`mcm `mgmR>rM {`

dmQ>VmV. amUr c_r~mB, dmgwXdo ~idV, dmV`dra
gmdaH$a, ^JVqgJ, Mmo$H$a~Y,y MeoIa AmPmX, ZoVmOr
gw^mf~m~y AmXr Wmoa am>dra Amn`m Agr_ `mJmVyZM Am_
OZVoMo oaUmWmZ R>aco. òey {V, _h_X nJ~ amnmgyZ
_hm_m JmYr, _m{Q>Z `wWa qH$Jn`VMo `wJdVH$ AWdm
_mg, co{ZZ, _mAmo, Mo Jhoam, hmo {M {_h `mgmaIo
H$m{VH$maH$- H$moUrhr `m - `mJm`m A{Y>mZmVyZM {Mam`y
Pmco. nmedr gmo`m Omoamda JwUJmZmMo H${_ {ZZmX H$mhr
H$mi {Z_mU H$aVm Amco, Var {MaVZ o_mMo {X` da CV_
`mJm`m Vmam_YyZM {ZKy eH$VmV.
AWmV, `m _mZmZo _{nX gmoS>U,o hm H$mhr \$ma _moR>m `mJ
ZhVm. `m >rZo 1942 `m dmV`cT>mV AWdm 1948
_ò O{Oam gWmZda dmar H$$Z hgio d lrdYZ VmcwH$o
`j Vm`mV KoVmZm Amhr H$mhr {_mZr Ho$coco YmS>g {H$Vr
Var _moR>o hmoV.o naVw dmV`mZVa ^moJdmXmcm BVH$m D$V Amcm
H$s, ^maVr` ^mo`m-^m~S>m OZVocm Anem `mJmMo
XeZhr X{_i Pmco. `m_wiMo _{nXmMm amOrZm_m EImm
namH$_mgmaIm dmQy> cmJcm. _m`m amOrZm_m H$aUmda
XoemVrc gd ^mfm_Yrc _wI dmnm_YyZ AJcI
o {g
Pmco. H$mhtZr Q>rH$m Ho$cr Agcr, Var ~hVHo $mZr \$ma _moR>m
_mUmV JmadM Ho$cm. hr AdWm Ho$di gdgm_m` OZVoMr,
H$m`H$`mMr AWdm gnmXH$mMrM hmoVr Ago Zho; Va _moR>_moR>o
ZoVho r `mcm AndmX ZhVo. O`H$me ZmamÙ `mMo `mM
gw_mamg {Xr_ò H$m`H$ _ hmoV.o EH$ ^` OZVm _moMm
Am`mo{OV H$a`mV Amcm hmoVm. `mgmR>r ghmdYr OZVm
Ad`m ^maVmVyZ òV hmoVr. {X. 4 _mMcm amMr, JwS>JmdMm
H$m`H$ _ gndyZ {XrVrc {ZdmgWmZr Om`mnydu O`H$meOr
WoQ> _m`mH$S>Mo Amco. EH$_oH$mZm {_R>r _m$Z Amhr ôQ>cmo.
EH$sH$S>>o _mPo A{^ZXZ H$arV AgVmZm ""_oar dOh go AmnH$mo
_{nX go Xya hQ>Zm nS>m'' Ago hUyZ `m`m ^mdZm{dde
S>m
o `mVZy ~mhoa òUm`m AlyZ r _cm hamU Ho$co. `m Wmoa
gy`m`m `mJ_` OrdZmnwT>o _mPm `mJ EImm _oU~mrgmaIm
hmoVm. gy`mcm AYH$mamZo doT>`mZVa chmZer `moVgwm
XoXr`_mZ dmQ>mdr, `mVcmM Vmo H$ma hmoVm.
cmoH$gôVrc _m`m {ZdoXZmgmR>r nrH$a _hme`mZr 5 _mM
1975 hm {Xdg _wH$ a Ho$cm hmoVm Am{U g^mJhm`m
H$m_H$mOmV Ver Zm|X Pmcr hmoVr. EH$sH$S>o ôQ>rgmR>r Vw\$mZ arK
cmJcr hmoVr. {X. 6 _mM`m OZVm _moMmgmR>r {XrV Amco`m
{V{ZYt_wio Vr IynM dmT>cr hmoVr. XgarH$S>o cmoH$gôVrc
^mfUmMr V`mar _r gw$ Ho$cr hmoVr. 4 VmaIo`m amr MeoIa,
H$UH$mV Am{U _r ^mfUmda AIoaMm hmV {\$a{d`mgmR>r
~gcmo. _mPm _gwXm V`ma Pmcm hmoVm. Amhr {VKmZr EH$
~gyZ Vmo dmMcm. `m C^`VmZr H$mhr gyMZm Ho$`m, `mMm
g_mdoe H$$Z mW{_H$ _gwmV _r `mo` Vo \o$a~Xc Ho$co.
`mZVa MeoIa d H$UH$mV `m C^`VmZr Vmo dmMcm Am{U

Z`m H$mhr X`m gwM{d`m. Am_Mr {VKmMr nwhm ~R>H$
Pmcr. `m MM}ZV a _r `mda AIoaMm hmV {\$adcm d nhmQ>o
gmS>no mM-ghm`m gw_mamg _mPo AIoaMo {ZdoXZ V`ma Pmco.
amr EH$ jUâhr CgV Z KoVm Amhr {VKmZr {_iyZ Vo ^mfU
V`ma Ho$co. {Z`_mZwgma 5 VmaIocm gH$mir Xhm`m nydu,
nrH$a d g^mJhm`m Zo`m hUOoM nVYmZmH$S>o coIr
^mfUmMr V admZm Ho$cr. nH$mamgmR>r gm`cmoQ>mBc Vr
H$mT>`mMr `dWm Ho$cr. ZmZ dJao AmQ>mno Zy doido a
cmoH$gôV Jocmo.
_m`m OrdZmVrc Vmo EH$ _hdnyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ {Xdg hmoVm.
cmoH$gôMo g^mJh Am{U ojH$m`m Jc`m VwS>w ~ â`m
hmo`m. nH$mam`m JcarV ~OoQ>`m {Xdgmnojmhr A{YH$ JXu
Pmcr hmoVr. {H$òH$ ò> nH$mamda Cô amh`mMr doi Amcr
hmoVr. OdiOdi gd _r, nVYmZ B{XamOr Am{U gd
{damoYr njmMo ZoVo CnpWV hmoV.o ZmomamMm Vmg gncm.
H$m_H$mOn{Ho$darc {H$aH$moi H$m_ CaHy$Z Q>mH$`mZVa
g^mnVr JwX`mcqgJ {Ym `mZr _mPo Zmd nwH$maco Am{U
Q>m`m`m {ZZmXmV _r C^m am{hcmo.
{H$Vr Var doi Q>m`mMm JOa gw$ hmoVm. _r "g^mnVr
_hmoX`' hUyZ ^mfUmcm gwdmV H$aVmM gd g^mJhmV emVVm
ngacr Am{U YraJ^ra dmVmdaUmV _mPo ^mfUdmMZ gw$
Pmco :
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""_m`mda cmXcoco EH$ X:IX ggXr` H$V`
~Omd`mgmR>r _r AmO C^m Amho. H|$r` _{_S>imMo `mJn
_r H$moU`m n[apWVrV {Xco `mMo `pVJV n>rH$aU gmXa
H$aUo, ho ZH$sM gwIX Zmhr. `m g_m` g^mJhmcm Am{U `m
XoemVrc OZVocm _r O~m~Xma Amho, `mMr OmUrd R>do Zy _r ho
{ZdoXZ H$aVmo Amho.
""AmnU g`m A`V {~H$Q> n[apWVrV AmhmoV. XoemnwT>o
A^yVnyd Z Cô AmhoV. XoemMr Am{WH$, gm_{OH$ d
amOH$s` pWVr g`m gH$ _Unyd AdWoV Amho. `m
n[apWVrMm {dMma A`V g`_mZo, naVw {VV`mM Jm^r`mZo
hmoUo Amd`H$ Amho. _mPr {^ _Vo _r nVYmZmZm nydu
H$idcr ZhVr, ho `m`m nmVrc {ZdoXZ dmMyZ _cm Am`
dmQ>c;o X:Ihr Pmco. `mZr Agohr hQ>co Amho H$s, H$mJgo
njm`m YmoaUmer _r gh_V Zmhr. ho {ZH$f H$em`m
AmYmamda H$mT>`mV Amco AmhoV, ho _r g_Oy eH$V Zmhr. n>
Iwcmgm hmdm hUyZ _r ho gmJy BpN>Vmo H$s, nVYmZmZm d
njlo>tZm _mPo {dMma H$imdoV hUyZ H$mJgo njmMr `mgnrR>o
d BVa _mJ `mMm dmna _r dmadma Ho$cm Amho. g{dVa
H$m`H$ _dOm {ZdoXZ Am{U EH$ _hdmMo n {X. 19 Zmoh|~a
1974 amoOr _r _mZZr` nVYmZmZm nmR>dco hmoV.o Zamoam òWo
hmoUm`m {e{~amV Vem VhoMm H$mc~ H$m`H$ _ hmVr
Ko`m`m CoemZo MMm hmdr, Ago _r gwMdco hmoV.o `m

XoemVrc {VJm_r eVt~amo~a èdr arVrZo gm_Zm md`mMm
Agoc; Va gm_m{OH$-Am{WH$ d amOH$s` AmKmS>mda
EH$gyr cT>m XoUo Amd`H$ Amho, Agm _mPm AmJh hmoVm.
{ZdoXZo, ^mfUo d gmdO{ZH$ dVò `m`mmao _r hrM _mPr
_Vo _mS>cr AmhoV. {X. 26 \o$~dw mar 1975 amoOr nVYmZmZm
EH$ n nmR>dZy `mV _m`m {dMmamMo A{YH$ n>rH$aU Ho$co.
{X. 11 \o$~dw marnmgyZ nVYmZmMr ôQ> Ko`mMm _r `Z H$arV
hmoVmo. Vo O_co Zmhr, hUyZ _r ho n {c{hco. _mPo {dMma
nVYmZmZm gVV H$imdoV, hUyZ _r gXd `Zerc am{hcmo.
A`V ZmOyH$ Am{U JwV mJwV r`m AZoH$ Zmg~ Y rMr _mPr
n> _Vo `m`mg_moa {ZûS>nUo _mS>`mMo gmhg _r AZoH$Xm
Ho$co Amho. {X. 7 AmQ>m~o a 1974 amoOr _r `mMr `pVe:
ôQ> KoVcr Am{U "Mm[aèy` qH$dm ge`mnX dVZ AgUm`m
`VtZm _{_S>imV R>do y ZH$m, `m_wio gaH$ma~cMm
OZVo_Yrc {dmg Zmhrgm hmoVmo', Ago `mZm n>nUo
_m`m OrdZmVrc Vmo EH$

_hdnyU Eo{Vhm{gH$ {Xdg hmoVm.
cmoH$gôMo g^mJh Am{U ojH$m`m
Jc`m VwS>w ~ â`m hmo`m.
nH$mam`m JcarV ~OoQ>`m
{Xdgmnojmhr A{YH$ JXu Pmcr hmoVr.
{H$òH$ ò> nH$mamda Cô amh`mMr
doi Amcr hmoVr. OdiOdi gd _r,
nVYmZ B{XamOr Am{U gd {damoYr
njmMo ZoVo CnpWV hmoV.o
ZmomamMm Vmg gncm.
H$m_H$mOn{Ho$darc {H$aH$moi H$m_
CaHy$Z Q>mH$`mZVa g^mnVr
JwX`mcqgJ {Ym `mZr _mPo Zmd
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_r C^m am{hcmo. {H$Vr Var doi
Q>m`mMm JOa gw$ hmoVm.
_r "g^mnVr _hmoX`' hUyZ ^mfUmcm
gwdmV H$aVmM gd g^mJhmV emVVm
ngacr Am{U YraJ^ra dmVmdaUmV
_mPo ^mfUdmMZ gw$ Pmco
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67
gm{JVco. _{_S>imV _moR>m \o$a~Xc hmoUma hmoVm, hUyZ _r

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ZhVm. nU `mMm EH$ ghH$mar `m Zm`mZo cmoH$emhr `dWoV
`mo` dmQ>Umam _mJ gwMdUo ho _mPo H$V` hmoV,o Ago _cm
dmQ>c.o _m`m gyMZmMr _mZZr` nVYmZmZr XXd mZo XIc
KoVcr Zmhr. qH$~hZm, `m`mH$S>o Xcj
M H$a`mV Amco
Am{U `mVyZ Jag_O dmT>`mgM _XV Pmcr. naVw _mPo H$V`
nma nmS>`mV _r H$YrM Hw$MamB Ho$cr Zmhr. _cm AmO n>
Bemam mdmgm dmQ>Vmo H$s, ^>mMmamg gajU XoUmar Am{U
m_m{UH$nUmg {ejm R>mRo >mdUmar cmoH$emhr qH$dm Xgar
H$moUVrhr am`nVr \$ma H$mi {Q>H$y eH$Uma Zmhr.
""_hme`, _m`m >rZo cmoH$emhr ho amOH$s` gmm
{_i{d`mMo Am{U {Q>H${d`mMo Ho$di gmYZ Zmhr. ^maVr`
am`KQ>ZMo r C{>o d `m Agr_ `mJmVyZ Amncm Xoe dV
Pmcm, `m dmV`cT>mMr C{>o gm` H$aUmar Vr am`nVr
Amho. `m_ò gd OZVocm gh^mJr H$$Z `mdo cmJoc.
`mgmR>r emgZmZo H$mhr Z{VH$ _yò Am_gmV H$aUo d

OZVo`m oaUm, {VMr X:Io `mMr XIc KoUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
hr am`nVr {MaH$mc {Q>H${d`mgmR>r `mMr JaO Amho. `m
_yc^yV _y`mMo nmcZ H$a`mV {T>cmB Pmcr, Va cmoH$emhrMr
emZ Am{U Am_mM Z> hmoBc
. OZVoMr JmhmUr, {V`m
_ZmVrc dmT>`m eH$m `m~c ~o{\$H$sa amhUo H$mhr H$mi e`
Amho; nU `mVM cmoH$emhr`m {dZmemMr ~rOo gm_mdcocr
AmhoV, Ago _mPo n> _V Amho. hUyZM _m`m~c Jag_O
hmoVrc, ho `mZr R>do Zy hr `m`m{d AmdmO CR>{d`mIoarO
_m`mnwT>o Xgam n`m`M ZhVm. {^ _Vo gmJUmam AmdmO
XS>nZy Q>mH$Uo H$mhr H$mi e` hmoBc
, naVw Vmo H$m`_ ~X H$aUo
Ho$hmhr e` hmoUma Zmhr. Aem `ZmVZy cmoH$emhr
H$m`nVrcm _XVhr hmoV Zmhr. cmoH$emhrV AmnUmcm
{_iUmar gmm d A{YH$ma `mMm CJ_ gdgm_m` OZVo_ò
AgVmo. hm dmhM AmQy>Z Jocm, Va Amncm AY:nmV AQ>i
Amho. Oo gmmYre AgVmV, `mMr gMmoQ>r d m_m{UH$nUm
Am{U `m`m_m\$V MmcUmam am`H$ma^ma `mdaM OZVoMm
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gmYZm
68
AmUr~mUrm H$mimVrc {ZXeZo
{ddmg d lm Adc~Zy AgVo. hoM cmoH$emhrMo Iao gm_`

Amho. hr lmM Oa T>iy cmJcr, Va {Zamem Am{U d\$`
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{Xgco. `m doir AZoH$ am`mV ApWaVm {Z_mU Pmcr.
H$mJgo _ò Oo Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmXi 1969 _ò Pmco, Vmo `mM
n[apWVrMm n[anmH$ hmoVm. `m njmMm Z_ H$m`H$Vm hUyZ,
H$mJgo da OZVoMr lm nwhm Wm{nV hmdr d ggXr`
cmoH$emhrdarc OZVoMm {dmg T> hmdm, `mgmR>r _r _mPm
hmV^ma cmdcm Amho. lr_Vr B{Xam JmYt`m g_W
ZoV dmImcr hr lm nwhm Wm{nV Pmcr Am{U cmoH$mZr
H$mJgo cm {Z{ddmX nmqR>~m {Xcm. 1971 `m cmoH$g^m
{ZdS>UHw $sV d 1972 `m {dYmZg^m`m {ZdS>UHw $mV `mMo
`Va Amco. 1969 Vo 1971 `m H$mimV Z`m n[apWVrcm
AZwg$Z AmnU OZVocm AZoH$ AmmgZo {Xcr. OZVocm
{Xco`m AmmgZmMr nyVu H$a`mMm {ZYma H$mJgo Zo `V Ho$cm
Amho. 1971 ZVa Amnco emgZ `m H$m`H$ _mMr m_m{UH$nUo
H$m`dmhr H$arV Amho Aer AmncrM Zho, Va OZVoMrhr Imr
nQ>dZy Xo`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZmMr hmoVr. Xm[a, ~oH$mar,
dmT>`m {H$_Vr, XZ{ XZ JaOo`m dVyM r Q>M mB Am{U `m`m
dmQ>nmMr `m` gm_wXm{`H$ `dWm, gm_m{OH$ d Am{WH$
{df_VoMo {Z_yc
Z, dmT>`m _VoXmarda {ZÙ, Am{WH$ Q>m
_mJmgco`m XoemH$S>o d OZVoVrc Am{WH$ Q>m
X~c
dJu`m`m ZmH$S>o cj Xo`mgmR>r Img Cnm``moOZm,
^>mMma d H$m`m nemMo {ZXmcZ, ^y{_gwYma H$m`H$ _mMr
A_c~OmdUr, {ejUnVrV gwYmaUm, emgZÙoMr
nwZaMZm, {ZdS>UHy $nVrV gwYmaUm `mgma`m {d{dY
g_`mda AmnU H$moUVr H$Vr H$aUma AmhmoV `mMm AmamIS>m
H$mJgo Mo 1971 d 1972Mo {ZdS>UHy $ OmhraZm_o, R>amd Am{U
nVYmZmMr dVò `m_m\$V AmnU Omhra Ho$cocm Amho. ho
Z gmoS>d`mgmR>r OZVoMo _Z:nydH $ ghH$m` {_imdo hUyZ
AmnU Amncm R>mgo H$m`H$ _ OZVonTw >o gmXa Ho$cm hmoVm. `m
H$m`H$ _mMr A_c~OmdUr H$a`mV `m AS>MUr ò`mMm
g^d Amho, `mMr OmUrd AgyZhr hr dMZo OZVocm AmnU
{Xcr hmoVr. `mMm Amhmcm XXd mZo {dga nS>cm. g^mnVrOr,
hmM Amncm H$m`H$_ BVa amOH$s` eVtZr d `VtZr AJmda
KoVcm, Va AmnU `m H$m`H$ _mH$S>o nmR> {\$ady eHy$ H$m?
Amn`mM YmoaUmMr d H$m`H$ _mMr A_c~OmdUr H$a`mgmR>r
Ago nj AWdm ZoVo `m`m~amo~a gdmX H$a`mg {damoY H$gm
hmoD$ eH$Vmo? _cm Z_nUo, naVw {VV`mM {ZYmamZo Ago
gmJmdogo dmQ>Vo H$s, Aem H$maMm gwgd mX hmM ggXr`
cmoH$emhrMm Agc Jm^m Amho.
""ggXr` cmoH$emhrMm VamOy \$ma ZmOyH$ AgVmo. hr nVr
èdr H$amd`mMr Agoc, Va {damoYr njmZm Q>rHo$Mr d hm
H$a`mMr gYr mdr cmJVo; EdT>Mo Zho, Va `mZm
am>~mYUr`m H$m`mV AmnU gh^mJr H$$Z KoV AmhmoV, hr
^mdZmhr `m`mV AmnUmg {Z_mU H$amdr cmJVo. AmO AmnU
gmYZm
69
gwImgrZ OZVoMo Z gmoS>d`mV _Jyc Pmcmo AmhmoV. AmOMo

Amnco CdJu` amOH$maU hrZ amOH$s` S>mdnoMmVM AS>H$y Z
nS>co Amho. Amn`m {Vnjr`mda _mV H$a`mgmR>rM Amncr
gmar H$mèVr CYicr OmV Amho. EH$m Jar~ am>mMo AmnU
{V{ZYr AmhmoV, hr ^mdZm `m g^mJhmV ~gUmao ImgXma H$er
{dg$ eH$VmV? ^maVmVrc 70 Q>Ho$ OZVm Amn {Zaja
Amho. dmV`m`m Jo`m 27 dfmV {ZajamMo _mU gVV
dmT>VM Joco Amho. Amn`mVrc 40 H$moQ>r OZVm
Xm[aaofI
o mcrc ^`mZH$ OrdZ H$R>V Amho. 12 H$moQ>r ehar
cmoH$gònH $s gw_mao 3 H$moQ>r cmoH$ \y$Q>nmWda, y_ nmBn_ò
qH$dm J{cN> dVrV amhV AgVmV. gw{e{jV d A{e{jV
Ago cjmdYr VU am>m`m CnmXZ-{H$òV gh^mJr hmoD$
eH$V ZmhrV. dm{^_mZmZo OJUo `mZm Ae` Pmco Amho.
Amn`m am>aMZo`m _hmZ H$m`mV AmnU gh^mJr hmoD$
eH$Vmo, hm {ddmg AmnU VU {nT>rcm XoD$ eH$cmo Zmhr.
dV:`m gm_`mda g_ d gn OrdZ AmnU OJy eHy$, `m
VUm`m Amem-AmH$mjmMm MwamS>m hmoV Amho. gmh{OH$M `m
^`mdh n[apWVr_wio MS> gm_m{OH$ VUmd Am{U
AgVmofm`m cmQ>m {Z_mU Pmco`m AmhoV. lr. O`H$me
ZmamÙ `mZr Amncr Midi gw$ H$a`mnyduM XoemV AZoH$
{R>H$mUr qhgoMo d AgVmofmMo d`\y$V CoH$ Pmco hmoV.o
VUm`m `m dcV g_`m Omon`V H$m`_ amhVrc Vmon`V
AmXmocZmMo _mU dmT>VM OmUma. hr AmXmocZo hUOo
`wdH$m`m XS>n`m Joco `m ^mdZmMo H$Q>rH$aU Amho. hr
n[apWVr AmnUmg gwYmamd`mMr Agoc, Va VU _Zm`m
Amem-AmH$mjm OmUyZ KoD$Z `mMo dcV Z gmoS>d`mgmR>r
`ZmMr namH$m>m AJH$ _mZo Ho$cr nm{hOo. `m ZmZm Ho$di
amOH$s` d$n {X`mZo Vo Z A{YH$ JwV mJwV rMo hmoVrc;
qH$~hZm, `m ZmMr gmoS>dUyH$ H$a`mEodOr AmnU Oa
Aemo^Zr` dmXJ _mOdco, Va AmnU `m C{>mn mgyZM Xya
OmD$. hUyZM `m gd dcV Zmda am>r` nmVirda gdmX
Mmcy H$amdm Am{U `m J^ra g_`m gmoS>{d`mH$[aVm EH$ am>r`
H$m`H$ _ {Z_mU H$amdm, Ago gwM{d`mMo _r YmS>g Ho$co. hm
_mPm {>H$moZ gaH$ma AWdm H$mJgo njmMo YmoaU qH$dm ggXr`
cmoH$emhrMo {gmV `m`m {d ZgyZ CcQ> gwgJ VM Amho,
Agm _mPm Z_ Xmdm Amho. gaH$ma AWdm H$mJgo {damoYr
H$moUVohr H$` _r Ho$coco Zmhr, AerM _mPr lm Amho.
""_hme`, nVYmZmZr Amn`m nmV _r _hmam> Xoe
H$mJgo g{_Vr`m A`jmZm nmR>{dco`m nmMm CoI Ho$cm
Amho. `m nm`m amOH$s` AJmMm qH$dm `mcm _r {Xco`m
CmamMm D$hmnmoh `m {R>H$mUr _r H$$ BpN>V Zmhr. nU `m
{ddoMZmer gwgJ V Agm `mVrc CVmam _r òWo {Xcm, Va Vo
A`moOH$ R>aUma Zmhr.
""...AmO`m J^ra n[apWVrV gdmX Amd`H$ R>aVmo.
_mPm hm {>H$moZ njm`m VmpdH$ >rerhr gwgJ V Amho. {X.
gmYZm
70
15 \o$~dw mar 1975 amoOr (`m {Xder AmnU Amnco n

{grgmR>r {Xco, `mM {Xder) Iw nVYmZmZr {damoYr
njr`mer dmX d AZmR>m`r {damoY Q>mi`mgmR>r H$mJgo
gX`mZr gdmX H$amdm, Aem H$maMo Amnco _ZmoJV
njgX`mnTw >o ~mocVmZm `V Ho$co hmoV.o am>nVtZr {X. 17
\o$~dw mar 1975 amoOr ggXonTw >o Oo A{^^mfU Ho$co, `m_ò Vo
hUmco hmoV,o "`m _yc^yV Zmda g_mOmVrc gdmZr J^ranUo
{dMma H$$Z, Amn`m {dYm`H$ d aMZm_H$ gyMZm AWdm
Q>rH$m gmXa H$am`mV Am{U `m Zm`m am>r` gmoS>dUwH$sMo
_mJ emoYZy H$mT>`mgmR>r gaH$ma~amo~a ghH$m` H$amdo, hm
cmoH$emhrMm _mJ Amho. `mIoarO A` H$moU`mhr _mJmZo
~o~X emhr d ^_{ZamgM nXar òBc
.' am>nVtZr `m
A{^^mfUmV _mS>cc
o o YmoaU ho H|$ gaH$maMo, H$mJgo njmMo
{dMmanydH $ R>a{dcoco YmoaU Amho. hrM _mJUr _r H$mJgo `m
{e{~amV d A` Ho$cr Amho. Vgo H$a`mV _m`m hmVyZ
H$moUVmhr Jwhm KS>cc
o m Zmhr. _r Oo H$mhr gm{JVco Amho; Vo
Xoem`m, cmoH$emhr`m, H$mJgo njm`m Am{U Amn`m
nVYmZm`m {hVmgmR>rM gm{JVco hmoV,o ho _r nwhm n> H$$
BpN>Vmo. Vgo H$aUo hmM Oa Jwhm Agoc, Va _r ho CKS>nUo
_m` H$aVmo H$s, _r Vmo Jwhm Ho$cocm Amho Am{U Xoem`m d
cmoH$emhr`m {hVmgmR>r Ho$hmhr, {H$Vrhr qH$_V mdr cmJcr,
H$moUVmhr `mJ H$amdm cmJcm, Var {Z^`nUo d nwZ: nwhm Vmo
Jwhm _r dmadma H$aUma Amho...
""am>nVtZr EImXr gyMZm Ho$cr Am{U VoM {dMma Oa
nVYmZmZrhr `V Ho$co, Va lr. O`H$me ZmamÙmgma`m
am>r` XOm`m Zo`m~amo~a qH$dm {damoYr njr`m~amo~a am>r`
nmVirda MMm H$amdr, ho gmJ`mMm _cm nyU A{YH$ma Amho.
ho njm`m YmoaUm{d Zmhr qH$dm ggXr` cmoH$emhr`m
{dhr Zmhr; qH$~hZm, Xoe g`m `m n[apWVrVyZ OmV Amho
Vr cjmV KoVm, hr _mJUr H$aUo _mPo n{d H$V`M Amho. `m
doir nanam~c A{dmg dmT>Vmo Amho, _VôX XmdV
AmhoV; `m doir ggXr` gWoZo OZVo_ò gX^md {Z_mU
H$a`mMo d nanamV ghH$m` {Z_mU H$a`mMo H|$ Pmco nm{hOo.
_hmZ am>r` C{>o gm` H$a`mgmR>r gdmX, g_PmoVm d
ghH$m` H$aUo hm Jwhm Zmhr. _m`m ^mfUmV qH$dm am>r`
Zmdarc _m`m ^y{_Ho$V {VJm_r d gZmVZr dmr~c
H$moU`mhr H$maMr ghmZw^Vy r _r XmI{dcocr Zmhr. Amn`m
C{>nVy uAmS> òUm`mMr _r J` Ho$cocr Zmhr; _m gm_m`
_mUgm`m
{hVmgmR>r
AmIco`m
H$m`H$ _m`m
A_c~OmdUrgmR>r gd _VôX ~mOycm R>do Zy Oo ghH$m`
H$amd`mg V`ma AmhoV, Aem njmMo d cmoH$mMo ghH$m`
{_i{d`mgmR>r AmnU nwT>o Amco nm{hOo. gmoMr WmZo Amn`m
Vm`mV amhmdrV hUyZ Or hrZ amOH$s` ZrVr drH$macr OmVo,
`m H$joVZy am>r` C{Q>o ~mhoa H$mT>`mMm `Z _r Ad`
Ho$cm Amho.
""Amn`m YmoaUm`m A_c~OmdUrgmR>r Amhr _XV

H$arV AmhmoV, Agm Xmdm H$aUmao Am_Mo H$mhr {_ dV:Mo
amOH$s` hoVy gm` H$a`mgmR>r M{cV n[apWVrMm dmna
H$arV AmhoV. _mPo {dMma Oohm `mZm JagmoBM o dmQ>VmV, Vohm
Vo A`V dmBQ> H$mao _mPr qZXm-ZmcVr gw$ H$aVmV.
H$mJgo `m {~H$Q> H$mimMm Ja\$m`Xm Ko`mMo H$`w{ZQ>
njm_Yrc _m`m H$mhr {_mMo `Z qH$dm amOH$s` S>mdnoMmZr
gmoV ^mJr {_i{d`mMo `mMo `Z {Z{VM KmVH$ d$nmMo
AmhoV. nwamoJm_r YmoaUm_ò {XemVa Pmco H$s, `mH$S>o
gmoB H$anUo Xcj
H$amd`mMo Am{U Amnco C{> gmY`m`m
>rZo H$_r _hdm`m Aem jwH$ Jmo>tda JhO~ H$amd`mMmho `mMo V CoJOZH$ Amho. H$mn{ZH$ d AdmVd Zmdarc
jwH$ _VôXmMm ndV C^m H$$Z H$mJgo `m m_m{UH$ d Ow`m
H$m`H$`mMr {V_m S>mJmi`mMm qZ `Z H$a`mVM Vo
JwV coco {XgVmV. nU `m nmKUmImcr `mMo X> hoVy OZVonmgyZ
`mZm cndyZ R>do Vm òUma ZmhrV. Vo Ho$hm Var CKS>o nS>Vrc
Am{U Vdey` ^y{_H$m drH$m$Z AmnU Or H$_mB Ho$cr- Ago
`mZm AmO dmQ>Vo Amho- Vr gd H$_mBhr Vo J_mdyZ ~gVrc.
""_hme`, _r `m H|$r` _{_S>imMm gX` Pm`mnmgyZ
_m`mda gmondcocr H$m_{Jar m_m{UH$nUo d {OrZo nma
nmS>`mMm `Z Ho$cm Amho. {H$òH$Xm, _mPo ò> ghH$mar d
ZoVo `m`mer _mPo YmoaU{df`H$ _VôX hmoV AgV. cmoH$emhr
`dWoV ho An[ahm` Amho. nU `m OZVoMo _r {V{Z{Yd
H$aVmo, `m OZVocm d Xoemcm {Xco`m dMZmnmgyZ _r H$Yrhr
T>icmo Zmhr. Mm`m nMdm{fH$ `moOZo`m _`H$mcrZ
_y`_mnZmMo doir _mPo {dMma d gyMZm _r nVYmZmZm coIr
{X`m hmo`m. 1972 `m gmd{H$ {ZdS>UHw $sZVa H|$ d am`
gaH$mao Am{U H$mJgo njmgmR>r EH$m H$mc~ H$m`H$ _mMo
{ZdoXZ H$mJgo Zo`mZm _r {Xco hmoV.o OZVocm {Xco`m
AmmgZmMr nyVu gda hmdr, hm _mPm AmJh hmoVm.
{Z`moOZm`m {H$òV gd Vam_Yrc OZVocm H$go gh^mJr
H$$Z KoVm òBc
, `mg~Y rMr EH$ `moOZm _r `mM doir gmXa
Ho$cr hmoVr. gQ>~| a 1972 _ò, "dmT>`m {H$_Vr, {Z`mon`moJr
d gm_y{hH$ Cn^moJm`m dVyM o dmQ>n' `m{df`r EH$ XrK
{Q>nU {Xco hmoV.o `mda MMm hmdr d {ZU` hmdm, Agm _r
AmJh YarV hmoVmo. gm_m` _mUgmcm Amd`H$ dVyM m nwadR>m
dmOdr {H$_VrV H$a`mMr Z{VH$ O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr Amho d
Vr AmnU drH$macr nm{hOo, Ago _mPo _V hmoV.o {Z` JaOo`m
dVyM m nwadR>m H$m H$amdm, `mMm {dMma H$a`mgmR>r Zo_co`m
Ym[a`m g{_VrZo {S>g~| a 1973 _ò gaH$macm gmXa Ho$co`m
AhdmcmV _r _mPo _V AmJhmZo _mS>c.o `m AhdmcmMo nwT>o
H$m` Pmco, `mMr Amn Var _cm _m{hVr Zmhr. A. ^m. H$mJgo
g{_Vr`m {~YmZZJa (H$cH$mm) A{YdoeZmV AmnU {e{jV
VUmZm OmhranUo AmmgZ {Xcoco hmoVo H$s, Xa dfu nmM cmI
VUmgmR>r amoOJma {Z_mU H$a`mMr `moOZm gaH$ma d[aV hmVr
KoBc
. `m H$m_mgmR>r {Z`moOZ-_S>imV Omo {d^mJ gw$ H$a`mV
Amcm, `mMm _r _wI hmoVmo. `m H$m`H$ _mMr AmIUr d
A_c~OmdUr H$a`mgmR>r e` Vo gd `Z _r Ho$co. nU
1975-76 `m AWgH $nmV `m Z`m H$m`H$ _mgmR>r nemMr
H$mhrhr VaVyX H$a`mV Amcocr Zmhr, ho IoXmZo Z_yX H$amdogo
dmQ>V.o Jar~ dJmgmR>r Ka~mYUr, JhhrZm`m KamgmR>r O{_Zr
d J{cN> dVr_ò gwYmaUm H$a`mgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm`mg~Y rMr AmnU Zamoam {e{~amV Or dMZo {Xcr, `mMo _aU
gd Zo`mZm _r H$$Z {Xco. `mgmR>r cmJUmam nwago m ngm
CncY H$am, Agm AmJh Yacm; nU XXd mZo `mgmR>rhr nwaeo r
VaVyX 1975-76`m AXmOnH$mV H$a`mV Amcocr Zmhr.
Amhr H$mhr {_ g|Q> c hmc_ò

~gcmo hmoVmo. AmY_ Yrc EH$ d
ImgXma {_ gy`Z mamÙ {VWo Amco.
EImm gemoYH$mcm Iyn n[al_mZVa
Zdm emoY cmJmdm Am{U `m AmZXm`m
âmV `mZo Vmo Omhra H$amdm,
Aem Am{d^mdmV Vo hUmco,
""Aao, _mohZ Ym[a`mMm amOrZm_m
d ^mfU BVHo$ ^mdr H$m R>aco,
ho Vwhmcm _mhrV Amho? _r AmmmM
_mPo mW{_H$ gemoYZ nyU Ho$co Amho.
`m _`dVu _`mMr amOrZm_m
^mfUo JmOcr, Ago _r XmoZM.
EH$ lr. gr. S>r. Xoe_wI d Xgao
lr. _mohZ Ym[a`m. Vo XmoKho r _hmam>mMo.
`m XmoKmMmhr {Ohm EH$M - Hw$cm~m,
VmcwH$mhr EH$M - _hmS>. Am{U
Vw_Mm {dmg ~gUma Zmhr,
`m XmoKmMo O_Jmdhr EH$M - ZmQ>m
(ZmVo). lr. Xoe_wI d Ym[a`m `m`m
dm{^_mZr ~m`mMo _yi nmh`mgmR>r
`m "ZmVo' Jmd`m _mVrMo d nm`mMo
gemoYZ `mnwT>o H$amdo cmJoc.''
hm`m`m H$moimV g_moarc
H$Sy> H$m\$shr JmoS> Pmcr hmoVr.
gmYZm
71
H$m`H$ _m`m A_c~OmdUrgmR>r _r gmV`mZo Mmcdcoco

`Z Aedr Pmco. EdT>Mo Zho, Va `mMr CnojmM H$a`mV
Amcr. H$moaS>r AmmgZo XoD$Z OZVoMr X:Io Ho$hmhr Xya hmoD$
eH$Uma ZmhrV. Amnhr dMZo Am{U H$Vr `m_Yrc AVa
H$m`_M Amho.
""g`m`m `m J^ra n[apWVrV Amn`m cmoH$emhr gWm
Ho$di N>m`m`w Ioi`mVM g_mYmZ _mZrV AmhoV. Amn`mcm
{_imcocr AmhmZo {ZH$S>rMr AmhoV, n[apWVr J^ra Amho
Am{U Amnco ^{dV` nUmg cmJco Amho. AmnU d`Vw > amhZ
MmcUma Zmhr. VU AdW Pmco AmhoV, Amn`m ^{d`mMm
emoY Ko`mg Vo AmVwa Pmco AmhoV. g_mOdmXr JVrgmR>r
VUmZm gK{Q>V H$a`mMm `Z Pmcm, Va g`mMr AmhmZo hr
EH$ Zm_r gYr R>$ eHo$c. Amn`m cmoH$emhr gWm VUm`m
Amem-AmH$mjmMo VrH$ ~Z`m, VaM g`m`m gYrMm `mo`
\$m`Xm H$$Z KoVm òBc
.
""g^mnVrOr, `m gJr AmnU, VgoM am`gôMo A`j,
nVYmZ, gaH$ma_Yrc d ggXoVrc _mPo ghH$mar, _m`m
H$MoarVrc H$_Mmar, ggXr` H$MoarVrc H$_Mmar `m gdmZr
Ho$co`m ghH$m`m~c Am{U o_m~c _r _Z:nydH $ H$VkVm
`V H$aVmo.
""AmnUmg MmJco {Xdg òVrc, `m AmeoZo H$mJgo njmcm
OZVoZo âKmog d _mUm~mhoa nm{R>~m {Xcm. OZVoMr `mJmMr
V`mar AOyZhr Amho. OZ{hVmgmR>r hmc gmog`mMrhr cmoH$mMr
{gVm Amho. `mMr ghZeVr MS> Amho. nU Amn`mcmM
AmmgZmMm {dga nS>cm Amho. OZVo`m Amem-AmH$mjmMm
MH$mMya Pmcm Amho. OZVm hr AdWm \$ma H$mi ghZ H$aUma
Zmhr. g:pWVrcm Ago diU cmJy Zò, Ago _cm VrdnUo
dmQ>V.o `mgmR>r H$m`H$ _m`m gda A_c~OmdUrMr JaO
Amho, hUyZM _m`m njm`m H$m`H$ _mMr A_c~OmdUr
hmdr `mgmR>r AmdmO CR>dUo _cm H$_m Pmco. gdgm_m`
Jar~ OZVoMo d VUmMo {hV gmY`mgmR>r _r AmVmn`V
`ZmMr eW Ho$cr Amho. Ago H$a`mVrc YmoH$o cjmV KoD$Zhr
ho H$m` _mPo am>r` H$V` _mZyZ _r nwT>ho r H$arV amhrZ. _r `m
VdmZr Am{U _y`mZr o[aV Pmcmo Amho, `mgmR>r cT>cmo
Amho; `m`mgmR>r H$moUVrhr qH$_V Xo`mMr _mPr gXd V`mar
Amho. H$moU`mhr XS>nUm_wio _m`m gH$pnV _mJmnmgyZ _r
namdm hmoUma Zmhr. am>r` gJm _mVrc Wmoa hVm`m`m {X`
VoOmMo dc` hr _mPr oaUm Amho. g^mnVr _hme`,
_mV^_y r`m `kmV AmhVr XoVmZm _m`m ghH$m`mZm d {_mZm
_r `j nm{hco Amho. 1942 `m AmXmocZmV _hmS> Jmdmda
H$Om H$a`mgmR>r Amhr Ho$co`m gJm _mV aVm`m
Wmamo`mV nS>cc
o r _m`m {_mMr oVo _m`m ZOaog_mo$Z
Ho$hmhr Xya OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV. gmo`m A{^cmfoZo Zmhr, Va
`m n{d `mJm`m {X` _VtZr _r o[aV Pmcmo Amho. _m`m
_`mXmMr _cm OmUrd Amho. g`_mMr ~YZohr O~aXV AmhoV.
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72
nU _r AmnUmg AmmgZnydH $ gmJy BpN>Vmo H$s, òH$

gKfm_ò dmV`cT>m`m oaUm KoD$Z cT>`mMm _mPm
{ZYma A{YH$m{YH$ nmocmXr ~ZVmo, H$R>mao ~ZVmo.
""dm_r {ddoH$mZXmZr ^maVr` VUmZm Omo gXe
o {Xcm
hmoVm, Vmo CXYV H$$Z _r _mPo {ZdoXZ gndVmo. Vo hUmco hmoV,o
"Jar~, A{e{jV, AS>mUr, nr{S>V, nXX{cV `m gdmZm Vwhr
Xod _mZm. `m gdmMr godm H$aUo, hmM Iam Y_ Amho.'
""g^mnVrOr, `m XoemMr g_r d cmoH$emhr `m{df`rMr
_mPr Amg Am{U ^mdZmMr AmVVm `m_wiMo _r ho gmao gm{JVco
Amho; amJmZo qH$dm of~wrZo Zmhr. g^mJhmZo `m emV {MmmZo
_mPo ^mfU EoH$co d AmnU Or gYr {XcrV, `m~c _r
g^mJhmMm Am{U Amncm A`V Am^mar Amho.''
^mfUmda _mPm hmV d >r {H$òH$Xm {\$acr hmoVr. `m_wio
{H$òH$ dmò _wImoV Pmcr hmoVr. H$moR>o Wm~mdo, H$moR>o Omoa
mdm, H$moR>o AmdmO Imcr AmUmdm- `mg~Y r`m IwUm
hmVmVrc Vrda Ho$`m hmo`m. gmh{OH$M EImm
H$cmH$mam`m A{^Z`mMm gmO MT>{dcm Jo`m_wio Vo ^mfU
A{YH$M AmH$fH$ d ^mdr R>aco. dmadma Q>m`m dmOdyZ gd
g^mJhmZo _m`m AmdmhZmZm {VgmX {Xcm. ^mfU gnco,
Vohm ^mamdco`m g^mgXmZr Q>m`mMm MS> H$S>H$S>mQ> Ho$cm
Am{U g^mJhmMo H$m_H$mO Mmcy AgVmZmhr gd {Z`_ {dg$Z
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`mnydu am`gôV d cmoH$gôV _mPr {H$òH$ _hdnyU
^mfUo Pmcr hmoVr. AZoH$ gJr g^mJh JmO{d`mMo H$m_ _r
Ho$co hmoV.o naVw amOrZm`mZVa Ho$coco ^mfU AdUZr` R>aco.
am>mV d naam>mV `mcm Vw\$mZ {gr {_imcr. Xoem`m
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amOrZm`mnmR>mno mR> `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^mfUm~c A{^ZXZmMm
dfmd gw$ Pmcm. Vmo drH$marV AgVmZm MeoIa d H$UH$mV
`mMm _r AmdOyZ CoI H$arV Ago, H$maU `m_ò `m
XmoKmMmhr dmQ>m hmoVm. _moH$ionUmZo Ho$co`m Jm`\$moQ>m_wio Vo
^mfU H$go V`ma Pmco, `mMrhr dUZo H$mhr dmnmVZy {g
Pmcr. gd Xoemcm H$me XoUmao Vo ^mfU V`ma H$a`mgmR>r
amâ H$me OiV hmoVm Am{U _mohZ, MeoIa d H$UH$mV
`mMm hmV ^mfUmd$Z dmadma {\$aV hmoVm- Ago dUZ "Q>mBg
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ggXo`m B{VhmgmV {MaVZ gwgd mXmMm gwJY XoUmao Vo ^mfU
AOam_a Pmco.
XmoZ-VrZ {Xdg Pmco AgmdoV. Amhr H$mhr {_ g|Q> c
hmc_ò ~gcmo hmoVmo. AmY_ Yrc EH$ d ImgXma {_
gy`Z mamÙ {VWo Amco. EImm gemoYH$mcm Iyn n[al_mZVa
Zdm emoY cmJmdm Am{U `m AmZXm`m âmV `mZo Vmo Omhra

H$amdm, Aem Am{d^mdmV Vo hUmco,
""Aao, _mohZ Ym[a`mMm amOrZm_m d ^mfU BVHo$ ^mdr H$m
R>aco, ho Vwhmcm _mhrV Amho? _r AmmmM _mPo mW{_H$
gemoYZ nyU Ho$co Amho. `m H|$r` _`mMr amOrZm_m ^mfUo
JmOcr, Ago _r XmoZM. EH$ lr. gr. S>r. Xoe_wI d Xgao lr.
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- Hw$cm~m, VmcwH$mhr EH$M - _hmS>. Am{U Vw_Mm {dmg
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`m "ZmVo' Jmd`m _mVrMo d nm`mMo gemoYZ `mnwT>o H$amdo
cmJoc.'' hm`m`m H$moimV g_moarc H$Sy> H$m\$shr JmoS> Pmcr
hmoVr.
nH$mamgmR>r V`ma R>do co`m XmoZeo VtMr Ho$hmM MQ>Ur
CS>mcr. AmUIr XmoZ-AS>rMeo Vr V`ma Ho$`m, VohmM
`mMr ^yH$ Amhr ^mJdy eH$cmo. "`J B{S>`m'_Yrc Am_Mo
ghH$mar ~mZX `mZr, `m ^mfUmMr gmaIr _mJUr hmoUma, ho
~amo~a hoaco. nwhm AmUIr EH$ amâ `mZr OmJaU Ho$co.
amVmoamV dV: w\$o VnmgyZ `mZr XmoZ hOma Vr N>mnyZ KoV`m
Am{U Xg`m {Xder gH$mir `m Vt`m JmMm ZOamUm
KoD$ZM Vo _cm ôQ>c.o
ò> AWVk d _mOr H|$r` _r S>m. hr. Ho$. Ama. hr.
amd `mZr A{^ZXZ H$aVmZm `V Ho$co`m {dMmamV gdmMo
^md gm_mdcoco hmoV.o
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cmoH$emhr`m B{VhmgmV gwdUmjamV Zm|X{dco OmBc. VwPm
gwgd mXmMm AmJh hmM m n[apWVrVyZ Xoemcm `mo` _mJmda
AmUy eHo$c. _m`mgmaIo AZoH$ MmhVo H$Xm{MV ~mocUma
ZmhrV, naVw hOmamo ^maVr`m`m ^mdZm Am{U `Wm Vy `V
Ho$`m Amhog; `m gdmMr Vwcm gmW amhrc. VwPo _`dVu
gaH$mamVrc am`_{nX Joco Agco Var `m EH$mM KQ>ZZo o
{H$_`m Ho$cr Amho. H${~ZoQ> _`mnojmhr _moR>o WmZ OZVo`m
X`mV Vwcm m Pmco Amho.''
_{_S>imVyZ {Zdm Pm`mnmgyZ S>m. amd `m`m {dYmZmMr
g`Vm _r XaamoO AZw^dV hmoVmo. eoH$S>mo cmoH$ _m`m Kar JXu
H$$Z `mM ^mdZm `V H$arV hmoV.o Q> grdmco ngo Ko`mghr
V`ma ZhVo. EH$Xm gm`H$mir MeoIa, H$UH$mV d _r {\$aV{\$aV H$ZmQ> cogcm Jocmo. AZmoiIr VUmZr \y$Q>nmWd$Z
MmcUohr Ae` Ho$co. {H$òH$ OU A{^ZXZmgmR>r nwT>o
gagmdco. Vmo~m JXu Cgicr. Am_Mm nm`r {\$a`mMm H$m`H$ _
a H$$Z Q> gr JmR>Uo An[ahm` Pmco. `m gd H$aUmV Iar
nmdVr {_imcr _m`m nwUo ehamV.
cmoH$gôVrc ^mfUmZVa nw`mcm ò`mMm AmJh gw$ Pmcm.
_VXmagKmVrc ZmJ[aH$mZm {dmgmV KoD$Z `mZm gd H$aU
g_OmdyZ XoUo _mPo H$V`hr hmoV.o `m_mUo nw`mMm H$m`H$ _
{Z{V Ho$cm Am{U 16 _mMcm _w~ BhZ {gH$Xam~mX EogZo

gm. Ym[a`mg_doV nw`mcm Amcmo. Q>eo Zda dmJVmgmR>r Vw\$mZ
JXu Cgicr hmoVr. AmJJmS>r`m S>`mVyZ Imcr CVaUohr
AdKS> Pmco. eodQ>r Q>eo Z~mhoa ò`mgmR>r nmo{cgmMr _XV
`mdr cmJcr. Q>eo Zg_moaMo Amdma \w$cbo hmoV.o hmamda hmamMm
Am{U \w$cmMm dfmd Pmcm. gXJ{XV AV:H$aUmZo gdmMo Am^ma
_mZco Am{U e{ZdmadmS>mg_moarc Omhra gôV _mPo {dMma
`V H$arZ, Ago gmJZy _m`m Kar Jocmo.
XmoZ {XdgmV hOmamo ZmJ[aH$ ôQ>rgmR>r Amco. ghmZw^Vy r,
AmXa d o_mMm _hmnya cmoQ>cm. ôQ>rg òUm`mMo S>mi
o o AlyZ r
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Amncm {V{ZYr VdmgmR>r Am{U Xoe{hVmgmR>r IwMucm
gaigai {VcmOcr XoVmo, `m EH$mM {dMmamVyZ Vohr Y` Pmco
hmoV.o `mMo H$mo_c AV:H$aU _mVogmaIo H$idico hmoV.o Xg`m
{Xder g`mH$mir e{ZdmadmS>mg_moa, VH$mcrZ _hmnma ^mB
d `m`m A`jVoImcr nwUHo $a ZmJ[aH$mZr EH$m {damQ> gôV
""am>nVtZr EImXr gyMZm Ho$cr

Am{U VoM {dMma Oa
nVYmZmZrhr `V Ho$co,
Va lr. O`H$me ZmamÙmgma`m
am>r` XOm`m Zo`m~amo~a qH$dm
{damoYr njr`m~amo~a am>r` nmVirda
MMm H$amdr, ho gmJ`mMm _cm
nyU A{YH$ma Amho. ho njm`m
YmoaUm{d Zmhr qH$dm ggXr`
cmoH$emhr`m {dhr Zmhr;
qH$~hZm, Xoe g`m `m n[apWVrVyZ
OmV Amho Vr cjmV KoVm,
hr _mJUr H$aUo _mPo n{d
H$V`M Amho. `m doir nanam~c
A{dmg dmT>Vmo Amho, _VôX
XmdV AmhoV; `m doir ggXr`
gWoZo OZVo_ò gX^md
{Z_mU H$a`mMo d nanamV ghH$m`
{Z_mU H$a`mMo H|$ Pmco nm{hOo.
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73
_mPm Jmad Ho$cm. Iyn dfmV VodT>r MS> g^m e{ZdmadmS>mZo

nm{hcr ZhVr.
_hmnma ^mB d A`jWmZr hmoV.o H$mJgo njmZo
A{YH$VnUo ^mJ KoVcm Zgcm, Varhr Ag` H$mJgo H$m`H$V}
`m doir hOa hmoV.o {d{dY nj, gWm d gKQ>Zm`m
nXm{YH$m`mZr nwnhma Kmc`mgmR>r EH$M JXu Ho$cr. hmamMm
IM nS>cm. hmaVw`mda hmoUmam IM AZmR>m`r AgVmo ho Iao
Agco; Var ^mdZm `V H$a`mgmR>r \w$co d S>mi
o o `mgmaIo
^mdr gmYZ Zmhr, ho _m` H$amdoM cmJoc. `mZVa
nwUHo $am`m dVrZo _hmnmamMo ^mfU Pmco.
""am>{hVmgmR>r gwgd mXmMm AmJh Y$Z Am{U `mgmR>r
_{nXmda cmW _m$Z ImgXma Ym[a`mZr EH$ Zdm namH$_ d
Zdm AmXe {Z_mU Ho$cm Amho. lr. Ym[a`m `m`m~amo~aM `m
_VXmagKmMo Ym[a`m {V{Z{Yd H$aVmV, `m nwUo ehamMr
dm{^_mZr nanam A{YH$ Cdc d VoOdr Pmcr Amho. lr.
Ym[a`m H$mJgo AWdm H$moU`mhr njmMo Agco, Varhr gd
njôX {dg$Z nwUHo $a OZVoMo gmao gm_` gXd `m`m_mJo
amhrc...'' `m Ame`mMo ^mdnyU ^mfU H$$Z _hmnmamZr _mPm
Jmad Ho$cm Am{U _cm ~moc`mMr {dZVr Ho$cr.
OrdZmV nwH$i gmohio nmh`mMr d AZw^d`mMr gYr
_cm {_imcr hmoVr. H$mhr gmohio {Ma_aUr` R>aVmV,
`mnH $sM Vmo EH$ gJ hmoVm. Amn`m cmS>`m
cmoH${V{ZYrMo dV:`m _VXmagKmVyZ hmoUmao H$mVHw $ _moR>o
^mdneu hmoV.o H$mhr H$mi _mPo AV:H$aU Jc~cyZ Joc.o _r
_{_S>imVyZ ~mhoa nS>cmo Agcmo, Var _r H$mJgo _òM hmoVmo.
H$mJgo da {MS>cc
o r OZVm Vo gd ôX ~mOycm R>do Zy _mPo EdT>o
^` dmJV H$arc, Ago _cm dmQ>Vo ZhVo. dmV{dH$, `m
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nw`mcm ò`mnydu dmgmVM, ggXoV Ho$co`m ^mfUmMo _amR>rV
^mfmVa Ho$co hmoV.o VoM {ZdoXZ `m gôV dmM`mMo _r R>a{dco
hmoV.o e{ZdmadmS>mg_moarc A\$mQ> gôV coIr ^mfU hm EH$
A{^Zd `moJ hmoVm. Vmo H$ma {H$VnV _mZdoc, `m{df`r _r
gmeH$ hmoVmo. Varhr Vmo {ZU` _r KoVcm. Am_Xma, ImgXma
_S>ir JrV â_gmQ> ~mocVmV Am{U _w~ B, {Xrcm Joco H$s,
Zo`mg_moa eonQ>m KmcyZ _wH$V^mgmaIo dmJVmV- `m
Amjonmcmhr `m_wio MmoI Cma {_iUma hmoV.o {XrV Oo
~mocbmo, VoM _m`m _VXma ~Y-y ^{JZtZm EoH$d`mMm {ZU`
gdmZr _m` Ho$cm Am{U ggXoVrc WmQ>mV VoM ^mfU _amR>r_ò
_r dmMyZ XmI{dco. BVH$s MS> g^m... naVw Q>mMUr nS>cr Var
AmdmO òBc
, Aer emVVm hmoVr. dm` Z dm` ZmJ[aH$
g_OmdyZ KoV hmoVo Am{U g_OyVXma {VgmX gVV XoV hmoV.o
dmMZ gn`mZVa Z_ ^mdZoZo _r H$VkVm `V Ho$cr. _r
AgVmZm gdm~amo~a {dZ`mZo dmJ`mMm `Z _r Ho$cm hmoVm.
gmoMm _X MT>U,o hr H$nZmM _cm _Oay ZhVr. Varhr
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{dZVr Ho$cr. Vo gmJV AgVmZm....
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Amho Aer ^mdZm {Z_mU Pmcr Ag`mg `mZr _cm _ZmnmgyZ
j_m H$amdr, Ago _r gm{JVco hmoV.o ''
ho _r ~mocbmo Am{U... _m`mg_moa ~gco`m Ag`
{_m`m S>m
o `mVZy IiH$Z ~mhoa nS>Umao Aly _m`m ZOaog
nS>c.o `mM AlwnUy emV dmVmdaUmV gdmZm A{^dmXZ H$$Z
_r _mPo ^mfU gndco. Ag` cmoH$mZr hmVmV hmV KmcyZ
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o o
nmhZ _rhr ^mamdyZ Jocmo. _moR>m _wpH$crZo _moQ>marn`V Amcmo
Am{U VoWZy ~mhoa nS>cmo.
`m doiMm Ec. S>r. ^mdo `mMm A{^m` Amnhr _m`m
_aUmV Amho.
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JXu hmoVr H$s, nwT>o òUo Ho$di Ae` hmoV.o
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AmhoV. AJXr Amn`m `dgm`mMr JaO AZ mJUr hUyZ
Hw$R>Mmhr A`mg mJo ZgUma, Hw$R>Mmhr XOm ZgUma EImX
nwVH$ qH$dm AmVaam>r` OZgYyZ Amnbo emoY{Z~Y(?)
Ho$di AmoiIrMm Jadmna H$$Z N>mnyZ KoUmao Am`mVboM
H$mhr m`mnH$... Vo AmmmM CoI Pmbm Vgo amOH$maUr... ho
Ago Z$b `mdgm{`H$Vm AJr ^$Z Agbobo gmd{H$M
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AmhoV!
dmJio : ...Vwhr dmnaUma ZgbmV Var r AYnVZ hm
eX nwhm dmnaUma Amho. Ammm Vwhr Oo H$mhr mS>bV , `m
dMm[aH$ AYnVZmdaMm Cnm` Var H$m`?
nierH$a : Ia gmJy H$m?... "`mda Cnm` H$m`' `m mM
Cma m`mH$S>o Zmhr. `mhr nwT>o OmV r hUoZ H$s, Vg Cma
Hw$UmH$S>Mo Zgmdg
w m. `mmJM gmY H$maU hUOo, bmoH$emhr
amOH$maUmV XVr H$er H$amdr, `mMo Cnm` ~mho$Z òD$ eH$V
ZmhrV; Vo Cnm` amOH$maUm`m {H$òVZy M òV AgVmV. JV
hUOo, Ag H$mhr n> gm{JVb H$s, Vo ghgm Hw$Umbm nQ>V
Zmhr.
mP m V AgM Amho H$s, amOH$maUmV `j Am{U
WoQ> dmda ZgVmZm amOH$maUmda ^m` H$$ nmhU qH$dm Vo H$g
gwYmaob, `mMr ^y{H$m mS>V amhU ho Vk hUyZgwm
`m{XVM R>aV. qH$~hZm, Vg Vo Ae`m`M Amho.
amOH$maUm`m dV`m AVJV JVr-emmVyZM `mM Oo
H$mhr ^b-~wa hm`M Agob Vo hmoD$ eHo$b. J Vr
amOH$maUmMr JVr Agy XoV, dm Vwhr hUmbmV Vg AYnVZ
Agy XoV!
dmJio : Amnmn`m VXmagKmVrb bmoH$mZm VrW`mm
dJao KS>dZy , Vr hmoQ>~H $ n$s H$$ nmhUm`m g`m`m
"{dMmagaUr'{df`rM VwM {dcofU H$m`? dMm[aH$VoMm AV
hmo`mVrbM hmhr EH$ H$ma mZVm òBb
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nierH$a : bm dmQ>V, Ho$di N>mQo >m-N>mQo >m

KQ>H$mYrb (`w{ZQg) dmBQ> amOH$maU nmhZ amOH$maUmM
gagH$Q> y`mnZ H$aU MwH$sM R>ab
o . AmVm Vw`m VrW`mm
KS>dUm`m H$m`H$`mMM CXmhaU nmhm. `mbm H$Xm{MV
Amn`mbm Ano{jV AgUmar OmVdmXmMr qH$dm
Y{ZanojVoMr `m`m OV Zgob. Vr ^mfmhr òV Zgob. nU,
Agm hm H$m`H$Vm XJbtgma`m gJr Z$s H$m` ~a nmdb
CMbVmo, `mZwgma `mMr dMm[aH$ ^y{H$m gOyZ KoU, ho Amnb
H$m AgV; Agb nm{hOo. (Ago H$m`H$V} E.E. nm{b{Q>g
H$$Z go`wb[ aP {eH$bobo A`mgH$ ZgVmV! `mwio R>adyZ
EImm gm{VH$ AZ dMm[aH$ ^y{Ho$VyZM Vo H$mhr H$aVrb,
Ag Zmhr. hUyZM Vo gOyZ KoU A{YH$ JaOoM R>aV.)
J AmVm `m AWmZo gmYmaUV VrZ H$maMo H$m`H$V}
Amn`m nwT>mV {Xgy eH$Vrb. EH$ Vmo- Omo XJb H$aVmo,
XJbrbm hmV^ma bmdVmo; wm hmAmaVr dJao H$aVmo,
bmD$S>nrH$a bmdVmo. Aem `m H$m`H$`m`m ZVaMm Xgam
H$ma hUOo Vmo- Omo Amnmnb AZ Oob VodT> H$m H$aUmam
AgVmo; XJb H$aV Zmhr, `m H$mimV emV Var ~gVmo. Am{U
{Vgam H$ma hUOo Vmo- Omo XJb Wm~dm`bm... PmbM Va
hmoanibo`m XJbJVmZm XV H$am`bmhr OmVmo.
bm Ag dmQ>V H$s, `dhmamV Oohm AmnU `m
H$m`H$`mM ApVd m` H$aVmo, Vohm J `m`mgmR>r
AmnU Or {d{e>> Zmd dmnaVmo, Vr {`m hUVm `m`Mr
ZmhrV. Ammm AmnU nm{hbobo H$m`H$`mMo H$ma hUOo Ia

Va- "YmY qH$dm OmVdmXr' "`mJu', Am{U Y{Zanoj
hr Vr Zmd AmhoV!
J EH$ amèmmMm {dmWu hUyZ mP H$m H$m`?...
Va, {dH$irV Am{U Jm|YimMr dmQ>Umar hr Or AmOy~mOyMr
n[apWVr Amho, Vr Hw$R>`m Var EH$m nVera Am{U
{dcofUmH$ MmH$Q>rV mS>y Z nmhU- ho mP Ia H$m. EH$m
AWmZo Vo "hm`nmoW{o Q>H$b' AgV, hohr Ia Amho. nU, `m`m
AmYmao amOH$maUmMm EH$ AW {ZXmZ gOyZ Ko`mMr gwdmV
Var hmoD$ eH$Vo. A`Wm, amOH$maU hUOo $$ H$maWmZ...
amOH$maU hUOo $$ JmdJwS >r... amOH$maU hUOo $$
JwhoJmar Ago AmYrM AgUmao JagO A{YH$M M{cV
hmo`mMm YmoH$m gmOmbm Amho, Ag bm dmQ>V.
dmJio : bm Ammm Vw`m `m nwVH$mVrb XmoZ hdm`m
KQ>ZmH$S>o `m`M`. n{hbr 1975 Mr, Oohm AmUr~mUr bmJy
Pmbr. Xgar 1992 Mr, Oohm ~m~ar erX nmS>`mV Ambr.
n{hbrMm g~Y H$mJgo er, XgarMm ^mOner hmoVm. `m Xoem`m
dmV`moma dmQ>MmbrVrb `m Xmohr KQ>ZmZm Vwhr "Eo{Vhm{gH$'
Ag g~moYb Amho. `mM {dcofU Vwhr H$g H$amb?...
nierH$a : gmJVmo. nwVH$mV r, "^maVm`m
bmoH$emhrMr JmS>r XmoZXm imd$Z Kgabr, Vr `m XmoZ
KQ>Zm`m doir...'- Ag hQ>b` . `mM H$maU Ag H$s,
KmMnmgyZ AmnU ~mobVmo AmhmoV `mmUo `m bmoH$emhr
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`dWoMo dVMo hUyZ {H$Vrhr JwV o Agbo Varhr, H$mhr

{H$mZ Jmo>r `m bmoH$emhrVhr eodQ>r JhrV Yabo`m Agm`mM
bmJVmV. `m Jmo>r Oohm Vwhr gmoS>Vm, Xb{ jVm... Vohm VwMr
JmS>r imd$Z Kgabr, Ag hUU ^mJ R>aV.
1975 `m AmUr~mUrM nmhm. `m doir AmUr~mUr Omhra
H$aU Am{U `m nVrZo {VMr Ab~OmdUr Pmbr, Vr
Ab~OmdUr H$aU- `m Xmohr Jmo>r m`m Vo, ^maVm`m
bmoH$emhr`m dmQ>MmbrVrb EH$ hdmMm ~Ho $ hmo`m. IS>
hmo`m. AmUr~mUr bmJy H$a`mgmaIr n[apWVr Vohm IamoIaM
Ambr hmoVr qH$dm Zmhr, hm dmXmMm wm Amho. AmUr~mUr bmJy
H$aU `m doir JaOoM hmoV, Ag mZUmaohr AZoH$ OU AmO
AmhoV. nU Vmo wm AmmmnwaVm ~mOybm R>do y AmnU. `m gm`m
Jmo>r bjmV KoD$Zgwm, {S>imer MMm Z H$aVm, àmr;
am>nVtMr ghr KoD$Z, KmBKmBZo AmUr~mUr bmJy H$$Z,
{XrVrb dVmZnmMr drO VmoS>U- ho bmoH$emhr`m `mòV
~gV, Ag bmM Zho; Va Ammm`m Q>`mda emV S>mHo $ R>do Zy
{dMma Ho$bm Va, Hw$Umbmhr dmQy> eH$Uma Zmhr! `m nVrZo
amOH$s` H$m`H$`mMo AQ>H$g Pmco... J Vo AJXr am>r`
d`gdo H$ gKmMo Agy XoV qH$dm AmUIrZ Hw$Ur... nU Vo
nmhVm, amOH$s` H$m` H$a`m~b Hw$Umbm Vwhr AQ>H$ H$aUma
Agmb, Va `m XoemVrb bmoH$emhr Kga`mM Vo bjU Amho,
AgM r hUoZ.
XgarH$S>o ~m~ar {ddg. ~m~ar yiMr erX H$m XoD$i...
Vr Z$s Hw$UmMr... {VWo XoD$i hmd qH$dm Zmhr... ho gJio
amOH$s` Am{U dmXJV wo AmhoV, ho bm m` Amho.
`m{df`r V{^Vm Ag`mMrhr e`Vm Amho. Vargwm, `m
KQ>ZHo $Vrc XmoZ-VrZ Jmo>tH$S>o {dcofUmH$ MmH$Q>rVyZ nmhU
JaOoM R>ab
o . n{hbr hdmMr Jmo> hUOo, "BWo Aem H$maM
H$mhrhr hmoUma Zmhr', Aem `m`mb`mbm {Xbo`m boIr
AmdmgZmZVahr hm H$ma hmoD$ XoUma am` gaH$ma Am{U Vmo
amOH$s` nj `m XmoKmZrhr bmoH$emhrV`m gWmH$Voer
VmaUm Ho$br, ho n> Amho. Xga hUOo, nydu AwH$ EH$m
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{eXr`m {R>H$mUr PwS >rZo OmD$Z Vr nmS>`mM H$` Oa Hw$Ur
H$aV Agob, Va Vo bmoH$emhrer {dgJV R>aV. PwS >rZo amOH$maU
H$aU, ho Hw$R>`mhr Q>`mda bmoH$emhr `dWoV ~gy eH$Uma
ZmhrM!
Ammm CoI Pmbo`m `m Xmohr doib
o m- {deofV n{h`m
doir (AmUr~mUrV) am`gWmM Zho, Va `m`gWmXoIrb
Pm`m H$mamV gh^mJr Ag`mM r AmdOyZ hUoZ.
"{h{~Ag H$mng 'Mo IQ>bo AmUr~mUr`m H$mimV `m doir
gdm} `m`mb`mV Job,o `m doir `m IQ>`mVrb AOXmamZm
gajU m`bm BWb gdm} `m`mb` gm$ Anèr R>ab!
"KQ>ZZo o {Xbob Or{dVmM dmV`, ho AmUr~mUrV {eH$ amh
eH$V Zmhr' hm gaH$maMm `w{$dmX `m doir gdm}
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`m doir AZoH$ hm`H$moQ> m `mnojm doJio {ZU` XoV hmoVr. J
`mbm gwr H$moQ>mM Anè H$m hUy Zò?... `mM `m`mZo
~m~ar`m ~m~VrVhr am` gaH$ma, emgZ Am{U H|$
gaH$ma... Am{U `mIoarO amOH$s` nj hUyZ ^maVr` OZVm
njmMhr Vo Anè Amho! qH$~hZm, nwT>`m Q>`mda ^maVr`
OZVm njm`m Zo`mZr `m KQ>Z~o b `$ Ho$bob XI Ia
mZm`M Pmb... Am{U "AmMo AZw`m`r Am`m H$mV
am{hbo ZmhrV', Ag `m njm`m Zo`mM hUU g` Amho Ag
mZb Va, ~m~ar {ddg KS>U ho amOH$s` nj hUyZ ^mOnM
Anè {Z{VM R>aV. Am{U hUyZM, Aer gmd{H$ Anè
{ZmU Pmbr Va, VwMr bmoH$emhr imd$Z Kgabr, ho
mZ`mIoarO A n`m` Vw`mH$S>o {eH$ amhV ZgVmo!
gmame EdT>mM, `m Jmo>r H$i`m Va, Amn`mH$S>o
bmoH$emhr Amho hUyZ gagH$Q>nUo Amn`m nmR>rda Wmn m$Z
Ko`mMr Amnbr gd` AmnU Wm~dy.
dmJio : KmMnmgyZ Amn`m MM}V H$mJgo Am{U ^mOnMm
CoI gmV`mZo hmoVmo`. Vw`m nwVH$mVhr Vwhr `mda
g{dVa {b{hb`. bm Vwhmbm {dMmam`M`, hm H$mJgo nj
hUOo Z$s H$m` H$ma Amho?...
nierH$a : EH$m dm`mV Cma m`M Pmb Va,
"^maVmVrb Hw$Umhr ZmJ[aH$mbm `m`mV OmD$Z amOH$maU
H$aVm òBb
, Agm Omo nj- Vmo hUOo H$mJgo nj Amho.'
H$mJgo Zo dVM Am{U A`mgH$mZr H$mJgo M Oo JVrera dUZ
H$$Z R>do b`, `mZwgma hm nj hUOo EH$ "aoZ~mo H$moA{ beZ'
Amho. AWmV Vmo BYZw`mgmaIm Amho. doJdoJio aJ EH$
AgUmam. `m`m ~amo~a nwT>M dUZ H$mJgo Mo Q>rH$mH$ma
H$aVmV. `m`m Vo, H$mJgo hm nj ^bo BYZw`mgmaIm
Agob, nU `mMo gJio aJ m CS>mbobo AmhoV.
JVrMm ^mJ Abm{hXm. nU, AZoH$ dfmMm EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$
dmagm bm^bm Ag`mwio EH$ {d{e> agm`Z V`ma Pmbobm hm
nj Amho. `mM Vo d{eQ> Amho. Am{U hUyZM, "AmVm `m
H$mJgo M H$m` H$am`M', hm H$mJgo nwT>ho r AZ Amn`mnwT>ho r
AgUmam AmOMm Amho.
dmJio : AmVm ^mOn~b. EH$sH$S>o H$mJgo `m
gmoMmirg nmgyZ`m ^mdmbm 67 `m doir $Q>H$m ~gU...
Vo Jo`m drg dfmV EH$sH$S>o XoemVrb H$mJgo Mm EHy$U ^md
H$r hmoV OmU Am{U `mM doir ^mOnMm ^md AZoH$ am`mV
dmT>V OmU... `m ~XbmH$S>o Vwhr H$g nmhVm?
nierH$a : ^mOnMm dmT>Umam ^md hm doJim Agm
H$mTy>Z AmnUmbm ~KVm `m`Mm Zmhr. H$mJgo moma H$mimò Or
Zdr `dWm òD$ ~KVrò; `mV EH$ moR>m, H$mJgo bm n`m`
R>$ eHo$b Agm, nU H$mJgo nojm doJim Agm nj hUyZ
dVbm bmoH$o Q> H$a`mMm (KS>d`mMm) `Z ^mOn
H$aVmo`... Am{U `mV Vmo ~`mnH$s èdrhr Pmbobm Amho.
`m èdr hmo`mV AZoH$ YmoH$o Ag`mMhr `m njmbm

R>mD$H$ AgUma AmhoM. `mMr qH$Vhr `mbm moOmdr bmJV
Amho. nU Amnb H$mJgo `m VwbZoV doJi AgU {g
H$a`mgmR>r Xgam n`m`hr ^mOnnwT>o CnbY Zmhr. AmnU
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`mdr bmJUma qH$dm J H$mJgo gmaI Var ~ZyZ amhmd
bmJUma, ho An[ahm` Amho. (Vgm H$ZmQ>H$mV H$mJgo gmaImM
^mOn ~ZbmXoIrb!)
dVMr VwbZm H$mJgo erM gXd H$aV am{h`mwio hm Agm
emn ^mOn`m mJo H$m`MmM AgUma Amho! hUOo Ag
~Km- hUVmZm bmI "H$mJgo nojm doJim nj' Ag hQ>b Job
Varhr; AHo$ Xgao JmYr, AHo$ Xgao Zoh$, AHo$ Xgao nQ>b
o AerM VwbZm `m njmV Zohr hmoV AgVo. `mMm ZoH$m AW
H$gm KoUma AmnU?... Va H$mJgo Zo BW`m amOH$maUmH$S>o
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m`M H$$Z Q>mH$`mM {XgU, hmM `mVyZ bmJUmam AW.
AWmV, Ag AgyZgwm ^mOn gmoS>y Zhr AZoH$ BVa nj BWo
ApVdmV AmhoV Am{U Vo AmhoV hUyZ ^mOnbm dVM Ag
EH$ WmZ R>adVm òU e` hmoD$ eH$b`, Ag bm dmQ>V.
dmJio : A{Ve` hdmMm Agm "BVa njmMm' wm Vwhr
nwT>o AmUbm Amho. ZwH$`mM Ho$bo`m EH$m gh}V, AZoH$
ZmJ[aH$mZm H$mJgo -^mOn gmoS>y Z ho "BVa' gmoda `m`bm hdoV,
Ag {XgyZ Amb. `m BVa njmH$S>,o `m $Q>aH$S>o Vwhr H$g
nmhVm?
nierH$a : Vwhr Ammm OmJmMm CoI Ho$bmV. naVw bm
OmJmò {deof ag Zmhr. `mEodOr AmnU Q>$o dmarV ~moby `m.
Z$s {H$Vr Q>$o V Hw$Umbm {iUma Ag`mM {Xgb` `m
gh}VZy ?... Va 21-22 Q>$o H$mJgo Am{U 28-29 Q>$o ^mOn
Aer H$mhrer hr Q>$o dmar Ammm Var {XgVo Amho. hUOo nmg
Q>$o . AmVm `m {R>H$mUr EH$ Jmo> AmnU bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo,
Vr Aer H$s `m H$maMr Q>$o dmar (nmg Q>$o ^mOn-H$mJgo
Am{U nmg Q>$o BVa) ^maVmV Jo`m drg dfmnmgyZ Var
AerM am{hbobr Amho AZ ^maVm`m M{bV amOH$maUmMm Vmo
Wm{^mdM Amho.
EH$Xm ho JhrVH$ Amn`m bjmV Amb H$s, J `mnwT>M
EHy$U AmH$bZ Amn`mgmR>r gmon hmoD$ eHo$b. AmVm
òVmo- H$moU AmhoV ho BVa nj?... am`nmVirda amOH$s`
AmH$mjm AgUmao Oo AZoH$ JQ> AmhoV, `mM {V{Z{Yd
H$aUmao ho nj AmhoV. `mnwT>Mr EH$ BQ>apo Q>J Jmo> Aer H$s,
^maVmM EHy$U amOH$maU am`m`m MmH$Q>rVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z
`mbm A{Ib ^maVr` MmH$Q> m H$$Z m`Mr, hm H$mJgo ^mOnMm `Z Mmbbobm Amho. hUOo {dMmagaUr {^
Agbr Var, `m ~m~VrV `m`m {>H$moZmV gm` Amho. Am{U
hUyZ ho Xmohr nj Oohmhr ^maVm`m gX^mV ~mobVmV, Vohm
Vo "A{Ib ^maVr`'M ~mobVmV. ^maVmM naam> YmoaU... ^maV
gaH$ma... ^maVmMr JVr- Ag H$mhrg. BVa nj,

`m`m{df`r AmnU Ammm ~mobV AmhmoV, Vo `m "A{Ib
^maVr`'`m {d ZgVmV, naVw `mMr `m gX^mH$S>o
nmh`mMr MmH$Q> A{YH$ mXo{eH$ (am`nmVirdaMr) AgVo.
VWm{n, ^maVmgma`m XoemV Aer n[apWVr AgU ho H$mhr
Iyn Adm^m{dH$ Amho, Ag hUVm òUma Zmhr. BWo H$mhr nj
Amnmn`m am`mnaw VoM AgUma Am{U H$mhr (Agbo Va)
A{Ib ^maVr` AgUma, ho Zg{JH$M Amho.
`m AWmZ,o H$mJgo `m nmS>mdmZVaM Jo`m drg-nMdrg
dfmVb ^maVmVb njr` amOH$maU ho OmV Zg{JH$ d$nmV
Ambob Amho, `m AmYr `mbm AgUmar "EH$ njr` ^mdmMr'
AZg{JH$ {H$Zma AmVm am{hbobr Zmhr, ho m` Ho$b nm{hOo.
dmJio : Jo`m H$mhr {h`mV- AJXr oZQr
r{S>`mV`m bmoH$mH$Sy>Zhr- 1996 gmaIr n[apWVr XoemV
òUma, AerM EH$ dmVmdaU{Z{Vr hmoV Amho. hr e`Vm Oa
Iar R>abr Am{U ^mOn dm H$mJgo `m XVrZo {Vg`m
AmKmS>rM gaH$ma gmoda Amb Va, Vo AW`mbm {ZU Agob
H$m?... ho IaM BVH$ YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho H$m? pWa gaH$ma
MmJb, hr H$nZm {H$VnV `mo` AgVo?...
Amhr Oohm amèm {eH$bmo,

VohmM bm AmR>dVXg`m hm`wmZVa BQ>brVrb
Hw$R>Mh r gaH$ma AmR>-ZD$ {h`m`mda
H$g {Q>H$V Zgo... Am{U `mwio
BQ>brMr AW`dWm H$er H$mogibr,
ho XmIdyZ XoUmar {WAar Amhmbm
{eH$dbr Om`Mr. Amhmbm
AWem H$Yr {eH$db Job Zmhr,
Vargwm "BQ>brVrb gaH$ma ApWa
Ag`mwio Vmo EH$ Jar~ Xoe Amho',
ho Amhr {eH$bmo! VWm{n,
{VW`m dVwpWVrMm H$m`H$maU g~Y
m AmnU H$Yr VnmgyZ nm{hbm Zmhr.
Amn`mH$S>Mr AmKmS>r~b AgUmar
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nierH$a : wimV pWa gaH$ma MmJb H$m AgV, `mM

`dpWV Cma Am{U H$maU Hw$UrM XoV Zmhr. `mwio ho
{ZmU hmoVmV. `mmJo (pWa gaH$ma MmJb, Ag dmQ>`mmJo)
H$mhr hdmMr H$maU AmhoV. `mVrb n{hb hUOo, J^ra
d$nmMr Am{WH$ YmoaU am~dVmZm gaH$ma pWa Zgob, Va
AZoH$ AS>MUr nwT>mV òD$ eH$VmV, ho Amho. nU JV ~Km,
r AmmmM Oo H$maU {Xb, Vo ^maVm`m ~m~VrV m VodT>g
bmJy R>abob Zmhr. Amnbm AZw^d `mnojm doJim Amho. `m
`m doir ^maVmVrb gaH$ma ApWa hmoVr, `m-`m doir
BW`m gaH$mamZr A{YH$ ZoQ>mZo {d{e> Aer Am{WH$ YmoaU
am~d`mMm Amnbm AZw^d Amho!... `mwio ^maVm{df`r
~mobVmZm r hUoZ H$s, BWo Ho$di gaH$ma pWa ZgU hr
VodT>rer H$miOrMr ~m~ Zmhr. H$miOr H$a`mMrM Oa EImXr
~m~ Agob Va, Vr gaH$ma Z$s H$m` H$m H$aVmòV qH$dm H$aV
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Amho.
(eXmH$Z : dZrc OmoJr)
- gwhmg nierH$a
suhaspalshikar@gmail.com
ph.: 020 25636995
{dZ hS>uH$a
dmamUgr : 1922
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nwS>m gmoS>V ZhVo. g`w V _hmam> Pmcm
Var AmnU XH$mZmgH$Q> BWoM amhUma,
`mMr IyUJmR> `mZr ~mYcr hmoVr.
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{H$Vr _moR> Agoc? _m Amhr
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cmdco AgmdoV.
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ho AWemr` {dYmZ {~PZogdm`m`m S>mo `md$Z
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`m_wio JwOamVr AmnmoAmnM dmMVm òD$ cmJc (VgM
Amn`m gmaIm A Am{U \$ gmaIm P AgUma qhXrgwm!
H$maU a`m`m nmQ>m Vem XodZmJarV hmo`m.). ~mocm`Mr
gd` hm`cm doi cmJcm, H$maU KamVyZ "JmS>m^mBMr ^mfm'
{eH$m`cm CmoOZ AgU e`M ZhV, BVH$m 50-60 `m
XeH$mV g`w V _hmam> MidirMm Omoa hmoVm. eoH$m njmMo lr.
gr. g. gmdV Va eoOmarM amhm`Mo. `m`m Kar "_amR>m' hUOo
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\$m_mV - _moamaOr^mBMr òVm-OmVm aodS>r CS>d`mV `mMm
hmVIS>m! `m_wio _moamaOr Am{U JwOamVr g_mO ho _hmam>mMo
H$>a ey! `m`m hmVyZ _w~ B dmMdcr nm{hOo, Amn`mcm
105 hVm`m`m aVmMr AmU Amho; _w~ Bgh g`w V _hmam>
PmcmM nm{hOo!
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{df`mV nS>VM ZhVo. Vo nwS>m ~mYV hmoV,o nwS>m gmoS>V
ZhVo. g`w V _hmam> Pmcm Var AmnU XH$mZmgH$Q> BWoM
amhUma, `mMr IyUJmR> `mZr ~mYcr hmoVr. CcQ>, "Vm`m'
Am{U "nmdUm' cmoH$mer- AZwH$ _o _amR>r _`_dJu` Am{U
~hOZ g_mO- Oam A{YH$M _D$nUmZo dmJV hmoV-o {JhmBH$
hmVM gwQ>Vm H$m_m Zò. `m {H$amUm XH$mZmV Am_M ImV hmoV,
{VWo Cm_ dmJV. eâ/XrS>eo nJma AgUm`m _m`m
d{S>cmM {H$amUm ImV Ag {H$Vr _moR> Agoc? _m Amhr
XH$mZmV Jocmo Am{U H$agZ^mBZr _yR>â ({M_yQ>â Zmhr) gmIa
hmVmda R>do cr Zmhr, Ag H$Yr Pmc Zmhr. Amn`m gmdO{ZH$
hm`Hy$c`m eoOmarM "eoR> _moVr^mB nMmU am>r` emio'Mr
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{X_mImV; `mMm Zdam Cgd Amn`m JUoemogdmnojm
lr_V. Ag H$m, Vo H$im`M Zmhr; H$maU _r emioV n{h`m

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`mV`m `mV H$N>r ^mS>Umcm nHo$, nU ^mS>UmMr e`Vm
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gdmV YmH$Q>m ^mD$ narjm XoVM hmoVm!
g`w V _hmam> _w~ BgH$Q> {_imcm Var hm \$aH$ {_Q>Uma
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Var g`w V _hmam>mMr Midi H$`w{ZQ> nj MmcdV hmoVm.
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_wIdQ>mImcr _w~ B _hmnm{cH$m H$`w{ZQ>m `m hmVr OmUma,
ho CKS> hmoV. `mMm _w` VS>mIm JwOamVr `mnm`m`m
Am{WH$ {hVg~Y mZm ~gUma hmoVm, VgmM A_amR>r CmoOH$H$maImZXmamZmhr. H$maU H$`w{ZQ>mZ m S>m `m`m ~w{_mZ
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dJcT>mV H$aUma, ho nH$ hmoV. ho gJi AmoiIyZ gd
(aoer mnmar : 1850 Vo 1870 w~ B)
gmYZm
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A_amR>r `mnmar-H$maImZXmamZr H$mJgo `m dMdmImcrc

_amR>r gaH$ma drH$mac Agmd! "Vm`m' Am{U "nmdUm' `m
OmoS>rcm `mZr S>mdnoMmV Mmar _wS >m MrVnQ> Ho$c. _amR>r
_mUyg hmoVm {VWoM am{hcm. 4-5 dfmVM {edgoZm C^r
am{hcr- Odinmg `mM KmofUm H$aV! Ma~r`wV, S>anmoH$
JwOamVr OmJoda am{hco. `mVco Iao {~PZogdmco AmUIr nwT>o
Joco!
amOo òVrc-OmVrc, amò C^r H$aVrc, EH$_oH$mMr amò
OmoS>y Z KoVrc, Zdo _mS>{cH$ Cô H$aVrc, AmS>`m òUm`m
amOmMo am` CXdV H$aVrc; nU Omon`V Am_ OZVm Amho,
{Vcm AmZXmZ OJm`M Amho, dV:`m {nT>rcm gwImV R>do Zy
nwT>`m {nT>m`mhr g_rMr h_r {_idm`Mr Amho- Vmon`V
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g`_mMm {H$Vrhr Mma Ho$cm Var) _moR>m Am{U dmT>`m
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Zmhr, hUyZ dVy BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o ZoUm`mMr JaO H$YrM gnUma
Zmhr, ho AmoiI`m~c `m `mnmar dJmM H$mVHw $ H$a`mMr
JaO Zmhr; nU `mMr {MH$mQ>r, Xa>r Am{U S>mdnoM g_OyZ
Ko`mMr JaO ZH$sM Amho.
_mgo nm`mVM O_ KoVmV, Vohm `mZm nmohm`cm {eH$md
cmJV Zmhr. _mc, ^md, gmXm, \$m`Xm, H${_eZ, _m{OZ,
VoOr-_Xr (AmOMr Am{U CmMr); ^md dYmaU, Imcr òU,
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BVH$s df} hoM Mmcy Amho.
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w o
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X:I H$_r H$a`mMm Amho' Ag Ho$di `mnmar Am{U amOo
hUV ZhVo, nmr _S>irhr VerM dMZo PmoS>V hmoVr.
nU MmVwd ` pWamd`m`m AmYrhr `mnma AgUmaM!
_ohao JT> BW`m CIZZmV (AmO ho Jmd nm{H$VmZmV Amho. nU
A{VmMrZ ^maVdf A\$Jm{UVmZnmgyZ ~nw ZXmn`V
Am{U X{jUoH$S>o Z_Xm ZXrn`V {dVmacm hmoVm.) Bgnyd
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{dgZr` {M C^ H$aVmo. H$m{Q>`mMm _Zw`d^mdmH$S>o
nmh`mMm {>H$moZ \$magm CXma ZhVm Am{U am` H$aUo hUOo
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H$s Xa, `m CJd`m AmhoV H$s ~Zdco`m, Ag`mg `mgmR>r
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A`mgH$m`m _VmZwgma, AWemm_ò AmO`m dm`Xo
~mOmamMmhr (futures trading) CoI Ho$cocm Amho. `mgmR>r
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H$m{Q>` nwhm EH$m Z`m _wmMr â KmcVmo - dm`Xm H$aVmZm
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`mMmhr {dMma Pmcm nm{hOo. `mda A{YH$ gmJUo ZcJo!
H$m{Q>` {Za{Zam`m `dgm`m`m dV gKQ>Zm (Guilds)
gmJVmo. "gm_wWm{`H$mXm`: g_`mZw~Y :&' Agm EH$ AJS>~~
eX `mZo "Wm{ZH$ ghH$mar `mdgm{`H$ gKQ>Zm' `m AWmZo
dmnacm Amho. H$a AmH$maUr, dgwcr, Q>mb
o ZmHo$ dJaM| r _m{hVr
XoD$Z Zm`mda dgwbr H$aUm`m`m gnmrH$S>o cj R>do mdo,
Agohr H$m{Q>`mZo ~Omdco Amho. Q>mc
o Zm`mda _mc gwa{jV
amhmdm hUyZ dImar Am{U amh`mMr `dWmhr gwMdcr Amho.
H$m{Q>`m`m H$mir ^maVmV 16 _hmOZnXo (_moR>r `mnmar
ehao) hmoVr Am{U _m` gm_m`mMm {dVma VwJ ^m ZXrn`V
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n{_oH$S>o AdVr, Cma-nydc
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O{_Zrd$Z Am{U Zm`m nm`mVyZ _mcmMr dmhVyH$ MmcV
Ago. AWemm_ò "XoeH$mcmV[aVmZm_ n`mZm_' Agm
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gmnS>VmV. `mVrc òH$ dVy dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r doJdoJir
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OJcmV hmr Am{U ~ma_mhr ZmdaMo nS>md. Var Ym`Yw`

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Odi ~miJ`mV MS> YmoH$m. `mgmR>r H$mhr KmoS>o dma-g{ZH$
Odi ~miJUo Amd`H$. dmidQ>r XoemV ~cmEodOr CQ>. ho
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VmS>o Va 10 hOma ~cmMo AgV. OmoS>r-OmoS>rZo ~c MmcV, Ag
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Amd`H$hr hmoV) , Va a`m`m EH$m ~mOyZo 40-50 _c.
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BH$mZm_rMm Am ^maVr` ~Y
(AS>rM hOma dfmndy uMm) mMrZ
^maVmM {dgZr` {M C^ H$aVmo.
H$m{Q>`mMm _Zw`d^mdmH$S>o nmh`mMm
{>H$moZ \$magm CXma ZhVm Am{U am`
H$aUo hUOo H$R>mao nUo, gmdYnUo,
YyVn UmZo, Ooda _wirM {ddmg
Z Q>mH$Vm {Vcm nyUn Uo XS>nUmImcr
R>do Uo `mdaM `mMr {^V hmoVrEdT> ~mOycm R>do c, Va gnUy JW
A`V VH$gJV Am{U dmMZr` Amho.
EH$M CXmhaU XoVmo- dVyM o ^md
R>adVmZm Imcrc Jmo>tMr XIc `mdr`mMo CnmXZ Odi Pmco Amho H$s Xa,
`m CJd`m AmhoV H$s ~Zdco`m,
Ag`mg `mgmR>r cmJUmao ^mS>dc,
`j ~Zd`mMm IM (H$m _mc,
_Owar, AdOmao B.), `mdaMm H$a,
^mS>dcmdaMo `mO, ^mS>o Am{U
BVa IM. ho H$m_ AmO`m
nUZ-gMmcH$m`m nmVirda`m
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gmYZm
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{ZXmZ EH$ cmI ~c, `m`mdaMm _mc, `m`m~amo~a

MmcUmao c_mU VmS>do mco, `mnm`mMo _wH$mX_, gajH$
KmoS>o dma... AmO`m ZeZc hm`donj
o mhr OmV JO~OmQ>
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EH$ Q>Z D$g ZH$s AgVmo- hUOo EH$m VmS>mV 5 hOma Q>Z
_mc! ~c EH$m {Xder {H$Vr MmcV AgVrc \$ma Va 15-20
_c. _J `mMm _wH$m_, XmUm-daU, AdOS> AmoPr CVadUo,
Xg`m {Xder gH$mir hmoUmam _c_ymMm a|Xm, _mc naV
MT>dUo... amr`m _wH$m_mV VmS>m`m Q>m\$Mm dnmH$,
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am`m`m gr_oda VmS>o Wm~dUma. H$a âm`Mm. {VWo Vohmhr
cmMcwMnV hmoVrM. _mc AmV ZoD$Z nmoMdcm H$s, `m
ZJamVcm _mc KoD$Z naV CcQ> {XeoZo qH$dm Cacocm _mc
nmoMdm`cm nwT>.o _hmOZnXmnj
o m _hmOZnWmdaM OrdZ A{YH$
gZgZmQ>r AgUma! `mVyZM BH$S>`m ~mV`m {VH$S>o
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dmd {_imcm. A{Ve`moVr_wio dmVd A{YH$ _ZmoaO H$ H$aVm
òV, hohr g_Oc Am{U cmoH$dmL>_`mV dmgr _S>it`m
H$WmMr â nS>cr. `mnmar ~mhoa AgVmZm `m`m Ka`m
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hm {Z`_ g_Om`Mm H$s AndmX? EH$ _m ZH$s- `mnmar
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ZH$s Jocr AgUma!
O{_ZrdaMm `mnma hm EHy$U `mnmamMm _w` ^mJ;
g_w_mJmZho r \$ma mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ `mnma gw$ hmoVm.
OmJ{VH$ `mnmamV ^maV Am{U MrZ ho XmoZ _w` co`g hmoV.o
(50 dfmZV a hoM {M nwhm {Xg`mMr e`Vm Amho.) _m `m
XmoZ Xoem_ò A{VmMrZ H$mimV _w`V: aoe_mMmM `mnma
Agmdm, H$maU `m`mH$S>o nXm hmoUm`m BVa dVy ~he:
gma`mM hmo`m. MrZ_Yco aoer_ Am{U ^maVmVrc A`V
Vc_ _c_c OJâ {d`mV hmoVr. VrM Jmo> Amo`
Am{e`mVrc Xoem`m ~m~VrV. Vohr CU H${Q>~Y mVcoM Xoe
Ag`m_wio _w` CnmXZo VrM- ^mV, cmHy$S>, D$g,
_gm`mMo nXmW, hpVXV B. Amnco `mnmar- OZ {VH$S>o
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98
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hmoVr, nU OhmO~mYUrgmR>r cmJUma cmHy$S> Am{U {eS>o
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Xoemer MrZMm `mnma MmcV hmoVm Vmo VohmMm {gH$ $Q>,
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`mnm`mZm n{_ g_wm_YyZM `m _`-n{_ OJmer gnH$
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n{_ {H$Zm`mdaMr Am ~Xao hmoVr. JwH$mimZVa Bcm_r
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Pm`mda gwaVnmgyZ H$m{cH$Vn`V`m n{_ {H$Zm`mda
Mmc, Xm^moi, amOmnya, Jmodm, H$madma, H$moa dJao _moR>_moR>r
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dmemZr Zm|XdyZ R>do cr Amho. {dO`ZJaMm nmS>md Pmcm, Vohm
nmoVJw mc_ò _Xr Amcr hmoVr Am{U {c~Z_ò cH$ AmD$Q>
Pmcm hmoVm.
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B{O, n{e`m, Aa~VmZ `m`m~amo~aM Jrg Am{U amo_ `m
Xoemerhr `mnma pWamdcm hmoVm. ^maVm_Y`m _gm`m`m
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dmna H$a`mMr \$eZ nmhZ Am` dmQ>V; H$maU Amn`m
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AmhoV. `m {_ar_ò \$i qH$dm Vm|S>mV Q>mH$`mgmaIm N>mQo >m
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Agmhr CoI Amho. nU {_ar`m S>mo `mda {_ar dmQ>U `mcm

e` ZhV! amo_Z dnmH$mV 350 nmH$H$VtgmR>r {_ar
Amd`H$ hmoVr. Omo Xoe _gm`mMo {Og Vm`mV R>do rc,
`mcmM OJ Vm`mV R>do Vm òBc
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hmoVm, `mM B{JV hoM Agmd!
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^maVr` ZhVo! ^maVm_ò `mnma hr Ho$di Am{WH$ CcmT>mc
ZhVr; `mnmar AgU `mcm gm_m{OH$ gX^ hmoVm. d` hm
dU hmoVm Am{U CnmXZo OmVt_ò dmQ>cr Jocr hmoVr.

H$m{Q>`mZog
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gKQ>ZmMm CoI Ho$cm Amho. dU-Om{V`dWm Bar Amho,
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ZhVmM. g_w~XrMm AW g_wdmgmcm _ZmB Agm Zmhr. Vg
AgV, Va ^maVm`m {H$Zman>rZo d` _S>ir gd Xoeâ
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Xoem_ò òaPm`m Kmcm``m- hm {gc{gcm AOyZhr Mmcy
Amho. [acm`g`m Yr$^mB A~mZtZr AgM Ho$c hmoV!
AmOhr A_o[aHo$VyZ AmR>dS>mâm`m aOoda òD$Z _wO gmoS>_Ow -c VrZ {XdgmV CaH$Um`mMr CXmhaU H$mhr H$_r
ZmhrV. _m `m gm_m{OH$ {Z~Ym_i
w o OmJ{VH$ `mnmamda
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OJâmMo `mnmar òVM am{hco. `mZr BWo dImar C^ma`m,
(AhXm~mX eha : 17 do eVH$)
gmYZm
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`m`m gajUmgmR>r g{ZH$ ~miJco... dJao gdlVw AmhoM!

gm_m{OH$ {Z~Y ho Am{WH$ H$maU _m Zmhr; B{VhmgmMr
dmQ>MmcM Ver Pmcr. Jw gm_m` _moS>H$ircm Am`mZVa
^maVmV gd chmZ-_`_ gmmMm CX` Pmcm. AmnmngmV
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o rc cwS>~Sy > H$aVm H$m_m Zò, hm Bemam n>
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103
AmhoV hUyZM Amho Am{U VmodaM amhUma Amho. _moXr Am{U

amd gK `m`m {dMmamVcm \$aH$hr BWo cjmV òVmo. gKmMr
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Vo JwOamVr _m gdM Z`m g_mOmH$S>-o AmOMo AmH$_H$
Agco Var CmMr {JhmBHo$ hUyZM nmhV hmoV.o `m_wio
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gajU XoV hmoVm, H$s Vo `m-`m amOmcm MwMH$m$Z Amncm
{hV^mJ gmYV hmoV?o
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amh`mnojm cdH$amV cdH$a {dH$cr OmU ho èdr {~PZogM
gy AgV, hm Pmcm mW{_H$ AW. dVy {OVH$s OwZr hmoVo
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AW. {Vgam AW _mZgemr` Amho. {JhmBH$mcm ZwgVr dVy
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o AgmM _mc H$mTy>Z XmIdm`Mm.
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H$iH$Q>, aJ CS>mcocr AgVo H$s; Vr ~XcyZ Zdr
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AgVo. gdmV VU nmoa AS>aQ>qo ZJ AgVmV. gH$mir òD$Z
XH$mZ, XH$mZmg_moaMr OmJm PmSy>Z dN> H$aU, _mc ZrQ>
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104
(XH$mZXma : BQ> ~Jmc 1866)
Amd$Z R>do U, nmUr ^$Z R>do U, Img {JhmBH$mgmR>r Mhm

dJao gmJU, amr XH$mZ ~X H$aU- hr `mMr H$m_.
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amYmH$U hm dada H$am`Mm On! H$UmBVH$m O~aXV
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~{Z`m`m B{VhmgmMr hr EH$ PcH$. ^maVm_ò 19 `m
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hmoV.o H$Xm{MV mwiMo mZm Vohm e Amc Zgmd. Ym
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aUN>mSo >cmc ghOmghOr hma mZUmmnH $s ZhVo. 1858
o gw$ Pmcom AhXm~mX pnqZJ Am{U drphJ H$nZrV

d[a> hm drH$m$Z mZr Amnc dZ nyU Ho$c!
BWyZ nwT>Mm ^maVr mnma-CmoJmMm B{Vhmghr amoMH$,
amomMH$ Am{U oaH$M Amho.
{dZ hS>uH$a
vinay.freedom@gmail.com
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gX^1. ~H$ Qy> X yMa : $Q>g Am$ H$m{S>Q>r Q>So > BZ B{S>m- {Ooe ehm, {ddOrV aW.
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gmYZm
106
dmV`nyd w~ B`m BJO r dmnmMo {~{Q>e gnmXH$
AU {Q>H$o H$a
1. $mOr H$mdgOr ~mZmOr (1786-1851)

"X ~m~o Q>mBg'm yi mcH$mnH $s
EH$od qhXWmZr.
2. OmO yB Q
gnmXH$, "X ~m~o Q>mBg' (1840-1858)
3. am~Q> ZmBQ> (1820-1890)
"~m~o Q>mBg'Mo, "X Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'o
$nmVa H$aUmao.
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H$moUr $magm {dMma H$arV Zmhr. nU Ago hQ>bo OmVo H$s,
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107
dmV`nyd w~ B`m
BJO r dmnmMo {~{Q>e gnmXH$
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w~ BH$am`m `mXrV Eg.nr.JmoXaoO `mMo Zmd AJH$mH$mda
hmoV.o IarIwar, {XbXma Am{U mZdr y`mda An[a{V lm
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Am{U Z{VH$ yò `mMm gwX a gJ `m`m `{$dmV
Pmbobm hmoVm. `m H$maUmwio JmoXaoO ho Zmd Q>mQ>m Am{U
OrOr^m` `m Zmdm~amo~aM EH$ ~S >Zo hUyZ AmOhr Cmabo
OmVo. `m`m CH$fm`m n{h`m H$mhr {XdgmnmgyZ hr Hw$Qw>~ o
gmm{OH$ F$U OmUyZ KoD$Z `mMr naVo$S> H$a`mg {eH$br
Am{U Vr dmr AJr ~mUdyZ `m H$boV Vr nmaJVhr Pmbr.
`mwiMo `m A$mQ> Am{U {Z`ZyVZ ~ZV OmUm`m w~ B
ehamV `m H$mhr Hw$Qw>~ mZm Img AmXamMo WmZ {imbobo Amho.
r Eg.nr.Ot.Zm Oo WmoS>o $ma nm{hbo, `mVyZ m`m ZmV
`m`m~b`m AmXamMm Am{U WmoadrMm EH$ H$m` R>gm
CQ>bm. Eg. nr. Ot.Mo AJXr AZno{jVnUo bS>Z òWo o
2000 ò d`m`m 88 `m dfu {ZYZ Pmbo, nU `m`m
d`mMr Am{U ddmMr OmUrd H$YrM Pmbr ZhVr. H$maU
`mMr H${VerbVm, OmJ$H$Vm Am{U gmm{OH$ m~m~VMr
Vii AIoan`V H$m` hmoVr. n`mdaU, bmoH$g`m{ZÙ
gmYZm
108
Am{U Hw$Qw>~ {Z`moOZ, {ejU, gmOH$`mU, gmamò,

H$bm d nwamVdem Am{U `mM~amo~a òUmao nwamVZ
H$bm{dH$ma d Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmaemMo OVZ `m gdM Jmo>tò
`mZm dma` hmoV.o Vo A{ddm{hV hmoV,o `mwio `m`m
AV:H$aUmVrb gmar OmJm OUy gmO{hVm`m {dMmamZr
`mnbobr hmoVr. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVm`m Ammo{JH$ C^maUr`m
hdm`m O~m~Xmar~amo~aM gmO{hVmgmR>rhr H$mhr Var Ho$bo
nm{hOo, hr {VVH$sM CH$Q> H$iH$i `m`m ZmV hmoVr.
`mV CmoJnVr Oo.Ama.S>r. Q>mQ>mM o Vo gH$mbrZ hmoVo Am{U
dV ^maV ho EH$ d`nUy Ammo{JH$ am> ~Zbo nm{hOo,
`mgmR>r`m `m`m XaXeu `ZmVhr Eg. nr. Or. gh^mJr
hmoV.o `mZr Amn`m OrdZmV AIoar-AIoarg XmoZ hdm`m
KmofUm OZVobm {X`m- "Xoembm XV H$a`mgmR>r w~ B
dmMdm' (goh w~ B Qw> hon B{S>`m) Am{U "^maVm`m doJdmZ
JVrgmR>r gm m' (hon q~J Ada B{S>`m An- {$H$br!).
`m XmoZ KmofUmd$ZM `mMr am>{Z>m {H$Vr Ia hmoVr `mMr
H$nZm òV.o bm Agohr H$ibo Amho H$s, `m darb XmoZ
KmofUmZm AZwg$Z EH$ `mnH$ H${VH$m`H$ `mZr V`ma Ho$bm
hmoVm. `mV nwT>rb H$m`dmhrgmR>r {Z{V {Xem XmIdbobr
Amho. `m hmnwfmbm Z:nydH $ lmObr!
0
w~ BVrb BJO r dmnmMm Iam Am{U gdgmdoeH$ B{Vhmg
Amn nyUn Uo CnbY Pmbobm Zmhr. "Q>mBg Am$
B{S>m'gma`m moR>m dmnmH$S>ho r `mMm gnUy B{Vhmg
Zmhr. Iao Va AR>amdo eVH$ d EH$mo{Ugmdo eVH$ `m H$mimVrb
{d{dY dmnmMo mbH$sh$ H$go ~XbV Jobo Am{U
gnmXH$nXmMr O~m~Xmar H$moUr H$moUr gm^mibr hmoVr, ho
OmUyZ KoUo AmVm WmoS>o AdKS>M Amho. AmO`mmUo `m
H$mimV gnmXH$, mbH$, wH$, H$meH$ `mMr A{YH$V
m{hVr {g H$am`bm bmdUmam H$m`Xm ApVdmV ZhVm.
EH$mo{Ugm`m eVH$mV w~ BV AZoH$ BJO r dmno {g hmoV
hmoVr. `mVbr ~arMer Anm`wfrM R>abr qH$dm Xgm EImm
moR>m d Am{WH$Q>m ~i dmnmò {dbrZ Var Pmbr.
`m`mnH$s H$mhtMr mbH$s dV `$sH$S>o hmoVr, `mwio
`mMo Am`w` WmoS>o Am{U ^mdhr `m{XV hmoVm. Amem
dmnmMo OwZo AH$ hVJV H$aUohr $mago e` Zmhr. EH$mM
ZmdmMr nU doJdoJ`m H$mbIS>mV H$m{eV Pmbobr Aer
dmnohr `m doir {g Pmbr hmoVr. n[aUm hmM H$s, `m
H$mi`m dmnmMm gJ B{Vhmg gOyZ KoUo $ma AdKS>
Amho.
`m `m`mZmV r w~ BVrb `m {~{Q>e-B{S>`Z qH$dm
Abmo-B{S>`Z hQ>`m OmUm`m. dmnmMm {dH$mg `m`m
gwdmVrnmgyZ Vo Xoembm amOH$s` dmV` {ion`V`m
H$mimn`V H$gm hmoV Jobm, `mMm EH$ mJmodm m`m An
`ZmZo Oob Vgm d VodT>m KoUma Amho. `mV `m dmnm`m
gnmXH$s` H$V dm~m~Vhr WmoS>o A`mgmH$ {ZH$f H$mT>mdo

bmJVrb. r $$ EH$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {>H$moZmMm AmYma KoD$Z
gH$mbrZ KQ>ZmMo {H$aH$moi gX^ XoVmZm, AbrH$S>rb
dmnr` B{VhmgmVrbhr H$mhr Jmo>tMr Zm|X KoD$ BpN>Vmo.
Abmo-B{S>`Z, `mMmUo {~{Q>e-B{S>`Z `m gkm
AmbQy>Z-nmbQy>Z H$m dmna`m Jo`m, `mMo n>rH$aU H$aUo
OarMo Amho. `mMm g~Y {~{Q>e dgmhVH$mimV qhXWmZmV
amhUm`m {~{Q>e gmOmer Amho; 1947 `m AmYr`m
H$mbIS>mV òWo Wm{`H$ Pmbo`m {~{Q>emgmR>r `m eXmMm
dmna Ho$bm AgyZ, `mcm Bpbe d qhXr g{l nmbH$d
AgUm`m ZmJ[aH$mMm gX^ Zmhr. {deofV: Bpbe {nVm Am{U
qhXVmZr mVm `m`m An`mMm òWo gX^ Zmhr. 1916 nmgyZ
Abmo-B{S>`Z `m gkMo m A{YH$V dmna g{l nmbH$dm`m
gX^mV H$a`mV Ambm, Var {~{Q>e hm Xoe gmoS>y Z Jo`mZVahr
H$mhr H$mi hr gkm yi AWmZo dmnabr Jobr.`mM yi AWmZo
Vr `m `m`mZmV dmnabr Amho.
gZ 1818 Vo 1947 `m H$mimVrb qhXr d {~{Q>e
`m`mYrb g~Y m~b ~aoM H$mhr {b{hbo Jobo Amho. `m
boIZmnH$s Oo`m`m dmJUwH$sg~Y mV A{YH$V {bImU
{ddoH$mnojm ^mdZoMr dmQ> YaUmao Amho. bm `m~m~V A{YH$
`mnH$ Am{U CXma {>H$moZ drH$m$Z Oo`mMr dVUHy $ hr
Oo`mmUoM AgUma, `m dmVdmMm drH$ma H$amdmgm dmQ>Vmo.
Oa {OV Am{U Oo`m`m ^y{H$mV AXbm~Xb KS>br AgVr
Am{U qhXr bmoH$mZr BbS>da dMd {idbo AgVo Va qhXr
bmoH$ {~{Q>emer H$mhr doJ`m nVrZo dmJbo AgVo H$m, Agm
CnpWV H$amdmgm dmQ>Vmo. {~{Q>emMm qhXr bmoH$m~bMm
{>H$moU qH$dm `mMr dmJUyH$, `m`mV Imobda Obo`m
CXmaVdmXr nanami
w o ~arM MmJbr hmoVr Am{U AZoH$ gJmV
Vr amV qH$dm `m` Zgbr Var {ZXmZ dmOdr hmoVr, Ago
VH$mbrZ gmOYw[aUmZm dmQ>V Ago. ^maVmVrb {~{Q>em`m
XrK emgZH$mimò EH$m {d{e> H$mbIS>mVM m
emgZmZo gmm`dmXmMr MwUHy $ XmI{dbr hmoVr Am{U bm
dmQ>Vo H$s, Vmo H$mbIS> ge CR>mdmMm hmoVm; H$m{VH$maH$mMm
hmoVm.
AbZ Oo. JrZ~Ja `mZr Abmo-B{S>`Z dmL>`m`m
gX^mV Amn`m X {~{Q>e BoO BZ B{S>`m - E Q>S>r BZ X
{bQ>aMo a Am$ Bn[o a`brP, 1880-1960 (Amg$S> `w{Z.
og, bS>Z, 1969) - `m JW mV VrZ H$mbIS> nmS>bo AmhoV.
1880 Vo 1910 `m H$mbIS>mbm Vo Am{dmg nd (Eam Am$
H$mp$S>g) hUVmV.; 1910 Vo 1935 `m H$mbIS>mbm Vo
eH$m nd (Eam Am$ S>mD$Q>) hUVmV, Va 1935 Vo 1960 `m
H$mbIS>mbm CXmgr nd (Eam Am$ obH $br) hUVmV. r `m
VrZ H$mbIS>m `m AmYr`m AmUIr XmoZ H$mbIS>mM m {ZX}e
H$$ BpN>Vmo - Vo hUOo 1818 Vo 1857 ho emoYH$ nd (Eam
Am$ Ebmoaeo Z) Am{U 1857 Vo 1880 ho gmjmH$ma nd
(Eam Am$ [a`bm`PoeZ). ho Ago H$mbIS> H$emgmR>r nmS>m`Mo

`mMo Cma AmoKmV n> hmoBb
M.
n{ qhXWmZmVrb n{h`m qqQ>J og(N>mnImZm)Mr
C^maUr H$a`mMo lo` BQ> B{S>`m H$nZrMo EH$ Xbmb ^rOr
nmaI Am{U hoZr {hb `m XmoKmH$S>o ggmZ OmVo. `mZr
1674ò `mMr gwdmV Ho$br. gwaV òWrb ^rOr nmaI `mZr
Bpbe BQ> B{S>`m H$nZr`m gMmbH$mZm n nmR>dZy w~ Bbm,
~mUr (amR>r) ^mfm d {bnr OmUUmam H$moUr Var H$m`j
qQ>a (N>nmB` MmbdUmam)' nmR>{d`mMr {dZVr Ho$`mMr Zm|X
Amho. `m qQ>abm Xa dfu 50 nò Agm mo~Xbm gVV VrZ df}
Xo`mMm H$amahr Pmbm. Aem VhoZo hoZr {b ho {~{Q>e JhW
w~ B ~oQ>mMo qQ>a hUyZ nmR>{dbo Job.o w~ BV Vo qqQ>J og,
Q>mBn Am{U MmJ`m VrMm H$mJX KoD$Z 1674 ò XmIb
Pmbo. 1674 ho df hUOo N>nVr {edmOrhmamOm`m
am`m{^foH$mMo df. ^rOr nmaI `mZm bdH$aM CbJS>bo H$s,
hoZr {b ho $$ qQ>a AmhoV, N>nmBVk AmhoV; Vo `m ogMo
1840 ò S>m. yBQ> `mZm

H$mQ>bS >hZ nwhm ~mobmdyZ
Ko`mV Ambo. `mZVa m `mZr
1840 Vo 1857 Aer V~b
gbJ 17 df} gnmXH$nXmMr
O~m~Xmar drH$mabr. hr O~m~Xmar
KoV`mda `mZr "~m~o Q>mBg'Mo
$n AmybmJ ~Xbbo.
`m nm`m mbH$mZr 1850 ò
`mMo ^mJ^mS>db dmT>dZy `m nmMo
$nmVa X{ZH$mV Ho$bo. Vr VmarI hmoVr
2 gQ>~| a 1850. hm ~Xb
KS>dZy AmUVmZm `mgmo~V EH$
Bemamhr {Xbm Jobm- "Oo H$moUr
`m nmVrb H$moUVmhr OHy$a
nydn admZJr{edm` CMbVrb
(d XgarH$S>o dmnaVrb), `mZr
{ddoH${damoYr dVZ Ho$bo Amho,
Ago mZyZ `mZm `mMr
H$m`Xoera ânmB H$amdr bmJob.'
gmYZm
109
H$nmoOa hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. ^rOr nmaI `mZm amR>r Am{U

XodZmJarVrb OHw$amMo pIio OwidUmam (H$nmoOa) hdm hmoVm.
BQ> B{S>`m H$nZr`m gMmbH$mer `mZr nwhm gnH$ gmYbm.
eodQ>r 1678 ò w~ Bbm EH$ XodZmJar Ajao OwidUmam
H$nmoOa YmS>`mV Ambm; nU `mZVa nwT>rb eâ dfmV
w~ BVrb qqQ>J `dgm`mMr {H$VnV dmT> AJa JVr Pmbr,
`m~bMr AJXrM OwO~r m{hVr CnbY Amho.
w~ Bò qqQ>J ogMr WmnZm Pm`mZVa nwT>rb 125
dfmV H$moU`mhr dmnr` hmbMmbr Pm`mMr Zm|X AJa
m{hVr Zmhr. w~ BVrb n{hbo H$meZ EImm dmnmMo ZhVo,
Va "H$b|S>a $ma X Bà Am$ Ada bmS> 1780' ho hmoV.o "V
H$agoQ>Or BZ X ~Oma' `m qqQ>J ogò N>mnbobo w$bHo$n 34
nmZmMo H$b|S>a w~ BV AdVabo. nU `mM dfu qhXWmZr
nH$m[aVoMm n{hbm AdVma "~|Jmb JPQo >' `m dmnm`m $nmV
nmhm`bm {imbm. `m nmbm "{hH$sO JPQo >' Ago Zmd nS>b.o
Vo H$bH$`mV e{Zdma 29 OmZodmar 1780 `m {Xder {g
Pmbo. nU n{hbm dYmnZ{XZ nmh`mBVHo$ Am`w`hr `mbm
bm^bo Zmhr.
"X Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'm gnmXH$mMr Imocr (Zmoh|~a 1898)
gmYZm
110
dmnmMo `wJ w~ BV AdVa`mgmR>r m AmUIr ZD$ df}

bmJbr. w~ BV 1789 ò "~m~o hoamS>'`m H$meZmbm
gwdmV Pmbr, nU H$mhr {XdgmVM "~|Jmb JPQo >'mUo
`mMmhr An`y Pmbm. nU w~ BH$amZm dmnmMr CUrd $ma
{Xdg ^mgbr Zmhr. H$maU H$mhr {XdgmVM 1790 ò "~m~o
Hw$[aà' ho ehamVrb Xgao dmVmn Xa e{Zdmar gH$mir
dmMH$mZm {iy bmJbo. {d` Ae~Za ho gaH$mar A{YH$mar
`mMo H$meH$ hmoV.o Ae~Za ho `mM H$mimV w~ BMo eoar$hr
Pmbo hmoV.o `m Jmo>r bjmV KoVm, "~m~o Hw$[aà'YyZ H$moU`m
H$ma`m ~mV`m Am{U `m g~Y mVrb Q>rH$m{Q>nUrMm OHy$a
{Xbm OmV hmoVm, `mMr H$nZm Amn`mbm ò`mgmaIr Amho.
H$meZm~amo~aM dmnmMr mbH$shr `mZVa Ae~Za
`m`mH$S>o Jobr. Oo. Ama. ~r. OrOr^m` `m`mH$Sy>Z `m~m~V
Aer m{hVr {iVo H$s "~m~o Hw$[aà'YyZ 1831 n`V gaH$mar
{ZdoXZo d hH$y (AmS>g Am$ JhZQ| >) {g hmoV hmoV.o
`mYrb BVa OHw$amMo boIH$ `m H$mi`m H$mhr m`da
`$s hmo`m. `mV Oog {H$Q>me (1765-1832),
mD$Q>Q>A
w Q> Ep$Q>Z (1779-1859) H$Zb hmg
Ho$ZoS>r (1784-1841), ga AboPmS>a ~g (1805-
Oo. E. crZ :
"X ~m~o JPQo >'Mo ZmdV gnmXH$
hoar H$dZ (1845-1892)

{~{Q>e nVYmZ cS>Q>Z Am{U
w~ BMo JhZa cmS> ao mMo {damoYH$
JQo >Z Joar :

w~ BMo JhZa cmS> ao mMo
H$>a gWH$
1841), hoZr am{bgZ (1810-1895) Am{U AboPmS>a

~ob (`y 1853) `m S>itMm gmdoe hmoVm. ~m~o
Hw$[aà'`m H$meZmbm 50 df} nyU Pm`mda `mMr mbH$s
h$o ~moS>Zo , hoZr $mgQo >, Ama.S>`y.H$m$S> Am{U OeoQ>Or
OrOr^m` `m`mH$S>o Ambr. `mZVa "~m~o Hw$[aà'bm nYH$
hUyZ "~m~o JPQo >' dmng>rV Ambo; "~m~o JPQo >' `mM ZmdmZo
doJdoJ`m H$mimV H$m{eV Pmbo`m VrZ dmnmnH $s ho
n{hbo. S>bg {ZH$gZ `mZr 1790 ò ~m~o JPQo > ogMr
WmnZm Ho$br Am{U ZVa 25 OyZ 1790 `m {XdgmnmgyZ Xa
ewH$ dmar brZ `m`m gnmXZmImbr Vo {g hmoD$ bmJbo.
S>`y.Eg.Hy$na ho `mMo qQ>a hmoV.o
"~m~o JPQo >'`m Om{hamVrVrb OHy$a Agm hmoVm, w~ B
(~m~)o eham`m EH$m {d{e> (^mJmo{bH$) WmZmwio
^maVmVrb Xgm H$moU`mhr {~{Q>e dgmhVrnojm gdgmYmaU
Am{U ObX ~mV`m {i`mMm mJ hUyZ òWrb
dmn`dgm`mg hd Amho. "~m~o JPQo >'Yrb `wamo{n`Z
~mV`mMr I~a XoUmam OHy$a hm BVa H$moU`mhr ehamVrb
dmnmnj
o m A{YH$ d ObX I~a XoUmam Agob.'
brZ`m {ZdmrZVa 1890 ò W Hw$Ur {$AamZ
ZmdmMm gnmXH$ Pmbm, nU bdH$aM AS>m $g nmon
gnmXH$nXmda Ambo. hr ZoUyH$ Pm`mda w~ BMo eoar$
hUyZhr `mMr ZoUyH$ Pmbobr hmoVr. VWm{n, dfâmVM `mMo
{ZYZ Pmbo d gnmXH$mMo nX nwhm [aH$mo Pmbo. `mZVa
gr.Oo.o$Aa `m JhWmZr gnmXH$nX drH$mabo. naVw VH$mbrZ
gaH$mar {ZU`mda Ho$bo`m Q>rHo$wio gaH$maMm amof mZr
AmoT>dZy KoVbm Am{U `mMr Vm~S>Vmo~ admZJr m`Xoer
H$a`mV Ambr. ga ES>S > doQ> `m gwr H$moQ> Am$ ~m~o

(1862 n`V ~m~o hm`H$moQ> `mM ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmV
hmoV)o `m aoH$mS>a (AmOMo Mr$ OQ>rg) gdm} `m{`H$
A{YH$m`mda o$Aa `mZr Ho$bobr H$R>mao Q>rH$m `m`m AJmer
Ambr. AWmV, `m dmnm`m gnmXH$nXmda Ambo`m
~`mM A{ÔZm`m Z{e~r hoM {bpIV `mdoir hmoV.o
EH$mo{Ugm`m eVH$m`m nydmYmV "~m~o JPQo >'bm w~ BVrb
nmaer gmOm`m amofmbm Vm|S> mdo bmJbo. w~ BVrb pZ
{eZar S>itMo H$m`- {deofV: $s MM Ag|br `m gWoMo
aoh. S>m. OmZ {dgZ (`mZr Hy$b d H$mbOo `mMr WmnZm
Ho$br)- `m`m H$m`m~m~V "~m~o JPQo >'Zo `$ Ho$bobr Vo
njnmVr AmhoV, Agm nmaer gmOmMm Amamon hmoVm. `mMm
n[aUm AWmVM "~m~o JPQo >'`m dmMH$dJmda Pmbm Am{U hr
n[apWVr 1840 n`V am{hbr. `mZVa `m nmMr mbH$s
~Xbbr Am{U `m~amo~aM `mMo Zmdhr. n[apWVr`m
XS>nUmwio "~m~o JPQo >'Mo n[adVZ "OQ>bZ JPQo >'ò Pmbo.
nU `m Z`m ZmdmMr ZdbmBhr bdH$aM gnbr Am{U
dfâmVM OmZ H$mZZ `mMr Zdo gnmXH$ hUyZ {ZdS> hmoVmM
nwhm OwZo "~m~o JPQo >' ho Zmd `m dmnmbm {imbo. w~ B`m
gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmV H$mZZ `mMm H${Verb gh^mJ hmoVm. EH$
MVwa d$m hUyZ `mMr ehamV `mVr hmoVr, nU
n`dgm`mbm bmJUmao gnmXH$mMo "nmUr' AJr ZhVo.
`mwio `mZm bdH$aM BbS>bm naVmdo bmJbo. nU BbS>ò
`mZr H$m`Xo{df`H$ {ejU nyU H$$Z arVga gZX KoVbr
(1853) Am{U H$mhr dfmZr Vo nwhm qhXWmZmV naVbo Am{U
"~m~o JPQo >'Mr O~m~Xmar `m`m AZwnpWVrVrb gnmXH$ Oo.
gmYZm
111
E. brZ `m`mH$Sy>Z nwhm hmVr KoVbr. H$mZZ `mMr

d{H$br OoVoM Mmby hmoVr. nU `m`mmJo AmVm ~[aQ>a hr
CnmYr hmoVr. `mwio w~ B eha Am{U ~oQ> n[agamMo w`
nmobrg {OQQo > hUyZ `mMr {Z`w$s Pmbr. Vr O~m~Xmar
`mZr `mMr H$Vr {~KS>no `V {Z>Zo o gm^mibr. 1874 ò
m`^yrbm naVVmZm gwdPo òWo `mMo {ZYZ Pmbo, Vo
`m`nrR>mMo wI gX` AIoan`V am{hbo. w~ B`m
`w{Z{gnb H$mnm}ae
o ZMo Vo H$mhr H$mi A`jhr hmoV,o `mMr
gmj `w{Z{gnb H$mnm}ae
o Z`m g^mJhmVrb `mMm nwVim
AmOhr XoVmo.
Mr$ o{gS>o gr {OQQo > hUyZ H$mZZ `m`m ZoUwH$sZVa
`mZm "~m~o JPQo >'Mo `dWmnZ ZrQ> nma nmS>Uo Ae` Pmbo,
hUyZ `mZr Oo.E.brZ ("JmBS> Qy> ~m~'o wio {g
Pmbob)o `m`m hmVr gmondbo (1859) Iao, nU brZ `mZm
`m O~m~XmarVyZ dfâmVM Xahr Ho$bo. 1863 n`V H$mZZ
`mZr nmMo gnmXZ H$aVmZm `dWmnZmMr Ywamhr dm{hbr, nU
AIoa eodQ>r `mZm "~m~o JPQo >' ho ogg brZ AS> emZ
`mZm {dH$mdo bmJbo. Z`m `dWmnZmV "~m~o JPQo >'Zo
ehamVrb gmm{OH$ KS>mmoS>tò bj Kmb`mMo {deof
H$V` 1860 Vo 1870 `m Xhm dfmV ~Omdmdo bmJbo. 1840
`m XeH$mVrb H$mhr H$mi `m`m gaH$ma{damoYr
VXeZmwio emgH$m`m dVwi
mV `mbm XfUohr {imbr
hmoVr. {~{Q>e YmoaUmg~Y r H$S>H$ ^mfoV {Z^gZm H$aUmam
OHy$a WM `m dmnmZo {g Ho$bm. "EH$ qhX' `m ghrZo
{b{hbobr Or EH$Xa AmR> no {g Ho$br Jobr Vr {~{Q>e
am`H$`mda gS>H$y Z Q>rH$m H$aUmar hmoVr. Vr gd ^mH$a nmS>w aJ
VIS>H$a (1816-1847) `mMr hUOo gmm{OH$ Am{U
Ym{H$ gwYmaH$ hUyZ {d`mV Agbobo XmXmo~m d
S>m. Ammam VIS>H$a `m`m ~YMy r hmoVr. H$nZr gaH$mada
"^maVmbm AmOn`V {imbobm gdmV moR>m emn' Agm n>
R>nH$m ^mH$a nmS>w aJ VIS>H$a `mZr R>do bm Am{U `mVyZ `m
gaH$ma~b n{h`mXmM n> eXmV OmhranUo AgVmof H$Q>
Pmbm. `mZVa`m H$mimV XmXm^mB ZmamoOtMr gw{g "~Zo SZo
{WAar' ^mH$a nmS>w aJ VIS>H$am`m `m Cmam`m nm^y rda
AmYmabr hmoVr. "~m~o JPQo >'ò AZoH$ {ghV boIH$mMo
{bImU {g hmoV Ago. `mV ga ~mQ>b
{$Aa (18161873), ga OmO ~S>d Sw > (1834 -1917), Oo.Eb.{H$nqbJ
(1837 -1911) ho AmQ> Hy$bMo mo$o ga Am{U {d`
dS> dW (1835-1917) ho Ep$Q>Z H$mbOo Mo {pgnb
`mgmaIo ZmdV hmoV.o
w~ BV 1789 Vo 1819 `m Vrg dfm`m H$mimV $$ XmoZM
wI dmno H$m{eV hmoV hmoVr. 1819 ò Oo.EM.Q>m $sba
(1800-1885) `mZr W{JV Pmbobo "AmJg' ZmdmMo
H$meZ ~m~o H$m{ZH$b' `m Z`m ZmdmZo Mmb{d`mg hmVr
KoVbo. Vo `mZr VrZ df} Mmbdbo Am{U 1822 ò
gmYZm
112
Q>m $sbaZr qhXVmZ gmoS>bm hUyZ H$meZ nwhm W{JV

Pmbo. Vo nwhm qhXWmZmV Ambo Iao , nU `mZr Amnbr
nH$m[aVm w~ BVZy H$bH$`mH$S>o di{dbr. w~ B Am{U
H$bH$mm `m Xmohr ehamVrb n`dgm`mV `mMo `moJXmZ
~amM H$mi Pmbo. Vo 1843 ò nwhm bS>Zbm naVbo Vo
bS>ZYrb ZmQ>jom`m AmoT>rZo. nU VoWo `mZm $ma è
{imbo Zmhr. Q>m $sba `mZr Amnbo nH$m[aVoVrb AZw^d
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' `m nmVyZ 1872 `m Owb {h`mV 2
,10, 17 , 23 d 24 `m VmaImZm EHy$U nmM boImVZy mS>bo
AmhoV. `mZVa boImMo nwVH$hr H$m{eV Pmbo, Agm CoI
{iVmo. `m H$mimVrb dmnr` dmVmdaUm~b "Q>mBg Am$
B{S>m'Zo Amn`m 17 Owb 1872`m AH$mV Aer Zm|X Ho$br
Amho...
...`m H$mimV (1830) "X ~m~o Hw$[aà' ho n {V>Mo o
mZbo OmV hmoV.o `mVrb OHy$a daModa XgarH$S>o CV Ho$bm
OmV hmoVm, `mMr ânya egmhr Ho$br OmV hmoVr. Am{U Vo
dm^m{dH$M hmoV.o bmS> {d` ~|qQ>Jbm ânya H$a {idyZ
XoUmar Or no hmoVr, `m`mer "~m~o Hw$[aà' H$m`M ghV
Agm`Mo.''
gZ 1838 `m AIoarg w~ B ehamVrb wI dmVmnmV
"~m~o JPQo >', "~m~o Hw$[aà' Am{U "~m~o Q>mBg' hr VrZ hmoVr.
`mnH $s "~m~o Q>mBg' `mM dfu gw$ Pmbo hmoV.o {gog [a`Z
nmoVg `m EH$m H$Q>Z`m nZr. `mZr amUr phQ>m[o a`m
`m`m H$ma{H$Xu`m gwdmVrbm w~ B eha H$go {XgV hmoV,o
`m~b {b{hbo Amho. "doQ>Z B{S>`m BZ 1838' `m 1839
ò {g Pmbo`m {IS> JW mV `m H$mi`m w~ B`m
OrdZmMo dUZ Amho. Vmon`V phQ>m[o a`Z amOdQ>rMo H$m`Xo
w~ Bn`V nmoMbohr ZhVo. {gog nmoVg {b{hVmV,
"gdgmYmaUnUo gwYmaUm`m {XeoZo ^maVmMr doJdmZ dmQ>Mmb
gw$ Pmbobr {XgVo. ` dJmV {Xgy bmJbobm hm ~Xb `mZm
CH$fmH$S>o KoD$Z OmBb.'
w~ BVrb JVr`m dmVmdaUmMo EH$ CXmhaU XoVmZm `m
{b{hVmV, "òWrb Wm{ZH$ dmnOJV A{YH$ {V{>V Am{U
hdmMo hmoV Mmbbobo Amho.' dmnmMo Ago hd dmT>V
Mmbbo, `mMr H$mhr H$maUo AgUmaM!
dmnmdarb OmMH$ {Z~Y Am{U gaH$mar {ZÙmMo {Xdg
gnbo hmoV.o w~ BMo VH$mbrZ JhZa bmS> boAa `mZm Vr ~YZo
H$m` R>do m`Mr hmoVr, nU `m`m BN>{o d JhZa OZab ga
Mmg oQ>H$m$ `mZr 1835 ò Vr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$br. `mwio
qhXWmZMr dmno w$Vo`m Z`m hdoV mg KoD$ bmJbr. .
J "~m~o Hw$[aà' Am{U "~m~o JPQo >' `mZr {imbo`m
dmV`mMm Zgmo$ Cn`moJ H$m H$$Z KoD$ Zò? `mMo CXmhaU
gmoa R>do Zy MmJbr dmno ~mOmamV AmUy nmhUmm g{dMmar
S>itZm EH$ H$mao CmoOZM bm^bo. `mwio w~ B ehamV
`jmV EH$ MV` {ZmU Pmbo hmoV.o
""w~ B eha CgmhmZo âbo Amho. `m CgmhmMo H$Q>rH$aU

1836 ò "M|~a Am$ H$mg'`m gWmnZoò Pmbo.
H$nZrMo AmXoen 1834 ò mJo Ko`mV Ambo Am{U ImgJr
gWmer `mnma Iwbm Pmbm. X ~H$ Am$ ~m~o ZwH$VrM da òV
Amho. AmJ~moQ>tMr dmhVyH$ Am{U `wamonbm OmoS>Umar dmQ> `m
{df`mda XaamoO gJirH$S>o MMm d dmXmdmXr Mmby Amho.
w~ Bò dmnmZm BVHo$ AZwH$y b dmVmdaU AmVmn`V H$YrM
ZhVo Am{U hr gYr nH$S>Umar mUgo Z`m `mnmar Kam`mer
~her g~{ YV AmhoV. `mnma Am{U ~qH$J `m`mYrb Z$m
nydu BQ> B{S>`m $g {JiH$ V H$arV hmo`m, Vmo {idyZ `m
Z`m `mnmmZm dmQy>Z `m`Mm Amho.''
`m Z`m dm`dgm`m`m gmhgmV CV$ nmhUmao hmoV-o
ogg o$W AS> H$nZr; ogg. ~mD$Z[aJ AS> H$nZr; [aMr,
Qw>AS> AS> H$nZr, pH$Za AS> H$nZr, {d` {ZH$mob AS>
H$nZr, {S>amo AS> H$nZr; {hpJZgZ, H$mS>d b
o AS> H$nZr,
ES>`y AS> H$nZr, m{Q>Z ao AS> H$nZr, {JbS>ag; EdmQ>
AS> H$nZr, $mOr H$mdgOr, ~m~o MQg , {d` hmdS>,
{d` mQ> `,y H$bH$mm ~[aQ>a Am{U S>m. {d` H$s ,
o{S>H$b pQ>eZa `m gdmZr EH$ òD$Z Z`m dmnmMo
ZmH$aU "~m~o Q>mBg AS> OZb Am$ H$mg' Ago Ho$bo Am{U
Vo Xa ~wYdmar d e{Zdmar Ago AmR>dS>mVyZ XmoZ doim H$m{eV
H$a`mMo R>adbo. S>m. Oo.B.~Zo mZZm `mZr gnmXH$ Zobo.
S>m. ~Zo mZ ho Am`[ae hmoV.o BbS>Yrb gH$mbrZ dH$s`
Am{U dkm{ZH$ n{H$mò `mMo CoIZr` `moJXmZ hmoV.o
`mZm EH$mM doir XmoZ ^y{H$m {Z^mdm``m hmo`m- "~m~o
Q>mBg'Mo gnmXZ Am{U M|~a Am$ H$mgMo g{MdnX. nU Owb
1839 ò w~ Bbm Am`mZVa dfmVM H$mbmZo `mMm
XXd r `y Pmbm. Am{U d`m`m Ho$di 36 `m dfu Pmbobm
`mMm An`y "~m~o Q>mBg'bm $ma moR>m Y$m XoD$Z Jobm.
dmV{dH$ 1839 Am{U 1840 hr XmoZ df} w~ BVrb
dmn- OJVmbm $ma moR>m $Q>H$m XoUmar R>abr. H$mbam gmWrZo
VrZ CX`mowI nH$mamMo ~ir KoVbo. H$b ZmdmMo "~m~o
JPQo >'Mo gnmXH$, $gmo ZmdmMo "~m~o Hw$[aà'Mo CngnmXH$ ho
S>m. ~Zo mZ~amo~a H$mbmMo ~ir R>abobo AmUIr XmoZ nH$ma.
S>m. ~Zo mZ ho `m gdmV A{YH$ ~w{mZ d Hw$eb hmoV.o `mZr
w~ B`m gH$mbrZ nH$m[aVoda Amn`m n{h`mM boImVyZ
EH$ doJir N>mn CQ>dbr. "~m~o Q>mBg'`m n{h`mM AH$mV
BbS>Zo qhXWmZH$S>o Ho$bo`m Xbj
m~b naIS> Q>rH$m H$$Z
$ma WmoS>Mo Bpbe bmoH$ `m Xoembm ôQ> Xo`mg V`ma AgVmV,
`mH$S>o bj doYbo Amho. S>m. ~Zo mZ `mZm H$moU`mhr {>H$moZmVyZ
qhXWmZMr ^yr Ho$di VdkmZm`m A`mgmgmR>r Zho, Va
BVahr `mdhm[aH$ ~m~VrVhr Amgw` {ZmU H$aUmar dmQ>V
hmoVr.
`m "~m~o Q>mBg'Mr dm{fH$ dJUr Vrg nò Am{U m{gH$
Xhm nò hmoVr. `m nmVrb gwdmVr`mM EH$m Om{hamVrV
nwT>rb H$maMm OHy$a Amho- ""`m nmV amOH$maU, {dkmZ

Am{U gm{h`{df`H$ Cmmom OHy$a daModa CnbY hmdm,
Aer MmoI `dWm H$a`mV Ambr Amho. ZmJar, bH$ar d
Zm{dH$ godmYrb hmoUmao ~Xb- ~T>`m Am{U `m`mer
g~{ YV hdm`m Jmo>tMr Zm|X {Z`{VnUo d `dpWV
R>do `mV òBb
. nm`m OHy$a-V^mVrb H$mhr ^mJ Wm{ZH$
Am{U BbS>Yrb `mnmar OmVrgmR>r amIyZ R>do bobm Agob.
`mV Am{WH$ KS>mmoS>tMr A`mdV d A{YH$V m{hVr,
`{$JV qH$dm gmdO{ZH$ ~m~VrVrb VH$mar `mMr `mo` XIb
KoD$Z MmH$er H$a`mV òBb
. `m KQ>Zmdarb MMm w$nUo
Am{U {Z:njnmVrnUmZo Aer H$miOr KoD$Z Mmb{dbr OmBb
H$s, `mVrb ^mfm Am{U EHy$U gya hm H$moUmbmhr XImdUmam
Zgob. {~{Q>e Am{U `wamo{n`Z amOH$maUm`m gX^mV`m~b Bpbe dmMH$ $ma gdXo Zerb Amho- doJdoJ`m
amOH$s` njm`m wInmVrb boImMm Amd`H$ ^mJ H$mTy>Z
{g Ho$bm OmBb Am{U `mVrb VVmVao d ^mdZmMr XIb
AJbI
o mVyZ Ko`mV òBb
.''
"~m~o Q>mBg'Mo gMmbH$ Am{U gnmXH$ `mZr darb
n[aN>Xo mV `$ Ho$bobr CXmm C{>o AmO`m H$mimV`mhr
nH$m[aVobm mJXeH$ R>aUmar AmhoV.
"~m~o Q>mBg'Zo BbS>YyZ EH$ wUVk mJdyZ
`m`mm$V Wm{ZH$ H$mam{JamZm AjaOwiUrMo (H$nmoqOJ)
H$m {eH${d`mMo R>a{dbo. BbS>YyZ AmUIrhr H$mhr
H$nmo{PQ>g Am{U erZda H$m H$aUmao qQ>g 1842 ò
AmU`mV Ambo. `m H$mimVhr dmnmbm bmJUmm
H$mJXm`m {Z`{V Am{U nwaeo m nwadR>mMm hmoVmM! Aem
gd mZm Vm|S> XoV "~m~o Q>mBg'Mr Am{WH$ Am{U gnmXH$s`
Aem XmoZhr nmV`mda JVr Mmby hmoVr. `m JVrMo JH$ Ago
H$s, ^maVmVyZ BbS>ò admZm hmoUmm AH$mMr g`m 1841
ò 77,000 hmoVr Vr 1842 ò 1,06,830 EdT>r Pmbr.
`mVrb 39,983 hUOo OdiOdi Mmirg Q>$o AH$
w~ B`m Q>mBg H$MoarVyZM nmR>{dbo OmV hmoV.o AWmVM, `m
AH$mò "X ~m~o Q>mBg Wbr gar Am$ B{S>`Z BQ>{o bOg'
(nydu ~mV`mZm hUOo "`yO'bm BQ>{o bOg' hUV!) `mMmhr
gmdoe Ago.
"~m~o Q>mBg'`m mbH$sò (mom`Q>a{en) 1846
Am{U nwhm 1850 ò Ago XmoZ doim ~Xb Pmbo; `m doir
`wamo{n`Zm~amo~a H$mhr qhXWmZr ^mJYmaH$hr nm`m
`dWmnZ g{VrV Ambo. Varhr `mMr gW JVr gw$M hmoVr.
S>m. ~Zo mZ `m`m {ZYZmZVa gnmXH$nXmda Ambobo S>m. OmO
`yB Q> (1805-1860) `m`mwiMo Vr e` Pmbr. H$mhr
{XdgmZV a S>m. `yB Q>Zm H$mQ>bS >bm naVmdo bmJbo. `m`m
JahOoarV "~m~o Q>mBg'Mo gnmXZ Ep$Q>Z H$mbOo Mo
S>m. h|S>agZ `mZr H$amdo, Aer {dZVr `mZm H$a`mV Ambr.
"~|Jmb o{S>H$b gphg'Mo S>m. ZmBQ> d `m`mer ZmgmY`
gmYZm
113
Agbobo am~Q> ZmBQ> `mZr nmMr mbH$s ~amM moR>m H$mi

AZw^dbr Am{U H$mhr {hZo `m dmnmMo gnmXZhr Ho$bo.
VWm{n, 1840 ò S>m. `yB Q> `mZm H$mQ>bS >hZ nwhm
~mobmdyZ Ko`mV Ambo. `mZVa m `mZr 1840 Vo 1857
Aer V~b gbJ 17 df} gnmXH$nXmMr O~m~Xmar nobbr. hr
O~m~Xmar KoV`mda `mZr "~m~o Q>mBg'Mo $n AmybmJ
~Xbbo. `m nm`m mbH$mZr 1850 ò `mMo ^mJ^mS>db
dmT>dZy `m nmMo $nmVa X{ZH$mV Ho$bo. Vr VmarI hmoVr 2
gQ>~| a 1850. hm ~Xb KS>dZy AmUVmZm `mgmo~V EH$
Bemamhr {Xbm Jobm- "Oo H$moUr `m nmVrb H$moUVmhr OHy$a
nydn admZJr{edm` CMbVrb (d XgarH$S>o dmnaVrb), `mZr
{ddoH${damoYr dVZ Ho$bo Amho, Ago mZyZ `mZm `mMr
H$m`Xoera ânmB H$amdr bmJob.'
Aem H$maMm Bemam H$Xm{MV AmO AWmZr dmQ>b
o ; nU ho
bjmV R>do bo nm{hOo H$s, {Q>H$y Z amh`mgmR>r, ^rfU nY}bm
Vm|S> Xo`mgmR>r H$amdm bmJUmam gKf `mwio hm Bemam
An[ahm` hmoVm.
X "~m~o JPQo >' ho n JhUw$ hmoD$Z nwhm H$m{eV hmoD$
bmJbo hmoVo Am{U "~m~o hoamS>' ZmdmMo Zdo {-gmm{hH$ gw$
Pmbo hmoV.o w~ BV 1854 ò BJO r VrZ X{ZHo$, VrZ {gmm{hHo$ Am{U Mma gmm{hHo$ `mMo H$meZ hmoV hmoV.o
S>m. `yB Q> hm OZVoH$Sy>Z D$Om {idUmam mUyg hmoVm Am{U
w~ B`m ^m{VH$ d ~m{H$ JVrH$aVm hUyZ
{ejUgmamnmgyZ Vo eha gwYma`mn`V, AJXr doYemio`m
C^maUrn`V AJr - hm{Q>H$Mab gmogm`Q>r (H${f-$bgdYZ
gWm), X ~m~o {OAmJm {$H$b gmogm`Q>r (`m gWoMo H$m`dmh
S>m. `yB Q> dV:M gVV drg df} hmoV)o , Jh]Q> g|Qb
`w{P`- `mbm AmVm ^mD$ XmOr dVwgJ h mb` Ago

hUVmV- `m gdm`m C^maUrgmR>r `mZr {OdmMo amZ Ho$bo.
`mMm {edS>rYrb ~Jbm ho VU w~ B-gwYmaH$m`m
ôQ>rJmR>rMo EH$ H|$ hmoV.o S>m. `yB Q> `mMo H$m BVHo$ Cm H$mao
Mmby hmoVo H$s, Vo 1857 ZVahr BWo {Q>H$y Z amh eH$bo AgVo;
nU 1857 Yrb EVoer`m`m CR>mdm~m~V `mMo AmJhXamJh H$nZr`m eoAahmoS>am`m {damoYr hmoV.o {~{Q>e
gmmYmm`m {damoYmV ~S> H$aUmm qhXr bmoH$mZm H$moU`mhr
H$maMr X`mm`m XmIdy Zò, Aem H$ma`m YmoaUmMm
S>m. `yB Q> `mZr CKS> d Omhra AmJh Yabm. hUyZ
`m`mdarb amJmwio `mMm CoI "bS>r `yB Q> (a$mibobm
Am{U a${nnmgy)' Agm hmoD$ bmJbm. Ag` ^mfoV `mZr
Ho$bo`m VXeZmwio `mZm `mMo nX Jdmdo bmJbo.
dmnm`m qhXWmZr eoAahmoS>amZr "~m~o Q>mBg'`m
gnmXH$nXmd$Z `mMr CMb~mJS>r H$a`mgmR>r hmV{idUr
Ho$br. EImm OIr qghmmUo S>m. `yB Q> `mZr "~m~o
Q>S >S>' YyZ Ohar eXmV Amnbr H${$`V mS>m`bm gwdmV
Ho$br. "~m~o Q>mBg'YyZ {ZKm`mda Amn`m w~ BVrb
gmYZm
114
H$m{Q>e {m`m gmmZo `mZr Amnbr H${$`V mS>`mgmR>r

"~m~o Q>S >S>' gw$ Ho$bo hmoV.o hr EH$M KQ>Zm `m`m H$m`mMo
ZmJ[aH$mZm dmQ>bb
o o mob Am{U `jmV `m`m nXamV
nS>bb
o o mn `m`mò òD$Z C^r am{hbobr {XgVo, hr moR>rM
XXd mMr Jmo> Amho. `mnwT>rb XdX{dbmg Agm- 1860 ò
S>m. `yB Q> `mMo {ZYZ Pm`mZVa bJoM 1861 ò "~m~o
Q>S >S>' hoM "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò {dbrZ Pmbo. `yB Q>ZV a
am~Q> ZmBQ> `mZr "~m~o Q>mBg'Mr gnmXH$s` gyo hmVr KoVbr.
"~m~o Q>mBg'Mo "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò Pmbo`m
n[adVZ- {H$òMo IaoIaw o gmjrXma am~Q> ZmBQ> ho hmoV,o nU
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mm nwT>rb B{Vhmg OmUyZ Ko`mAmYr `m
doi`m BVa H$mhr dmnmMm WmoS>`mV AmT>mdm `mdm bmJob.
1840 ò XmoZ Zdr m{gHo$ "~m~o J{PZ' Am{U "~m~o
nmo{Q>J J{PZ' hr gw$ Pmbr. Mma dfmZV a hUOo 1844
ò "~m~o {dQ>Zgo ' ho Ym{H$ gmm{hH$ gw$ Pmbo, nU Vo XmoZ
dfmVM hUOo 1846 ò JwS >mimdo bmJbo. 1845 ò gw$
Pmbobo "~m~o ob' hUOo BbS>Yrb dmMH$mgmR>r gmXa
Ho$bobr w~ BVrb {h`m`m KQ>ZmMr Or Ago. `mM dfmV
"~m~o nmo{Q>J [ay' ho Zdo m{gH$ "~m~o JPQo >'`m
H$m`mb`mVyZ {g hmoD$ bmJbo. `mwio ~m~o nmo{Q>J
J{PZbm Y$m ~gbm. hiyhiy w~ BVrb Z`m dmnmMr
VgoM {Z`VH$m{bH$mMr g`m `mZVa dmT>V Jobr. "X noQ>Qo >a'
ZmdmMo gmm{hH$ 1847 ò gw$ Pmbo; Va ^mÌim ogYyZ
1854 ò "~m~o $mQ>b
u J{PZ' {iy bmJbo.
`m Abmo-B{S>`Z {Z`VH$m{bH$mMr Zm|X AmUIr EH$m
hdm`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m`m Zm|Xr{edm` nyU hmoUma Zmhr. "{X
Abmo-B{S>`Z {n[a`m{S>H$b {bQ>aMo a' (1887, Zdr Amdmr)
ò Aer m{hVr {Xbobr Amho H$s, {Vmhr gm{hp`H$ AmT>mdm
Ko`mgmR>r w~ BV "$mQ>b
u [ay' H$m{eV H$amdo, Aer `moOZm
R>abr. hr `moOZm Owb 1854 ò EM.Eb. AS>gZ - Oo `m
doir nmo{b{Q>H$b {S>nmQ> Q| >Mo goH$o Q>ar hUyZ H$mH$mO nmhV
hmoV-o `mZr {Xbo`m EH$m ^moOZgma^mV M{Mbr Jobr. `m
doir CnpWV S>itV- {d` hmdS> (nwT>o AS>hmoH$o Q> OZab
Pmbo), `mMo ~Yy ES>dS> hmdS> (nwT>o w~ B emgZmMo EH$
gX`), EM.~r.B. $sAa (nwT>o "ga' nXdr {iyZ ga ~mQ>b
$sAa hUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo), EM.H$m{Z~oAa

({gphb B{O{ZAa), H$Q>Z [aAa (nwT>o bH$ar Im`mMo
g{Md), aoh. {${bn AS>agZ (gXa AXmbVMo a{OQma),
OmZ H$mZZ (nwT>rb H$mimV d[a> nmobrg {OQQo >), h~Q>
{OamS> (nwT>rb H$mimV JQ > o{S>H$b H$mbOo Mo {pgnmb) Am{U
gr.Oo.AH$mBZ (nwT>rb H$mimV w~ B gaH$maMo EH$ gX`)- ho
gd m`da hmoV.o "X Bpbe BZ doQ>Z B{S>`m'Mo boIH$ aoh.
nr. AS>agZ `mZm `m "$mQ>a br [ay'Mo gnmXH$ Zo`mV
Ambo. `mZVa Pmbo`m XrK MM}V Agm {ZU` Ko`mV Ambm
H$s, "Ho$di EVoer` {df`m`m n[aKm~mhoa`mhr H$mhr
{df`mda boIZ drH$ma`mV `mdo'. "$mQ>b

u [ay' A`V
èdr Pm`mMr Zm|X Amho. `mV {g Pmbo`m H$mhr
boIZmV Cm gm{hp`H$ JwU AmhoV. {deofV: ES>dS> hmdS>
`mMo {bImU A`V gj R>abo. boImnH $s AmUIr EH$
{d` oH$nrg WH$ao `m`mda hmoVm. WH$ao `mZr dVM
"AmVmn`V m`m {bImUmdaMm r dmMbobm gdm}H$> boI'
Agm `mda {Zdmim {Xbm hmoVm. nU ho $mQ>b
u'gwm OmV
H$mi OJy eH$bo Zmhr. 1857 `m OyZ-Owb {h`mV `mMo
H$meZ Wm~bo. `mMo gnmXH$ aoh. nr.AS>agZ `mMo {ZYZ
Am{U XoeâMm 1857Mm {~{Q>e{damoYr CR>md `mwio Vo ~X
nS>bo.
`m gwmamg H$m{eV hmoV Agbo`m ~hg `
{Z`VH$m{bH$mMr n[apWVr Aer hmoVr. `m`mnH$s A{YH$me
~X nS>br qH$dm nwT>rb H$mhr dfmV Xgm moR>m nmH$S>o
AmoT>br OmD$Z `mMm ^mJ ~Zbr. 1861 n`V`m `m
H$mbIS>mV Z`m nmMm CX` Am{U Ow`m H$mhtMm An`y
Ago w~ BVrb dmnr` OJVmMo {M hmoV.o
S>m. `yB Q> `m`mZVa "~m~o Q>mBg'Mo gnmXH$ hUyZ am~Q>
ZmBQ> (1820-1890) `mMr ZoUyH$ Pmbr. Vo H$Q>ba, nma
Am{U H$nZrMo {V{ZYr hUyZ qhXWmZmV Ambo hmoV.o "~m~o
Q>mBg'ò S>m. `yB Q> `m`m aOo`m {XdgmV `mZr H$m`H$mar
gnmXH$ hUyZ Ho$bobo H$m` CoIZr` hmoV.o Oohm S>m. `yB Q>
`mZm gnmXH$nXmd$Z Xa Ho$bo Job,o Vohm `m OmJr am~Q> ZmBQ>
`mMr {ZdS> Pmbr. `mZr dmMH$mMm, eoAahmoS>amMm Am{U
`mVrb qhXWmZr eoAahmoS>amMm {dmg naV {idbm. am~Q>
ZmBQ> gnmXH$ Pm`mZVa `mZr Wm`g wb `m`mer ^mJrXmar
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1.
2.
3.
4.
XmI{dbobr Hw$ebVm "~m~o Q>mBg'Mm ^m`moX` H$aUmar R>abr.

Wm`g wb ho w~ BVM E`wH$o eZ gmogm`Q>r`m ogMr
O~m~Xmar Ko`mgmR>r hUyZ qhXWmZmV Ambo hmoV.o Vo "~m~o
Q>mBg'Mo {~{PZog ZOo a ~Zbo Am{U `mZr Amnbo ghm`H$
hUyZ S>mgo m^m` $mOr `m nmaer gmOmVrb B{VhmgH$mamMr
ZoUyH$ Ho$br. ZmBQ>-wb hr OmoS>r {VWoM Wm~br Zmhr.
mbH$sh$mV `j ~Xb H$$Z Ko`mAmYr "~m~o Q>mBg'Zo
"~m~o Q>S >S>' Mo {dbrZrH$aU H$$Z KoVbo (31 {S>g~| a 1859).
`m XmoZ dmnmMo grbZ H$aUo Amd`H$ hmoV,o H$maU `mMo
H$S>do {VnYu dmn Agbo`m "~m~o JPQo >'bm
Oo.E.brZ `m ^mdembr gnmXH$mMo ghH$m` bm^bo hmoV.o
`mda mV H$a`mgmR>r "~m~o Q>mBg'`m Z`m gMmbH$mZr
"am`Q>g EOgr' `m dmVmha gWobm bS>ZhZ A{YH$ ObX
dmVm nmR>{d`mMr `dWm H$a`mg gmJ`mV Ambo Amho, Ago
Omhra Ho$bo. hr Zdr `dWm 1860 n`V {Q>H$y Z am{hbr Am{U
ZVa Vr ~X nS>br. qhXWmZmV 1855 nmgyZ Vmagodm gw$ Pmbr
hmoVr. `mZVa nwT>rb Xhm dfmV bS>Zer gnH$ gmYUmar Ho$~b
godm gw$ Pmbr. "am`Q>g `yO EOgr' 1866 n`V Mmby
am{hbr hmoVr.
am~Q> ZmBQ> gnmXH$nXr AmUIr H$mhr df} am{hbo. Amn`m
dmnmò `mZr gVV H$mhr Var Zdo ~Xb KS>dZy AmU`mMm
MJ ~mYbm hmoVm. "~m~o Q>mBg' Am{U "~m~o Q>S >S>' `mMo
{dbrZrH$aU 18 o 1861 nmgyZ H$$Z `mZr "X Q>mBg Am$
B{S>m' gw$ Ho$bm.. "X Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' `m ZmdmnwT>o "BZ
{dM X ~m~o Q>mBg AS> X ~m~o Q>S >S> Ama BZH$mnm}aQo >So >' Ago
eX hmoV.o Z`m gMmbH$mZm Ago dmQ>bo H$s, w~ B EhmZm
^maVmMr Am{WH$ amOYmZr Pmbobr Amho. `mwio w~ BVrb
Amn`m dmnmbm gmh{OH$M am>r` dmnmMm XOm {iUo
Wmg Oo. ~oZQo > : "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' H$m{eV H$aUmm H$nZrMo XmoZhr ^mJrXma yI
w r nS>mwio ~oZQo > mZm
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E$. E. H$mocZ : "X Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mo Zqo OJ nmQ>Z a Am{U "{Q>{nH$c {nMg Am$ X B{S>Z Zo{Q>hO' m nwVH$mMo coIH$
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Q> co arS> : mMr gnmXH$nXmMr 17 dfmMr XrK H$maH$sX S>m. yB Q> mmnojm WmoS>rM moR>r hmoVr.
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115
`mo` Amho. `m nm`m H$ma{H$XuVrb Xgam ~Xb `mZVa

OdiOdi Xhm AmR>dS>mZr Ambm, Oohm "~m~o Q>{o bJm$ AS>
Hw$[aà' `m EH$ OmZodmar 1847 amoOr EH$oH$mV {dbrZ
Pmbo`m XmoZ nmYyZ {ZKmbo`m nmbm bdH$aM "Q>mBg
Am$ B{S>m'Zo {JiyZ Q>mH$bo. AWmVM Z`m nmbm Amn`m
W`m~amo~a `mVrb gdM KQ>H$mMr Zmdo XoUo e`
Zg`mwio AIoa $$ "X Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' EdT>Mo
erfH$WmZr H$m` am{hbo . (28 gQ>~| a 1861) `mgmR>r ZmBQ>
`mZr Or H$maUo {Xbr, Vr- "w~ B hr qhXWmZMr Am{WH$
amOYmZr ~Zbobr Amho, Oar Amn gdm} gaH$ma `m ehamV
nmohmoMbobo Zmhr; Var XoemVrb gd doJdoJ`m H$ma`m
m{hVrgmR>r bmoH$mMr ZOa ~m~o ogH$S>Mo bmJbobr AgVo'Aer hmoVr...
ZmBQ> OdiOdi 16 dfmZV a m`Xoer hUOo BbS>bm
1894 ò {ZKmbo. qhXWmZMm hUOo w~ BMm {H$Zmam
gmoS>`mnydu w~ B`m ZmJ[aH$mZr `mMm gH$ma gma^ KS>dZy
AmUbm Am{U `mZm EH$ bmI n`mMr Wbr XoD$Z `m`m
AVwbZr` dmnr` H$m{Jarbm XmX {Xbr. `m nemMm Cn`moJ
ZmBQ> `mZr X{jU qhXWmZmVrb H$m$s BQ>Qo >Mo eoAa Ko`mgmR>r
Ho$bm. aOoda Om`mnydu aohaS> $mpgg ~ob `m nw`mOdi`m
IS>H$s òWrb MMMo MboZ `mZm gnmXH$s` O~m~Xmar
Ko`m~b gwM{dbo. `m {d{M ZoUwH$sZo AgVmofmMr {R>UJr
nSy>Z `mVyZ moR>mM dmXJ {ZmU Pmbm.
ZmBQ> `mZm 1869 ò "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' gmoS>Uo ^mJ
nS>b;o H$maU `mMo `m`m ^mJrXmam~amo~a- Wm`g wb
`m`m~amo~a Pmbobo VôX. ZmBQ>-wb {ddmXmVyZ, EImm
MmJ`m arVrZo am~dbo`m ^mJrXmarMmhr eodQ> H$gm X:IX
hmoD$ eH$Vmo, `mMm ~moY hmoVmo. VrZ o$~dw mar 1869 `m
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'd$Z Ago gOVo H$s, am~Q> ZmBQ> `mZr
Wm{ZH$ `m`mb`mH$Sy>Z Wm`g wb `m`m{damoYmV gnmXH$s`
H$m`mV H$moUVrhr T>dimT>di AJa AS>Wim Z AmU`mMm
AmXoe {idbm hmoVm. EH$ Owb 1868 `m {Xder nanam`m
ghVrZo XmoKmZrhr ^mJrXmar {ZH$mbmV H$mT>br hmoVr. nU Ago
R>ad`mV Ambo hmoVo H$s, am~Q> ZmBQ> AmUIr EH$ df, Xa
{hZm 1300 nò EdT>m doVZmda gnmXH$ hUyZ H$m
H$aVrb. ^mJrXmar gmoS>`mMm mo~Xbm hUyZ `mZm . EH$
bmI VrZ h`mV (.40,000 Zmoh|~a 1868 ò;
.40,000 OyZ 1869 ò Am{U Cabobo 20,000 OyZ
1870 ò) {iVrb. nU XmoKmYbm d`{$H$ gKf eodQ>r
Aem Q>`mda nmohmoMbm H$s, Wm`g wbZo 23 OmZodmar
1869 amoOr EH$ n {bhZ gnmXH$ ZmBQ> `m`mda Agm Amamon
Ho$bm H$s, ZmBQ>Zo H$moUr EH$m {d` {g Zmdm`m w~ B`m
mUgmbm BbS>H$Sy>Z òUmm Vmam dmMm`bm XoD$Z `m`m
mo~X`mV KoVbobo 4000 nò H$nZr`m {hemo~mV XmIdbobo
ZmhrV. ZmBQ>Zo hm Amamon gm$ YwS>H$mdyZ bmdbm, nU `mwio
gmYZm
116
gKfmMr {R>UJr nSy>Z ^mJrXmar moS>rV {ZKmbr. ZmBQ> `mZr

w~ BV "B{S>`Z BH$mZm{Q>' ZmdmMo m{gH$ gw$ Ho$bo. nU
bdH$aM ZmBQ> H$bH$`mbm nmohmoMbo. {VWo `mZr w~ BV gw$
Ho$bobo "B{S>`Z Q>Qo g Z' ZmdmMo n H$bH$`mVrb "$| Sg
Am$ B{S>`m' `m nmer gr{bV Ho$bo. nwT>o "B{S>`Z Q>Qo g Z'
`mM ZmdmZo Mmby am{hbobo ho X{ZH$ ZmBQ> `m`m wbmZr
Zmdm$nmg AmUbo Am{U "X Q>Qo g Z' `m W`mImbr Vo
qhXWmZmV Am{U qhXWmZm~mhoahr {d`mV Pmbo.
Wm`g wb 1879 ò {Zdm Pm`mZVa "Q>mBg Am$
B{S>m' OZab {d` Zmgmo brg (1825-1889) `mZr
{dH$V KoVbo. OZab brg ho ~Jmb Amuò hmoVo Am{U
nmdm` {df`mdarb {dmZ Aer `mMr `mVr hmoVr. am~Q>
ZmBQ> `mZr "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' gmoS>`mda Q>r..EM.JrZ `m
Amg$S> H$mbaZm gnmXH$nX XoD$ Ho$bo hmoV,o nU `mZr Vo
ZmH$mabo. AJXr An H$mi Vr OmJm bwB OoqZJ `mZr ^$Z
H$mT>br. bwB OoqZJ ho bS>Z`m "Q>mBg' `m nmMo {deof
dmVmha hUyZ qhXWmZmV Ambo hmoV.o ZVa Vo "`y`mH$ Q>mBg'Mo
gnmXH$ Pmbo. ZmBQ>ZV a "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mo gnmXH$ hUyZ
CUrd ^$Z H$mT>br Vr S>`y.m{Q>Z dwS> `mZr (18281907). m{Q>Z dwS> `m H$mimV "bH$o Q>a Jm{S>` Z' `m
dmnmV hmoV.o S>`y. m{Q>Z dwS> ho JmonmbH$U JmoIbo `mMo
Zohr hmoVo Am{U `m`yVu hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o `mMo {e` hmoV.o
JmoIbo `mZm JmYrOr Amnbo amOH$s` Jw$ mZV. dwS> `mZr
1884 ò "qWO Am$ B{S>`m oS> boZ' `m ZmdmMo EH$
nwVH$ {g Ho$bo. `mZr "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò
{b{hbo`m ~hVHo $ AJbI
o mMo ho gH$bZ Amho. `m`m
boIZmVyZ qhXWmZmVrb "gmho~' S>itMr AH$maU {eaOmoar d
CQ>nUm `m~bMm dVmJ R>m`r-R>m`r `$ hmoVmZm {XgVmo.
aodo{Z{Vr Am{U `dWmnZ hm `mMm AmdS>Vm {df`. aodo
A{YH$mar dJm`m `dWmnZmVrb {T>gminUmda `mZr
Amn`m boIZmVyZ ~aoM H$moaS>o AmoT>bo AmhoV.
m{Q>Z dwS> `m`mZVa JQ >Z JoAar ho "Q>mBg'Mo gnmXH$
~Zbo. "~m~o JPQo >'Mo mbH$-gnmXH$ hUyZ Vo {gr nmdbo
hmoV.o JQ >Z JoAatZm VoWo 1877 ò hoZr H$dZ (18451892) `mMr "~m~o JPQo >'ò gmW {imbr. ZVa "~m~o JPQo >'
gmoS>y Z JoAar "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò XmIb Pmbo. Oohm
H$dZ "Q>mBg'ò Ambo, Vohm JoAatZm nwhm "~m~o JPQo >'Mo
gMmbH$nXmda ~mobmdUo Ambo Am{U "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'
gmoS>y Z XoD$Z `mZr Vo drH$mabo. Y`m H$mimV H$dZ "Q>mBg
Am$ B{S>m'Mo mbH$-gnmXH$ ~Zbo Am{U Aem H$mao EHo$
H$miMo ho XmoZ ghH$mar XmoZ {^ {>H$moZ KoD$Z AIoan`V
EH$oH$mMo nYH$ Am{U {damoYH$ am{hbo.
H$dZ ho wimV H$dr hmoV;o ZVa Vo nH$ma ~Zbo. `mV
Bpbe H$dr {d` dS> dW `mMo Vo XaMo ZmVodmBH$ hmoV.o (EHo$
H$mir w~ B Bbm`mV `m H$drMo {H$mZ VrZ Am hmoV.o
Ep$Q>Z H$mbOo Mo {pgnmb {d` dS> dW hohr `mMo ZmVy

hmoV.o `w{S>{e`b H${eZa H$bH$mQ> Ho$ZoS>r- `mZr "AbH$mQ>{ hb' `m Q>mno U ZmdmZo {bImU H$aV Amn`m "X bmQ>
S>m{o {Z`Z' `m JW mVyZ {~{Q>em`m qhXWmZ{df`H$ YmoaUmda
H$S>H$ Q>rH$m gmoS>bo hmoVo Vohr- `m H${damOmMo ZmVyM hmoV.o )
qhXWmZmV ò`mnydu "gmamo AS> gmJ' `m W`mImbr EH$
nwVH$ H$m{eV Ho$bo hmoV.o `mV H$mhr gw{g H$dt`m
dmL`rZ YS>nS>r~bMm, gKfm~bMm A`V gX`VoZo doY
KoVbm Amho. gm{hÒJVmV `mMr H$sVu Vo qhXWmZmV
ò`mnyduM ngabr hmoVr. `mZr 1873 ò "{hQr Am$
npbqeJ' ho nwVH$ {g Ho$bo, `mò gm{h`{df`H$
H$mhr ZmoaO H$ H$Wm Am{U bS>ZYrb JW `dgm` `mMr
m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. `m`m AZoH$ gm{h`H$VtnH$s H$mhr
H$Vr {ZZmdr AmhoV. H$dZ `m`mwio "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'bm
EH$ {deof gm{hp`H$ XOm {imbm, Vmo `m H$mimV X{i
1.
2.
hmoVm. H$dZ `m`mdarb `m`m {ZYZmZVa bJoM {b{hbo`m

EH$m boImV (X bmo~ QmQ >a BZ B{S>`m, 1895 `mò gm{d>)
mo$o ga .m`Ho$b pbZ ho Ep$Q>Z H$mbOo Yrb ZmdV
m`mnH$ {b{hVmV- "`m`m AV:H$aUmV, hmnm{bHo$Vrb
{dVS>dmX qH$dm amOH$s` , MMm `mnj
o m bKw{Z~YmZm
A{YH$ OmJm Amho. "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' `m`m
mJXeZmImbr Omon`V {ZKV hmoVm, {VVH$s df} `m nm`m
nmZmYyZ `m`m `m dmL`rZ AmWoMo XeZ daModa KS>V Jobo
Amho.'' mo.pbZ ho gOy eH$bo, H$maU Vo dV:
Ep$Q>Z H$mbOo ò Bpbe dmL` {eH$drV hmoV.o
""H$dZ`m H$mimVrb "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò ~arM moR>r
OmJm gm{hp`H$ OHw$amgmR>r, hUOo n[aerbZmgmR>r IM
Ho$bobr Ago. Xa e{Zdmar hdm`m V^-boIZmda
gm{hp`H$ MMm hmoV AgV qH$dm qhXWmZmer H$r-OmV
mUmV g~{ YV Agbo`m EImm Z`m nwVH$mMr nS>VmiUr
~r. Or. hmZuZ (1873 Vo 1948) : "~m~o H$m{ZH$c'Mo gnmXH$ Agcoco hmZuZ dmV g{ZH$mZm AmncoM nwT>mar dmQ>V.
Vo yiMo Ohmc JQ>mMo, nU eodQ>r JmYtMo AZwmr Pmco.
mo$o ga AmmBZ dwS>hmD$g : mV {~{Q>e {dZmoXr coIH$ nr.Or.dwS>hmD$g mMo ~Y.y "X Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'o mZr Senex
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117
AJa gH$g narjUhr Ago. EHy$UM, `m nmMr H$mhr n>o

A{ÔmV gm{h`mZo g AgV.''
hUyZM, Oohm 1880 ò JQ >Z JoAar "~m~o JPQo >'ò
Jobo d `mMo mbH$-gnmXH$ ~Zbo, Vohm hoZr H$dZZm
gnmXH$s` gyo hmVr Ko`m~m~V gmJ`mV Ambo. `mZr Vr
O~m~Xmar BV`m CXonUmZo nma nmS>br H$s, Oohm "Q>mBg
Am$ B{S>m'Mo mbH$ OZab Zgmo brg 1889 ò {ZYZ
nmdbo; Vohm `m`m `wnmV Zm|X Ho$`mmUo Vo dmn
{dH$V Ko`mMm n{hbm h$ H$dZ `mZm Xo`mV Ambm. H$dZ ho
nanam{Z> {~{Q>e dJmMm {V{ZYr hmoV.o qhXWmZr bmoH$m`m
amOH$s` AmH$mjmMr H$dZ `mZm Oamhr H$Xa ZhVr. nwamoJmr
JhZa bmS> ao 1885 Vo 1890 `m H$mimV w~ B Bbm`mMm
H$ma^ma nmhV hmoV.o wimV S>M Agbobo bmS> ao H$dZMo OUy
hmS>da r hmoV.o bS>Q>Z`m `m {e`mò H$dZ EH$hr MmJbr
Jmo> nmh eH$bo ZmhrV. `mZr w~ B`m hmZJanm{bHo$bm EH$
CXma KQ>Zm ~ZdyZ {Xbr, Or ^maVmVrb BVa AZoH$ eham`m
ho`mMm {df` R>abr.
w~ Bò 1883 ò XmoZ Abmo-B{S>`Z X{ZHo$ BJO r
dmMH$m`m {d^mOZmg H$maUr^yV R>abr. {d^mOZ hm eX `m
gX^mV òWo WmoS>m AVwV Amho, H$maU ~aoMgo dmMH$ XmoZhr
nmMo dJUrXma hmoV.o Vo {Xdg `m{XV gma, OZmZgmV H$r
Hw$Vyhb Am{U ~mVr AS>MUrMr Agbr Va Vr Z N>mnVm mJo
R>do `mH$S>o gnmXH$mMmhr H$b Ago.
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' Am{U "~m~o JPQo >'YyZ `m doir
EH$mMr Img {ZdS> H$a`mgmaIo H$mhr ZhVo. "A$dm
ngadUm`m' ~mV`m qH$dm ^mZJS>t`m dmVm `m`mnmgyZ hr
Xmohr dmno w$ hmoVr. `mYyZ `$ Ho$`m OmUmm
VmMmM hmoVm. òH$ amOH$maUr Am{U Q>rH$mH$ma XmoZhr
dmnmVrb AJbI
o dmM`mgmR>r CgwH$ AgV, hUyZ Vo
Xmohr no IaoXr H$$Z `m`mVrb eh-H$mQ>eh qH$dm $moQ>{V$moQ> AZw^d`mMm `Z H$arV. `m dmnm`m
gnmXH$mYyZ Va {dVd OmV ZhVm, BVHo$ Amnmn`m
Vm~b Vo AmJhr hmoV.o JQ >Z JoAar, Oo "JPQo >'Mo mbH$gnmXH$ hmoV,o `mZr nydu Q>mBgMo gnmXZ Ho$bobo hmoVo Am{U
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VôX AgV. `mZVa JoAatZr Oo.E.brZH$Sy>Z "JPQo >'Mr
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qhXWmZr bmoH$m`m AmH$mjmMr XIb `mwio Vo {deof MM}V
Ambo. `mMdoir H$dZ A{VaoH$s nanamdmXm`m Amhmar OmV
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qhXWmZr bmoH$mZm `m`m h$mgmR>r H$moUVrhr gdbV XoUo hr
"dXoem'er Ho$bobr VmaUm Amho, Ago Vo mZrV. JoAar m
bmS> ao `m`m nwamoJmr VmZm Am{U qhXWmZbm AZwH$y b
gmYZm
118
YmoaUmZm w$ ZmZo nmqR>~m XedrV AgV.

bmS> ao `m`mZVa m H|$ gaH$ma`m YmoaUmMr ghr-ghr
Ab~OmdUr H$a`mMr B`m YaUm`m JhZamMr amJM
w~ BV bmJbr. Aem JhZam`m H$nmN>mImbr "Q>mBg'Zo
~migo Yabo. H$dZ `mMo 1892 ò AH$mbr {ZYZ Pmbo. nU
Vmon`V "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' ho ~oiJmd Vo o$>m (g`m
nm{H$VmZmV) EdT>m MS> ^mJmo{bH$ jomV bmoH${` Am{U
gwT> dmn ~Zbo hmoV.o Amn`m {Vn`mMo ho CmwJ è
JoatZm mZ{gH$ CXdVVoH$S>o KoD$Z Job.o "gem~amo~aMr e`V
qOH$br hUyZ {eH$mar Hw$`m~amo~a {eH$marbm {ZKmbo Am{U
Vm|S>Ker nS>b.o ' Ago nQ> bmohoQ> `m `m`m gH$mbrZmZo
{b{hbo Amho. H$dZ`m {ZYZmZVa H$mhr dfmZr JoarMm `y
Pmbm; Vmon`V "~m~o JPQo >'hr `wnW mbm bmJbo hmoV.o `m
qhXWmZr S>itZm `m dmnmMm EHo$ H$mir AmYma dmQ>V hmoVm,
`mZrhr `m`mH$S>o nmR> {$a{dbr hmoVr.
H$dZZo ho dVmZn VH$mbrZ {~{PZog ZOo a Mmg Ho$Z
`m`m ^mJrXmarV {dH$V KoVbo. hr VU OmoS>r w~ B ehamV
`m`m nVera H$mmwio Am{U ghO-gwb^ `dhma d dVZ
`m`mwio Iyn bmoH${` Pmbr hmoVr. nU Ho$Z-H$dZ
^mJrXmargwm $ma H$mi {Q>H$br Zmhr. 1892 ò "Q>mBg
Am$ B{S>m'~amo~a 15 df} Kmbd`mZVa aOoda OmVmZm qhXr
hmgmJamV nr.AS> Amo Q>raò H$dZMo AZno{jV {ZYZ
Pmbo. {ZYZmMo H$maU hmoVo A{V-n[al. `mMo ^mJrXma Ho$Z
`mMo VrZ dfmV (1895) `mM n[apWVrV ~moQ>rVyZ dmg
H$aVmZm {ZYZ Pmbo. {ZYZmdoir H$dZMo d` hmoVo 47 Va
WH$bo`m d AmOmar Ho$ZMo d` AdKo 45 dfmMo hmoV.o XmoKmMho r
A`gH$ma ES>Z òWMo Pmbo Am{U `m`m H$~arhr
eoOmareoOmar ~mY`m Jo`m. OUy H$mhr `ybmhr `m XmoZ
^mJrXmamZm $ma H$mi doJdoJio R>do Vm Ambo Zmhr. `yZo XmoZ
Aem ~w{mZ bmoH$mZm CMbbo H$s, `mZr w~ BVrb ~m{H$
Am{U dMm[aH$ jomV ~aoM `moJXmZ mdo Aer Anojm hmoVr.
(w~ B`m ~mm `m CnZJamV Mmg Ho$Z `mMo maH$ hUyZ
bSg ES>H$S>o OmUm`m a`mbm `mMo Zmd Xo`mV Am`mMr
Zm|X Amho. Ho$Z ho ~mm `w{Z{gnm{bQ>rMo H$mhr df} A`j hmoVo
Am{U A`V bmoH${` hmoV.o dmV`moma H$mbIS>mVrb
~hVHo $mZm ho mhrV Zg`mwio "Ho$Z' `m eXmMo nmQ>rda
{b{hbobo noqbJ 'Kane' ho "H$mUo' Ago dmMbo OmVo. Am{U
H$mUo Zmdm`m H$moUm AmO AkmV Agbo`m gmOgodr
`$s`m aUmW ho Zmd `m a`mbm Xo`mV Ambo, Aer
gOyV AmO`m bmoH$Vt{ZYtZr H$$Z KoV`mwio AmOhr
`m a`mMo Zmd ~Xbbobo Zmhr!)
XmoZhr ^mJrXmamMo AH$mbr {ZYZ Pm`mwio {X Ho$Z, H$dZ
AS> H$nZrbm mbH$M Cabm Zmhr. Aer {d{M n[apWVr
AmoT>dbr. `m n[apWVrV Wmg Owdb
o ~oZQo > `mMm "Q>mBg Am$
B{S>m'ò doe Pmbm. "~m~o JPQo >'Mo gnmXH$ JQo >Z JoAar
AgVmZm ~oZQo > VoWo CngnmXH$ hmoV.o `mZr 1897 n`V

"Q>mBg'Mo gnmXH$ hUyZ H$m Ho$bo Iao, nU npbqeJ
hmD$gMm A`j hUyZ m `mZr AIoan`V H$m Ho$bo.
`m`mgmo~V H$mobZ ho JhW hmoV.o 1925 ò `mMo {ZYZ
Pmbo. nU `m`m npbqeJ hmD$gMo Zmd "~oZQo >-H$mobZ'
AgoM AmOn`V VgoM Amho. ~oZQo > `mMr bmS> ao
`m`mg~Y mVrb Vo Amn`mnojm {^ AmhoV, `mMr H$dZZm
H$nZm hmoVr, Var ~oZQo > `mMr H$dZer r hmoVr, hr r
gdmZmM kmV hmoVr. ~oZQo >Zm "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mr A{eH$
mbH$s Am{U gnmXH$nX drH$ma`mMr {dZVr H$a`mV Ambr,
Vohm `mZr XmohrMm drH$ma Ho$bm. `m `dhmamV Ho$Z `mMo
^mJrXma hmoV.o VWm{n, Xd `m`mgmR>r doJirM `moOZm AmIV
hmoV.o H$maU Ho$Z `mMo 1895 ò {ZYZ Pmbo. `mZVa ~oZQo > ho
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mo EH$od mbH$ ~Zbo.
Ago {XgVo H$s, 1895 n`V w~ BMo dmnOJV ho {e{jV
`mdgm{`H$mEdo Or H$mhr ~w{mZ hmoVH$$ bmoH$m`m hmVr
hmoV.o nU Wmg ~oZQo > `mZr nH$m[aVoMo kmZ nyUn Uo AdJV
Ho$bobo hmoV.o Q>mBgMo AmYrMo XmoZ mbH$ (mom`Q>g) hoZr
H$dZ Am{U Mmg Ho$Z `mZr `m`m AZno{jV {ZYZmwio
Am{U H$moUr dmaghr gy{MV Z Ho$`mwio "Q>mBg' dmn AZmW
Pmbo hmoV.o `m`m nmbH$dmMr O~m~Xmar `mdr, hr
"Q>mBg'`m H$Mm`mZr Am{U godH$mZr Ho$bobr {dZVr
~oZQo >nTw >rb moR>r gwdUgY r hmoVr. Vr gmYyZ ~oZQo > `mZr Amnbm
H$m`j `dWmnH$s` gM C^ma`mg gwdmV Ho$br. ZOo a
hUyZ bS>ZhZ E$.E.H$mobZ `mZm `mZr ~mobmdyZ KoVbo.
H$mobZ ho `jmV wU `dgm`mV CVabobo Am{U
X{ZH$m`m wUmMm AZw^d Agbobo hmoV.o H$mhr H$mimZVa
wUVk H$mobZ ho ~oZQo > `mMo `dgm`mVrb ^mJrXma ~Zbo.
H$mobZMo wUH$me` `m`m "{Q>{nH$b {nMg Am$
B{S>`Z Zo{Q>hO ~rBJ [amS>eg $m noebr {noAS>
hS>H$bS> $moQ>mJo m g {dW {S>pH$pQ>h boQ>a og' (qhXVmZr
EVoer`mMr Img hmVmZo aJ{dbo`m {MmMr `m`m
dUZmgH$Q> N>m`m{Mo) (1897), `m nwVH$md$Z bjmV òV.o
gnmXH$s` O~m~Xmar {Z^md`mgmR>r ~oZQo > `mZr {~Q>mb
o hZ
bmodQ> $o Pa (1871-1926) Am{U Q> bo arS> (18721969) `mZm AZwH$ o gnmXH$ Am{U CngnmXH$m`m OmJoda
~mobmdyZ KoVbo. `m {XdgmnmgyZ qhXWmZmVrb "Q>mBg Am$
B{S>m'Mr {dH$mgm`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb gmV`mZo Am{U
gw{Z{VnUo hmoV am{hbr. bmodQ> $o Pa `mMr `m`m H$mimVbm
OJmVrb gdm}H$> nH$ma hUyZ `mVr Pmbr. `m`mYrb
CX`mowI nH$mamZo Or H$mhr n{hbr nmdbo Q>mH$br, `mV
{deof KQ>ZmMr m{hVr nwad`mgmR>r Img dmVmhamMr ZoUyH$ ho
EH$ hmoV.o bmodQ> $o PaZr "Q>mBg'BVH$m XO}Xma ~Zdbm H$s,
bmS> H$PZ `mZr `mbm Am{e`mVrb "gdm}H$> dmn' hUyZ
Jma{dbo. $o Pa `mZr 1907 ò gnXH$nX gmoS>VmZm Q> bo arS>
`m`mgmR>r gwpWa gnmXH$s` AmgZ Am{U qhXWmZmVrb d

qhXWmZm~mhoarb MS> gò`m BJO r dmMH$m`m ewô N>mM o
^mS>ma mJo R>do bo hmoV.o `m doir Ago mZbo OmV hmoVo H$s,
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'`m gnmXH$mMr ZoUyH$ hr hdm`m
>rZo w~ BVrb JhZa`m ZoUwH$shZ WmoS>rerM H$r Agob.
(AmnU XoemVrb Xgm H$mH$mMr O~m~Xmar gm^miV AmhmoV
Am{U Amn`mbm W H$mH$m`m OmJoda hUOo
nVYmZnXmda nmohmoM`mMr Oamhr BN>m Zmhr, ho "Q>mBg'`m
A{bH$S>`m EH$m gnmXH$mMo CXJma `mM gOwVrda
AmYmabobo AgmdoV. Eo{Vhm{gH$ AkmZmwio H$Xm{MV `m
gnmXH$mMr bmoH$mZr Hw$Mo>mhr Ho$br Agob Am{U `m Z`m
gnmXH$mbmhr darb gX^mMr {H$VnV OmUrd Agob, `mMr
H$nZm Zmhr.)
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mr gwdmVrMr H$m`mbò Hw$bm~m
H$mOdo`m Q>mHo $mbm Agbo`m mUoH$Or no{Q>Q> {~pS>Jò
hmoVr. `mZVa `mMo WbmVa H$mH$mZo Xa$moS> amoS>,
{{bQ>ar o$Aa, $moQ> {d^mJ, ~ob boZ, oS>mOo QrQ>, 1905
n`V Or BmaV "$moS> Mnb
o ' hUyZ AmoiIbr OmV hmoVr
{V`mgmoaMr BmaV Am{U "2, MMJQo > QrQ>' Ago hmoV Job.o
1886 Vo 1889 `m dfmV `m nmMr H$m`mbò nmagr ~Pma
QrQ>`m X{jU H$monmbm ogg Ho$n AS> H$nZr`m
XH$mZmeoOmarM Agbo`m bmb {dQ>m `m BmaVrV hmoVr. `m
nm`m gd H$Mo`m 1998 ò H${WSb`m gmoa Agbo`m
BmaVrò hmb{d`mV Am`m (ZVa `mM OmJoV am`b
BewAag H$nZrMo H$m`mb` Ambo). 1903 `m dfu AIoa
phQ>m[o a`m Q>{Zg aodo Q>e
o Z`m gmoa`m ^` BmaVrV
"Q>mBg'Mm O H$m`Mm ~g{d`mV Ambm, `mò
"Q>mBg'Mm N>mnImZm Am{U "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' gyhm`m
H$meZmMr w` H$m`mbò AmVmAmVmn`V hmoVr. AmVm ngmam
IynM dmT>`mwio Vrhr eham`m A` ^mJmV ngam`bm
bmJbr AmhoV.
Xa`mZ`m H$mimV "~m~o JPQo >'Mo H$m` Pmbo?
Oo.E.brZZo `m nmbm EH$ {V>m d W` {idyZ {Xbo
hmoV.o `mZo 1880 ò Vo n JQ >Z JoAarbm {dH$bo. JoAarZohr
Vo brZ`m YmoaUmbm AZwg$Z Mmby R>do bo. JoAar`m
{ZYZmZVa Or.Or.{nQ>Z `m`m XVrZo JoAat`m nZrZo
`mMr O~m~Xmar 1906 n`V gm^mibr. `mZVa EH$m gyhmZo
Vo 1914 n`V H$go~go gm^mibo Am{U J m ~X Ho$bo.
w~ BVrb gm`X{ ZH$m~b BWo H$mhr gmJUo AZmR>m`r R>aUma
Zmhr. 1861 ò Mmby Pmbobo n{hbo g`mH$miMo n
"BphqZJ Hw$[aAa' ho hmoV.o Oohm "~m~o Q>{o bJm$' d "Hw$[aà'
EH$ Ambo Am{U "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò {iyZ Job;o Vohm
ogYrb H$mhr hdmH$mjr H$mJmamZr EH$m nmaer
`mnmm`m nmqR>`mda og {dH$V KoD$Z EH$ gm`X{ ZH$ gw$
Ho$bo, nU Vo Mmbbo Zmhr. Xgam Agm EH$ `Z- "AS>hmoH$o Q>
gmYZm
119
Am$ B{S>`m' `m gm`X{ ZH$m~m~V Pmbm. ga {$amoOehm ohVm,

S>m. Wmg bZr (1823-1903) Am{U BVa H$mht`m
nwT>mH$mamZo ho gm`X{ ZH$ 15 OmZodmar 1886 ò Mmby Pmbo.
Jmog ZmdmMo JhW `mMo gnmXH$ hmoV.o 1883 ò Vo
gm`X{ ZH$ OhmJra P~mZ (1848-1928) Am{U BVa
^mJYmaH$mZm {dH$`mV Ambo. `m`m mbH$sò 1894
ò nwhm ~Xb Pmbm. Vo "w~ B JPQo >'Mo EH$ dmVmha
E$.E$.JmS>Z `mZr {dH$V KoVbo. OdiOdi EH$ XeH$â
"AS>hmoH$o Q> Am$ B{S>`m' èdr arVrZo Mmbbo. nU AIoa
`mMm {db` "qhXWmZ' nmV Pmbm. `mZVa 1923 ò
"B{S>`Z S>b
o r ob' Am{U "{X BphqZJ `yO Am$ B{S>`m'
(1983 nmgyZ W{JV) hr XmoZ no Mmby Pmbr. n{hbo n
OhmJra no{Q>Q> `m`m mbH$sMo, Va Xgao "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mo
^mdS> hmoV.o ~r.Or.hm{ZZ (1873 -1948) `mZr "~m~o
H$m{ZH$b'Mr gmÀmdmr hUyZ 1931 ò "~m~o g|{Q>Zb'
Mmby Ho$bo.
AmYrM CXYV Ho$bo`m H$mhr dmnmIao rO BVa H$moUVohr
gH$miMo BJO r dmn- Zmd Ko`mOmoJo 1838 Vo 1913 `m
H$mbIS>mV N>mnbo OmV ZhVo. "~m~o H$m{ZH$b'Mm CX` 1913
ò Pmbm. ga {$amoOemh ohVm `mMo gnmXH$ hmoV.o w~ BVZy
{ZKUmao EH$mM ZmdmMo Vo {Vgao dmn hmoV.o AmYr`m XmoZ
"H$m{ZH$g'nH$s EH$ Oo.EM.Q>m $sba 1819 Vo 1822 `m
H$mimV H$m{eV H$arV hmoV.o Va Xgao Abmo-JwOamVr X{ZH$
~amOr H$agoQ>Or JmYr ho 1880 `m XeH$mV. {Vgao "~m~o
H$m{ZH$b' gnmXH$s` YmoaUmwio EH$X nwT>o Ambo, H$maU `m
H$mimV qhXWmZr bmoH$m`m dmV`m`m mJUrMm H$moR>o Var
AmdmO CR>Uo hr H$mimMr JaO hmoVr. hm{ZZ `m`m gnmXH$s`
mJXeZmImbr Mmbdbo`m "X ~m~o H$m{ZH$b'ò
EVoer`mZm `mMr JmhmUr d Anojm Bpbe gmOmgmoa
H$Q> H$a`mg `mgnrR> {imbo Am{U amOH$s` dmV`mgmR>r
gaH$ma~amo~a gZXera gKf H$a`mg EH$ XmZhr {imbo.
"~m~o H$m{ZH$b'Mo H$meZ nmh`mgmR>r ga {$amoOehm
ohVm OJbo ZmhrV. Vo 1915 ò W {g Pmbo.
{$amoOehm `m gma^mV Zg`mwio AZw^dm`m
mJXeZmA^mdr nmVrb Ohmb ^mfm Am{U naIS>nUm `mwio
Vo A{VaoH$s `m gXamV nS>b.o `mMm n[aUm hUyZ "~m~o
H$m{ZH$b'da gd ~mOyZ r dmXio MmbyZ Ambr. hm{ZZ `mZm
hnma H$a`mV Ambo Am{U CngnmXH$ Eg.E.~b
o dr (18411949) `mZm `m AmR> dfmV YyZ-YyZ WmZ~Vmhr
nH$mamdr bmJbr. hm{ZZ `m`m {ZYZmZVa mmS>Hy $
{nMhmb "H$m{ZH$b'Mo gnmXH$ Pmbo Am{U `m`mmJyZ nwhm
~b
o drM gnmXH$nXmda Ambo. eodQ>`m ndmV amOH$s`
dmV`mgmR>r Mmbbo`m JmYrOt`m Midirbm "H$m{ZH$b'Zo
^$ nmqR>~m {Xbm. "H$m{ZH$b'Mo H$meZ 1959 ò ~X
Pmbo, `mM~amo~a "~m~o g|{Q>Zb
o 'Mrhr gmr Pmbr.
gmYZm
120
Q> bo arS> `mZr 1907 Vo 1923 Aer 17 df} "Q>mBg Am$

B{S>m'Mo gnmXZ Ho$bo. `m dmnm`m XrS>eo dfm`m
B{VhmgmV EH$mM `$sMr gnmXH$s` H$maH$sX EdT>r moR>r
Am{U AIS> WM Zm|Xdbr Jobr. S>m. `yB Q> `mMrhr
gnmXH$s` H$maH$sX moR>r hmoVr, arS>`m H$mbIS>mnojm Vr
WmoS>rerM H$r hmoVr. dmn- `dgm`mH$S>o nmh`mMr arS>Mr
>r hr bmodQ> $o PamUoM ~arMer `mdgm{`H$ hmoVr. arS>
`m`m gnmXZH$mimV "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' ho VmZm- hUOoM
{dMmamZm AmH$ma Xo`mMo gmYZ ~Zbo hmoV.o `mwio
emgZmVrb d[a> A{YH$mar dJmbmhr `mV {g Pmbo`m
Vmda {dMma H$amdm Ago dmQ>V Ago. Q> bo arS> `mZr OmJ{VH$
`wm`m ~mV`m Zwg`mM N>mnyZ qH$dm `mda MMm H$$Z
Amnbr gnmXH$s` ^y{H$m {Z^mdbr Zmhr; Va `mM~amo~a
qhXWmZmVrb am>dmXmMm CJ qH$dm CbQ>Umm òH$ Z`m
dfm~amo~a Vrd hmoV Mmbbobm dmV`bT>m, `mhr {df`mMm
name Vo Amn`m nmVyZ KoV hmoV.o Oar "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'Mo
dmV`nyd H$mimV {~{Q>e gaH$mabm nyU nmqR>~m qH$dm AmYma
XoUo ho YmoaU hmoV,o H$mhr ~m~VrV gaH$maYm{OUo Ago gnmXH$s`
YmoaU hmoV,o Varhr Q> bo arS> `mMm {>H$moZ {H$òH$ ~m~VrV
{Z:njnmVr d AZmJhr hmoVm. arS> `mMr {V{Mo "{X B{S>`m
Am` `y : 1897-1947' `m ZmdmZo 1952 ò JW d$nmV
{g Pmbobr AmhoV. `mV arS> `m`mgma`m V`ma nH$mamZo
^maVm`m Ii~iOZH$ H$mbIS>mVrb mUgo Am{U KQ>Zm
`mMo Ho$bobo {dcofU IamoIaM {dMma H$a`mgmaIo Amho.
Q> bo arS>ZV a "Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m'ò gnmXH$s` nXmda
Ambobo Eg.Q>r.eonmS> (1880-1951) `mMo H$m A{YH$M
AdKS> hmoV.o 1923 Vo 1932 hr ZD$ df} `mMm gnmXH$s`
H$mbIS> hmoVm. hUOo, Vo A{YH$M mgXm`H$ Am{U dmXir
H$mbIS>mV gnmXH$s` H$m H$arV hmoV.o `mZm AmVm Z`mZo da
òUm`m "$s og OZb'gma`m dmV`mH$mjr am>r` ^mdZoZo
o[aV Agbo`m dmnmer nYm H$amdr bmJV hmoVr. am>r`
^mdZonTw >o ~mH$s`m ^mdZm ZohrM {$`m nS>VmV. eonmS>Z m
~hYm w~ B `m `m`m AmdS>`m eham`m B{Vhmgmò
A{YH$ dma` hmoV.o w~ B eha `mZm IamoIarM $ma AmdS>V
hmoV.o `mZr Amn`m VrZ Cn`w$ nwVH$m`m m`mVyZ "{X
^mÌim b~ 1833-1916- E {hQr' (1916), "~m~o
bog Zog AS> QrQ> Zog' (1917) Am{U "~m~'o (1932)
w~ B`m B{VhmgH$mamZm F$Ur H$$Z R>do bo Amho. WmZr`
B{Vhmg `m B{Vhmg boIZm`m ZdemIoMo VrZ CH$> ZwZo
`mZr w~ BH$amgmR>r mJo R>do bo. `mMr VrZ hr nwVHo$ w~ BMo
B{VhmgH$ma AmOhr A{YH$mar JW hUyZ mZVmV Am{U
A`mgVmV.
"Q>mBg Am$ B{S>m' ho dmn AS>MUr`m H$mimV
hmVmiUmao bmJmonmR> {Vgao gnmXH$ $mpgg bmo (18931972) ho hmoV.o eonmS> `m`mZVa `mZr gnmXH$nXmMr
O~m~Xmar drH$mabr. `yPrbS>Yrb EH$ `mV

`J{MH$ma- `mZm "nm{m` OJmda ^md Q>mH$Umam
`J{MH$ma' Ago g~moYbo Jobo Vo- S>po hS> bmo (18911063) `mMo $mpgg bmo ho ~Y.y S>po hS> bmo `mZr ^maVmVrb
amOH$s` `J{MH$mamMr EH$ {nT>r KS>{dbr, Ago hQ>co Var
Mmbob. Ama.Ho$.bU, ~mi R>mH$ao Am{U XrZmZmW Xbmb hr
`mVrb H$mhr R>iH$ Zmdo. {~{Q>e gmm`mMo ^maVmVrb {Xdg
âbo AmhoV Am{U AmO Zm Cm hm Xoe qhXr mUgm`mM hmVr
gmondyZ Amn`mbm Omdo bmJUma `mMr OmUrd 1945 ò
Pm`mda ^maVmVrb BJO r dmnmò {~{Q>emZm dmQ>V
Agbobo dma` AmnmoAmnM H$r hmoD$ bmJbo. "~oZQo >,
H$mobZ AS> H$nZr'ò Xmb{`mZr dma` XmI{d`mZVa
ga $mpgg bmo `mZr gnmXH$nXmd$Z {Zdm hm`Mo R>adbo
(1948).
w~ BVrb Bpbe nH$m[aVoMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm "Xr
BS>QQo >So > drH$br Am$ B{S>`m' `m nm`m CoImIoarO AnyUM
Amho. AmR>dS>mVrb ~mV`mMo AmH$fH$nUo Ho$bobo gH$bZ ho
`mMo gwdmVrMo d$n hmoV;o nU `mbm Oohm aoIm{MmMr
OmoS> {imbr, Vohm `mMm {dVma AZno{jV YS>m`mZo hmoV
Jobm. 1896-97 `m moR>m XH$mimV XH$miJV ^mJmVrb
{deof dmVmhamH$Sy>Z òUmm OHw$ambm OmoS> hUyZ n{hbr
H$mhr {Mo AH$mV Q>mH$`mV Ambr. `mwio AH$mMr mJUr
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bmg V`ma H$a`mMr `dWm H$amdr bmJbr. n{h`m 49
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dmno a{ddmar ~X AgV. "drH$br'Mr bmoH${`Vm `m H$mimV
Aer dmT>V Jobr H$s, `m doir ghm`H$ ga`dWmnH$
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EZ.Oo.h{Q>Z (1920) `mZm AmUIr EH$ amoQ>ar erZ AmUyZ
`m~amo~aM "$moQ>mJo `wa' Q>{o ZH$Mm dmna H$a`mg gwdmV
H$amdr, Ago gwMbo. "drH$br'H$Sy>Z `m H$nZobm CmoOZ
{iyZ Vr drH$mabr Jobr. 1929 ò Q>mBg Am$ B{S>`mMo
"drH$br' ho dV H$meZ Pmbo. "BbQQo >So > drH$br Am$
B{S>`m' `m ZmdmZo {g Pmbo`m Z`m AdVmamMo OZH$
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H$nZm hmoVr. `m gmm{hH$mMo n{hbo gnmXH$ Q> bo OogZ
(1894-1976) hoM 1947 n`V "drH$br'Mo gnmXH$ am{hbo.
dmV`bT>m`m H$mbIS>mV w~ BVrb BJO r
n`dhmamMm B{Vhmg gmm`dmXr Am{U am>dmXr Aem XmoZ
nana{damoYr {dMmam`m gKfmZo âbobm Amho. dm^m{dH$M
`m H$mimVrb dmno d {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `mMm â dm{dVaUmnojm
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Ko`mOmoJo Mmby Pmbobo Zdo dmn "$s og OZb' ho hmoV.o

Eg.gXmZX (1900-1953) ho `mMo OZH$ hmoV.o Vo 1930
ò gw$ Pmbo. `mAmYr XmoZ df} am>dmXr amOH$s` {dMmam`m
gmaUm`m hoVZy o gXmZX `mZr "$s og B{S>`m EOgr'"E$.nr.Am`' `m ZmdmZo dmgWm H$mT>`mMm `Z Ho$bm
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`mZr Mmbdbobo B{S>`Z noQ>Qo >a, Am{U "{X BQ> AS> doQ>'
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hmoVm.
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mMo Cma nmMo gMmbH$, gnmXH$ `m`m YmoaUmda ~aoMgo
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gaH$maYm{OUr qH$dm {~{Q>emMr H$S> KoUmar dmno Agm
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òH$ dmn Amnbr dV AmoiI gm^mi`mgmR>r YS>nS>V
hmoV.o gma dmT>bm, Var AmOMrhr n[apWVr doJir Zmhr!
(CmoJnVr Eg.nr. JmoXaoO `m`m OeVmpX{Z{m
w~B`m {U^dZ òWo 23 o 2013 amoOr
{Xbo`m BJO r `m`mZmMm
hm Hw$wX H$aH$ao `mZr Ho$bobm AZwdmX)
AU {Q>H$o H$a
aroontikekar@gmail.com
mab.: 9821259512
crH$mV XoewI
(OmZJaMo hmamO {XpdOqgJOr mmgmo~V nmo{ce wc)o
Ia Va _r H$mohmnyacm (2009Vo 2012) {Ohm{YH$mar hUyZ VrZ df} hmoVmo.

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Agco`m nmoagdXm nmo{ce VUr`m cmo^g _rMm ^mJ _cm _Zdr ^mdcm.
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`m`mer ~mocVmZm `mnydu H$mohmnyacm H$coQ>a Ag`mMm CoI ghO Ho$cm,
Vohm Vo hUmco, ""Amhr _mJ`m AmR>dS>mVM VoWo OmD$Z Amcmo.''
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`mZm dmMdy eH$cmV.' (When others were killing our
children, you were able to save them.)
Zdr {Xr òWo am>nVr ^dZmV VH$mcrZ am>nVr {V^mVmB

nmQ>cmZm 2008 `m gQ>~| a _{h`mV Pmco`m AmnMm[aH$
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doir Oohm gQ>~| a 1939 _ò npM_ ~mOyZo {hQ>ca`m ZmPr
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N>mQo >m Agcocm nmocS > Xoe AmngmV dmQy>Z KoVcm hmoVm. Oo
nmo{ce cmoH$ gmo{dEV `w{Z`ZZo gVrZo g~[o a`m`m N>i
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am>mV gm_rc Pm`mZVa {~Q>Z`m X~mdmImcr gmd{H$ _m\$s
{Xcr. `mMr g`m AXmOo drg Vo Vrg cmI EdT>r hmoVr.
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~mcmN>S>r òW,o Va gw_mao 5000 OU dirdS>o (H$mohmnya) òWo
1942 Vo 1949 `m H$mimV {Zdm{gV hUyZ am{hco. ZmPr
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AmO OoWo g{ZH$s emim Amho, `m ~mcmN>S>r_ò 1942
_ò AZmW nmo{ce _wcmgmR>r Om_ZJa`m _hmamOmZr
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nmocS >`m nVYmZm`m ^maVôQ>rXa`mZ ~mcmN>S>rcm
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d A_o[aHo$Z- `m` {Xcm Zmhr, ho Eo{Vhm{gH$ g` CaVoM.
{hQ>caZ 1940 _ò AmH$_U Ho$`mZVa XmoV am>mV gm_rc
Pmco`m gmo{dEV `w{Z`ZH$Sy>Z `m`mMr Anojm H$aU `WM
hmoV. dmV{dH$, gmd{H$ _m\$sZVa gmo{dEV ^y_rV {Zdm{gV d
`w~XrVyZ nmo{be g` V`ma Pmc. `mZ cmc goZgo _doV
O_Zrda {ZUm`H$ è {_idc, Varhr _mQ>m n[afXoV
Q>m{cZZo XmS>JmB H$$Z nmocS >darc ^wd gmoS>`mg ZH$ma
{Xcm d {VW H$igyr "cw{~Z gaH$ma' WmnyZ Amnc dMd
nwT>rc VrZ XeHo$ H$m`_ amIc!
nyd nmocS > Vm`mV KoV`mda Q>m{cZZ Ethnic cleansing
YmoaU Adc~V `m ^mJmMr S>_o moJm \$s ~Xc`mMm KmQ> KmVcm.
cmoH$mMo ey R>adV nmocrg, ^y{_Ymar eoVH$ar, MMMr _mUgo,
ZmoH$aehm, OOog, {ejH$ AmXr KQ>H$mVrc _hdmMr _mUg
R>ma _macr Am{U _J nmo{ce ZmJ[aH$mM gVrZ WcmVa
H$a`mMm amjgr KmQ> KmVcm. \o$~dw mar 1940 _ò
H$S>m`m`m WS>r`m _mog_mV n{hc WcmVa KS>dZy AmUc d
`mZm g~[o a`mV nmR>dc. E{c 1940 _ò Xga WcmVa
KS>dZy nmo{ce cmoH$mZm H$PmH$VmZmcm nmR>dc. OyZ 1940
_ò {Vga, Va Owb 1940 _ò MmW gVrM WcmVa (mass
deportion) H$$Z gw_mao 20 Vo 30 cmI (AOyZhr hm AmH$S>m
{ZpMV Pmcocm Zmhr.) cmoH$mZm gmo{dEV `w{Z`Z`m {d{dY
^mJmV "JwcmJ' Zm_H$ N>iN>md`mV R>do c. H$_r Xm_ XoV,
Ajae: Cnmg_ma H$arV `mMo XmoZ df Oo hmc Ho$co; `mcm
_mZdr B{Vhmgm`m H$m`mV VmoS> Zmhr. Varhr {hQ>caMr OodT>r
^gZm Pmcr, "{OZmo gmBS>' de-ghmamMo IQ>co ^$Z AZoH$
O_ZmZm {ejm Ho$cr; Vg H$mhr Q>m{cZ d `m`m H$y aH$_m
A{YH$m`m~m~V Pmc Zmhr. OJâmVco S>mdo ~w{dV `m~m~V
gmoB H$a _mZ ~miJyZ hmoVo d AmOhr AmhoV. `m AZpdV
A`mMmamVZy Amn`m Agr_ {M{ZQ>rdarc loZ nmo{ce
r-nwf VJ Y$Z am{hco, hohr g`.
gVrMo WcmVa d H$PmH$VmZm_Yrc _m[a`m`m
`m~m~V`m AmR>dUr {V{Z{YH$ hUyZ nmhVm òVrc. {VZ
'An unforgettable journey' `m nwVH$mV g{dVanUo H$WZ
Ho$co Amho, Vo gjno mZ Imcrc_mUo gmJVm òBc
...
{X. 12 E{c 1940 cm Xg`m WcmVam`m doir _m[a`m
dmZS>ao {cS>Zo `m Kamda _àmr a{e`m`m AmO`m
Ho$.Or.~r. Mm VH$mcrZ AdVma Agco`m EZ.Ho$.hr.S>r.`m
g{ZH$mZr Wmn _macr d XmoZ VmgmV gm_mZmgh gmo{dEV
`w{Z`Z_ò WcmV[aV hmo`mgmR>r gm amhm, Ag \$_mdc.
`m S>`mVZy JwamMr dmhVyH$ hm`Mr, `m JwS>g Q>Zo _ò {Vcm
d Ag` nmo{ce r-_wcmZm H$m|~c. gw_mao XrS> _{h`mMm
IS>Va dmg... S>`mV mV:{dYrgmR>r EH$ ^moH$ nmS>cc
o . ..
Pmonm`cm H$m`, ~gm`cmnU YS> OmJm Zmhr. XaamoO gyn d
{e`m ~So >Mo _moOHo$M, ^yH$hr Z ^mJco OmUmao ^moOZ.
gmYZm
128
dmgmVrc WS>r d amoJmZ dmQ>Vo M AZoH$ _mUg _ocr. Cacocr

H$PmH$VmZ`m {d{dY ^mJmV nmoMdcr Jocr. _m[a`mM Hw$Qw>~ `mV {VMr AmB d ^mdS> hmoVr- `mZm AH$_moqcH$ mVmVrc
H$mP{Q>{gH$ òWrc H$mochmO hUyZ AmoiIc OmUm`m
gm_wXm{`H$ eoVrda dg{d`mV Amc. VoWo gVrZo eoVrMr
H$m_... AmOda KamV C~Xma OrdZ OJUm`m, gmo{dEV
`w{Z`Z`m VwcZoV gwIdVy AgUm`m d ~mhoa H$m_ Z
H$aUm`m nmo{be {`mZm eoVmV ~mam-~mam Vmg H$m_ H$amdo
cmJco. _m[a`m`m `m AmR>dUr A`V {dXmaH$ AmhoV.
{dVma^`m_wio `m A{YH$ Z gmJVm EdT>Mo H$WZ H$aUo nwago o
R>ac
o H$s, nmo{ce r-_wcmZm `m XmoZ dfmV AIS> l_,
Jwcm_r, A`m`, Cnmg_ma d amoJamBcm ~ir nS>md cmJc hmoV.
{~{Q>em`m X~mdmZ d nmo{ce g` O_Zr {d
cT>`mgmR>r {_imd, `m CoemZ a{e`mZ 1942 _ò gmd{H$
_m\$s Omhra Ho$cr. nmo{ce g`XcmZ _J gmo{dEV `w{Z`Z`m
X{jU ^mJmV AZoH$ H|$o C^m$Z, {~Q>Zda X~md Q>mHy$Z `m`m
{d{dY A{H$V XoemV nmo{ce ZmJ[aH$mZm {Zdm{gV hUyZ
dg{d`mM _mocmM H$m_ Ho$c.
gmo{dEV `w{Z`Z hm IS>m` Xoe hmoVm (`mMo {dKQ>Z
hmo`mnydu), `m_wio gmd{H$ _m\$sZVa _XV H|$mda nmoMUo ho
nU nmo{ce r-_wcmgmR>r {X` hmoV.o ngo ZmhrV, dmhVwH$s`m
Anw`m gw{dYm, _wVVm AmXoe d phgm {_i`m`m AZV
AS>MUtda _mV H$arV gw_mao cmIâ nmo{be nhocdr `m
n{e`Z (BamUr) ~XamV nmoMco. _m\$s Omhra hmoD$Zhr ZVa
nmo{ce Am_ugmo~V Ho${Q>Z h`mH$mS>m`m CKS> hmo`mZ _VôX
Pm`m_wio ZVa`m nmo{ce WcmV[aVmZm phgm Z {X`m_wio
AZoH$mZm `w gnno `V VoWMo {IVnV nS>md cmJc hmoV.
_m[a`mgmaIr Zer~dmZ ~mcHo$ d {`m nhcodr ~XamVyZ
do>m _mJ} H$amMr, _J _~w Bg nmoM`m. VoWo 1939 nmgyZ
nmo{ce H$mgwcQo > H$màV hmoVr. `m AVJV nmo{ce aoS>H$ mg
gWm WmnZ H$a`mV Amcr Am{U `m_m\$V {Zdm{gV
nmo{cemZm _XV XoUo gw$ Ho$cr. `w{de [acr\$ EOgr
(Oo.Ama.E.) hr OmJ{VH$ gWm {Zdm{gVmgmR>r- Img H$$Z
`y {Zdm{gVmgmR>r H$màV hmoVr. ^maVmVrc H$amMr, _w~ B d
H$cH$mm hr `y d BVa {Zdm{gVmZm BVa Om`mgmR>r Q>m{ PQ>
nmBQ > g hmoVr. nmo{ce aoS>H$ mgcm VH$mcrZ Q>mQ>mg ma`m
CmoJnVtZr ârd Am{WH$ _XV nU Ho$cr hmoVr. `m H$m_mV
nmo{ce H$mpgc OZacMr (nr.gr.nr.Mr) nZr H$sam
~mZm{gZH$m A`V {H$`merc hmoVr. dmS>m S>m`ZmodH$m hr
JmYrdmXr nmo{ce _{hcm- {Ocm ~mnyZ r C_mXodr Ag Zmd {Xc
hmoV d Or "{WAmgm{\$H$c' gmogm`Q>r`m H$m_mer gc hmoVr,
{VZo- d H$samZo ^maVmV AZoH$ ehao {\$$Z nmocS >darc
A`mMmamMr _m{hVr {Xcr Am{U OZOmJVr Ho$cr. `m_wio
gWm{ZH$ d CmoJnVtH$Sy>Z `mZm Am{WH$ d dVw$nmZo ârd
_XV {_iy cmJcr hmoVr. AZmW nmo{ce ~mcH$mZm Aml`
Xo`mMo Om_ZJa`m _hmamOmZr _m` Ho$`mZVa H$sam d

C_mXodrZo {~{Q>emZm amOr H$$Z ghm Q>H$ nmR>dZy gw_mao {XS>eo
~mcHo$ AH$m~mX-_oghoX-do>m-H$amMr _mJ} _w~ Bcm
AmUcr. VoWo `m`mda AmfYmonMma Ho$co, `mZm MmJco A d
{dlmVr {Xcr Jocr Am{U _J ~mcmN>S>r`m N>mdUrMo H$m_ nyU
Pm`mda E{c 1942 _ò n{h`m Q>`mV 150, Va 8
AmJQ> 1942 amoOr 220 AZmW _wc,o H$mhr {`m d EH$-XmoZ
mT> nwf ~mcmN>S>rcm Joco Am{U EH$ Zdo nd gw$ Pmco.
-3~mcmN>S>rcm AZmW nmo{cemZm {_imcocr {nVN>m`m
"Don't condsider yourselves as orphans, you are
now Nawanagris and I am your Bapu, father of all
Nawanagirs including you!'' (Vwhr dV:cm AZmW g_Oy
ZH$m, Vwhr AmVm ZdmZJarMo (gWmZmMo Zmd) Pmco AmhmV.

_r gd ZdmZJar`m ZmJ[aH$m_mUo Vw_Mm nU "~mny' (dS>rc)
Amho.)
H$nZm Ho$cr, Va _Z ^$Z òV. XmoZ df} g~[o a`m d
H$PmH$VmZmV ~mcnU hadyZ ~gcocr d AZmW Pmcocr ~mcHo$
hOmamo _cmMm IS>Va dmg H$$Z- `m XoemMr _m{hVr Zmhr,
^mfm òV Zmhr d dmVmdaU {^ Amho- VoWo gWmZmMm _hmamOm
`m AZmW nmo{be ~mcH$mZm _r Vw_Mm ~mn Amho d dV:cm
AZmW g_Oy ZH$m, Agm {dmg `mM ~mcN>S>rcm dmJV
H$aVmZm XoVmo! nwT>rc Mma df} gw_mao hOmaâ AZmW _wcmMm
{n`m`m _mòZ _hmamOmZr gm^mi Ho$cm d `mZm gd gw{dYm
dV:`m ImgJr CnmVyZ nwad`m. `mMo emco`
Zohg_c
o Z, Ym{_H$ gU d {g_g_ò dV:M amOonU
{dg$Z gm_rc Pmco. gmo{dEV `w{Z`ZMm A`m`-A`mMma,
Cnmg_marZ nmoico`m d AZmW Pmco`m `m nmo{ce ~mcH$mZm
{H$Vr _Z:dm` d {Xcmgm {_imcm Agoc `mMr H$nZm
H$am... hUOo gma-nMmhma dfmZV ahr `mZm
"~mcmN>S>r'`m ZmdmZ H$m CM~iyZ òV Agoc, ho g_Oy eH$V!
_hmamOm {XpdO`qgJOr ho Om_ZJa gWmZmMo 1933 Vo
1947 `m H$mcmdYrV amOo hmoV.o Vo {d`mV {H$Ho$Q>nQy>
aU{OVqgJmMo YmH$Q>o ~Yy hmoV.o `m`m ZmdmZo aUOr gm_Zo
AmOhr âdco OmVmV. Vo {~{Q>e Am_u_ò goH$ S> coQ>ZQ >
hUyZ 1919 _ò Oy Pmco. Vo 125 amOnyV B\$Q>rV hmoV.o Vo
godVo H$Q>ZnXmn`V nmoMco d 1931 _ò `mZr {Zdmr
KoVcr. XmoZM dfmZr aU{OVqgJOt`m {ZYZmZVa Vo JmXrda
{damO_mZ Pmco.
Xg`m _hm`wm`m doir _hmamO ho M|~a Am\$ {gogMo
Hw$cnVr (Mgca) hmoVo d `m Zm`mZo {~{Q>e gm_m`m`m
Bnr[aAc dma H$mpgcMo nX{g gX` hmoV.o Or{Zhm_ò
crJ Am\$ Zoeg`m (`wZmoMm nydml_rMm AdVma) Pmco`m
n[afXo_ò grAmonrMo Hw$cnVr hUyZ g{H$` gh^mJr hmoV.o
`mMo ~Yy aU{OVqgJOtMr Or{Zhm_ò _mc_mm hmoVr. VoWo

`mMr {g nmo{ce {n`mZmodmXH$ S>m. Bgr nS> do H$ser ôQ>
Pmcr (W_ _hm`wmXa`mZ- 1919-20 _ò) d Oo nwT>o
nmocS >M-o n{h`m _hm`wmZVa dV Pmco`m nmocS >M-o
nVYmZ ~Zco. {Vr` _hm`wH$mimV EH$Xm _hmamO d
S>m. Bgr nS> do H$sMr ôQ> Bnr[aAc dma H$mpgc`m EH$m
~R>H$s`m {Z{_mmZo Pmcr. S>m. Bgr `mZr `mZm gmo{dEV
`w{Z`Z_Yrb WcmV[aV nmo{ce r-_wcm`m hmc-Ano>mM r
_m{hVr {Xcr. _hmamO `m_wio dco d `mZr 500 Vo 1000
nmo{ce AZmW _wcmMr O~m~Xmar Ko`mMo Omhra H$$Z Q>mH$co.
`mMr AmOhr h`mV Agcocr H$`m hfXHw$_marOtZr ho Z_yX
Ho$co Amho. _hmamOmMr hr C\y$V _XVrMr KmofUm ^maVmVrc
nmocS >Mo VH$mcrZ amOXyV `wJ{o Z`wO ~mZmqgH$s `mZr CMcbr d
{~{Q>e gaH$maer MMm H$$Z "VmH$X `moOZm' _Oay H$$Z
KoVcr Am{U ghm Q>H$_YyZ _XVrgmR>r gmYZgm_Jr nmR>dZy
150 nmo{ce AZmW _wc,o H$mhr _moO`m {`mZm ^maVmV_w~ BV AmUbo. _hmamOmZr g_w{H$Zmar ~mbmN>S>rbm
`m`mgmR>r {Zdmg d {ejUmgmR>r Kao, B_maVr ~mY`mda
E{c 1942 _ò hr _wco VoWo Amcr. _hmamO dV: OmVrZo
`m`m dmJVmcm CnpWV hmoV.o
~mcmN>S>r ho Jmd Om_ZJanmgyZ 17 _cmda Amho. VoWo
_hmamOmZr `m doir gw_mao XrS> cmI nò IMyZ Vrg _moR>m
~amH$s, XmoZ ^moOZ H$j (d`nmH$Kamgh), H$_Mmar
{ZdmgWmZo, Vrg ~oS>Mo hmpnQ>c, XdmImZm, AmnaoeZ
{WEQ>a, ZmoH$amgmR>r Kao, ZmZJho d Q>m` coQg ~mYcr. nmo{ce
amOXyV `wJ{o Z`wO ~mZmqgH$sMr g_mOgodVo ag AgUmar nZr
H$sam hr ~mcmN>S>rcm nmo{ce _wcm`m n{h`m VwH$S>rg_doV
Amcr hmoVr. `m N>mdUr`m `dWmnZmMr gd O~m~Xmar \$mXa
cwQ>mH$S>-o Oo dV: {Zdm{gV hmoV-o Xo`mV Amcr. H$S>H$
{eV, C Z{VH$Vm d _wcmMo {ejU d {dH$mgmH$S>o `mZr
OmVrZo Cm_ arVrZo cj nwadrV _wcmMr O~m~Xmar g_WnUo
nocbr. _hmamOmMo ~mcmN>S>rMo Chmir {ZdmgWmZ hmoV;o
`mVrc ~mJ, $eH$moQ> d OcVaU Vcmd nmo{ce _wcmgmR>r
Iwcm H$$Z {Xcm hmoVm. \$mXa cwQ>m`m _XVrcm 30 {Zdm{gV
nmo{ce _{hcm hmo`m. òH$ _wcm_mJo . 40 {V_mh IM Ho$co
Om`Mo, Vo \$ma OmV Zgco Var g~[o a`m d H$PmH$VmZ`m
Cnmg_ma d AZmamo`m`m nmd^_y rda g_mYmZH$maH$ hmoV.o
_w` hUOo, l_N>md`mVco gVrMo Ca\$moS>r H$m_ d
AmMr-^wH$o Mr ^mV ZhVr.
emim, H$mD$Q> d MM^modVr nmo{ce _wcmMm {XZH$_
{eVera ~mYcm Jocm hmoVm. {ejUmMm IM {~{Q>e ^mJdV
hmoV.o ~mcmN>S>rcm 40 nmo{ce {ejH$ (nmocS >_Yrc emco`
A`mgH$_ {eH$d`mgmR>r) d BJO rgmR>r nmM {ejH$ Zo_co
Joco hmoV.o òWo nmo{ce g`mVco XmoZ {ejH$ gm_rc Pmco. EH$
B{VhmgmMo am|H$mo d emar[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r AQ>mZo r _m{Z`mH$ ho
gmYZm
129
XmoKo {dm{W{` hmoV.o ImgH$$Z AQ>mZo r `mZr _wcm`m

H$sS>m{dH$mgmgmR>r `Z H$$Z Am{U _hmamOmMr _XV {_idyZ
EH$ Q>{o S>`_, Ymdn>r d `m`m_emim ({O_) ~mYcr. _wco
\w$Q>~mc d ~mHo$Q>~mc Ioim`Mr.
Aem VhoZo emV d gwa{jV {dm{WOrdZ hmoV.o nwago o gH$g
A, Amamo`godm d `m`m_m_wio _wcmMr Am`mZVa Or
Vmoim_mgm H$Vr hmoVr, Vr AmVm `dpWV Pmcr. _wcm`m
Moh`mdaMo hm` nwhm naVco. _hmamOm ~mcmN>S>rcm dmadma
ôQ> XoD$Z nmhUr H$am`Mo d _wcmVhr {_gim`Mo. `m H$mir
gw>r`m doir ~mJS>Um`m _moam`m W`mMm nmR>cmJ H$arV
_moa{ngo O_m H$am`Mm `mMm N>X hmoVm. ~mcmN>S>rcm ^`H$a
C_m Ag`m_wio amr MmX`mV gmH$a (\w$Q>~mc) Ioim`Mo.
_wco AZoH$ mUr- CXm. H$mgd, _wJ gy d harU nmim`Mo.
_wcmZr nmocS > d VoWrc gH$Vr {dg$ Zò, hUyZ nmo{ce
{ejH$mZr {deof cj nwa{dco hmoV.o _wcmgmR>r gJrV d Z`mMo
dJ gw$ Ho$co. EH$Xm `m`m gmH${VH$ H$m`H$ _mg _hmamO
OmVrZ CnpWV hmoV.o `m`m CnpWVr_wio EH$ nmo{ce _wcJr
BVH$s Zhg Pmcr H$s, {Vcm ZmMVm òBZ m. Vohm _hmamO dV:
_Mmda Joc,o `m _wcrcm Yra XoV {V`mg_doV Z` Ho$co.
`m_wiMo ~mcmN>S>r`ZgmR>r _hmamO IaoIaw o "~mny' ~Zco hmoV,o
ho {Z:ge`.
_hmamOmZm nmocS >`m ^{dV`m~c Iar H$iH$i hmoVr d
~mcmN>S>rVrc AZmW-EH$mH$s _wcmMr _mZ{gH$Vm H$m` Agoc,
`mMr OmUnU hmoVr. Vo `mZm Zoh_r Yra m`Mo. o[aV H$am`Mo.
nmocS > cdH$aM dV hmoBc
d _wcmZm _m`Xoer g_mZmZ OmVm
òBc
, Agm {dmg Vo m`Mo. EH$Xm _wcmnTw >o ^mfU H$aVmZm
_hmamO hUmco,
""Vw_`m H$mD$Q>Mm JmS>na Q| > hUyZ _cm d _hmamUrcm
Amn`m_ò Ag`mMm ~h_mZ dmQ>Vmo. AmnU dOm`m
XmS>mV MmXrMo {Iio R>mHo $co, Vo Cm Vw_`m ey`m
edno{Q>H$o V R>mHo $co OmVrc d Vwhmcm Vw_Mo dmV` {_ioc. _r
nmocS >Mm d Vw_Mm {ddmgy {_ d gmWrXma gXd amhrZ. _mPr
nmocS >`m ^{d`mgmR>r Zoh_rM ghdoXZm d ghmZw^Vy r Amho.
_mPr Imr Amho H$s, EH$ {Xdg nmocS > dV hmoBc
d Vw_Mr
OJ{g "nmo{ce MoVZm (pn[aQ>)' gd {dnarV n[apWVrda
_mV H$aoc. _o JmS> cog `y AS> coQ> `y [aQ>Z Qw> E \$s AS> hnr
hmo_cS>.''
~mcmN>S>rcm Ho$di mW{_H$ {ejUmMr gmo` hmoVr.
dirdS>mcm nmo{ce N>mdUr 1944 _ò gw$ Pm`mda VoWo
_m`{_H$ d `mdgm{`H$ {ejUmMr gmo` Ho$`m_wio BWyZ _wco
nwT>rc {ejUmgmR>r nmR>dcr Om`Mr. nU Xya Joco Var _hmamO
`m`m _XVrcm Zoh_rM Vna Agm`Mo.
gZ 1944 _ò O_ZrMm nmS>md Pmcm d 1945 _ò
{hamo{e_m-ZmJmgH$sgh A_o[aHo$Zo AUw~m~ Q>mHy$Z Xg`m
_hm`wmMr B{Vlr Ho$cr. nU nmocS >_ò XmXm{Jar H$arV
gmYZm
130
Q>m{cZZo Amn`m {ZÙmV amhUmao cw{~Z gaH$ma Wmnco

Am{U 1946 _ò ~mcmN>S>rMm H$n ~X H$a`mMr doi Amcr.
nU nmocS >_ò Agco`m H$`w{ZQ> cw{~Z gaH$maMr ^rVr d
{VaH$ma dmQ>V Ag`m_wio `m _wcmZm Om`Mo ZhVo, Aem
gw_mao 81 _wcmZm _hmamOmZr Om_ZJa`m `m`mc`mVyZ
H$m`XoeranUo XmH$ KoD$Z nwT>rc {ejU d ^{dV`mgmR>r
`m`m BN>o _mUo `mZm A_o[aHo$cm \$mXa cwQ>mgo mo~V
nmR>dco.
`m_wio gw_mao gma dfmZr nmocS >Zo _hmamOmZm _aUmonamV
"H$_mS>a H$mg Am\$ X AmS>a Am\$ X _o[aQ> Am\$ X nmo{ce
[anpcH$' hm gdm} ZmJar g_mZ ~hmc H$$Z Amncr
H$VkVm `V Ho$cr Amho.
mo.cmoS>H$mo~H$s `m nmocS >`m ^maVmVrc AmYr`m
amOXVmZ ~mcmN>S>rVrb H$mim~Xc Amn`m ^mdZm Aem
`V Ho$`m"This is true and captivating story of the 'aam admi'
in both India and Poland. It is a story hidden like a precious stone in history. We are not satisfied with the common mans knowledge of the story and intend to take it
in various forms.''
-4^maVr` nmo{ce Jmd- dirdS>o

"It was a home away from home, a sunny, peaceful
refuge after the horrowing deprivation of years spent in
forced exile in the U.S.S.R. Offcourse, there was no
running water or electricity, no glass windows or solid
doors and only charcoal stove for cooking. But the mat
doors could be closed and even locked with a padlock,
giving much needed privacy and semblance of normal
life after years of communal living. What a joy it was to
tend the narrow slips of gardens along the cool
varandahs, to grow ones own banana, papaya or canna
trees.''
nmM Vo Xhm hOma nmo{ce r d _wco dirdS>o òWo 1944 Vo

48 Xa`mZ am{hcr. `mMr darc {V{Z{YH$ d$nmMr ^mdZm
H$s, ho KamnmgyZ Xa Agcoc KaM Amho- ho Xe{dVo H$s,
gmo{dEV `w{Z`Z_Yrc hmc-Ano>m d OJ`m`m gKfmZV a
`mZm dirdS>Vo dm` cm^co d _Z:emVr {_imcr. Kamcm
hamS>m Amho d Xma ~X H$$Z ImgJr OJVm òV. `m gm`mgm`m gwI-gw{dYmZmhr Vo gmo{dEV `w{Z`Z_ò nmaIo Pmco
hmoV.o KamnwT>o ~JrMm H$aUo d \$iPmS>o cmdyZ `mMm AmdmX
Ko`mV `mZm Amnc nmocS >_Yrc Jmd AmR>dV hmoV!
WmoS>`mV, ^maV^y_rVrb H$mohmnya gWmZm_Yrc dirdS>o `m
$nmZ `mZm `mM nmocS >M Jmd cm^c hmoV!
nmocS >Mo ^maVmVrc amOXV S>m. B. ~mZ{gZ~r 1941 nmgyZ

^maVm_ò nmo{ce {Zdm{gVmZm dgdc Omd, `mgmR>r {~{Q>e
gaH$maH$S>o nmR>naw mdm H$arV hmoV.o 1942 `m gQ>~| a_ò
{ZU` hmoD$Z ^maVmV 5000 nmo{ce {Zdm{gVmMr gmo` H$a`mV
`mdr, Ago hmBgam` Am\$ B{S>`mcm H$i{d`mV Amc. `m
{ZU`m_mJo Om_ZJa`m _hmamOmMm 500 AZmW _wcmZm
~mcmN>S>rV Aml` Xo`mMm YmS>gr d _mZdVmdmXr {ZU` hmoVm,
ho {Z:ge`. _J N>mdUrgmR>r OmJoMm emoY gw$ Pmcm.
~mcmN>S>rV _wcmZm _co[a`m`m dmadma CX^dUm`m gmWrcm
~ir nS>md cmJc hmoV. `m nm^_y rda Amamo`gn OmJm
{~{Q>e nmhV hmoV.o nwhm aodo Q>eo ZOdiMr OmJm hdr hmoVr.
`m_wio AIoarg `mMm emoY H$mohmnyaZOrH$`m dirdS>o òWo
gncm. gw_mao 250 EH$a OmJoV dirdS>o òWo nmo{ce H$mcZrdOm
Jmd dgc Joc. _ogg qhXVmZ H$Q>eZ H$nZr- _w~ Bcm
~mYH$m_mM H$mQ> {_imc. òWo 140 \${_cr cmg (òH$
cmH$_ò 12 Hw$Qw>~ mMr Kao), Q>m\$gmR>r 10 cmg, 75
ZmZJho (EHy$U 750 Imo`m), 70 emMmcò, ghm
A{YH$m`mMo ~Jco, 10 emimB_maVr, EH$ Q>mA
o a$_ d EH$m
Q>m\$ _ogMo ~mYH$m_ H$a`mV Amco. AmR> OmZodmar 1944 cm
dirdS>o dgmhVrMm CXKmQ>Z g_ma^ Pmcm, nU {~{Q>e
ZrVr_mUo H$mohmnya`m _hmamUrg {Z_{V H$a`mV Amco
ZhVo.
`m JmdmV H$m` ZhVo? emim, nmoQ> Am{\$g, MM,
cm`~ar, IoimMr _XmZo... JmdmgmR>r cmJUm`m gd gw{dYm
{dH${gV H$a`mV Am`m hmo`m. "_MQ> qg{S>H$o Q>' WmnyZ
`mMr H$mQ>o H$mohmnwamVrc _mV~a _S>itZm Xo`mV Amcr.
KmoS>H$| Zm _mg-_N>rMo XH$mZ, {H$myaZm ~So >Mm Q>mc
,
_hmJmdH$a d Jm`H$dmS>mZ m Q>e
o Zar, naXoercm {H$amUm,
BJi|Zm H$moigm d Ho$amo{gZ Am{U BZm_XmamZm H$mnS> XH$mZ...
dirdS>o H$n~mhoa nmo{cem`m gw{dYogmR>r gw$ H$a`mMr
nadmZJr {Xcr hmoVr.
`m dVr_ò m_w`mZo nmo{ce {`m d nmM Vo nYam
dfmn`VMr _wc-o _wcr `mMm âUm hmoVm. hUyZ {ejUmgmR>r
VrZ mW{_H$ emim, VrZ ~mcdmS>m, VrZ _m`{_H$ emim,
EH$ hm`Hy$c, EH$ `mdgm{`H$ {ejUmMo hm`Hy$c gw$
H$a`mV Amco. 1028 _wco mW{_H$ emioV, Va 453
hm`Hy$c_ò {eH$V hmoVr. emco` gH$w cmV hVH$cm
{ejUmgmR>r dH$emn, emar[aH$ {ejUmMm {d^mJ, H$mD$Q>,
gmH${VH$ H$m`H$ _ {d^mJ, AZmWml_ d EH$ {WEQ>ahr hmoV.o
200 ~oS>Mo hmpnQ>c, gmV-AmR> S>m Q>g d 16 Zg}g
Amamo`godgo mR>r {Z`wV Ho$`m hmo`m.
dirdS>o H$n`m `m H$mhr "w_Z BQ>ao Q> Q>mao rO'1. dirdS>o nmoQ> Am{\$g_ò gmimoIo ZmdmMm nmoQ_mQ>a
hmoVm. `mcm nmo{ce cmoH$mMr AdKS> Zmdo {~ZMyH$ CmaVm
`m`Mr. Amn`m ZmVodmBH$m`m `mcr-Iwemcr`m
~mV`mgmR>r nmo{cemZm gmimoIo XodXVmhZ H$_r ZhVm. `mZm

no `m`Mr ZmhrV, `mZm "cdH$aM n òBc
' Agm Yra Vmo
m`Mm.
2. em_amd Jm`H$dmS> hm _MQ> g qg{S>H$o Q>_ò H$maHy$Z
hmoVm. `mZo nmo{ce ^mfm Am_gmV Ho$cr, `m_wio gm`m
nmo{cemgmR>r Vmo EVoer` ^maVr`mer gnH$mgmR>r _hdmMm d
âdemMm Xdm hmoVm.
3. nmo{ce _wco d Wm{ZH$ _wcmZr gdW_ ^mfoMm AS>ga
Xa Ho$cm. Q>Zo rcmg ham{g_moh`m AmR>dUr_mUo _wco W_
_amR>r d nmo{ce ^mfoV`m {e`m {eH$cr. nmo{ce _wco
^H$mamVr {e`m XoV, Va _amR>r _wco AI{cV nmo{ce_ò
`mZm nmT>ar _mH$S>o hUyZ {MS>dV.
4. nmo{ce {`m YrQ> hmo`m. `m ^maVr`mer ghOVoZo
~mocm``m. `mZm Amn`m Kar MhmnmZmcm ~mocmd`m`m.
VgoM ^maVr` Kar Am_U Amco, Va N>mQo >m-N>mQo >m
ôQ>dVyg h Om``m.
5. am_amd BJio d em_amd Jm`H$dmS>`m _Vo, nmo{ce Jmoao
AgyZhr ^maVr`mZm g_mZVo`m VdmZo dmJdm`Mo. `mMr hr
H$Vr {~{Q>em`m VwN>Vo `m d X`_dm`m dmJUwH$s`m
nmd^_y rda gwIX dmQ>m`Mr.
dirdS>Vo C {ejUmMr gmo` Zg`m_wio _moR>m _wcmZm
hm`Hy$cZVa H$amMr, _w~ B, nmMJUr`m emimV nmR>{dco
Om`Mo. CoIZr` ~m~ hUOo, ZD$ _wcr n|qQ>J`m {ejUmgmR>r
_w~ B`m Oo. Oo. Hy$c Am\$ AmQ>g _ò nmR>{d`m Jo`m
hmo`m. _wco hm`Hy$c {ejUmZVa OJâmV XmoV am>mg mo~V
O_Zrer cT>Um`m nmo{ce goZmXcmV dIwfrZ Om`Mr.
Mmirg _wco 1944 _ò dirdS>o d ~mcmN>S>r_YyZ cS>Zcm
nmo{ce _[aZ gphggo cm Oy Pmcr hmoVr. _wcr Z{gJ d
Q>m`qnJ H$mogg} cm ngVr m``m, H$maU `mZm H$mohmnya d
_w~ B òWo N>mQo >r-_moR>r ZmoH$ar ghOnUo CncY hm`Mr.
gmo{dEV `w{Z`ZZo gmd{H$ _m\$s Omhra Ho$`mZVa gmo{dEV
^y_rV C^ma`mV Amco`m goZVo ~hg ` nmo{ce gm_rc
Pmco; Va cmIâ r d _wc-o _wcr ^maV, X. Am{\$H$m AmXr
{~{Q>e dgmhVt_ò WcmV[aV Pmcr hmoVr. dirdS>_o òhr
_moOH$sM nwf_S>ir Amcr hmoVr. `m_wio VoWo nmo{ce {`m d
^maVr` VgoM {~{Q>e nwfm`m AZoH$ o_H$hm`m AmH$mamg
Am`m.
dmS>m Zmo{dH$m hr `wH$o Z_Ycr hQ>m nmB{Z`mcm JmdMr _wcJr
Oohm {Zdm{gV hUyZ dirdS>Vo Amcr hmoVr, Vohm Vr â
Vm`mV hUOo 17-18 dfmMr hmoVr d \$moQ>mo H$mT>`m`m
{Z{_mmZo H$mohmnya`m dgV H$merH$a`m gnH$mV Amcr. `m
XmoKmM o_H$aU gw$ Pmc d Vo cmV n[ad{VV Pmc. dmS>m
_J _mcVr H$merH$a Pmcr d AmOhr Vr H$mohmnyacm Amho.
`m`m cmcm {~{Q>e EOQ> H$mohmnyaZo {damoY Ho$cm hmoVm d
dgVmcm ZmoH$ar {_iUma Zmhr Aer Y_H$shr {Xcr hmoVr. nU
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131
`mcm Z Ow_mZVm `mZ {_mgh H$ncm òD$Z "{Xcdmco

Xh{Z`m co Om`|J'o Q>mBcZo {Vcm Zocr d {ddmh Ho$cm. {Vcm
dgVZ o_mV H$m` hQ>c, ho gmJVmZm d dmS>m {_H$scnUo
hUVo, ""Vmo hUmcm hmoVm- OmoB H$moM_ gm`~r (`m H$mh_
N>~o m), hUOo _cm Vy \$ma AmdS>Vgo . `mncrH$S>o `mMr nmo{ce
^mfm Jocr Zmhr, nU _r _m ew _amR>r ~mocVo, nwaUnmoirhr
H$$ eH$Vo.''
dmS>m H$merH$aZ _wcmIV XoVmZm EH$m dmVmhmamcm hohr
gm{JVc hmoV H$s, BVa H$mhr {`mZr nU ^maVr`mer Kamo~m
Ho$cm, g~Y OmoS>c;o nU `w gn`mda `m naV Jo`m. _r _m
o_ d {Z>Zo o BWoM H$mohmnyacm- BWcrM hmoD$Z am{hco!
nmMJUr`m g|Q> nrQ>a Hy$c_ò _wc,o Va g|Q> Omog\o $
H$mh|Q> Hy$c_ò _wcr {eH$m``m. {VWo dirdS>ho Z AZoH$
nmo{ce _wc-o _wcr C {ejUmgmR>r Jo`m hmo`m. `m emim_ò
{~{Q>emgmo~V AZoH$ lr_V gWm{ZH$ amOm-_hmamOmMr _wco
Agm`Mr. Ada _wamO hm AmOMm ò> nm{H$VmZr nH$ma
1942 Vo 47 H$mimV nmMJUrV {eH$m`cm hmoVm. `m`m
AmR>dUrZwgma nmo{ce _wc-o _wcr A`V gH$mam_H$ {dMmamMr
hmoVr. AZoH$ H$cm_ò Vr drU hmoVr. emio`m {pgnmcZo
EH$Xm Xmohr emim`m _wcm-_wctZm EH$ AmUyZ MhmnmZ Ho$co
hmoV.o {VW EH$m N>mQo >m _wpb_ gWmZmMm {g d A`V gwX a
nmo{ce _wcrM W_XeZr o_ Owico Am{U H$mcmVamZo Vr
`mMr ~oJ_ Pmcr.
WmoS>`mV gmJm`M Pmc Va, r-nwf AmH$fU gmd{H$
AgV Am{U Xoe-Y_-^mfm d gH$VrMm AS>ga Z Ow_mZVm
o_-_r OwiVo-\w$cVo. nwhm AZoH$ df} XoemnmgyZ Xa, nwhm
Jmdr OmD$ H$s Zmhr hr YmVr AgUm`m d EH$mH$s OJUm`m
nmo{ce {`mMm gnH$ `m`Mm Vmo \$V ^maVr`mer. `m`mV
`wamonr` _moH$ionUm hmoVm; `m_wio AZoH$ o_H$hm`m,
earag~Y d cg~Y Pmco. `wmMr nmd^_y r, XyaXoerMo
{Zdm{gV OJU, VU d`, nmo{ce nwfmMr gmW-gJV Zmhr,
_wc`mM _moR>r hmoVmM g`mV cS>Z-A_o[aHo$cm OmU... `m
nm^_y rda _Z:dm` cm^`mda Zg{JH$ ^mdZm OmJV hmoU
dm^m{dH$ hQ>c nm{hOo. `mVyZ \w$cUmar EH$-EH$ o_AmH$fU-g~Y mMr H$hmUr EH$-EH$ H$mX~ar dm {MnQ>mMm
{df` hmoD$ eHo$c, Ag _cm EH$ coIH$ hUyZ dmQ>V. _r dV:
J^ranUo `m dirdS>o d ~mcmN>S>r`m nmo{ce cmoH$m`m
dmV`mda EH$ H$mX~ar {c{h`mgmR>r A`mg H$arV Amho;
gmYZgm_Jr OwidV Amho. hm EH$ AmVaam>r`- Img H$$Z
BS>m-o nmocS > H$mo-moS>eZ {MnQ>mMm {df` Amho. Agmo.
1945 _ò `w gn`mZVa _mQ>m n[afXoZV a ho n> Pmco
H$s, nmocS > hm gmo{dEV `w{Z`Z`m {ZÙmImcrc H$`w{ZQ>
Xoe amhUma Amho. dirdS>Mo o ~hg ` nmo{ce H$o gr {d^mJmMo
hmoV,o Omo AmVm gmo{dEVMm ^mJ Pmcm hmoVm. Z`m cw{~Z
gaH$macm {~Q>ZZ _m`Vm {X`mZVa ^maVmVrc nmo{cemZm
gmYZm
132
bdH$amV bdH$a naV nmR>{d`m`m hmcMmcr gw$ Pm`m.

n{h`mXm 1946 _ò ~mcmN>S>r N>mdUr ~X H$$Z VoWrc _wco
dirdS>c
o m WcmV[aV Ho$cr. {~{Q>e hmBgam`Mm AmXoe
AgyZhr 1948 n`V dirdS>o H$n Mmcy am{hcm. `mMo dS>rc
dm BVa ZmVodmBH$ g`mV hmoV,o `mZm {~Q>Z_ò gwc^ doe
hmoVm. H$mhr OU AmQ>{o c`m, `yPrcS> d X. Am{\$Ho$V Joc.o
H$mhr _moOHo$ ^m`dmZ A_o[aHo$V Joc.o ~mH$s`mZm nmocS >cm
H$`w{ZQ> gaH$ma`m "{dM hqQ>JMr' ^rVr AgyZhr naVmdo
cmJco. _m `mZr ^maVr`mer c Ho$c, Aem AmR>-Xhm
nmo{ce {`m ^maVmV ^maVmVrc hmoD$Z am{h`m.
_VtZm COmim Xo`mgmR>r H$mhr nmo{ce 2009 _ò Amco
Am{U `mZr dirdS>o Q>eo Z, nMJJMo m KmQ>, nhmim, _hmdra
CmZ- OoWo _Vr-V^ C^macm Amho- d dirdS>o `m
X\$Z^y_rbm ôQ>r {X`m. ^maVmVc dirdS>o ho nmo{ce Jmd
`m`m _ZmV {H$Vr Ka H$$Z Amho, ho `md$Z cjmV òV.
Cnghma
Aer hr dirdS>o d ~mcmN>S>r`m {Zdm{gV N>md`mMr,
nmo{ce r d _wcmMr H$hmUr. hr H$hmUr Oncr nm{hOo d
{V`mV n[al_nydH $ AOyZ â Q>mH$cr nm{hOo. nmocS >gmR>r Vr
_hdmMr Amho, H$maU `mZm OJmV gdW_ ^maVmZ 1942
`m Midir`m YJYJ`m H$mcIS>mV Am{U ZVa nS>co `m
"X JQo > \o${_Z Am\$ ~Jmc'`m nmd^_y rda o_mZ Aml` {Xcm.
^maVm`m "dgwYd Hw$Qw>~ H$_' {dMmaYmaoM `mnojm _moR> Xga
amOH$s` CXmhaU {_iU Ae` Amho. OmV, Y_, de d
Xoemnojm _mUwgH$s _moR>r AgVo, ho Z`m {nT>rda R>g{d`mgmR>r
hr H$hmUr Oncr nm{hOo; gm[aV Ho$cr nm{hOo.
^maVmgmR>r nU hr H$hmUr _hdmMr Amho. AmO`m
Ag{hUy, qhgH$ d OmVr`-Ym{_H$ ImoQ>m Ap_Vo`m
nmd^_y rda ^maVmMr gd Xoe-Y_mH$S>o g_mZVoZ d _mZdVoZ
nmh`mMr dm^m{dH$ d Zg{JH$ dmr AZ gH$ma AmhoV, ho
nwhm Z`mZo nQ>dZy Xo`mgmR>r ~mcmN>S>r d dirdS>o hr VrHo$
_hdmMr AmhoV. H$Xm{MV _rM ho H$mX~armao d O_c Va
{\$_mao H$$ eHo$Z, Ag dmQ>V. nU _rM Zho, Va AZoH$mZr
AZoH$ nVrZo hr H$hmUr A_a Ho$cr nm{hOo, ho {Z:ge`.
lr. c_rH$mV Xoe_wI
mob. : 9325297509
laxmikant05@yahoo.co.in
gmYZm
133
gmYZm
134

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9 Zmoh|~a 2013 {Xdmir

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