8.

1 THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

PG 211
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C: An acid will cause for a solution with a pH less than 7 + C: A di(two)protic acid will dissociate into two H ions and consequently H2SO4 is the acid that will dissociate into two hydrogen ions. -2 + B: CO3 is acting as base as it is accepting the H ion -2 + C: is the conjugate base as the product (SO3 ) is the compound which will accept the H ion for the reverse equilibrium reaction. D: I would expect this to add as a base as it has the ability to accept a positive ion as it is a negative ion. a. b. c. d. e. 7. a. i. An acid is a proton donor. Consequently the substance will give a proton (H ion which contains no shells nor electrons) to a base. + ii. A base is a proton accepter. Consequently the substance will accept a proton (H ion) which was extracted from the acid. + HNO3 + HzSO4 H2NO3 + HSO4 + + HNO3 acts as an acid as it accepts the H ion whilst the HzSO4 acts as a base as it gives an H ion. + HNO3 + HzSO4 H2NO3 + HSO4 Conjugate means that for the reverse reaction in the equilibrium reaction which product from the forward reaction acts as the acid or base and consequently forms the acid (from the conjugate base) or base (from the conjugate acid).
+

Cl

HCl PO4
-3

HPO4 C5H5N

-2

C5H5NH + NH4NH2 +2 H3N NH3 OOCCOO OOCCOOH

+

b. c. d.

8. a. b. Diprotic means that when the compound (acid) dissociates it will have two H ions form each compound and therefore donate these ions. Amphiprotic means that it has both acidic and basic properties, and therefore depending on the theory or situation it will act as a base in the reaction (in this case the reverse reaction) or an acid. Consequently it will either donate or accept a proton(s). Therefore if a proton is gained it -2 will become an acid (H2CO3) or if a proton is donated it will become a base (CO3 ). + H2SO4 + H2CO3 HCO3 + H3SO4
+

c.

Water is also Amphiprotic. H2O it can either dissociate into a H ion (acid) or OH ion (base). + + Water can be a base and accept a H ion to form (H3O ) + H2O OH + H + + H2O + H H3O Lewis acid is a substance that can accept an electron pair regardless of it is a H ion.
+

9. a. b.

c. d.

It is dative bond. The electrons shared are obtained from the chloride ion. i. Trigonal planar ii. Tetrahedral

10. a. b. c. d. e. Lewis Base Phosphorous has a lone pair in which it can donate. Lewis Acid Boron has an incomplete shell and therefore accept a lone pair. Lewis Base Sulfur has a lone pair in which it can donate. Lewis Base Sulfur has a lone pair in which it can donate. Lewis Acid +2 Copper (Cu ) has incomplete orbital shells (P and D) and can consequently accept a lone pair.