ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express heartfelt thanks to TAMILNADU ELECTRICITY BOARD TNEB!" for #$i%in# $s thro$#ho$t this entire pro&e't an% (akin# it a #oo% learnin# experien'e)

We wo$l% also like to express o$r #ratit$%e to the ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC* DE+ARTMENT" for their 'ontin$e% (oral s$pport thro$#ho$t the %$ration of this pro&e't)

We also thank Mr) *)*enta(il *el,an" M)E)"+hD)-EAD O. T-E ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC* DE+ARTMENT" for his a/le #$i%en'e an% s$pport)

.inall0" we wo$l% like to thank all those who ha,e %ire'tl0 an% in%ire'tl0 helpe% $s in s$''essf$ll0 'o(pletin# o$r pro&e't)

CONTENTS A/stra't 1) INTRODUCTION 2) TRAN*MI**ION LINE* ERECTION O. TRAN*MI**ION LINE* TRAN*MI**ION TOWER* TY+E* O. TOWER* CLA**I.ICATION O. *TEEL TOWER TE*TIN3 BE-A4IOUR O. DOUBLE CIRCUIT TOWER +ROTECTION O. TOWER *+AN LEN3T-* 2)1) CLEARANCE* CLEARANCE BETWEEN LINE* AND TRAM WAY CRO**IN3* CLEARANCE BETWEEN LINE* O. DI..ERENT 4OLTA3E* CLEARANCE .ROM *U++ORTIN3 *TRUCTURE* O. ANOT-ER LINE CLEARANCE BETWEEN LINE* AND 3UARD WIRE* CLEARANCE* O4ER RI4ER* DETAIL* O. CONDUCTOR* U*ED IN TNEB 2)2) *+ACIN3* O. CONDUCTOR* 2)5) CLEARANCE* BETWEEN CONDUCTOR* 2)6) IN*ULATOR* 2)7) MAINTENANCE O. TRAN*MI**ION LINE* TY+E* O. MAINTENANCE -OT LINE MAINTENANCE

 -OT LINE TOOL* MET-OD* 2)8) COM+ARI*ON LI4E9O..! 2):) BREA;DOWN O. TRAN*MI**ION LINE* 5) DI*TRIBUTION LINE* +OLE* IN*ULATOR* CONDUCTOR* *TAY LINE* CRO** ARM* 5)1 EART-IN3 5)2 CLEARANCE* MEDIUM AND LOW 4OLTA3E LINE* -4 LINE* CLEARANCE BETWEEN LT < -T LINE* TREE CLEARANCE*

5)5 MAINTENANCE O. DI*TRIBUTION LINE* 5)6 BREA;DOWN O. DI*TRIBUTION LINE* 5)7 *CO+E O. T-E +RO=ECT 5)8 CONCLU*ION 5): BIBLIO3RA+-Y

ABSTRACT
The topi' %es'ri/es a/o$t the Ere'tion Maintenan'e an% Break%own of trans(ission an% %istri/$tion lines) It in'l$%es ,ario$s (etho%s of ere'tin# towers" 'on%$'tors" an% ins$lator for trans(ittin# an% %istri/$tin# the power fro( #eneratin# station to %istri/$tion 'ir'le) Testin# of tower an% /eha,ior of %o$/le 'ir'$it tower %$rin# testin# is also o/ser,e% an% ta/$late%) -ot line (aintanen'e an% 'o(parision of li,e line workin# an% off line workin# is also explaine%) +$rpose of ere'tin# poles an% sta0 lines is 'o,ere%)

Erection Maintenance and breakdown of Transmission and Distrib tion !ines

"# $ntrod ction

The trans(ission lines are like the arteries of the power s0ste() Trans(ission lines a't as (e%i$( for 'arr0in# /$lk ener#0 fro( one s$/station to other) Different ,olta#e le,els are stan%ar%i>e% /0 ener#0 a$thorities of the respe'ti,e 'o$ntries for trans(ission lines to operate) The ele'tri' ener#0 trans(ission is 'arrie% o$t at -i#h an% Extra -i#h 4olta#es E-4!) *o(e 'o((on AC trans(ission ,olta#e stan%ar%s are 11? k4" 117 k4" 152 k4 " 15@ k4" 22? k4" 25? k4" 567k4" 5@? k4" 6?? k4" 7?? k4" :87 k4" 11?? k4 et') ) 4olta#e a/o,e 22? k4 is $s$all0 referre% as Extra -i#h 4olta#e) .or ,er0 lon# trans(ission line" trans(ission at -i#h 4olta#e DC -4DC! has pro,e% to /e e'ono(i'al) The trans(ission lines 'an /e 'onstr$'te% o,er hea% or $n%er #ro$n%) The o,erhea% lines are /are 'on%$'tors with proper 'learan'es fro( earthe% str$'t$res an% /etween the phase 'on%$'tors) The $n%er#ro$n% trans(ission is 'arrie% o$t /0 (eans of 'a/les)

Erection of transmission !ines

A trans(ission line reA$ires few a''essories as liste% /elow) Trans(ission towers Ins$lators Da(pin# %e,i'es Earthin# s0ste(

These a''essories 'an /e represente% in a %ia#ra( whi'h is shown /elow)

Transmission towers Se!ection of tower str ct re

Whlie sele'tin# a tower few thin#s to /e note% the0 are as follows *in#le 'ir'$it 9 %o$/le 'ir'$it tower Len#th of the ins$lator asse(/l0 Mini($( 'learan'es to /e (aintaine% /etween #ro$n% 'on%$'tors" an% /etween 'on%$'tors an% tower Lo'ation of #ro$n% wire9wires with respe't to the o$ter (ost 'on%$'tor
7

 Mi%Bspan 'learan'e reA$ire% fro( 'onsi%erations of the %0na(i' /eha,ior of 'on%$'tors an% li#htinin# prote'tion of the line Mini($( 'learan'e of the lowest 'on%$'tor a/o,e the #ro$n% le,el .a'tors to /e 'onsi%ere% /efore ere'tin# the trans(ission tower) The0 are as followsC Win% press$re Win% loa% on tower Win% loa% on 'on%$'tor an% #ro$n% wire Win% loa% on ins$lator strin#s Te(perat$re ,ariations Con%$'tors *a#

Wind %ress re&

There are 8 win% >ones in In%ia Win% >one 1 2 5 6 7 8 Basi' win% spee% in (9se' 55 5D 66 6: 7? 77

.ro( /asi' win% spee% 4/ %esi#n won% spee% 4% is to /e 'al'$late% 4% Ek1Fk2F 4/ in (9se' ;1Brisk 'oeffi'ient fro( 1 to 1)5? ;2Bterrain 'oeffi'ient",arin# fro( ?)@7 to 1)?@ .ro( %esi#n win% spee%"win% press$re p%! is 'al'$late%) +%E?)8F 4%2 in N9(2

'Wind !oad on tower&

Win% loa%" .wt in NewtonE+%FC%tFAeF3/ Where" +%B%esi#n win% spee% in N9(2 C%B%ra# 'oeffi'ient %epen%in# on the soli%it0 ratio of ea'h panel) It ,aries fro( 2 to 5)8 for soli%it0 ratio of ?)?7 to ?)6) AeBtotal net effe'ti,e area of panel in'l$%in# le#s"/ra'in#s"se'on%ar0 /ra'in#s on the fa'e in sA (etre

3/B3$st response fa'tor)It ,aries fro( 1): to 5)7

Wind !oad on cond ctor and cond ctor wire&

Win% loa% on 'on%$'tor an% #ro$n% wire in N .w'E+%FC%FLFDF3' in Newton Where +%B%esi#n win% press$re in N9(2 ) C%B%ra# 'oeffi'ient 1)? for 'on%$'tor 1)2 for #ro$n% wire! LEwin% span in (etre) DE%ia(eter of 'a/le in (etre) 3'E3$st response fa'tor it ,aries fro( 1): to 5)1D)

Wind !oad on ins !ator strin(s&

.wiE+%FC%FAiF3i in Newton Where +%E%esi#n win% press$re in N9(2 C%B%ra# 'oeffi'ient"1)2 AiB7?Gof the pro&e'te% area on a plane 3iE3$st response fa'tor)It ,aries fro( 1): to 5)7

Tem%erat re )ariations&
E,er0 %a0 te(perat$re B52 C area Interior -ills 'oastel Mini($( 2)7C B:)7C H:)7C Maxi($( 7?C 67C 67C

Cond ctors&
'on%$'tors AC*R AAA 3ROUND WIRE Max)te(p :7C @7C 75C

SAG&

 1??G %esi#n win% press$re with %ra# 'oeffi'ient an% #$st response fa'tor at e,er0 %a0 te(p of 52' 58G%esi#n win% press$re with %ra# 'oeffi'ient an% #$st fa'tor at (in9(ax te(perat$re)

T*%es of towers
The followin# t0pes of towers are #enerall0 in $se for (ost of the lines as per I*@?2 a) *$spension towers /) Tension towers ') Transposition towers

S s%ension towers&
*$spension towers are the towers with s$spension strin#) a. Tan#ent tower ?! B to /e $se% in strai#ht lines b. Inter(e%iate tower ?to2! B to /e $se% in strai#ht r$ns an% $pto 2line %e,iation) c. Li#ht an#le towers ?to 7! B to /e $se% in strai#ht r$ns an% $pto 2line %e,iation

Tension towers&
Tension towers are the towers with tension strin#) a. b. c. %) *(all an#le towers ? to17 ! B to /e $se% for line %e,iation fro( ?to 17) Me%i$( an#le towers ?to 5?! I to /e $se% for line %e,iation fro( ? to 5? Lar#e an#le towers 5?to 8?! I to /e $se% for line %e,iation fro( 5? to 8? Lar#e an#le towersB to /e $se% as %ea% en% or an'hor tower

Trans%osition towers&
a) .or sin#le 'ir'$it lines with trian#$lar 'onfi#$ration of 'on%$'tors"tan#ent towers laterall0 transpose% with sli#htl0 re%$'e% spans on either si%e (a0 /e a%opte%) .or hori>ontal 'onfi#$ration"spe'ial hea,0 an#le towers (a0 /e'o(e ne'essar0 /e'a$se of lar#e 'learan'es reA$ire% fro( the 'on%$'tor to the tower steel) /) .or %o$/le 'ir'$it towers (e%i$( an#le towers with (o%ifie% 'rossBar(s (a0 /e a%opte% instea% of spe'ial towers) In this 'ase no re%$'tion in span is ne'essar0)

E!ectrica! c!earances for s s%ension strin(s#

+o!ta(e ,k)An(!e form )ertica! C!earance ,mm-

10

88

17 5? 67 8? 17 5? 67 8? 17 5? 67 22 66 2? 27 77 1?79117

D17 :8? 81? 81? 175? 15:? 122? 1?:? 215? 1@5? 18:7 5?7? 1@8? 78?? 66?? 15?? 71??978??

152

22?

6?? @??

E!ectrica! c!earances for tension strin(s

11

+o!ta(e ,k)-

An(!e form )ertica!

C!earance ,mm-

88

1? 2? 5?

D17 81? 81? 175? 1?:? 1?:? 215?

152

1? 2? 5?

22?

1? 2?

18:7

6?

2? 6? 1792? 2795? 6?967

5?7?

1@8?

78?? 66?? 7???

@??

Ass m%tions re(ardin( t.e !on(it dina! and )ertica! !oadin(

+er'enta#e of lon#it$%inal loa% %$e to the 'on%$'tor ass$(e% to /e a'tin# $n%er /roken wire 'on%itions in tan#ent towers
12

 Con%$'tor I 7?G 3ro$n% wire I 1??G Wei#ht of line(an with tools I 17?? newton

S!enderness ratio

Maxi($( li(it of slen%erness ratio spe'ifie% for Le# (e(/ers"#ro$n% wire peak (e(/ers I 12? Other (e(/ers I 2?? Re%$n%ant (e(/ers I 27? Tension (e(/ers I 6?? Deter(ination of slen%erness ratio for ,ario$s tower (e(/ers is a,aila/le in annex$reBB Le# (e(/ers"lower (e(/ers of 'ross ar( 3al,ani>e% towers I 7(( +ainte% towers I 8(( Bra'in#s 3al,ani>e% towers I 6(( +ainte% towers I 7(( B$rie% steel work I 8(( 3$sset plates I 7((

Minim m t.ickness of tower members

Bo!ts/ n ts and was.ers

Dia(eter of /olts an% n$ts $se% in towersB12(("18(( an% 2?(( *hear stren#th of the /olt in sin#le shear as a G of shear stren#th of /olt in %o$/le shearB7?G T0pes of washers $se%Bflat"lo'k an% sprin# washers) Bolts $se%Bnor(all0 (il% steel) -i#h tensile steel is also $se%) &oints $se% for &oinin# %ifferent le# (e(/ersBlap an% /$tt &oints 3$sset plates for &oinin# tower (e(/ersBso(eti(es $se% Max)per(issi/le toleran'e fro( tr$e ,erti'al for the ere'te% tower witho$t strainin#B1?'( per 58(etre

Constr ctiona! detai!s

Loadin( and footin( c!assification

C!ass of T*%e of !oads T*%e of str ct re T*%e of footin(

13

footin( A B

-ea,0 $plift with li#ht shear -ea,0 o,ert$rnin# (o(ents with li#ht shear an% ,erti'al loa%s -ea,0 %ownwar% loa%

Wi%e /ase towers +oles or 'ol$(ns with narrow /ase -ea,0 ele'tri'al eA$ip(ent (o$nte% %ire'tl0 on footin#s

recommended With enlar#e% $n%er '$t! t0pe /ase $n%er ea'h le#"isolate% footin#s With or witho$t an enlar#e% /ase footin#s +iles With enlar#e% /ase fo$n%ation Un%erBrea(e% or #ro$p of piles

SO$L $N+EST$GAT$ON
a) t0pe of soil /) #ro$n% water ta/le

SO$L 0ARAMETERS
a) li(it /earin# 'apa'it0 B) %ensit0 of soil C) an#le of earth fr$str$(

T10ES O2 2O3NDAT$ONS
a)Con'rete pa% an% 'hi(ne0 /) *teel #rilla#e footin#s ')Con'rete sprea% footin#s %) A$#$re% fo$n%ations e)3ro$te% ro'k footin#s f) +ile fo$n%ations #) Well fo$n%ation)

Concrete

Mix to /e $se% C M2? Min)thi'kness of 'on'rete 'o,er for st$/ an#leC17?(( *i>e of a##re#ate to /e $se% 1) for thin se'tion C 2?(( %own #ra%e%) 2) other se'tion C 6(( %own #ra%e% wei#ht of 'on'rete C 26??k#9'$)() wei#ht of RCC C 27??k#9'$)()

C!assification of stee!

14

The #eneral pra'ti'e with referen'e to the A$alit0 of steel is to spe'if0 the $se of steel for tower (e(/ers" altho$#h so(e a$thorities ha,e instea% spe'ifie% the $se of steel (an$fa't$re% /0 either the open hearth or ele'tri' f$rna'e pro'ess for tower (e(/ers" altho$#h so(e athorities ha,e instea% spe'ifie% the $se of steel (an$fa't$re% /0 either the open hearth or ele'tri' f$rna'e pro'ess) The $s$al stan%ar%s spe'ifie% are A*TM AB:" B** 17" an% 3er(an *teel *tan%ar% *t 5:) I*C 228B1D:7" *pe'ifi'ation for str$'t$ral *teel Re,ise%!" is '$rrentl0 a%opte% in In%ia) In so far as stan%ar% str$'t$ral steel is 'on'erne%" referen'e to I*C 228B 1D:7 shows that *teel (an$fa't$re% /0 the openBhearth" ele'tri'" /asi' ox0#en or a 'o(/ination of the pro'esses is a''epta/le for str$'t$ral $se an% that in 'ase an0 other pro'ess is e(plo0e%" prior appro,al of the p$r'haser sho$l% /e o/taine%) In a%%ition to stan%ar% str$'t$ral steel s0(/ol A!" hi#h tensile steel 'onfor(in# to I*C 228B1D:7 (a0 /e $se% for trans(ission line towers for #reater e'ono(0) The 'he(i'al 'o(position an% (e'hani'al properties of steel 'o,ere% /0 I*C 228B1D:7 for str$'t$ral steel an% I*C D81B1D:7 for hi#h tensile steel are

C.emica! com%osition
Constit$ent +er'ent (ax! Mil% steel Car/on .or thi'kness %ia 2?(( an% /elow for thi'kness9%ia o,er 2?(( *$lph$r ?)25 ?)2: ?)27 ?)?77 ?)?77 ?)?77 ?)2? -i#h tensile steel *t 7@B-T *t 77-T

phosphor$s

?)?77

?)?77

?)?77

15

Mec.anica! %ro%erties of mi!d stee!

No(ial Class of steel thi'kness9%ia(eter pro%$'t (( +lates" se'tions an#les" tees" /ea(s" 8JxJ2? 2?KxJ6? Tensile stren#th k#f9((2 k#r9((2 28)? 62B76 62B76 62B76 26)? 25)? 25 25 25 Yiel% stress" Min) +er'enta#e elon#ation Min)

'hannels" et')! 6?Kx an% flats

Up to a wellB%efine% point" steel /eha,es as a perfe'tl0 elasti' (aterial) Re(o,al of stress at le,els /elow the 0iel% stress 'a$ses the (aterial to re#ain its $nstresse% %i(ension)Mil% steel has a %efinite 0iel% point $nlike the hi#htensile steelL in the latter 'ase" the 0iel% point is %eter(ine% /0 $sin# ?)2 per'ent)

Mec.anica! %ro%erties of .i(. tensi!e stee! St 4567T

Class of steel +ro%$'t +lates" se'tions" flats an% /ars No(ial Tensile thi'kness9%ia(eter stren#th (( k#f9((2 8JxJ2@ 7@ 2@KxJ67 7@ 67KxJ85 7@ 85Kx 77 Yiel% stress" Min) k#r9((2 58 57 55 5? +er'enta#e elon#ation Min) 2? 2? 2? 2?

Mec.anica! %ro%erties of .i(. tensi!e stee! St 4467Tw

Class of steel +ro%$'t +lates" se'tions" flats an% /ars No(ial Tensile thi'kness9%ia(eter stren#th (( k#f9((2 8 KMJ 18 18K MJ 52 52K MJ 85 85 KM 77 77 72 7? Yiel% stress" Min) k#r9((2 58 57 56 2D +er'enta#e elon#ation Min) 2? 2? 2? 2?

16

Com%arison of mec.anica! %ro%erties of standard and .i(. tensi!e stee!s

*l) No)
1 2 5 6

Ori#in

-i#h tensile steel

No) of stan%ar% Ulti(ate tensile stress k#9((2 Mini($( 0iel% stress k#9((2 Mini($( elon#ation G

*tan%ar% steel
No) of stan%ar% Ulti(ate tensile stress k#9((2 Mini($( 0iel% stress k#9((2 Mini($( elon#ation G

In%ia U**R Ital0 U;

I* C D81 1D:7 CT7 2?L2

7@ 7?B82 7?B8? 7@B8@

58 2@ 56B5@ 5?B58

2? 17B21 22 16

I* C228 1D:7

62B76 67B72 5:B67 66B72

25B28 28 26B2@
25)2B26

25 1DB27 27 18B2?

CT6 UNI
B* C 17 1D6@

UNI
B* C 76@ 1D56

Stress6strain c r)e for mi!d stee!

17

Stress6strain c r)es for )ario s t*%es of stee!

Tensi!e stren(t.
The applie% stress reA$ire% to 'a$se fail$re is #reater than the 0iel% stress an% is #enerall0 %efine% as tensile stren#th)

D cti!it*
This is i(portant propert0 of steel whi'h ena/les it to $n%er#o lar#e %efor(ations after 0iel% point witho$t fra't$re)

Tower desi(n
Tower %esi#n is %one /ase% on for (ain .a'tors the0 are as follows Tower hei#ht Base wi%th Top %a(per wi%th Cross ar( len#ths
18

Tower .ei(.t
It 'an /e %eter(ine% $sin# the followin# for($la H=h1+h2+h3+h4 Where"

-1E(axi($( per(issi/le #ro$n% 'learan'es -2E(axi($( sa# -5E,erti'al spa'in# /etween 'on%$'tors -6E,erti'al 'learan'e /etween earthwire an% top 'on%$'tor

Base widt.
It is the %istan'e /etween the 'entre of #ra,it0 at one 'orner le# an% the 'entre of #ra,it0 of the a%&a'ent 'orner le#)

19

Determination of base widt.

The /ase wi%th at the 'on'rete le,el is the %istan'e /etween the 'entre of #ra,it0 at one 'orner le# an% the 'entre of #ra,it0 of the a%&a'ent 'orner le#) There is a parti'$lar /ase wi%th whi'h #i,es the (ini($( total 'ost of the tower an% fo$n%ations Base wi%th 'an /e 'al'$late% /0 the for($la BE?)62NM or ?)?15N( I R0le .or($la Where " BEwi%th in (etres MEo,ert$rnin# a/o$t the #ro$n% le,el in tonneB(etres (Eo,ert$rnin# a/o$t the #ro$n% le,el in k#)(etres The followin# eA$ations ha,e /een s$##este%D"/ase% on the /est fit strai#ht line relationship /etween the /ase wi%th B an% M BE ?)?:@2 NMH 1)? BE ?)?8D1 NMH ?): EA$ations are for s$spension an% an#le towers respe'ti,el0) It sho$l% /e note% that R0leOs for($la is inten%e% for $se with a't$al external loa%s a'tin# on the tower whereas the for($lae in EA$ations take into a''o$nt a fa'tor of safet0 of 2)?) A wi%er taper in the tower /ase re%$'es the fo$n%ation loa%in# an% 'osts /$t in'reases the 'ost of the tower an% site) A (ini($( 'ost whi'h o''$rs with a tower wi%th" is #reater with /a% soil than with #oo% soil) A 'onsi%era/le sa,in# in fo$n%ation 'osts res$lts fro( the $se of towers with onl0 three le#s" the tower /ein# of trian#$lar se'tion thro$#ho$t its hei#ht) This for( of 'onstr$'tion entails t$/$lar le#s or spe'ial an#le se'tions) The threeBfootin# an'hora#e has f$rther a%,anta#es" e)#)" #reater a''essi/ilit0 of the soil $n%erneath the tower when the lan% is '$lti,ate%)

Determination of to% .am%er widt.

The wi%th at top ha(per is the wi%th of the tower at the le,el of the lower 'rossBar( in the 'ase of /arrel t0pe of towers in %o$/le 'ir'$it towers it (a0 /e at the (i%%le le,el! an% waist line in the 'ase of towers with hori>ontal 'onfi#$ration of 'on%$'tors)

20

The followin# para(eters are 'onsi%ere% while %eter(inin# the wi%th of the tower at the top /en% lineC
Desi#n of *teel *tr$'t$res + ;$(ar In%ian Instit$te of Te'hnolo#0 Ma%ras

1) -ori>ontal spa'in# /etween 'on%$'tors /ase% on the (i%span flasho,er /etween the power 'on%$'tor $n%er the se,erest win% an% #allopin# 'on%itions an% the ele'tri'al 'learan'e of the line 'on%$'tor to tower steel work) 2) The sloe of the le#s sho$l% /e s$'h that the 'orner (e(/ers interse't as near the 'enter of #ra,it0 C3! of the loa%s as possi/le) Then the /ra'es will /e least loa%e%) Three 'ases are possi/le %epen%in# $pon the relati,e position of the C3 of the loa%s an% interse'tion of the tower le#s as shown in .i#$re :)8) In Case 1! the entire shear is taken $p /0 the le#s an% the /ra'in#s %o not 'arr0 an0 stress) Case 2! shows a 'on%ition in whi'h the res$ltant of all loa%s OO is /elow the interBse'tion of tower le#s O) The shear here is share% /etween le#san% /ra'in#s whi'h is a %esira/le reA$ire(ent for an e'ono(i'al tower%esi#n) InCase 5!" the le#s ha,e to withstan% #reater for'es than in 'ases 1! an% 2! /e'a$se the le#s interse't /elow the 'enter of #ra,it0 of the loa%s a'tin# on the tower) This o$tline is $ne'ono(i'al) The top ha(per wi%th is #enerall0 fo$n% to /e a/o$t oneBthir% of the /ase wi%th for tan#ent an% li#ht an#le towers an% a/o$t 1)57 of the /ase wi%th for (e%i$( an% hea,0 an#le towers) .or hori>ontal 'onfi#$rations" the wi%th at the waistline is" howe,er" fo$n% to ,ar0 fro( 191)7 to P)7 of the /ase wi%th)

C!assification accordin( to n mber of circ its

The (a&orities of hi#h ,olta#e %o$/le 'ir'$it trans(ission lines e(plo0 a ,erti'al or near ,erti'al 'onfi#$ration of 'on%$'tors an% sin#le 'ir'$it trans(ission lines a trian#$lar arran#e(ent of 'on%$'tors) *in#le 'ir'$it lines" parti'$larl0 at 6??k, an% a/o,e" #enerall0 e(plo0 a hori>ontal arran#e(ent of 'on%$'tors) The arran#e(ent of 'on%$'tors an% #ro$n% wires in this 'onfi#$ration is shown in

21

Re!ati)e %osition of C#G of !oads intersection of tower !e(s

The n$(/er of #ro$n% wires $se% on the line %epen%s on the iso'era$ni' le,el n$(/er of th$n%erstor( %a0s9ho$rs per 0ear! of the area" i(portan'e of the line" an% the an#le of 'o,era#e %esire%) *in#le 'ir'$it line $sin# hori>ontal 'onfi#$ration #enerall0 e(plo0 tow #ro$n% wires" %$e to the 'o(parati,e wi%th of the 'onfi#$rationL whereas lines $sin# ,erti'al an% offset arran#e(ents (ore often $tili>e one #ro$n% wire ex'ept on hi#her ,olta#e lines of 6?? k, an% a/o,e" where it is $s$all0 fo$n% a%,anta#eo$s to strin# tow #ro$n% wires" as the phase to phase spa'in# of 'on%$'tors wo$l% reA$ire an ex'essi,el0 hi#h positionin# of #ro$n% wire to #i,e a%eA$ate 'o,era#e)

22

Orientation of tower in an an(!e

Ca!c !ation of co nterwei(.ts

The 'al'$lation for the 'o$nterwei#hts .i#$re :)@! to /e a%%e% to li(it the sin# of the ins$lator strin# is A$ite si(ple an% is ill$strate% /elowC Let Q1 E *win# of ins$lator strin# withBo$t 'o$nterwei#ht) Q2 E Desire% swin# of ins$lator strin# with s$ita/le 'o$nterwei#ht!) - E Total trans,erse loa% %$e to win% on one span of 'on%$'tor an% line %e,iation) W1 an% W2 E Wei#ht of one span of the 'on%$'tor" ins$lators" et')" 'orrespon%in# to ins$lator swin#s Q1an% Q2 respe'ti,el0 Now" tanQ1 E - 9 W1 an% tanQ2 E - 9 W2 Therefore" the (a#nit$%e of the 'o$nterwei#ht reA$ire% to re%$'e the ins$lator swin# fro( Q1 to Q2 E W2BW1)

23

$ns !ator swin( sin( co nterwei(.t

3ne8 a! cross6arms
Another (etho% to #et o,er the %iffi'$lt0 of hi#her swin#s if s$spension strin#s are $se% for 17? line %e,iations! is to ha,e $neA$al 'rossBar(s of the tower) The (ain %ifferen'es in the %esi#n aspe'ts /etween this t0pe of tower an% the $s$al towers with eA$al 'rossBar(s! areC
1) The

tower will /e s$/&e'te% to e''entri' ,erti'al loa%in# $n%er nor(al workin# 'on%itions) 2) .or 'al'$lation of torsional loa%s" the 'on%$'tor on the /i##er half of the 'rossBar( sho$l% /e ass$(e% to /e /roken" as this 'on%ition will /e (ore strin#ent) These feat$res 'an /e taken 'are of at the %esi#n sta#e) An exa(ple of $neA$al 'rossBar(s wi%el0 $se% in the U**R) Note also the re'tan#$lar se'tion $se% for the tower

24

99k+/ ":; k+/ ;;< k+ Sin(!e circ it tan(ent towers

Nor(al span E 27?( Con%$'tor C 896):2(( Al H :91)7:(( *t

Nor(al span E 57?(

Nor(al span E 57?(

Con%$'tor C 5?95(( Al H :95(( *t

Con%$'tor C 7695)1@(( Al H :95)1@(( *t

3ro$n% wireC :92)77(( 11?k#9((2 A$alit0!

3ro$n% wireC :95)17(( 11?k#9((2 A$alit0!

3ro$n% wireC :95)17(( 11?k#9((2 A$alit0!

25

99 k+/ ":; k+/ ;;< k+ do b!e circ it tan(ent towers

Nor(al span E 267( Con%$'tor C 896):2(( Al H :91)7:(( *t 3ro$n% wireC :92)7(( 11?k#9((2 A$alit0! Nor(al span E 57?( Con%$'tor C 5?95(( Al H :95(( *t 3ro$n% wireC :95)17(( 11?k#9((2 A$alit0! Nor(al span E 52?( Con%$'tor C 7695)1@(( Al H :95)1@(( *t 3ro$n% wireC :95)17(( 11?k#9((2 A$alit0!

=<<k+ sin(!e circ it tan(ent towers ,;o-

Nor(al spanC 6??( Con%$'torC RMooseR 7695)75(( Al H :95)75(( *t!

3ro$n% wireC :96(( 11? k#9((2 A$alit0!

26

Tower testin(
A tower testin# station sho$l% ha,e the followin#C a test /e% to withstan% all t0pes of loa%s per(anent an'hors of a%eA$ate 'apa'it0 to take trans,erse"lon#it$%inal an% ,erti'al p$lls arran#e(ents for appl0in# %ifferent 'o(/ination of loa%s loa% an% %efle'tion (eas$rin# %e,i'es) Re(ote 'ontrol of loa%in# (e'hanis(s Arran#e(ent for 'ali/ration of (eas$rin# instr$(ents at reA$ire% inter,als

Test %roced re
The tower is ere'te% ,erti'all0 on ri#i% fo$n%ation a/o,e #ro$n% le,el as pro,i%e% in the %rawin#)ere'te% tower on the test /e% is 'he'ke% for pl$(/ to an a''$ra'0 of 1 in 58?) Loa%s are applie% a''or%in# to the ri##in# 'hart thro$#h nor(al wire atta'h(ents" an#les or /en% plates"U /olts"D sha'kles or -an#ers (a0 /e $se% in the test towers) 4ario$s t0pes of loa%s"trans,erse"lon#it$%inal an% ,erti'al are applie% in s$'h a wa0 that there is no i(pa't loa%in# on the tower %$e to &erks fro( the win'hes)

Def!ection meas rement

Tower %efle'tions $n%er loa%s are (eas$re% with an a''$ra'0 of atleast 7(( at the top 'ross ar( le,el"top of the tower"on the fa'es of trans,erse an% lon#it$%inal fa'es of the tower) %efle'tion rea%in#s are re'or%e% for three 'on%itions at ea'h loa% in're(ent) The0 are as followsC Before loa% 'on%ition Loa% on 'on%ition Loa% off 'on%ition

Bo!t6s!i% test
In a /oltBslip test"the test loa%s are #ra%$all0 applie% $pto the %esi#n kept 'onstant for 2 (in$tes an% then release% #ra%$all0) Nor(al loa%9/roken wire tests) All the loa%s are applie% #ra%$all0 $pto the $lti(ate %esi#n loa%s %esi#n loa% F f)o)s! in the followin# steps an% release% in the (anner of 27G"7?G":7G"D?G"D7G an% 1??G

27

Destr ction test

A %estr$'tion test is 'arries o$t either $n%er nor(al or /roken wire 'on%itions) The loa% is in'rease% in steps of 7G after the $lti(ate %esi#n loa%s ha,e /een rea'he%) The str$'t$re is 'onsi%ere% to /e satisfa'tor0 if it is a/le to s$pport the spe'ifie% $lti(ate loa% for fi,e (ins with no ,isi/le lo'al %efor(ation after $nloa%in# an% with no /reaka#e of 'onstit$ent parts)

BE7A+$O3R O2 TOWER D3R$NG TEST$NG Tower Descri%tion&;D ,9<>6 ?<>-/ @";M EAtn 6 :: K+ O7TL
2DB%o$/le 'ir'$it tower with an#le %e,iation of 8?SBD?S! Maxi($( extention of tower is of 12M for 55 ;4 o,er hea% trans(ission line

Brief Descri%tion of Test 2aci!it* B 0roced re &

The Test Tower referre% a/o,e was (o$nte% on ri#i% footin#s on the test /e%) After the 'o(pletion of ere'tion"the test tower was ri##e% with the appropriate loa%in# arran#e(ents" as per the Ri##in# Chart) After the 'o(pletion of ri##in#" the loa% test was 'arrie% o$t on test tower referre% a/o,e for the loa% 'ases an% their seA$en'e appro,e% /0 the '$sto(er) The perfor(an'e of the test tower is #i,en /elow

+erification of !oad ce!! and ri((in(

The Loa% Cells an% in%i'ators were ,erifie% a#ainst preB'ali/rate% Uni,ersal testin# Ma'hine an% were ri##e% as per the appro,e% Ri##in# Chart)

Load a%%!ication
All loa%s were applie% on ,ario$s loa%in# points in Trans,erse" 4erti'al < Lon#it$%inal %ire'tions /0 ele'tri'al win'hes re(otel0 'ontrolle% fro( to$'h s'reen 'ontrol s0ste( in 'ontrol roo()

Def!ection
Defle'tion of tower at ,ario$s loa% 'ases was re'or%e% /0 Di#ital Theo%olites at 3W +eak" Top" Mi%%le an% /otto( Cross ar( le,els for Trans,erse < Lon#it$%inal %ire'tions)

28

Test no

Case no

%es'ription

fos

-$(i %it0 G 2@

%es'ription Te(p S' 65)7 win% spee% k(9h 12)5

Win% %ire'tion in %e#! 52:)DNW

5:7

2 5

5:7 5@1

5D5

7 8 :

7@D 5:5 5:5

Bolt *lip Test B D?S De, Broken Wire Con%ition B 67S Tee Off!" EWHC1 Broken B? D?S De, Broken Wire Con%ition B 67S Tee Off!" C1HC5 Broken D?S De, Broken Wire Con%ition B 67S Tee Off!" C2HC6 Broken ?S De, L .$ll Dea% En% D?S De, Nor(al Con%ition B 67S Tee Off! Destr$'tion Test B D?S De, Nor(al Con%ition B 67S Tee Off!

?)827

1)27 1)27

2D 5?

61)@ 5:)D

16)D 2?)D

511)@NW 516)8NW

1)27

78

2D)1

6)1

17?)2*E

2)7? 2)7? B

65 2: 26

51)@ 5D)1 6?):

D)D 17)5 1:)D

168)?*E 252)7 *W 1D:)@ *W

Test !oad cases The test has /een %one for the followin# 'ases 3WB#ro$n% wire TCR"TCLBtop 'on%$'tor ri#ht an% left MCR"MCLB(i%%le 'on%$'tor ri#ht an% left BCR"BCLB/otto( 'on%$'tor ri#ht

29

Case " 5:76 Bolt *lip Test B D?S De, Broken Wire Con%ition B 67S Tee Off!" EWHC1 Broken)
.O*B?)827 Loadin( %oint 3W TCR TCL.ar TCL near MCR MCL .ar MCL Near BCR BCL .ar BCL Near Win% A Win% B Win% C Win% D TRANS+ERSE LOAD ,"<<C1D?2 8?1@ :8 5?1D 7DD: 2@8@ 2@8@ 8?:1 2D?6 2D?6 :27 D17 D:? @?2 +ERT$CAL LOAD ,"<<C18@ :52 1 686 885 2:1 271 886 2:1 27? ? ? ? ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C17D: 228 ? 27?? 228 ? ? 228 ? ? ? ? ? ?

Case ; 5:7BD?S De, Broken Wire Con%ition B 67S Tee Off!" EWHC1 Broken
.O*B1)27 Loadin( %oint 3W TCR TCL .ar TCL near MCR MCL .ar MCL Near BCR BCL .ar BCL Near Win% A Win% B Win% C Win% D TRANS+ERSE LOAD ,"<<C5@?5 12?57 171 8?5: 11DD6 7:57 7:57 12161 7@?@ 7@?@ 166D 1@5? 1D5D 18?6 +ERT$CAL LOAD ,"<<C557 1686 1 D2@ 1527 761 7?? 152: 761 6DD ? ? ? ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C51D6 671 ? 6DDD 671 ? ? 671 ? ? ? ? ? ?

30

Case :
5@1B D?T De, Broken wire Con%ition 67S Tee off! C1 H C5 Broken .O* 1)27 Loadin( %oint 3W TCR TCL .ar TCL near MCR MCL .ar MCL Near BCR BCL .ar BCL Near Win% A Win% B Win% C Win% D TRANS+ERSE LOAD ,"<<C8:D7 12?57 171 8?5: 11DD6 15? 8?18 12161 7@?@ 7@?@ 166D 1@5? 1D5D 18?6 +ERT$CAL LOAD ,"<<C678 1686 1 D2@ 1527 ? @61 152: 761 6DD ? ? ? ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C581 671 ? 6DDD 671 ? 6DDD 671 ? ? ? ? ? ?

Case =
5D5BD?T De, Broken wire Con%ition 67S Tee off! C2 H C6 Broken .O* 1)27 Loadin( %oint 3W TCR TCL .ar TCL near MCR MCL .ar MCL Near BCR BCL .ar BCL Near Win% A Win% B Win% C Win% D TRANS+ERSE LOAD ,"<<C8:D7 8:12 7:78 7:78 88:1 7:57 7:57 12161 7@?@ 7@?@ 166D 1@5? 1D5D 18?6 +ERT$CAL LOAD ,"<<C678 11?8 826 7@5 1?2D 761 7?? 152: 761 6DD ? ? ? ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C581 767? ? ? 767? ? ? 671 ? ? ? ? ? ?

31

Case 4
7@DB?T De, L Entr0 Dea% En% .O* 2)7 Loadin( %oint TRANS+ERSE LOAD ,"<<C3W 1665 TCR 518@ TCL .ar 5?2 TCL near 2@88 MCR 5?@7 MCL .ar 281 MCL Near 2@27 BCR 55:@ BCL .ar 6?: BCL Near 2D:1 Win% A 2@D: Win% B 587D Win% C 5@:@ Win% D 52?D +ERT$CAL LOAD ,"<<C@7D 1D51 5 1@7D 1@D6 1 1@1@ 1@D: 2 1@18 ? ? ? ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C@?16 1616? ? 1616? 1616? ? 1616? 1616? ? 1616? ? ? ? ?

Case 9
5:5B D?T De, L Nor(al Con%ition 67S Tee off! .O* 2)7 Loadin( %oint TRANS+ERSE +ERT$CAL LOAD LOAD ,"<<C,"<<C3W 157D1 D15 TCR 26?:1 2D2@ TCL .ar 11711 126@ TCL near 11711 118: MCR 25D@D 2872 MCL .ar 116:? 1?@5 MCL Near 116:? 1??1 BCR 262@1 2878 BCL .ar 11818 1?@2 BCL Near 11818 DDD Win% A 2@D: ? Win% B 587D ? Win% C 5@:@ ? Win% D 52?D ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C:21 D?2 ? ? D?2 ? ? D?2 ? ? ? ? ? ?

32

Case D :D:6 Destr ction Test 6 ?<> De) E Norma! Condition ,=4F Tee offLoadin( %oint 3W TCR TCL .ar TCL near MCR MCL .ar MCL Near BCR BCL .ar BCL Near Win% A Win% B Win% C Win% D TRANS+ERSE LOAD ,"<<C16:2? 282@? 128?? 127@? 2852? 126@? 126@? 2882? 1286? 128@? 512? 5D2? 61@? 568? +ERT$CAL LOAD ,"<<CD:D 5185 1576 12:6 2@8? 11:1 1?D1 2@18 118D 1?@D ? ? ? ? LONG$T3D$NAL LOAD ,"<<C:@? D@? ? ? D8? ? ? D8? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Ca ses of fai! res

If the tower %oes not withstan% the $lti(ate %esi#n loa%"the 'a$se of fail$re (a0 /e one of the followin#C Inferior A$alit0 of (aterials Desi#n ina%eA$a'ies .a/ri'ation %efe'ts Ere'tion %efe'ts Defe'ti,e in testin# pro'e%$re

The international ele'tro te'hni'al 'o((ission IEC! stan%ar% I 1D:D 'o,ers the testin# of protot0pe tower an% str$'t$res of o,er hea% lines for ,olta#es a/o,e 67k,)

Desi(n s%an !en(t.s

In trans(ission line 'al'$lations" the followin# ter(s are 'o((onl0 $se% 1) Basi' or nor(al span 2) R$lin# or eA$i,alent span 5) A,era#e span 6) Win% span 7) Wei#ht span

33

Basic or norma! s%an

The nor(al span is tha (ost e'ono(i' span for whi'h the line is %esi#ne% o,er le,el #ro$n%" so that the reA$isite #ro$n% 'learan'e is o/taine% at the (axi($( spe'ifie% te(perat$re

R !in( s%an
The r$lin# span is the ass$(e% %esi#n span that will pro%$'e" /etween %ea% en%s" the /est a,era#e tension thro$#ho$t a line of ,ar0in# span len#ths with 'han#es in te(perat$re an% loa%in#) It is the wei#hte% a,era#e of the ,ar0in# span len#ths" 'al'$late% /0 the for($laC R$lin#spanENl15Hl25H)))ln59l15Hl25HUln5 Where l1" l2 ))) ln are the first" se'on% an% last span len#ths in se'tions) The ere'tion tension for an0 line se'tion is 'al'$late% for this h0potheti'al span) Tower spottin# on the profile is %one /0 (eans of a sa# te(plate" whi'h is /ase% on the r$lin# span) Therefore" this span ($st /e %eter(ine% /efore the te(plate 'an /e (a%e) The r$lin# span is then $se% to 'al'$late the hori>ontal 'o(ponent of tension" whi'h is to /e applie% to all the spans /etween the an'hor points

A)era(e s%an
The a,era#e span is the (ean span len#th /etween %ea% en%s) It is ass$(e% that the 'on%$'tor is freel0 s$spen%e% s$'h that ea'h in%i,i%$al span rea'ts to 'han#es in tension as a sin#le a,era#e span) All sa# an% tension 'al'$lations are 'arrie% o$t for the a,era#e span" on this ass$(ption)

Wind s%an
The win% span is that on whi'h the win% is ass$(e% to a't trans,ersel0 on the 'on%$'tors an% is taken as half the s$( of the two spans" a%&a'ent to the s$pport .i#$re :)6 !) In or%er to take f$ll a%,anta#e of towers lo'ate% on ele,ate% #ro$n%" it is $s$al to allow a win% span of 1? to 17 per'ent in ex'ess of the nor(al span) This a%%itional stren#th 'an /e $se% in takin# a sa(ll an#le of %e,iation on an inter(e%iate tower" where the a't$al win% span is less than the %esi#n win% span)

34

The an#le of %e,iation to /e taken in s$'h 'ases is approxi(atel0 #i,en /0C Q Ewl9 VT x1@? Where w E total in% loa% per $nit r$n of span len#th of all 'on%$'tor 'arrie% /0 the tower" l E %ifferen'e /etween the win% span $se% for %esi#n an% the a't$al win% span" an% T E the total (axi($( workin# tension of all 'on%$'tors 'arrie% /0 the tower)

Wei(.t s%an
The wei#ht span is the hori>ontal %istan'e /etween the lowest point of the 'on%$'tors" on the two spans a%&a'ent to the tower fi#$re :)6!) The lowest point is %efine% as the point at whi'h the tan#ent to the sa# '$r,e" or to the sa# '$r,e pro%$'e%" is hori>ontal) The wei#ht span is $se% in the %esi#n of 'rossBar(s)

Wind s%an and wei(.t s%an

35

2.1 Spacings and clearances

Gro nd c!earances
It 'an /e 'al'$late% $sin# the followin# for($la CLE7)1@2H?)5?7F; Where ;E ,B55955!

Minim m %ermissib!e (ro nd c!earances as %er $E r !es/

s.no 1 2 5 6 7

Voltage level J55;4 88 k, 152 k, 22? k, 6?? k,

Ground clearance (m) 7)2? 7)6D 8)1? :)?1 @)@6

C!earance between !ines and tram wa* crossin(s

No 'on%$'tor or wire of an extrahi#h ,olta#e o,erhea% line 'rossin# a tra(wa0 or trolle0 /$s $sin# trolle0 wires sho$l% ha,e a 'learan'e less than 5)?7( a/o,e the trolle0 wire)

C!earance between !ines of different )o!ta(es on same or inde%endent s %%orts

1) Between 88"22"11k,"LT or telephone lines an% 88k, linesE2)66( 2) Between 11?"88"55"22"11 k," LT or telephone lines an% 11? k, linesE2):6( 5) Between all lines $p to 25?k, or telephone lines an% 25?k, linesE6)7:(

C!earance from s %%ortin( str ct res of anot.er !ine

Con%$'tor of an0 line passin# near a pole or a si(ilar s$pportin# str$'t$re of a se'on% line witho$t /ein# atta'he% there to shall ha,e 'learan'es fro( an0 part of s$'h pole or str$'t$re not less than the followin# 'learan'es a''or%in# to the ,olta#es of the lower line)

36

 Low or (e%i$( ,olta#e lines E 1)22( -i#h ,olta#e line E 1)@5(

Extra hi#h ,olta#e line E 2):6(

C!earance between !ines and ( ard wires

Where an0 #$ar% wire is $se%"the (ini($( ,erti'al 'learan'e /etween the #$ar% wire an% an0 'on%$'tor $n%er (axi($( sa# 'on%itions shall /e as follows for E-4 lines 88???,oltsB1)22( 11????,oltsB1)@5(

C!earances o)er ri)ers

Mini($( 5)?7( o,er (axi($( floo% le,el ()f)l! for ri,ers whi'h are not na,i#a/le) .or na,i#a/le ri,ers 'learan'es to /e fixe% in relation to the tallest (ast in 'ons$ltation with the 'on'erne% na,i#atin# a$thorities)

Tree c!earance
.or E)-)T lines all tall trees within 12( on either si%e of the lines an% all trees whi'h on fallin# wo$l% fo$l the line to /e '$t) All /$sh #rowth 8( on either si%e to /e 'o(pletel0 'leare%) 3rafte% fr$it trees whi'h will not #row tall (a0 /e left o$t)

C!earance o)er te!ecomm nication !ines

Mini($( 'learan'es /etween the 'on%$'tors of a power line an% 'o(($ni'ation wires areC 4olta#e le,el J55k, 88k, 152k, 22?k, 6??k, Mini($( 'learan'e ((! 266? 266? 2:6? 5?7? 6@@?

37

0ower !ine crossin( o)er rai!wa* tracks

Un%er (axi($( sa# 'on%ition (ini($( 'learan'e o,er rail le,el stip$late% in the re#$lations for ele'tri'al 'rossin#s of railwa0 tra'ks in 1D85)

2or n e!ectrified tracks or tracks e!ectrified on "4<<)o!ts DC s*stem

*0ste( ,olta#es for /roa% #a$#e" (eter #a$#e an% narrow #a$#e are as followsCB J88k," 152k," 22?k,"6??k,)

Broad (a (e c!earance
Insi%e station li(its (! 1?)5 1?)D 11)2 O$tsi%e station li(its (! :)D @)7 @)@

Meter and narrow (a (e

Insi%e station li(its (! D)1 D)@ 1?)? 12)6 O$tsi%e station li(its (! 8): :)5 :)8 1?)?

0ower !ine crossin( anot.er %ower !ine

*0ste( ,olta#e le,el J88k, 152k, 22?k,
38

Clearan'e (! 2)6? 2):7 6)77

6??k,

8)??

Detai!s of cond ctors sed in TNEB is s.own

;#; Spacing of conductors

It 'an /e 'al'$late% fro( the for($lae whi'h is liste% /elow Me'o(/Os for($la 4DE for($la *tillOs for($la NE*C for($la *we%ish for($la .ren'h for($la

MecombGs form !a

*pa'in# '(!E?)5?6@F4H6)?1?D9WN*
Where
39

4E,olta#e of s0ste( in ;4 DEDia(eter of 'on%$'tor in '( *E*a# in '( WEwei#ht of 'on%$'tor in k#9(

+DE form !a ,)erbandes De tsc.er e!ectrotec.nisc.er-

*pa'in# '(!E:)7N*H42 92???

Where 4E,olta#e of s0ste( in k, *Esa# in '(

Sti!!Gs form !a

*pa'in# '(!E7)?@H1)@16F4HWl92:)@X2
Where

LEa,era#e span len#th (!

NESC form !a

*pa'in# '(!E?):82F4H5)8@1N*HLN2
Where 4E,olta#e of s0ste( in ;4 *Esa# in '( LElen#th of ins$lator strin# in '(

Swedis. form !a

*pa'in# '(!E8)7N*H?):FE
Where EEline ,olta#e in k, *Esa# in '(

2renc. form !a

*pa'in# '(!E@)?N*HLHE91)7
Where EEline ,olta#ein k, *Esa# in '( LElen#th of ins$latin# strin# '(!

Offset cond ctors6 nder ice !oadin( conditions

40

The &$(p of the 'on%$'tor"res$ltin# fro( i'e %roppin# off one span of an i'e 'o,ere% line" has /een the 'a$se of (an0 serio$s ,olta#es on lon#Bspan lines where 'on%$'tors are arran#e% in the sa(e ,erti'al plane) Offset in '(E8?H*pan in '(96??

;#: C!earances between Cond ctors

Clearan'es /etween 'on%$'tors for %ifferent ,olta#es 'an /e ta/$late% as shown /elow)

+o!ta(e !e)e! H 99k)

"# T*%e of tower H sin(!e circ it An(!e +ertica! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm1?@? 1?@? 122? 7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm6?6? 62:? 6@@?

A ?B2! B 2B5?! C 5?B8?!

;# T*%e of tower H do b!e circ it An(!e A ?B2! B 2B5?! C 5?B8?! +ertica! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm21:? 2?8? 266? 7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm62:? 6@@? 8???

+o!ta(e !e)e! H ":;k)

"#T*%e of tower H sin(!e circ it An(!e +ertica! s%acin( bBn
41

7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn

A ?B2! B 2B5?! C 5?B8?! D 5?B8?! ;#T*%e of tower H Do b!e circ it An(!e A ?B2! B 2B17! C 17B5?! D 5?B8?!

cond ctors ,mm62?? 62?? 62?? 62??

cond ctors ,mm:16? 82D? :17? @@2?

+ertica! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm5D87 5D87 5D87 62:?

7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm:?2? :52? :52? @76?

+o!ta(e !e)e! H ;;<k)

"#T*%e of tower H sin(!e circ it An(!e A ?B2! B 2B17! C 17B5?! D 5?B8?! ;#T*%e of tower H Do b!e circ it An(!e A ?B2! B 2B17! C 17B5?! D 5?B8?! +ertica! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm72?? 72?? 72?? 8:7? 7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mmDD?? 1?1?? 1?7?? 128?? +ertica! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm72?? 727? 8:?? :@?? 7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm@7?? 1?7?? 128?? 16???

+o!ta(e !e)e! H =<<k)

T*%e of tower H sin(!e circ it

42

An(!e A ?B2! B 2B17! C 17B5?! D 5?B8?!

+ertica! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm:@?? :@?? :@?? @1??

7oriIonta! s%acin( bBn cond ctors ,mm12:8? 12:8? 16??? 182??

;#= $ns !ators

Ele'tri'al an% (e'hani'al 'hara'tisti's of ins$lators whi'h is $se% /0 ta(il na%$ ele'tri'it0 /oar% TNEB!"is as followsC

E!ectrica! c.aracteristics&
The flasho,er ,olta#es #i,en are at sea le,el at a te(perat$re of 52' an% h$(i%it0 of @?G)the n$(/er of $nits (a0 /e ,arie% %epen%in# $pon the te'hni'al 'hara'teristi's of ins$lators to /e $se%" an% the spe'ial at(ospheri' 'on%ition pre,ailin# near sea 'oast or in in%$strial areas)
Rated s*stem )o!ta(e k) no of nits in strin( Minim m f!as.o)er )o!ta(e of ins !ator ,k)/rms$m% !se )o!ta(e f!as.o)er ,k)/rms-

88 11? 25?

7 : plains @ hills 15 16 17

dr* 28? 52? 867 :?? :7?

wet 1@? 26? 71? 78? 7D7

57? 77? D7? D7? 1?7?

Mec.anica! c.aracteristics
The (e'hani'al 'hara'teristi's sho$l% /e 'oBrelate% with the $lti(ate stren#th of the 'on%$'tor) .or si>es of AC*R $p to 5:92?7D(( D7((2 ! in eA)'$! .or 5:95)??(( 15?(( in eA)'$! +o!ta(e s*stem k) 88 11? 25? S s%ension strin(s k( 76?? or! 8@?? 8@?? @1@? @1@? Tension strin(s k( 76?? or! 8@?? 8@?? 1157? 1157?

43

Ot.er %artic !ars

%artic !ars TNEB %ractice 88k, lineB 26?"27?"2:7!( 11?k, lineB 517"527"557!( Norma! s%an 152k, lineB 517"527"557!( 25?k, lineB 557"57?"5:7!( 6??k, lineB6??( @??k, lineB 6??"67?!( resistan'e to earth of ea'h tower sho$l% not ex'ee% 27 oh(s) If it ex'ee%s 27oh(s one or two a%%itional earth pipes (a0 Eart.in( /e %ri,en) If it 'o$l% not /e re%$'e% then s$ita/le 'o$nterpoises are pro,i%e% to (aintain the resistan'e within 27oh(s This 'onsists of 6 #al,anise% steel wires not less than 1 '( %ia(eter an% of len#th of a/o$t 8?( ea'h ra%iatin# awa0 fro( the fo$r le#s of the tower an% /$rie% 67 '( /elow the #ro$n% Co nter%oise eart.in( le,el) Len#th of the steel wire reA$ire% for earthin# %epen%s on the resisti,it0 of soil an% site 'on%itions) The step /olts $s$all0 a%opte% are 18(( %ia(eter an% 1:7(( len#th) The0 are spa'e% 67?(( apart an% exten% fro( a/o$t 5)7 (etres a/o,e the #ro$n% le,el to the top of the tower) It is 'apa/le of withstan%in# a ,erti'al loa% of 17?k#) At all roa%"railwa0 an% na,i#ational ri,er 'rossin#s an% near ,illa#es an% towns It is to /e fixe% on the trans,erse fa'e of the tower" where pro,ision is (a%e) The letters an% fi#$res an% the 'on,entional sk$ll an% /ones of the %an#er plate sho$l% 'onfor( to I*C2771) The0 are to /e painte% in si#nal re% on the front of the plate)

Ste% bo!ts

Dan(er and n mber %!ates

44

Ot.er %artic !ars ,contd0artic !ars Arcin( .orns& a! on line si%e onl0 /!on line si%e an% 'ross ar( si%e TNEB %ractice Nor(all0 for 88k, lines 88 k, lines for the first 1)8k( fro( the transfor(er station) At towers on ea'h si%e of railwa0 'rossin# an% their a%&a'ent towers) 11?k, lines at all towers 25?k, lines at all towers )o!ta(e : nos a%%roac. towers ,cm58 82 112 Termina! towers ,cm55 8? 112

Rod (a%s

88 11? 25? Line cond ctors a! /! stran%e% 'opper AC*R

+ibration dam%ers& a! /! at tension points at s$spension points

+re,io$sl0 for -T lines for re#ins within 18k( /elt fro( sea 'oast) .or all -T lines for re#ions within 18k( fro( sea 'oast a #oo% #rease shell 'or/$la .-16 or its eA$i,alent! is $se% for the steel 'ore an% /etween la0ers of al$(ini$() *to'k /ri%#e or torsional Ar(o$r ro% $se% for later lines) Yparallel wireZ %a(pers or Y/atesZ Da(per ha,e /een $se% pre,io$sl0) this /ates %a(per 'o(prises of a pie'e of 'on%$'tor of a/o$t 8)6?( in len#th 'la(pe% ri#i%l0 to the line 'on%$'tor with spe'ial al$(ini$( sin#le /olt t0pe +)3)'la(ps spa'e% a/o$t 1)22( apart!

45

0artic !ars 0rotection a(ainst !i(.tnin(

Eart. wire

TNEB %ractice a! 88k, :95)17(( #al,anise% steelB85k#9sA)(( A$alit0 :92)7D(( AC*R with %a(pers! /! 11?k, :95)77(( #al,anise% steelB D7k#9sA)(()A$alit0 .or tower line :95 (( AC*R for pole line :92)7D(( AC*R or :95(( AC*R) '! 25?k, 2 nos D)75(( %ia #al, steel wire 2 nos :96)?D(( AC*R with %a(pers! 2 nos :95)17(( #al,anise% steel I D7k#9sA)(( A$alit0 for s)')line! 1no :95)77(( #al,anise% steelB D@k#9sA)(( A$alit0 for D)C line! All lines rate% 88k, an% a/o,e pro,i%e% with #ro$n% wire r$nnin# on the top of the line)

The hei#ht an% lo'ation of #ro$n% wires shall /e s$'h that line &oinin# the #ro$n% wire to the o$ter (ost 'on%$'tor shall (ake an an#le with the ,erti'al eA$al to %esire% shiel% an#le) The an#le of shiel% a%opte% for ,ario$s ,olta#e trans(ission lines in in%ia is #i,en /elow) Line )o!ta(e 99k) An#le of 5? shiel% of #ro$n% wire Clearan'e at 5??? (i% span ((! ":;k) 5? 81?? ;:< k) 5? @7?? =<<k) 2? D??? 5<<k) 2? 126??

46

;#4 Maintenance of Transmission !ines

There are fo$r t0pes of (aintenan'e in trans(ission networkCB 1! Break%own Maintenan'e 2! +re,enti,e Maintenan'e 5! Corre'ti,e Maintenan'e

Breakdown MaintenanceCB
It (eans that people waits $ntil eA$ip(ent fails an% repair it) *$'h a thin# 'o$l% /e $se% when the eA$ip(ent fail$re %oes not si#nifi'antl0 affe't the operation or pro%$'tion or #enerate an0 si#nifi'ant loss other than repair 'ost)

0re)enti)e MaintenanceCB
It is a %ail0 (aintenan'e 'leanin#" inspe'tion" oilin# an% reBti#htenin# !" %esi#n to retain the health0 'on%ition of eA$ip(ent an% pre,ent fail$re thro$#h the pre,ention of %eterioration" perio%i' inspe'tion or eA$ip(ent 'on%ition %ia#nosis" to (eas$re %eterioration) It is f$rther %i,i%e% into perio%i' (aintenan'e an% pre%i'ti,e (aintenan'e) =$st like h$(an life is exten%e% /0 pre,enti,e (e%i'ine" the eA$ip(ent ser,i'e life 'an /e prolon#e% /0 %oin# pre,enti,e (aintenan'e)

Correcti)e Maintenance&6
It i(pro,es eA$ip(ent an% its 'o(ponents so that pre,enti,e (aintenan'e 'an /e 'arrie% o$t relia/l0) EA$ip(ent with %esi#n weakness ($st /e re%esi#ne% to i(pro,e relia/ilit0 or i(pro,in# (aintaina/ilit0)

Ad)anta(es of %re)enti)e maintenance&6

1) It re%$'es $nBplanne% an% for'e% o$ta#es of the s0ste( to a lar#e extent) 2) It allows s$ffi'ient ti(e for pro'$re(ent of A$alit0 spares an% repla'e(ents ite(s in a planne% (anner) Th$s a,oi%s $ne'ono(i'al" hast0" an% %istress p$r'hase) 5) Lon# ti(e (a&or /reak %own of the s0ste( is a,oi%e%) 6) D$rin# pre,enti,e (aintenan'e resi%$al life of s0ste( eA$ip(ents 'an /e esti(ate% /0 nonB%estr$'ti,e tests)

47

7) Dia#nosti' te'hniA$e 'an /e applie% to foreBsee s0ste( /eha,ior an% appropriate re(e%ial a'tion" where,er ne'essar0 'an /e initiate% in ti(e) 8) It fa'ilitates to i(ple(ent (o%ern an% $pBtoB%ate te'hnolo#0 in rele,ant a'ti,it0)

0re)enti)e maintenance of 7T and E7T transmission !ines&6

[ C$t an% 'lean trees" /$ses" 'reepers alon# 'orri%ors of tra ns(ission lines) [ Che'k trans(ission line 'on%$'tors" &$(pers for their so$n%ness) If fo$n% /roken" repair the( /0 $sin# repair slee,es" if (ore than ten per'ent stran%s are fo$n% /roken repla'e the 'on%$'tor [ Che'k for so$n%ness of rea'tors an% 'apa'itors /anks 'onne'te% to trans(ission lines [ Che'k looseness of &$(per 'onne'tions" ins$lator tie points" et') [ Che'k all ins$lators" if 'ra'ks are fo$n%" repla'e the() [ Che'k earth wire for its a%eA$ate (e'hani'al stren#th) [ Maintain proper sa# tension" earth 'learan'e of line 'on%$'tors) [ Che'k a'ross ar(s an% 'ross ar( fixt$res for their (e'hani'al stren#th [ +aint s$pportin# str$'t$res with anti 'orrosi,e paints) [ *ee that all 'la(ps" n$ts an% /olt are inta't an% in #oo% 'on%ition [ Che'k tower footin#s an% prote't the sa(e fro( lan% sli%in#" soil erosion et') [ Che'k 'on%itions of ,i/ration %a(pers" repla'e" the(" if reA$ire% [ A%&$st ar'in# horn #aps to proper ,al$e) [ Che'k so$n%ness of 'on%$'tor spa'ers) [ Che'k earth resistan'e at e,er0 tower footin#

7ot !ines maintenance&

48

To%a0" Li,e Workin# allows (aintenan'e an% (o%ifi'ation work to /e 'arrie% o$t on (e%i$( ,olta#e networks" #enerall0 1 to 7? k4) ED. *ERECT has %e,elope% %ifferent workin# (etho%s that take into a''o$nt the parti'$larities of the network" work er#ono(i's an% pro%$'ti,it0" whilst #$aranteein# operator an% installation safet0)

T*%es of !i)e6!ine workin(

-otsti'k te'hniA$e Barehan% te'hniA$e Barehan% te'hniA$e is followe% onl0 in forei#n 'o$ntries In in%ia onl0 hotsti'k te'hniA$e is $se% for li,eBline workin#

Main works done b* .ot !ine tec.ni8 e

Chan#in# of %efe'ti,e ins$lator at s$spension an% tension points on all s$pports) Repla'in# 'e(ent 'oate% ins$lator strin#s) Testin# an% %ete'tin# %efe'ti,e %is' ins$lators /0 hipot test Testin# an% %ete'tin# %efe'ti,e li#htnin# arresters /0 hipot test) +ro,i%in# /0pass &$(pers insi%e s$/station Re(o,in# an0 forei#n /o%0 s$'h as wires"strin#s et'" whi'h are likel0 to 'a$se the fa$lts in the /$s /ars at s$/stations) Ti#htenin# of /olts an% n$ts on 'la(ps insi%e s$/stations) Li,e line washin# of ins$lator)

7ot !ine too!s

49

7ot sticks
The ins$late% tools $se% in hot line te'hniA$e are known as hot sti'ks)

C!assification of .ot sticks&

-ot sti'ks are 'lassifie% on the /asis of their f$n'tion as %etaile% /elowC Liftin# an% hol%in# sti'ks e#)! Wire ton#) Loa% /earin# sti'ks e#)!link sti'k"twoBpole strain 'arrier) Uni,ersal sti'ks e#)!fixin# of han% toolsBtie sti'ks) -ar%wares e#! front 0oke"/a'k 0oke"rope /lo'ks) A''essories e#!'$(Balon# 'la(ps"rat'het wren'h"'ra%le"han% tools"#ro$n%in# 'la(ps"safet0 /elt an% straps)

E%oAi(!ass .ot sticks#

50

Epoxi #lass 'onsists of tho$san%s of epox0 resinsBi(pre#nate% #lass fi/res wo$n% aro$n% an% lai% len#thwise o,er a $ni(ole'$lar plasti' foa( 'ore)this foa( 'ore 'onsists of (illions of (illions of $n 'onne'te% in%i,i%$al 'ells 'ontainin# a low /oilin# inert (aterial whi'h inhi/its (oist$re a/sorption an% 'on%ensation)the $ni'ell$lar foa( is /on%e% to the reBenfor'e% walls

Wire ton(s
3enerall0"$se% on pin t0pe or s$spension t0pe 'onstr$'tion for (ane$,erin# an% hol%in# li,e 'on%$'tors 'lear off workin# area

Link sticks
Three %ifferent t0pes of link sti'ks the0 are as follows" *train link sti'k Roller link sti'k *$spension link sti'k *train link sti'ks are $se% for s$pportin# hea,0 'on%$'tor loa%s either for assistin# the wire ton#s or to 'arr0 the entire loa%)

Two %o!e strain carrier

the twoBpole strain 'arrier is %esi#ne% to relie,e the strain fro( a strin# of %ea%Ben% ins$lators to per(it their re(o,al fro( ener#i>e% line)

Do b!e strin( dead end ins !ator too!

The %ea% en% tool is %esi#ne% to re(o,e the strain fro( one si%e of %o$/le ins$lator strin#s of the railwa0 'rossin# tower lines an% roa% 'rossin# line)

51

MET7ODS
To%a0" Li,e Workin# allows (aintenan'e an% (o%ifi'ation work to /e 'arrie% o$t on (e%i$( ,olta#e networks" #enerall0 1 to 7? k4) ED. *ERECT has %e,elope% %ifferent workin# (etho%s that take into a''o$nt the parti'$larities of the network" work er#ono(i's an% pro%$'ti,it0" whilst #$aranteein# operator an% installation safet0)

Distance work &

The operator is at earth potential)

+ositione% $sin# ins$latin# spli'e% la%%ers" 'li(/ers or an ele,ator eA$ippe% with a (etalli' /oo(9teles'opi' ar(" he $ses poles9hot sti'ks fitte% with a%apta/le tools)

Contact work &

The operator is at floatin# potential) -e is positione% $sin# an ins$latin# platfor( fixe% to the pole9s$pport or in an ele,ator eA$ippe% with an ins$latin# /oo(9teles'opi' ar() EA$ipe% with a sole sho$l%er len#th lon# ins$latin# #lo,e ass$rin# the %iele'tri' an% (e'hani'al prote'tion reA$ire%" the operator works in %ire't 'onta't with 'on%$'ti,e parts at phase or earth potential)

52

0otentia! work &

The operator is at phase potential) -e is positione% $sin# $sin# an ele,ator eA$ippe% with an ins$latin# /oo(9teles'opi' ar() The 'on%$'ti,e la0er of the /$'ket" linke% to the 'on%$'tor /0 a /on%in# 'lip" allows the operator to work witho$t spe'ialise% eA$ip(ent)

L$+E L$NE WORK$NG

A%apte% to the en,iron(ental an% network spe'ifi'ations" the 'o(/ination of the three workin# (etho%s allows the (aintenan'e of 0o$r network to /e 'arrie% o$t)

53

Re%!acement of ri(id ins !ators

Re%airin( a cond ctor

54

Re%!acement of cross6arm
Distan'e" +otential" Conta't

;#9 COM0AR$SON BETWEEN L$+E WORK$NG AND O22 +OLTAGE WORK

D ration of inter)ention
55

In the 'ontext of Li,e Workin#" the %$ration of the inter,ention 'orrespon%s to the ti(e inter,al /etween the %eBener#isin# of the installation an% its reBener#isin#) It in'l$%es" therefore" the preli(inar0 operations in or%er to li(it the n$(/er of 'lients '$tBoff" the release fro( ser,i'e an% the p$ttin# into ser,i'e of the work site) With Li,e Workin#" the %$ration of the work to the 'arrie% o$t is eA$al to the %$ration of the work site)

Cost of inter)ention
These are the 'osts %ire'tl0 relate% to the work to /e 'arrie% o$t) In the 'ase of %ea% workin#" the 'ost of infor(in# the 'lients of the i((inent '$tBoff press" offi'ial p$/li'ation" et'U! ($st /e a%%e% as well as the 'ost of treatin# 'o(plaints letters" telephone 'alls" 'o(pensation pa0(ents" et'U!" the 'ost of the release an% p$ttin# into ser,i'e an% the e,ent$al $se of #enerators in or%er not to '$t sensiti,e 'lients) In or%er to present a 'o(parati,e anal0sis" a fixe%" #eneral h0pothesis linke% to the 'on%itions of the network sho$l% /e esta/lishe%) The installe% power as well as the n$(/er of 'lients ahea% of the '$tBoff point are ele(ents to /e taken into a''o$nt in a te'hni'al an% e'ono(i' 'al'$lation that will allow a 'o(parison /etween %ea% an% Li,e Workin#)

Disconnecto r or power switch Customer

Work to be carrie out

Cut-off for off voltage working

The ta/le /elow shows the t0pi'al inter,entions presente% in 'hapter 5)1) a/o,e" with a 'o(parison /etween Li,e Workin# an% off ,olta#e work) These fi#$res are #i,en for infor(ation onl0) The0 are /ase% on C a '$tBoff power of 1 ??? kW %$rin# off ,olta#e work" for the 'al'$lation of non 'ons$(e% kWh" a (anBho$r 'ost of 5?"72 an% a sales pri'e /efore tax of ?"?:8 per kWh)

56

Off ,olta#e

Li,e Workin#

Co(parison

D$ration of inter,ention

Cost in extra A,era#e kWh #ain NS -o$rl0 D$ration of NS -o$rl0 (an9ho$rs ;Wh kWh per extra pers Cost inter,ention pers 'ost owin# to Li,e #ain sa,in# (an9ho$r Workin#

Repla'e(ent of ri#i% ins$lators Repla'e(ent of pole 2 en% /lanket 1 5 Repla'e(ent of s$pport 6 Repla'e(ent of tension strin#

2h 6h @h 2h 2h 8h 5h 2h

2 5 5 2 2 5 5 2

6h 12 h 26 h 6h 6h 1@ h Dh 6h

1"7 h 6h @h 1h 2h 8h 5h 1h

5 5 6 5 5 6 5 5

6"7 h 12 h 52 h 5h 8h 26 h Dh 5h

?"7 ? @ B1 2 8 ? B1

15G ?G 55G B27G 7?G 55G ?G B27G

16 ??? 2@ ??? 78 ??? 16 ??? 16 ??? 62 ??? 21 ??? 16 ???

1 ?86 2 12@ 6 278 1 ?86 1 ?86 5 1D2 1 7D8 1 ?86

1 ?6D 2 12@ 6 ?12 1 ?D7 1 ??5 5 ??D 1 7D8 1 ?D7

7 Repair of 'on%$'tors Repla'e(ent of power swit'h Repla'e(ent of : transfor(er Repla'e(ent of @ li#htenin# 'on%$'tor 8 Re(o,al of ol% an% D installation of new /ri%#in# 1? Creatin# $n%er#ro$n% rise

2h

6h

1h

5h

B1

B27G

16 ???

1 ?86

1 ?D7

6h

@h

5h

Dh

15G

2@ ???

2 21@

2 ?D:

An Analysis of time taken to carry out the most common intervention

with Live Working and off voltage work.

;#D Breakdown of transmission !ines

57

Break%own of trans(ission lines o''$rs %$e to the nat$ral ha>ar%s" Terrorist atta'ks" A#ein# i'e loa%in# a,alan'he

nat ra! ca!amities and terrorist attack

Erosion of soi!

58

$ce !oadin( on transmission !ines

:# Distrib tion !ines

59

The ne'essar0 a''essories for ere'tin# %istri/$tion lines are liste% /elow poles ins$lators 'on%$'tors sta0 line 'ross ar(

0o!es
There are fi,e %ifferent t0pes of poles whi'h is $se% in ere'tin# the %istri/$tion line the0 are as followsC RCC poles +*C poles R* &oist Rail pole T$/$lar pole

RCC %o!e
Sn#no 1 2 5 Len(t. in m D)16 @)25 :)52 Section in mm Wei(.t in k(s At to% At bottom 12:x1? 2D5x175 81@)2 2 117x11 276x117 6?: 7 16@x11 2 22Dx175 67? 3se in k) 55 k, 22k, < 11k, < 6?? ,olt lines 11 k, < 6?? ,olts lines

0SC %o!e
Sn#no 1 2 Len(t. in m :)52 @)257 Section in mm At to% At bottom 12:x1?1)8 12:x1?1)8 2?5)2x1?1)8 2?5)2x1?1)8 Wei(.t in k(s 277B2D6)@ 552B57? 3se in k) 11k, < 6?? ,olts lines 22k, < 11k, < 6?? ,olt lines

R#S#Joist

60

Sn#no 1 2 5 6 7

Section in mm At to% 7x5 8x5 :x6 7x6)7 8x7

Wei(.t in k(s 18)57 1:):7 25)@ 2D)8 5:)?

3se in k) LT lines 11 k, lines 55k, an% pin point 11k, < 22k, lines 55k, an% '$t points near transfor(er

Rai! %o!e
s#no 1 2 5 6 7 Cross6widt. 6)2 6)D 7):7 :)5 :)6 wei(.t 1@)16 22)8@ 2:)22 56)?2 58)2@ se LT lines an% 11k, lines LT lines an% 11k, lines LT lines an% 11k, lines 11 k, '$t points 22k, pin points

Stee! t b !ar %o!es

7ei(.t in m @)75 D)16 D)16 D):7 1?)?7 1?)?7 1?)88 1?)D: 11)7@ 12)1D 15):1 O ter dia of to% cms :)82 :)82 @)@@ @)@@ @)@@ @)@@ 11)65 11)65 17)26 15)@D 17)@@ T.ickness of base f!an(e cms 5?)7B1)5 5?)7B1)5 57)8B1)5 57)8B1)5 57)8B1)5 57)8B1)5 6?):B1)5 6?):B1)5 6?):B1)5 67):B1)8 67):B1)8 Wei(.t in k(s @@ D7 11@ 12: 161 185 1:: 227 26@ 285 5:8

$ns !ators 2LAS7O+ER +AL3ES

61

Si#no 1 2 5 6 7

Descri%tion LT pins an% sha'kles 11k, ins$lators pin"post an% strain 22k, ins$lators pin"post an% strain 55k, pin ins$lators 55k, post an% strain

2!as. o)er )a! e in k) Dr* Wet 27 12 @7 7? 12? @7 16? 1?? 17? 11?

MEC7AN$CAL STRENGT7 O2 LT $NS3LATORS Ulti(ate (e'hani'al stren#thC sha'kles I 2?61 k#s 67?? l/s! pins B 8@? k#s 17?? l/s! (axi($( workin# loa%s sha'kles I @18)6 k#s 1@?? l/s! pins B 2:2 k#s 8?? l/s!

Cond ctors Cond ctor confi( ration ,in inc.Code name \e/ra +anther Do# Ra''oon Mink Weasel stee! :9?)127 :9?)11@ :9?)?82 19?)181 19?)166 19?)1?2 A! mini m 769?)127 5?9?)11@ 89?)1@8 89?)181 89?)166 89?)1?2

Wei(.t of cond ctors

Si no 1 2 5 6 SiIe of cond ctor :9?::2AAC :9?D:7AAC :91?D5AAC :915@AAC code Rose Iris +ars0 Aster Wei(.t k( 7:): D1)@ 117)@ 1@6)2 Metre k( 1:)55 1?)@D5 @)857 BBBBBBBB

0ractica! detai!s
62

Si# no

Cic it )o!ta(e k)

Bein( sed now code

Area in s8 inc.

MaA !oadin( ca%acit* m)a

To be sed in f t re code

Area in s8 inc.

MaA !oadin( ca%acit* m)a

1 2

25? 11?

5 6 7

88 55 22

;$n%ah +anther L0nx Wolf Leopar% Do# Cat Ra''oon Ra''oon Mink Ra//it Mink Ra//it Weasel *A$irrel Mink Ra//it Weasel *A$irrel Mink Ra//it Weasel *A$rriel

?)5D5 ?)2?? ?)1:7 ?)17? ?)127 ?)1?? ?)?D? ?)?:7 ?)?:7 ?)?8? ?)?7? ?)?8? ?)?7? ?)?5? ?)?2? ?)?8? ?)?7? ?)?5? ?)?2? ?)?8? ?)?7? ?)?5? ?)?2?

2?? @6 :: :? 77 75 7? 17 17 12 1? :)7 8)2 7)?? 6)1 5):7 5)1? 2)7? 1)7? ?)17? ?)127 ?)1?? ?)?@2

\e/ra +anther

?)6?? ?)2??

22? @6

+anther Do# Mink 6 (ain line! Weasel 6 sp$r line! Ra''oon 6 (ain line! Mink 6 sp$r line! Mink 6 (ain line! Weasel 6 sp$r line!

?)2?? ?)1?? ?)?8? ?)?5? ?)?:7 ?)?8? ?)?8? ?)?5?

7? 21 :)7 7)? 1?)? 5):7 ?)17? ?)1??

11

LT

SiIe of cond ctors ,norma!!* sed in TNEBLines 55 k, 22 k, 11 k, LT SiIe in mm :92)7D :95)?? :95)88 :92)58 :92)7D :95)?? :95)88 :91)D8 :92)66 :92):D :95)6? Materia! AC*R AC*R AC*R All al$nini$(

Wei(.t of co%%er

63

Si no 1 2 5 6 7 8 :

SiIe of co%%er Copper no)? *w# Copper no)2 *w# Copper no)6 *w# Copper no)8 *w# Copper no)@ *w# Copper no)1? *w# *tan%ar% :9?:6

Wei(.tBkm 6:2)D 565)2 262)6 1?8)8 1D7)72 :5):1 BBBBBB

MetreBk( 2)11 2)D1 6)15 8)?2 @)8: 15)77 @)17

Sta* !ines

There are 12 t0pes of sta0 lines the0 are as followsC lon# sta0 line ABsta0 or /ow sta0 BBsta0 or self sta0 *tor( #$0 sta0 BiBse'tion sta0 YBsta0 .l0 sta0 4Bsta0 In,erte% 4Bsta0 -ill top sta0 Ro'k an'hor sta0 *tr$t pole

Lon( sta* !ine&

It is ere'te% on the opposite si%e of the line)the an#le /etween pole an% line sho$l% /e in /etween 5? to 67)

A6sta* or bow sta*&

It is ere'te% in the pla'es where the loa% is less)

B6sta* or se!f sta*&

64

It is ere'te% in the pla'es where /ow sta0 'ant /e ere'te%)

Storm ( * sta*&
It is ere'te% in the path of strai#ht lines an% on the /oth si%es of the pole"on'e in fi,e poles)

Bi section sta*&
It is ere'te% on the t$rnin# of the lines on poles)

16sta*&
It is ere'te% where the #$ar%in# is tie% o,er the pole)

2!* sta*&
It is ere'te% in the pla'es where the sta0 lines 'ant /e ere'te%) A pole is ere'te% on the opposite si%e of the pole" /oth are inter 'onne'te% with a wire an% then the sta0 line is ere'te%)

+6sta*&
It is ere'te% in the pla'es where the %o$/le pole str$'t$res are present)

$n)erted +6sta*&
It is ere'te% in the pla'es where the 4Bsta0 'ant /e ere'te%)

7i!! to% sta*&

It is ere'te% o,er the hills at the ti(e of ere'tion of lines)

Rock Anc.or sta*&

It is ere'te% in the pla'es where the sta0 ro% 'ant /e /$rie% %$e to the presen'e of ro'ks)

Str t %o!e&
Instea% of ere'tin# pla0 sta0 str$t pole 'an also /e ere'te%)

Ca!c !ation of stress in sta* wires&

Let *E*tress in the sta0 wire in k#s EAn#le for(e% /0 sta0 wire an% pole REres$ltant trans,erse for'e in k#s a'tin# on the pole at the atta'h(ent of the sta0 wire %$e to the tension in the line wires) Then" *ER9sin

65

SiIe of sta* wires&

:92)D7(( :911! *W3 3I Wires :92)86(( :912! *W3 3I Wires :92)?5(( :916! *W3 3I Wires

Cross arms&
All (etal 'ross ar(s shall /e painte% with a pri(ar0 'oat of re% lea% or s$'h other appro,e% t0pe of pri(er at the works) This (a0 /e followe% /0 a 'oat of #re0 or /la'k paint after ere'tion at site)

Cross arms for 7T !ines

+o!ta(e of !ine 11k, 22k, 55k, +ertica! c!earance bBw to% K bottom cond ctors :8)27 D1)6 121)D SiIe of + cross arm D2?(( 5O!lon# with :7x6?(( 5Zx1)7Z!'hannel 1?:?(( 5Ox8Z!lon# with :7x6?(( 5Zx1)7Z!'hannel 15:?(( 6Ox8Z!lon# with 1??x7?(( 6Zx2Z!'hannel

SiIes of stee! cross6arms for LT !ines

T*%e of LT !ines 5 phase for al$ 'on%$'tors $pto 5 of :95)6(( an% 1 of :92):D *in#le phase for al$ 'on%$'tors :92)66(( SiIe of cross6arm Dead ends 0in %oints 2nos :7F:7F8F81?(( 87F87F8F122?(( 5ZF5ZF?)27ZF2Z! 2)7ZF2)7ZF?)27ZF6Z! An#le iron sin#le phase 5 phase 6 wire 'rossBar( 'rossBar(s arran#e% one /elow the other) :7F:7F8F81?(( 87F87F8F122?(( 5ZF5ZF?)27ZF2Z! 2)7ZF2)7ZF?)27ZF6Z! An#le iron sin#le phase *in#le phase 'rossBar(s 'rossBar(

66

:#" Eart.in( of distrib tion !ines

The followin# pro'e%$re is a%opte% for earthin# of -T an% LT line s$pports) On (etal s$pports I all s$pports pro,i%e% with (ass or /la'k 'on'rete fo$n%ation shall /e earthe%) On RCC poles I the (etal 'ross ar( an% the ins$lator pins shall /e /on%e% to#ether an% earthe% at e,er0 pole for -T lines an% at e,er0 fifth pole for LT lines) All spe'ial str$'t$res 'arr0in# swit'hes"transfor(ers"f$ses et'U" sho$l% /e earthe%) The s$pports on either si%e of a roa%"railwa0 or ri,er 'rossin# span sho$l% /e earthe%) All s$pports of /oth -T < LT lines r$nnin# thro$#h inha/ite% lo'ations "roa% 'rossin#s an% alon# s$'h other pla'es where earthin# of all poles is 'onsi%ere% %esira/le fro( safet0 'onsi%erations sho$l% /e earthe%) In spe'ial lo'ations railwa0 an% tele#raph0 'rossin#s spe'ial str$'t$res et' pipe earth sho$l% /e a%opte%)

:#; C!earances of distrib tion !ines

Line to (ro nd c!earance
The hei#ht fro( the #ro$n% of the /otto( (ost 'on%$'tor of %istri/$tion lines an% ser,i'e lines sho$l% not /e less than the followin# $n%er (ost se,ere 'on%itions of te(perat$re an% win%) 0!aces 0!aces inaccessib!e to )e.ic!e traffic and e!sew.ere t.an a!on( or across an* street A!on( streets Across streets +ertica! c!earance to (ro nd in feet =<<B;:< ""K+ ;;K+ ::K+ + 15 17 1: 1: 6)?(! 6)7@(! 7)2?(! 7)2?(! 1@ 7)7(! 1D 7)@(! 1D 7)@(! 2? 8)1(! 1D 7)@(! 2? 8)1(! 1D 7)@(! 2? 8)1(!

67

C!earance to b i!din(s A# Medi m and !ow )o!ta(e !ines and ser)ice !ines&
+ower lines sho$l% not /e taken o,er /$il%in#s as far as possi/le an% e,er0 effort sho$l% /e (a%e to %i,ert the line awa0 for all /$il%in#s) Where" howe,er /$il%in#s 'annot /e a,oi%e%) The (ini($( 'learan'es spe'ifie% in r$le :D of IE r$les 1D78 extra'te% /ellow shall /e (aintaine%) .or an0 flat roof" open /al'on0" ,eran%ah" roof an% lean to roof) When the line passes a/o,e the /$il%in# a ,erti'al 'learan'e of @ feet 2)7(! for the nearest point) When the line passes a%&a'ent to the /$il%in# a hori>ontal 'learan'e of 6 feet 1)27(!) An0 'on%$'tor so sit$ate% as to ha,e a 'learan'e less than that spe'ifie% a/o,e shall /e a%eA$atel0 ins$late% an% shall /e atta'he% /0 (eans of (etal 'lips at s$ita/le inter,als to ha,e earthe% /earer wire ha,in# a /reakin# stren#th of not less than 51:)7k# :?? l/s! The hori>ontal 'learan'e shall /e (eas$re% when the line is at a (axi($( %efle'tion for the ,erti'al %$e to win% press$re)

B# C!earance for b i!din( of 7#+#!ines#

Where a -4 o,erhea% line $pto an% in'l$%in# 55k, passes a/o,e of a%&a'ent to an0 /$il%in# or part of a /$il%in# it shall ha,e a (axi($( safe ,erti'al 'learan'e of not less than 12 feet 5):7(! a/o,e the hi#hest part of the /$il%in# i((e%iatel0 $n%er s$'h line) The hori>ontal 'learan'e /etween the nearest 'on%$'tor an% an0 part of s$'h /$il%in# shall on the /asis of (axi($( %efle'tion %$e to win% press$re not less than 1) for -4 lines $pto an% in'l$%in# 11k, E 6feet 1)27(! 2) for -4 lines a/o,e 11k, an% $pto an% in'l$%in# 55k,E8feet 1)@7(!

C# c!earance between LT K 7T !ine carried on t.e same s %%orts

Where -T < LT lines are r$n on the sa(e s$pports the (ini($( %istan'e /etween the lines shall /e LT line < 11k, line E 5 feet ?)D2(! LT line < 22k, or 55k, line E 7 feet 1)7(!

68

D# c!earance between 7T !ines of t.e same )o!ta(e carried on same s %%orts

C!earance bBw circ its ,)ertica! formation11k,U5OB8Z 1)?:(! 22k,U6OB8Z 1)5:(! 55k,U6OB8Z 1)5:(! 0.ase to %.ase of eac. circ it 5OB?Z ?)D1(! 5OB8Z 1)?:(! 6OB8Z 1)5:(!

E#Minim m c!earance to be ado%ted at crossin(s of !ines ma* be as fo!!ows

"# crossin(s between %ower and de%artmenta! comm nication !ines Minim m c!earance between bottom6 Minim m c!earance between most %ower cond ctor and to%6most comm nication !ines and t.e (ro nd cond ctor of comm nication !ines wire w.ere sed LT lines I 6OB8Z 1)5:(! 5OB8Z 1)?:(! 11k, I 7OB?Z 1)7(! 6OB?Z 1)27(! 22k, B 7OB?Z 1)7(! 6OB?Z 1)27(! 55k, B 7OB?Z 1)7(! 6OB?Z 1)27(! ;# Crossin( between %ower !ines Minim m c!earance between !ines 11k, or 22k, line Crossin# LT line 55 k, line 'rossin# LT line 11"22 or 55k, 'rossin# 11"22 or 55k, line 2eet 6 feet 1)27(! 7 feet 1)7(! 7 feet 1)7(!

2# C!earance between !ines w.en crossin( at mid s%an and at %o!e

An o,erhea% line 'rossin# /elow another o,erhea% line at a point /etween 2 poles 'arr0in# the $pper line) *hall not $n%er an0 'on%itions ha,e less than followin# 'learan'es /etween the 'on%$'tors of s$'h lower line an% the nearer of the 2 poles of the $pper line a''or%in# to the ,olta#e of the lower line Low ,olta#e lines I 6feet 1)27(! -4 lines I 8 feet 1)@7(! Where the 'on%$'tors of the lower line are atta'he% to ins$lators fixe% to the poles 'arr0in# the $pper line" the a/o,e 'learan'e shall not appl0)

G# C!earance between !ines and ( ard wires

a) .or L4 lines I 1feet ?)5(! /) .or -4 lines a) 11k, I 1)7 feet ?)68(! /) 22k, I 2 feet ?)81(! ') 55k, I 5 feet ?)D1(!

69

7# C!earance between %ower and te!e%.one !ine on t.e same s %%orts

Rated )o!ta(e of !ine 11k, 22k, 55k, +ertica! c!earance 7 feet 1)7(! 8 feet 1)@7(! : feet 2)16(!

$#Distance of se%aration between comm nication !ines be!on(in( to 0 K T de%artment and %ower !ines
+o!ta(e !ine 55k, 22k, 11k, 2eet 6?? feet 121)D(! 5?? feet D1)66(! 2?? feet 8?)D8(!

L# Tree c!earances
No
1 2

Lines
LT lines 25?B6?? ,olts 11k, r$ral lines

Tree c!earances re8 ired

Left to the %is'retion of the fiel% staff All #rowth within 17feet 6)7(! on either si%e fro( 'entre line of s$pport an% all trees whi'h on fallin# are likel0 to fo$l the lines All #rowth within 1@feet 7)77(! on either si%e fro( 'entre line of s$pport an% all trees whi'h on fallin# are likel0 to fo$l the lines All #rowth within 2?feet 8)1(! on either si%e fro( 'entre line of s$pport an% all trees whi'h on fallin# are likel0 to fo$l the lines All #rowth within 27feet :)8(! on either si%e fro( 'entre line of s$pport an% all trees whi'h on fallin# are likel0 to fo$l the lines

Re!aAation
nil In the 'ase of /etel leaf #ar%en all the #rowth within 1?feet 5)?(!on either si%e of the line onl0 nee% to /e 'leare% In the 'ase of /etel leaf #ar%en all the #rowth within 1?feet 5)?(!on either si%e of the line onl0 nee% to /e 'leare% In the 'ase of /etel leaf #ar%en all the #rowth within 1?feet 5)?(!on either si%e of the line onl0 nee% to /e 'leare% In the 'ase of /etel leaf #ar%en all the #rowth within 17feet 6)7(!on either si%e of the line onl0 nee% to /e 'leare% E$'al0pt$s tree #rowth ($st /e 'leare% when fo$n% ne'essar0

22k, r$ral lines

11k, <22k, lines an% 55k, r$ral lines

55k, tr$nk lines

70

:#: Maintenance of distrib tion !ines

Sc.ed !e of %eriodica! ins%ection of !ines
Tr nk !ines6::k) On'e in a (onth On'e in a (onth On'e in six (onths Yearl0 Branc. and r ra! !ines6,;;K""-k) On'e in a (onth On'e in 5 (onths Bran'h lines 0earl0B r$ral lines whene,er possi/le Whene,er possi/le Desi(nation of staff LM AE or =E AEE EE

Common to a!! !ines

After e,er0 trippin#Binspe'tion /0 lines staff E,er0 line /reak%own to /e 'he'ke% afterwar%s at site /0 AE +re(onsoon inspe'tion /0 AE or =E A%%itional inspe'tion %epen%in# $pon lo'alit0 an% 'ir'$(stan'es

Maintenance of distrib tion transformers Mont.!*

Maintainin# the transfor(er 0ar% an% the earth pits neat an% ti%0 an% waterin# the earth pits Cleanin# the entire transfor(er in'l$%in# the /$shin#s Che'kin# the oil le,el an% reportin# if the le,el is /elow the (ark Che'kin# the oil leaks an% reportin# if an0 noti'e% Che'kin# the earth 'onne'tions Re'on%itionin# the /reather Che'kin# the LT f$ses an% renewin# the( if ne'essare0 Toppin# $p oil ne'essar0

M ater!*
Renewin# the -)3 f$ses Meas$rin# the ins$lation resistan'e Meas$rin# the loa% '$rrent Meas$rin# the ,olta#e at the transfor(er an% at the tail en%s of the fee%ers

71

Ann a!
L$/ri'atin# the AB swit'hes an% 'he'kin# their operation Che'kin# the line an% earth 'onne'tions of AB swit'hes Che'kin# the line an% earth 'onne'tions of the LT li#htnin# arresters) Che'kin# the -4 an% L4 /$shin# 'onne'tions 3ettin# the oil sa(ples teste% for %iele'tri' stren#th Meas$rin# the earth resistan'e

:#= Breakdown of distrib tion !ines

Break%own (ainl0 o''$rs when Tree falls %own Con%$'tor snaps Nat$ral 'ala(ities O,er loa% in the pole Ins$lator fail$re

72

B$BL$OGRA071
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73