IMMUNITY

Role of the Circulatory System in

the Body’s Defence Mechanisms
BODY’S DEFENCE MECHANISMS

BODY’S DEFENCE MECHANISM

FIRST LINE SECOND LINE THIRD LINE OF

OF DEFENCE OF DEFENCE DEFENCE

PRODUCTION OF
PHAGOCYTOSIS ANTIBODIES
SKIN MUCOUS MEMBRANE
BY PHAGOCYTES OR MEMORY CELLS BY
THE LYMPHOCYTES

•SWEAT
•SECRETION OF MUCOUS
•SEBUM
 FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
• The skin and mucous membranes act as
the first line of defence
• Skin acts as the physical barrier
• Made up of a dead keratinised layer which
is difficult to be penetrated
• Tearsecreted by tear glands and acidic
sebum secreted by sebaceous glands
contain lysozymes which destroy bacteria.
 FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
• Mucus secreted by mucous membranes in
the nasal cavity and trachea trap dust
particles and bacterial spores.
• The cilia in the respiratory tract sweep the
trapped particles to the pharynx and will
be coughed out
• When the microbes enter the stomach,
they are killed by the hydrochloric acid in
the gastric juices.
 SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE
• Second line of defence involves the
phagocytes such as neutrophils.
• Neutrophils are attracted by chemicals
produced at the site of infection.
• Phagocytes move towards the pathogen
and engulf them by phagocytosis
• Digestive enzymes are secreted into the
phagocytic vacuoles to destroy and digest
the pathogen.
PHAGOCYTOSIS PROCESS
 THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE
• Involves the lymphocytes
• T-lymphocytes attack cells infected by
bacteria or other pathogens
• B-lymphocytes produced antibodies
• Antibodies are proteins that response to
antigens in specific way.
TYPE OF IMMUNITY
• There are four types of traditional vaccines:[11]
• Inactivated vaccines are composed of micro-organisms that have
been killed with chemicals and/or heat and are no longer infectious.
Examples are vaccines against flu, cholera, bubonic plague, and
hepatitis A. Most vaccines of this type are likely to require booster
shots.
• Live, attenuated vaccines are composed of micro-organisms that
have been cultivated under conditions which disable their ability to
induce disease. These responses are more durable and do not
generally require booster shots. Examples include yellow fever,
measles, rubella, and mumps.
• Toxoids are inactivated toxic compounds from micro-organisms in
cases where these (rather than the micro-organism itself) cause
illness, used prior to an encounter with the toxiod. Examples of
toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria.
• Subunit -vaccines are composed of small fragments of disease
causing organisms. A characteristic example is the subunit vaccine
against Hepatitis B virus.
 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
(Virus

• Brief definition of HIV/ AIDS

• Risk factors
• Mechanism of infection
• Harmful effects
• Preventive measures
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus)- Risk factors

• Sexual contact (susceptible to individual

with multiple sexual partners i.e:
prostitutes, homosexuals)
• Intravenous drug users
• Blood transfusion
• Pregnant mother to fetus
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus)- Mechanism of infection
• Virus enters the blood stream through
various route as mentioned.
• Virus infects helper T-cells caused
inactivation of other lymphocytes
• Body’s defence mechanism is weakened
• Body is susceptible to various infections
• HIV can survive only in body fluids such
as semen, blood and vaginal fluids