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Supervisors: Dr. Wan Fatinhamamah Wan Ahmad, Chair Dr. Jasronita Jasni, Member Prof. Madya Dr. W. N. Wan Daud, Member
Presentation outline
Introduction
Problem statement Objectives Methodology
Literature review Installation of earthing systems/earth resistance measurements Results and Findings
Introduction
What is Earthing ? The provision of permanent and continuous conductive path to the ground having sufficient capacity to carry any fault current liable to be imposed upon it, with sufficiently low impedance to limit voltage rise above ground potential, and be able to facilitate the operation of protective devices Hinde (2009).
Introduction contd.
Commonly
used
earthing
structures
includes
single
horizontal wire, vertical rods, ring conductors, multiple conductors forming triangular or rectangular shapes and earthing grids, Liu (2004).
Introduction continued
What is the purpose of earthing systems? at power/low frequency is basically to provide a safe path/return for dissipation of stray/faults currents.
for transient/lightning protection is to dissipate transient charges, static charges, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and radio frequency interference (RFI).
for signal/high frequency systems, is to provide zero signal reference.
Introduction contd.
Other purposes for which earthing is provided include; to ensure safety of general public and personnel against contact with energized circuits or systems. protection of equipments against damage by overvoltages to provide safe and correct operation of power system both under normal, earth fault and transient conditions.
Introduction contd.
Types of earthing functional earthing system, specific to sensitive electronic equipment and data networks, safety is not a
major concern
system earthing, neutral point of a transformer
Introduction contd.
Problem statement
The first two resistances are negligible for most practical purposes, IEEE Std 142-2007.
resistivity.
Soil resistivity varies with depth from the surface, type of soil, concentration and type of soluble salts (chemicals) in the soil, moisture content and soil
Objectives
Determine soil properties relevant to earthing systems Install earthing systems using chemical enhancement materials (CEM) and natural enhancement materials
(NEM).
Determine the best performed enhancement material and earthing installation.
Methodology
Selection of experiment sites Soil tests Physical analysis Chemical analysis
BS7430-1998, recommends that where there is an option, the following types of soil should be chosen , wet marshy ground Clay, loamy soil etc.
Literature Review
Chemical enhancement materials (CEM) Soil resistivity may be reduced anywhere from 15% to 90% by chemical treatment of the soil, (IEEE Std 1422007). Uman (2008), suggested that the resistivity of soil can be reduced by adding chemicals to the soil surrounding a grounding electrode.
Gomes et al. (2010), industrial wastes, bentonite and NaCl Kumarasinghe (2008), paddy dust, coir peat, bentonite Eduful et al. (2009), palm kernel fibre
CEM
Earth electrode
Water pump
Earth resistance measurement was conducted using 3-point fall of potential method (Wenner method). Earth Tester Megger DET3TC Potential and current probe positions were fixed using rule of 62% Measurements were conducted for different angles between current and voltage probes initially.
Additional data recorded during measurements includes, ambient temperature, ambient weather, soil
Comparison contd.
The results from this study has revealed that, soil treatment with suitable CEMs can significantly reduce earth resistance. Performance of CEM for reduction of earth resistance was reported in terms of actual earth resistance and
percentage values.
Contributions contd.
of soil.
Soil treatment with CEMs raises the pH from acidic to
Soil treatment with CEMs slightly changes the soil texture from clay loam to sandy clay loam.
Contributions contd.
Conclusion
Conclusion contd.
In NEMs category, comparison between different earthing installations in terms of earth resistance readings, and percentage reduction of earth resistance indicated performed. that bentonite installation is the best
Conclusion contd.
When the performances of CEM and NEM installations are compared, it was found that CEM installations performed better than NEM installations both in terms of earth resistance readings and percentage reduction of earth resistance.
Conclusion contd.
Therefore CEMs such as CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2, and Na2S2O3 are considered effective in reduction of earth resistance in clay loam type of soil. Similarly, NEMs such as bentonite and palm kernel fibre are also considered an effective backfill materials for reduction of earth resistance.
THANK YOU
Graphs
References
[1] Hinde, S., Overhead Line Guidelines, British Columbia Safety Authority Information Bulletin No: BE30903121, 12th March, 2009.
[2] Liu, Y., Transient Response of Grounding Systems Caused by Lightning: Modelling and Experiments, PhD Dissertation from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University Uppsala, Sweden, November, 2004. [3] IEEE STD 142TM: 2007, Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Pp169.
References contd.
[4] British Standard BS7430-1998, Code of Practice for Earthing. [5] Uman, M. A., the Art and Science of Lightning Protection, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008, Pp. 85. [6] Briels, G., Chapter 4 of Electrical Hazards and Accidents, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991, Pp. 72-73.
References contd.
[7]
Wan Ahmad, W. F., Abdul Rahman M. S., Jasni, J., Ab Kadir, M. Z., A., and Hizam, H., Chemical Enhancement Materials for Grounding Purposes, Presented at the 30thInternational Conference on Lightning Protection, ICLP 2010, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, 13-17 Sept.2010. Gomes, C., Lalitha, C., and Priyadarshanee, C., Improvement of Earthing Systems with Backfill Materials, presented at the 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection, ICLP 2010, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, 2010.
[8]
References contd.
[9] Kumarasinghe, N., A Low Cost Lightning Protection System and its Effectiveness, presented at the 20th International Lightning Detection Conference and 2nd International Lightning Meteorology Conference, Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A, 2008. Eduful, G., and Cole, J. E., Palm Kernel Oil Cake as an Alternative to Earth Resistance Reducing Agent, presented at the Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Seattle, WA, 2009, p.2
[10]
References contd.
[11] A Practical Guide to Earth Resistance Testing, www.megger.com/det [12] Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipment and Facilities, Military Handbook, MILHDBK-419A, Vol. 1, December 1987, Ch2. Pp 63. [13] Chen, L. H., Chen, J. F., and Wang, W. I., Research on Used Quantity of Ground Resistance Reduction Agent for Ground Systems, European Transactions on Electrical Power, Online, Wiley Inter Science, 2009.