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Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

Answers to Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions


2. The y component of velocity is first positive and then negative in a symmetric fashion. As a result, the average y component of velocity is zero. The x component of velocity, on the other hand, is always v 0 cos . Therefore, the projectiles average velocity has a magnitude of v 0 cos and points in the positive x direction. (a) No. The acceleration is always vertically downward, but the fly ball is always moving at an angle to the vertical, never straight down. Therefore, its velocity is never vertical and is never parallel to the acceleration. (b) Yes. A projectile at the top of its trajectory has a velocity that is horizontal, while at the same time its acceleration is vertical. Just before it lands, this projectile is moving downward with the same speed it had when it was launched. In addition, if it was launched upward at an angle above the x axis, it is moving in a direction that is an angle below the x axis just before it lands. Therefore, its velocity just before landing is + ( 4 m/s ) y . v = ( 2 m/s ) x Maximum height depends on the initial speed squared. Therefore, to reach twice the height, projectile 1 must have an initial speed that is the square root of 2 times greater than the initial speed of projectile 2. It follows that the ratio of the speeds is the square root of 2. The tomato lands on the road in front of you. This follows from the fact that its horizontal speed is the same as yours during the entire time of its fall.

4.

6.

8.

10.

Solutions to Problems and Conceptual Exercises


1. Picture the Problem: You walk briskly down the street while tossing a ball in the air and catching it again. Strategy: Use a separate analysis of the horizontal and vertical motions of the ball to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) As long as air friction is neglected there is no acceleration of the ball in the horizontal direction. The ball will continue moving horizontally with the same speed as your walking speed. Therefore, you need to launch the ball straight upward relative to yourself in order for it to land back in your hand. 2. (b) The best explanation (see above) is III. The ball moves in the forward direction with your walking speed at all times. Statements I and II are false because they ignore the inertia of the ball in the horizontal direction. Insight: If air friction is taken into account you must launch the ball in the forward direction a little bit. While it is in the air the friction will slow the ball horizontally so that it lands back in your hand. 2. Picture the Problem: The vector involved in this problem is depicted at right. Strategy: Separate v into x- and y-components. Let north be along the y-axis, west along the x axis. Find the components of the velocity in each direction and use them to find the distances traveled. Solution: 1. (a) Find vx and v y : 2. Find the westward distance traveled: 3. (b) Find the northward distance traveled:
vx = ( 4.2 m/s ) cos 32 = 3.56 m/s v y = ( 4.2 m/s ) sin 32 = 2.23 m/s
vy

y = vx t = ( 3.56 m/s )( 25 min 60 s/min ) = 5300 m = 5.3 km x = v y t = ( 2.23 m/s )( 25 min 60 s/min ) = 3300 m = 3.3 km

32
vx

Insight: The northward and westward motions can be considered separately. In this case they are each described by constant velocity motion.
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41

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

3.

Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Let north be along the y-axis and east along the x-axis. Find the components of the velocity in each direction, and use them to find the times elapsed. Solution: 1. (a) Find the x component of v : 2. Find the time elapsed to travel east 20.0 m: 3. (b) Find the y component of v : 4. Find the time elapsed to travel north 30.0 m:
vx = (1.75 m/s ) cos18.0 = 1.66 m/s t= x 20.0 m = = 12.0 s vx 1.66 m/s

N
v

18.0
vx

vy

v y = (1.75 m/s ) sin18.0 = 0.541 m/s


t= y 30.0 m = = 55.5 s v y 0.541 m/s

Insight: The northward and eastward motions can be considered separately. In both cases the actual distance traveled is greater than 20.0 or 30.0 m, respectively. For instance, in the second case you must actually travel a total distance of 30.0 m sin18.0 = 97.1 m to change your displacement by 30.0 m north.

4.

Picture the Problem: The car moves up the 5.5 incline with constant acceleration, changing both its horizontal and vertical displacement simultaneously. Strategy: Find the magnitude of the displacement along the incline, and then independently find the horizontal and vertical components of the displacement. Solution: 1. (a) Find the magnitude of the displacement along the incline using equation 2-11: 2. Find the horizontal component of r : 3. (b) Find the vertical component r :

r = 0 + v0 t + 1 at 2 = 0 + 0 + 1 2.0 m/s 2 ) (12 s ) = 140 m 2 2(


2

x = d cos = (140 m ) cos 5.5 = 140 m y = d sin = (140 m ) sin 5.5 = 14 m

Insight: The horizontal and vertical motions can be considered separately. In this case they are each described by constant acceleration motion, but the vertical acceleration is less than the horizontal. The two accelerations would be equal if the angle of the incline were 45.

5.

Picture the Problem: The motion of the particle is depicted at right. Strategy: Use the given information to independently write the equations of motion in the x and y directions. There will be a pair of equations for the position of the particle (like equation 4-6) and a pair for the velocity (like equation 4-6), except in this case the acceleration will not be the same as g . Solution: 1. (a) Write equation 4-6 for the x position of the particle using instead of g : a = ( 4.4 m/s 2 ) x 2. Now do the same for the y coordinate of the position: 3. (b) Write equation 4-6 for the x component of instead of g : the velocity using a = ( 4.4 m/s 2 ) x 4. Now do the same for the y component of the velocity:
x = x0 + v0 x t + 1 a t2 2 x x = 55 m = 0+0+ 1 4.4 m/s 2 ) (5.0) 2 2(

v v

( x, y)
a

v0

y = y0 + v0 y t + 1 a t 2 = 0 + ( 6.2 m/s ) (5.0 s) + 0 = 31 m 2 y


vx = v0 x + ax t = 0 + ( 4.4 m/s 2 ) (5.0 s) = 22 m s

v y = v0 y + a y t = 6.2

m + 0 = 6.2 m s s

5. (c) Because vx continually increases in the negative direction, the speed will increase with time. Insight: This problem is very much akin to projectile motion, with uniform acceleration in one direction and constant velocity the perpendicular direction. The only difference is the acceleration is 4.4 m/s 2 and is in the x direction.
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42

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

6.

Picture the Problem: The motion of the electron is depicted at right. Strategy: Use the given information to independently write the equations of motion in the x and y directions. There will be a pair of equations for the position of the particle (like equation 4-6), except the acceleration will not be the same as g . Use the equations of motion to find the requested time and position information. Let the x direction correspond to horizontal, and the y direction to vertical. Solution: 1. (a) The horizontal motion is characterized by constant velocity. Apply equation 4-6: 2. (b) Use the time to find the vertical deflection , again using equation 4-6 except substituting a for g.

v0 t=

x x0 6.20 0 cm = = 2.95 10 9 s vx 2.10 109 cm/s

y = y0 + v0 y t + 1 a t2 2 y = 2.31 cm

= 0 cm + 0 cm + 1 5.30 1017 cm/s 2 ) (2.95 109 s) 2 2(

Insight: This problem is very much akin to projectile motion, with uniform acceleration in one direction and constant velocity the perpendicular direction. The only difference is the acceleration is 5.301017 cm/s2 upward instead of 9.81 m/s2 downward.

7.

Picture the Problem: The paths of the two canoeists are shown at right. Strategy: Canoeist 1s 45 path determines an isosceles right triangle whose legs measure 1.0 km. So canoeist 2s path determines a right triangle whose legs measure 1.0 km north and 0.5 km west. Use the right triangle to find the angle . Find the distance traveled by each canoeist and set the times of travel equal to each other to determine the appropriate speed of canoeist 2: Solution: 1. (a) Find the angle from the right triangle of canoeist 2: 2. (b) Set the travel times equal to each other: 3. Use the resulting ratio to find the appropriate speed of canoeist 2:

= tan 1
t1 = t2

0.5 km = 27 1.0 km
r1 r2 = v1 v2

d v2 = 2 v1 = d1

( 0.5 km ) + (1.0 km )
2

(1.0 km ) + (1.0 km )
2

m 1.35 = 1.1 m/s s

Insight: There are other ways to solve this problem. For instance, because the motions are independent, we could set the time it takes canoeist 1 to travel 1.0 km horizontally equal to the time it takes canoeist 2 to travel 0.5 km horizontally.

8.

Picture the Problem: Two divers run horizontally off the edge of a low cliff. Strategy: Use a separate analysis of the horizontal and vertical motions of the divers to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) As long as air friction is neglected there is no acceleration of either diver in the horizontal direction. The divers will continue moving horizontally at the same speed with which they left the cliff. However, the time of flight for each diver will be identical because they fall the same vertical distance. Therefore, diver 2 will travel twice as much horizontal distance as diver 1. 2. (b) The best explanation (see above) is I. The drop time is the same for both divers. Statement II is true but not relevant. Statement III is false because the total distance covered depends upon the horizontal speed. Insight: If air friction is taken into account diver 2 will travel less than twice the horizontal distance as diver 1. This is because air friction is proportional to speed, so diver 2, traveling at a higher speed, will experience a larger force.

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43

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

9.

Picture the Problem: Two divers jump off an overhang into a lake. Diver 1 drops straight down, and diver 2 runs off the cliff with an initial horizontal speed v0 . Strategy: Use a separate analysis of the horizontal and vertical motions of the divers to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) As long as air friction is neglected there is no acceleration of either diver in the horizontal direction. The divers will continue moving horizontally at the same speed with which they left the cliff. However, the time of flight for each diver will be identical because they fall the same vertical distance. Therefore, the splashdown speed of diver 2 will be greater than the splashdown speed of diver 1. 2. (b) The best explanation (see above) is II. The divers have the same vertical speed at splashdown, but diver 2 has the greater horizontal speed. Statement I is false because it ignores horizontal speed, and statement III is false because both divers fall the same distance over the same amount of time and gain the same amount of vertical speed. Insight: If diver 1 were to jump downward with the same speed that diver 2 runs horizontally, diver 1 would enter the water at the greater speed because the vectors v 0 and v add along the vertical direction, but for diver 2 v 0 is horizontal and v is vertical and his splashdown speed is the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by these vectors.

10. Picture the Problem: The arrow falls below the target center as it flies from the bow to the target.
Strategy: Treat the vertical and horizontal motions separately. First find the time required for the arrow to drop straight down 52 cm from rest. Then use that time together with the horizontal target distance to find the horizontal speed of the arrow. That must also equal the initial speed because the arrow was launched horizontally. Solution: 1. Find the time to drop 52 cm: 2. Find the speed of the arrow from the horizontal distance and time elapsed:
t =
v0 x =

v0

0.52 m

2y = g

2 ( 0.52 m ) 9.81 m/s 2

= 0.326 s

x 15 m = = 46 m/s t 0.326 s

Insight: We had to bend the significant figures rules a bit to obtain an accurate answer. Another way to solve this

problem and avoid the rounding error is to solve equation 4-8 for velocity: v0 = g x 2 2 ( h y ) . In this case we would set h = 0.52 m , y = 0.0 m, and x = 15 m.

11. Picture the Problem: The water falls down along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed as it falls.
Strategy: Find the vertical speed of the water after falling 108 m. The horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the fall. Then find the magnitude of the velocity from the horizontal and vertical components. Solution: 1. Use equation 4-6 to find v y : 2. Use the components of v to find the speed:
2 2 2 2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0 2 ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0 m 108 m ) = 2120 m /s

2 2 v = vx + vy =

( 3.60 m/s )

+ 2120 m 2 /s 2 = 46.2 m s

Insight: Projectile problems are often solved by first considering the vertical motion, which determines the time of flight and the vertical speed, and then considering the horizontal motion.

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44

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

12. Picture the Problem: A diver runs horizontally off a diving board and falls down along a parabolic arc, maintaining her horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed as she falls.
Strategy: Find the vertical speed of the diver after falling 3.00 m. The horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the dive. Then find the magnitude of the velocity from the horizontal and vertical components. Solution: 1. Use equation 4-6 to find v y : 2. Use the components vx and v y to find the speed:
2 2 2 2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0 2 ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0 m 3.00 m ) = 58.9 m /s

2 2 v = vx + vy =

(1.85 m/s )

+ 58.9 m 2 /s 2 = 7.89 m s

Insight: Projectile problems are often solved by first considering the vertical motion, which determines the time of flight and the vertical speed, and then considering the horizontal motion.

13. Picture the Problem: The rock falls down along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed as it falls. Strategy: There is no initial component of velocity in the y-direction. Therefore we can solve equation 4-8 for the acceleration of gravity on the planet Zircon.
Solution: 1. Solve equation 4-8 for g: 2. Find the acceleration of gravity on Zircon:
g=
2 2v0 (h y)

x2

g=

2 ( 6.95 m/s ) (1.40 0 m )


2

(8.75 m )

= 1.77 m/s 2

Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to first find the time required to travel the horizontal distance of 8.75 m, knowing the horizontal speed is 6.95 m/s. Use that time (1.26 s) together with the vertical fall distance of 1.40 m to find the acceleration of gravity using equation 4-6.

14. Picture the Problem: The baseball is launched horizontally and follows a parabolic trajectory like that pictured at right.
Strategy: Using equation 4-7 find the time it takes the baseball to travel the 18 m to the plate, and then calculate the vertical distance it will fall during that time. Solution: 1. (a) Find the time it takes the ball to reach the plate knowing that its horizontal velocity v0 remains unchanged throughout the flight: 2. Find the vertical drop during the time of flight:
t= x 18 m = = 0.563 s v0 32 m/s
1 2

h y = 1 gt 2 = 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.563 s )


2

= 1.6 m

3. (b) If the pitch speed is increased the time the ball travels is less, therefore the drop distance decreases. 4. (c) Since the moons gravity is less the drop distance decreases. Insight: The 1.6 m drop corresponds to about 5 ft, nearly the height of a player. The 32 m/s (72 mi/h) speed is a bit slow; a sizzling fastball at 44 m/s (98 mi/h) would drop about 0.82 m, half as much.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

45

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

15. Picture the Problem: The baseball is launched horizontally and follows a parabolic trajectory like that pictured at right.
Strategy: Using equation 4-7 find the horizontal distance the ball traveled in the given amount of time, assuming the balls horizontal velocity remained unchanged during the flight. Then calculate the vertical distance it fell during the flight. Solution: 1. (a) Find the horizontal distance the ball traveled: 2. (b) Find the vertical drop during the time of flight:
x = v0 t = ( 22 m/s )( 0.45 s ) = 9.9 m

h y = 1 gt 2 = 2

1 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.45 s )


2

= 0.99 m

Insight: The drop distance could cause the second baseman to miss. A good shortstop will compensate by throwing the ball slightly upwards, so that it reaches the second basement at chest level.

16. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the clam is indicated in the figure at right.
Strategy: Use equation 4-7 to analyze the motion of the clam as it is launched horizontally and falls to the rocks below. Let upward be the positive y direction. Solution: 1. (a) The horizontal velocity remains constant at 2.70 m/s. 2. (b) The vertical speed increases due to the acceleration of gravity:
v y = gt = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 2.10 s ) = 20.6 m s

3. (c) If the speed of the crow were to increase, the speed of the clam in the xdirection would increase, but the speed in the y-direction would stay the same. Insight: The speed of the crow determines vx and gravity determines v y . As in most of the other problems in this chapter, the answers are only true as long as we neglect the effects of air friction.

17. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the climber is indicated in the figure at right.
Strategy: The 45 direction of motion indicates that, just prior to landing, the climber is falling with a speed equal to his horizontal speed. Use this fact together with equation 4-7 (because the initial velocity is horizontal) find the height difference of the crevasse and the landing point of the climber. Solution: 1. (a) Use the fact that v y = v0 to find the time of flight: 2. Find the vertical drop during the flight, which is also the height difference between the two sides of the crevasse: 3. (b) Find the horizontal distance traveled:

t=

vy

g = 0.80 s

7.8 m/s 9.81 m/s 2

h y = 1 gt 2 = 2

1 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.80 s )


2

= 3.1 m

x = vx t = ( 7.8 m/s )( 0.80 s ) = 6.2 m

4. The climber lands 6.2 2.8 m = 3.4 m beyond the far edge of the w = 2.8 m wide crevasse. Insight: The climber impacts the other side of the crevasse at about 25 mi/h (verify this for yourself!). It would be much safer to cross the crevasse with a ladder!
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46

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

18. Picture the Problem: The sparrow falls down along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed as it falls.
Strategy: Find the time it takes the sparrow to travel a horizontal distance of 0.500 m given that its horizontal velocity remains unchanged at 1.80 m/s. Then find the distance the sparrow falls during that time interval. Solution: 1. (a) Find the time to travel 0.500 m horizontally. 2. Find the vertical drop distance:
t= x 0.500 m = = 0.2778 s vx 1.80 m s
1 2

h y = 1 gt 2 = 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.2778 s )


2

= 0.378 m

3. (b) If the sparrows initial speed increases, the time interval required for it to travel 0.500 m horizontally decreases. The distance of fall decreases for a shorter time interval. Insight: The speed of the sparrow determines vx and gravity determines v y . Flying faster will increase vx but not v y .

19. Picture the Problem: The pumpkins trajectory is depicted in the figure at right.
Strategy: Because the pumpkins initial velocity is horizontal, we can use equation 4-8 to find the required initial speed of the pumpkin. Solution: Solve equation 4-8 for v0 :
v0 = g x2 = 2(h y)

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 3.5 m )


2

2 ( 9.0 0 m )

= 2.6 m/s

Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to first find the time of fall using the height of the tower (1.36 s). Then calculate the horizontal speed required to hit the target during the time of fall.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

47

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

20. Picture the Problem: The pumpkins trajectory is depicted in the figure at right.
Strategy: The horizontal velocity remains 3.3 m/s throughout the flight of the pumpkin, but the vertical velocity continually increases in the downward direction due to gravity. Use the given time information to find the vertical component of the velocity, and use it together with the horizontal component to find the direction and magnitude of the velocity vector. Equation 4-7 apply because the initial velocity of the pumpkin is horizontal. Solution: 1. (a) Determine the vertical component of the velocity:

v y = gt = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.75 s ) v y = 7.4 m/s

2. Find the direction of the velocity vector: 3. Find the magnitude of the velocity vector: 4. (b) Find the time of flight from equation 4-7: 5. Determine the vertical component of v: 6. Find the direction of the velocity vector: 7. Find the magnitude of the velocity vector:

= tan 1
v=

7.4 m/s = 66 or 66 below horizontal 3.3 m/s


2

( 3.3 m/s )

+ ( 7.4 m/s ) = 8.1 m/s


2

gt 2 t = y = 1 2

2y = g

2 ( 9.0 m )

( 9.81 m/s )
2

= 1.35 s

v y = gt = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) (1.35 s ) = 13.2 m/s

= tan 1
v=

13.2 m/s = 76 or 76 below horizontal 3.3 m/s


2

( 3.3 m/s )

+ ( 13.2 m/s ) = 14 m/s


2

Insight: When we study energy in Chapter 8 well learn a simple way to find the magnitude of the velocity as a function of altitude. Finding the direction, however, requires an approach similar to the one outlined above.

21. Picture the Problem: The stuffed animals trajectory is depicted in the figure at right.
Strategy: Determine the average speed of the riders on the Ferris wheel by dividing the circumference of the wheel by the time to complete a revolution. This becomes the initial speed of the stuffed animal that is launched horizontally. Use equation 4-8 together with the initial speed and height of the stuffed animal to determine the location it lands. Solution: 1. (a) Find the circumference of the Ferris wheel: 2. Find the average speed of a rider: 3. (b) Solve equation 4-8 for x given that h = 2 ( 5.00 m ) + 1.75 m = 11.75 m :
C = 2 r = 2 ( 5.00 m ) = 31.4 m

v=

C 31.416 m = = 0.982 m/s 32.0 s t


2 2v0 (h y)

x=

2 ( 0.982 m/s ) (11.75 0 m )


2

9.81 m/s 2

= 1.52 m

Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to first find the time of fall (1.55 s) using the h = 11.75 m. Then calculate the horizontal distance traveled given a horizontal velocity of 0.982 m/s.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

48

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

22. Picture the Problem: The swimmers trajectory is depicted in the figure at right.
Strategy: Because the swimmers initial velocity was horizontal we can use equation 4-8 to find the initial height h.

9.81 m/s 2 ) (1.78 m ) ( g x2 Solution: 1. (a) Solve eq. 4-8 for h = y + 2 = 0 + 2 2v0 2 ( 3.32 m/s ) h: = 1.41 m
2. (b) It takes the same time to reach the water. Gravity and the vertical distance, not the horizontal speed, determine the time of flight.

Insight: In order to increase the time of flight the swimmer should launch herself at least partly in the upward direction.

23. Picture the Problem: The ball falls down along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed as it falls.
Strategy: Use equation 4-7 to find the time of flight of the ball. Then the same set of equations can be used to find the location the ball lands as well as the vertical component of its velocity. Solution: 1. (a) Use the initial height of the ball to determine its time of flight. 2. Find the horizontal distance traveled: 3. (b) Find the vertical component of the velocity: 4. Find the balls speed when caught: 5. Find the direction of motion when caught:
t= 2(h y ) = g 2 ( 555 ft 0.305 m/ft 0 m ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 5.87 s

x = vx t = ( 5.00 m/s )( 5.87 s ) = 29.4 m


v y = gt = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) (5.87 s) = 57.6 m/s

v=

( 57.6 m/s )

+ ( 5.00 m/s ) = 57.8 m/s


2

= tan 1

57.6 m/s = 85.0 or 85.0 below horizontal 5.00 m/s

Insight: Another way to find the landing spot is to use equation 4-8. However, that approach is not helpful for finding the direction and magnitude of the final velocity, so we first found the time of flight.

24. Picture the Problem: The basketballs trajectory is depicted at right.


Strategy: Use equation 4-7 to find the x and y positions of the basketball as a function of time. Use the right triangle formed by the floor and the basketballs release and landing points to write a ratio that allows us to calculate the time of flight and therefore the initial height. Solution: 1. Find the y position as a function of time: 2. Find the x position as a function of time: 3. Use the tangent function for the right triangle: 4. Now solve for the flight time t: 5. Find the initial height:
y = h 1 gt 2 = 0 2 h=1 gt 2 2 x = v0 t
tan = t= gt 2 h 1 gt = 2 = 2v0 x v0 t

2v0 tan 2 ( 4.20 m/s ) tan 30.0 = = 0.495 s g 9.81 m/s 2


1 2

h= 1 gt 2 = 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.495 s )


2

= 1.20 m

Insight: If the basketball player throws the ball from the same height but with a higher initial speed, the 30.0 angle will decrease. For instance, v0 = 8.40 m/s produces an angle of 16.1. Dropping the ball from rest makes the angle 90.0.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

49

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

25. Picture the Problem: The ball falls down along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed as it falls.
Strategy: The ball is accelerated only by gravity. The initial height of the ball determines the vertical component of its final velocity, which together with the final speed can be used to find the horizontal component of the velocity. The initial speed equals the horizontal component because it remains the same throughout the flight. Equation 4-7 can be used in each case. Solution: 1. (a) The acceleration is due only to gravity: 2. (b) Find the vertical component of the final velocity:
a = 9.81 m/s 2 downward

v y 2 = 2 g y

v y = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.75 m ) = 3.84 m/s

3. Find the horizontal component of the balls velocity, which is also its initial speed: 4. (c) Repeat for a final speed of 5.0 m/s:

2 vx = v 2 v y =

( 4.0 m/s ) ( 5.0 m/s )

( 3.84 m/s ) = 1.1 m/s


2

2 vx = v 2 v y =

( 3.84 m/s ) = 3.2 m/s


2

Insight: The vertical motion of an object dropped from rest or launched horizontally is determined solely by the initial height and the acceleration of gravity. That is why the vertical component of the final velocity is the same in part (c) as it is in part (b).

26. Picture the Problem: A projectile that is launched at an angle above horizontal follows a parabolic path.
Strategy: The projectile is accelerated only by gravity, so it maintains its horizontal velocity while its vertical velocity is reduced from a large positive value at launch to zero at the peak of its flight. Therefore the speed of the projectile at the peak of its flight is equal to its horizontal speed at launch. Use this fact to determine the launch angle. Solution: Set vpeak = vx and solve for :
1v vpeak = 1 v = vx = v0 cos = cos 1 2 0 2 0 v0 = 60

Insight: If the launch angle were 45 the speed at the peak would be v0

2.

27. Picture the Problem: Three projectiles A, B, and C are launched with the same initial speed and follow the indicated paths.
Strategy: Separately consider the x and y motions of each projectile in order to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) Since vx = v0 cos and cos decreases to zero as approaches 90, the projectile with the largest launch angle has the smallest horizontal component of its initial velocity. The ranking is thus A<B<C 2. (b) The flight time is longest for projectiles that have the highest vertical component of the initial velocity. The ranking is thus C < B < A. Insight: Projectile B combines a medium horizontal speed with a medium time of flight to achieve the longest range.

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4 10

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

28. Picture the Problem: Three projectiles A, B, and C are launched with different initial speeds and angles and follow the indicated paths.
Strategy: Separately consider the x and y motions of each projectile in order to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) Since each projectile achieves the same maximum height, which is determined by the initial vertical velocity, we conclude that all three projectiles have the same initial vertical velocity. That means the larger the horizontal velocity, the larger the total initial velocity. The largest initial speed will therefore correspond with the longest range. The ranking is thus A < B < C. 2. (b) The flight time is longest for projectiles that have the highest vertical component of the initial velocity. In this case each projectile has the same maximum altitude and therefore the same initial vertical speed. That means they all have the same time of flight and the ranking is thus A = B = C. Insight: Projectile C travels the farthest distance in the same amount of time because it has the highest speed.

29. Picture the Problem: The ball travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downwards acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: The given angle of the throw allows us to calculate the horizontal component of the initial velocity by using the cosine function. The vertical component of the velocity can be found by using the sine function. The time it takes the acceleration of gravity to slow down the vertical speed, bring it to zero, and speed it up again to its initial value is the same as the time the ball is in the air. Solution: 1. (a) Find the x component of the initial velocity: 2. (b) Find the y component of the initial velocity: 3. Let v y = v0 y and use equation 4-6
v0 x = v0 cos = (18.0 m/s ) cos 37.5 = 14.3 m/s v0 y = v0 sin = (18.0 m/s ) sin 37.5 = 11.0 m/s
t= v y v0 y g = 11.0 (11.0 m/s ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 2.24 s

to find the time of flight:

Insight: The flight of the ball is perfectly symmetricthe angle of the motion is 37.5 below horizontal at the instant it is caught, and the ball spends the same amount of time going upward to the peak of its flight as it does coming downward from the peak. This is only true if the ball is caught at the same level from which it was thrown.

30. Picture the Problem: The ball travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: Find the vertical component of the initial velocity, then exploit the symmetry of the flight to determine the final velocity and its direction of motion. Solution: 1. Find the y component of the initial velocity: 2. The trajectory is perfectly symmetric because it is caught at the same level from which it is thrown:
v0 y = v0 sin = (18.0 m/s ) sin 37.5 = 11.0 m/s
v y = v0 y = 11.0 m/s

f = 0 = 37.5

Insight: The flight of the ball is perfectly symmetricit lands with the same angle of motion with which it was launched, and the ball spends the same amount of time going upward to the peak of its flight as it does coming downward from the peak. This is only true if the ball is caught at the same level from which it was thrown.

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4 11

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

31. Picture the Problem: The cork travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: Find the horizontal component of the initial velocity by dividing the horizontal distance traveled by the time of flight. Then use the cosine function to find the initial speed of the cork. Solution: 1. Find the horizontal speed of the cork: 2. Use the cosine function to find the initial speed:
vx = v0 = x 1.30 m = = 1.04 m/s = v0 x t 1.25 s v0 x 1.04 m/s = = 1.27 m/s cos cos 35.0

Insight: Because gravity acts only in the vertical direction, the horizontal component of the corks velocity remains unchanged throughout the flight.

32. Picture the Problem: The ball travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: The given angle of the kick allows us to calculate the vertical component of the initial velocity by using the sine function. The time it takes the acceleration of gravity to slow down the vertical speed, bring it to zero, and speed it up again to its initial value is the same as the time the ball is in the air. Solution: 1. Find the y component of the initial velocity: 2. Let v y = v0 y and use equation 4-6 to find the time of flight:
v0 y = v0 sin = ( 9.85 m/s ) sin 35.0 = 5.65 m/s
t= v y v0 y g = 5.65 ( 5.65 m/s ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 1.15 s

Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to find the time it takes gravity to bring v0 y to zero. That time corre-

sponds to the peak of flight, and since the flight is symmetric we need only double that time to find the time of flight. 33. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the ball is shown at right.
Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the time the ball is in the air. Then use the known initial speed and angle to find the horizontal speed of the ball, which together with the time of flight can be used to find the horizontal distance traveled. Since equation 4-10 assume the object begins at the origin, in this case y = 0 corresponds to the point where the ball leaves the forwards hands, and the floor corresponds to y = 0.80 m. Solution: 1. Use equation 4-10 to find the time:
0.80 m = ( 4.3 m/s ) sin ( 15 ) t 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) t 2 2( y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2

0 = 0.80 m + ( 1.1 m/s ) t + ( 4.905 m/s 2 ) t 2

2. Apply the quadratic formula:

t=

b b 2 4ac 1.1 = 2a

( 1.1)

2 ( 4.905 )

4 ( 4.905 )( 0.80 )

t = 0.53, 0.31 s

3. Find the horizontal distance traveled:

x = v0 x t = ( v0 cos ) t = ( 4.3 m/s ) cos ( 15 )( 0.31 s ) = 1.3 m

2 2 = v0 Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to use v y y 2 g y to find v y , then use v y , v0 y , and the acceleration

of gravity to find the time of flight and hence the horizontal distance traveled. Such an approach requires an extra step but avoids the quadratic formula.

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4 12

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

34. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the ball is shown at right.
2 2 = v0 Strategy: Use v y y 2 g y to find v y , then use v y , v0 y and the

acceleration of gravity to find the time of flight and hence the horizontal distance traveled.
Solution: 1. Find v y using equation 4-10:
2 v y = v0 sin 2 2 g y

( 4.3 m/s ) sin 2 (15 ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.80 m ) = 4.1 m/s ( The ball is traveling downward )
=
2

2. Find the time of flight from equation 4-6: 3. Find the horizontal distance traveled:

t=

v y v0 y g

4.1 ( 4.3sin15 m/s ) 9.81 m/s 2

= 0.53 s

x = v0 x t = ( v0 cos ) t = ( 4.3 m/s ) cos (15 )( 0.53 s ) = 2.2 m

gt 2 to find the time the ball is in the air. Then Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to use y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
use the known initial speed and angle to find the horizontal speed of the ball, which together with the time of flight can be used to find the horizontal distance traveled. This method saves a step but requires you to use the quadratic formula. 35.
Picture the Problem: The trajectories of the snowballs are depicted at right. Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the vertical component of the final velocity of each snowball, as well as the horizontal component of each velocity. Use the known components to determine the landing speed. Solution: 1. (a) The landing speed of snowball A is the same as that of snowball B, because the landing speed is independent of launch angle. 2. (b) Use equation 4-10 to find the vertical component of the final velocity for snowball A:
2 v y = v0 sin 2 2 g y

= (13 m/s ) sin 2 ( 90 ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 7.0 m )


2

= 18 m/s ( The snowball is traveling downward )

3. Find the horizontal component of the velocity for snowball A: 4. Find the landing speed of snowball A: 5. Use equation 4-10 to find the vertical component of the final velocity for snowball B:

vx = v0 x = v0 cos ( 90 ) = 0 m/s .
2 2 v = vy + vx =

( 18 m/s )
2

+ 02 = 18 m/s

2 v y = v0 sin 2 2 g y

= (13 m/s ) sin 2 ( 25 ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 7.0 m ) = 13 m/s ( The snowball is traveling downward )

6. Find the horizontal component of the velocity for snowball B: 7. Find the landing speed of snowball B:

vx = v0 x = (13 m/s ) cos ( 25 ) = 12 m/s


2 2 v = vy + vx =

( 13 m/s )

+ (12 m/s ) = 18 m/s


2

Insight: Conservation of mechanical energy provides an even clearer explanation of why the landing speeds of the snowballs are the same regardless of launch angle. We will explore the concept in Chapter 8.

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4 13

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

36. Picture the Problem: The trajectories of the snowballs are depicted at right.
Strategy: Snowball A is traveling straight downward. Use equation 4-10 to find the horizontal and vertical components of the final velocity for snowball B, and then use the components to determine the direction of motion. Solution: 1. Snowball A is traveling straight A = 90 downward.
2 v y = v0 sin 2 2 g y 2. Use equation 4-10 to find the vertical component of the final velocity for snowball 2 = (13 m/s ) sin 2 ( 25 ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 7.0 m ) B:

= 13 m/s ( The snowball is traveling downward )

3. Find the horizontal component of the velocity for snowball B:

vx = v0 x = (13 m/s ) cos ( 25 ) = 12 m/s 1 13 m/s = tan = 47 or 47 below horizontal 12 m/s

v 4. Find the direction of motion for snowball B = tan 1 y vx B:

gt 2 to find the time the Insight: Another way to solve this and the previous problem is to use y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
snowball is in the air. Use that time and the acceleration of gravity to find the vertical landing speed. Then use the known initial speed and angle to find the horizontal speed of the snowball. The landing speed can then be found from the two components. This method requires you to use the quadratic formula to find the time of flight. 37. Picture the Problem: The golf ball travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was launched.
Strategy: The maximum range of a projectile launched from level ground occurs when the launch angle is 45. Use equation 4-12 to predict the range of the golf ball when launched at 45. The minimum speed of the ball will occur when the ball reaches the peak of its flight. At that point the vertical component of the velocity is zero and the speed equals the horizontal component of the velocity, which remains unchanged throughout the flight. Solution: 1. (a) Find the range of the ball when it is launched at 45 by using equation 4-12: 2. (b) Find the x component of the balls velocity, which corresponds to the minimum speed during the flight:
2 ( 34.4 m/s )2 v0 R = sin 2 = sin 90 = 121 m 2 g 9.81 m/s

v0 x = v0 cos = ( 34.4 m/s ) cos 45 = 24.3 m/s

Insight: The maximum range will occur at =45 only in the absence of air resistance. In the presence of the atmosphere you must launch the ball at a lower angle than that in order to maximize the range of the ball.

38. Picture the Problem: The golf ball travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was launched.
Strategy: The highest tree the ball in the previous problem could clear would be a tree that is just shorter than the maximum altitude achieved by the ball. Use the maximum height formula derived in Example 4-7 to find the maximum height of a ball launched at 45 above the horizontal with a speed of 30.0 m/s. Solution: 1. Find the maximum height of the ball:

ymax =

( v0 sin )
2g

( 34.4 m/s ) sin 45 = 30.2 m = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )


2

Insight: A tree 30.2 m tall would be about 100 ft tall. To hit a hole-in-one is amazing enough, but to clear a 100-ft tree along the way is almost unbelievable!
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 14

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

39. Picture the Problem: The football travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was launched.
Strategy: The time of flight of a projectile that lands at the same level it is launched is determined by the time it takes the acceleration of gravity to slow down the vertical component of the initial velocity to zero and then speed it up again back to its original value. Thus upon landing the speed of the ball is v y = v0 y = v0 sin . Use these facts to determine

the time of flight and then solve for v0 .


Solution: 1. Find the time of flight:
t= v y v0 y g = v0 sin v0 sin 2v0 sin = g g

2. Solve for v0 :

9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 4.50 s ) ( gt = = 24.8 m/s v0 = 2sin 2sin 63.0

Insight: The flight of the football would not be perfectly symmetric if air resistance were present or if it were caught at a different level from which it was kicked.

40. Picture the Problem: The path of the ball is depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the horizontal component of the balls velocity together with the horizontal distance d to find the time elapsed between the hit and its collision with the wall. Then use the time to determine the vertical position h of the ball when it collides with the wall. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 4-10 to find the time: 2. (b) Use equation 4-10 to find h:
t= d 3.8 m = v0 cos (18 m/s ) cos 32

y h
v0

= 0.25 s
h = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2
2 1 = (18 m/s ) sin 32 ( 0.25 s ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.25 s ) = 2.1 m 2

Insight: In many cases the vertical motion determines the time of flight, but in this case it is the horizontal distance between the point where the ball is struck and the wall that limits the time of flight.

41. Picture the Problem: The path of the ball is depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the horizontal component of the balls velocity together with the horizontal distance d to find the time elapsed between the hit and its collision with the wall. Then use the time to determine the horizontal and vertical components of the balls velocity when it collides with the wall. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 4-10 to find the time:
t= d 3.8 m = v0 cos (18 m/s ) cos 32 3.8 m = = 0.25 s 15.3 m/s

y h
v0

2. Find the vertical component of the balls velocity when it hits the wall: 3. Find the magnitude of the velocity: 4. Find the direction of the velocity:

v y = v0 sin gt = (18 m/s ) sin 32 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.25 s ) = 7.10 m/s


2 2 v = vx + vy =

(15.3 m/s )

+ ( 7.10 m/s ) = 17 m/s


2

= tan 1

7.10 m/s = 25 above horizontal 15.3 m/s

5. (b) No. Because the y component of the balls velocity is positive when it strikes the wall, it is still rising and has not yet reached the peak of its flight. Insight: The peak of the flight occurs at 0.80 seconds, so the ball is not even halfway to the peak of its flight (in terms of time). If the wall were not there its peak height would be 3.1 m, so it is more than halfway to the peak in terms of height.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 15

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

42. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the keys is depicted in the first figure. The second figure shows the geometry of the initial position and velocity of the keys.
Strategy: Find the initial speed of the keys from the motion of the Ferris wheel. Then use geometry to find the position of the keys when they are released. Find the initial horizontal and vertical components of the keys velocity upon release. Then use equation 4-10 to find the vertical speed of the keys just before they hit the ground. Use the initial and final vertical speeds to find the time of flight, and use the time of flight together with the horizontal velocity of the keys to determine the impact location. Solution: 1. Find the speed of the keys by finding the speed of the rim of the Ferris wheel. 2. Each hour on the clock is 360/12=30 apart. Therefore the initial position vector of the keys, relative to the center of the wheel, is = 60 counterclockwise from the vertical position. The x and y initial positions are: 3. Now find the x and y components of v 0 by realizing from the diagram that = = 60: 4. Use equation 4-10 to find the final vertical speed: 5. Find the time of flight from the initial and final vertical velocities: 6. Use the time of flight to find the horizontal position upon landing:
v=

v0

vc

Figure (b): Vector diagram of the release point. Figure (a): Trajectory of the keys.
C 2 r 2 (5.00 m) = = = 0.982 m/s t t 32.0 s

x0 = r sin = ( 5.00 m ) sin 60 = 4.33 m (left of center) y0 = r cos + r + b = ( 5.00 m ) cos 60 + 5.00 m + 1.75 m y0 = 9.25 m (above the ground)

v0 x = v0 cos = ( 0.982 m/s ) cos 60 = 0.491 m/s v0 y = v0 sin = ( 0.982 m/s ) sin 60 = 0.850 m/s
2 v y = v0 y 2 g y =

( 0.850 m/s )

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 9.25 m )

= 13.5 m/s
t= v y v0 y g =

( the keys are traveling downwards )

13.5 0.850 m/s = 1.46 s 9.81 m/s 2

x = x0 + v0 x t = 4.33 m + ( 0.491 m/s )(1.46 s ) = 3.61 m ,

or the keys land 3.61 m left of the base of the Ferris wheel.

gt 2 . Although such an approach would not need Insight: The time of flight can also be found from y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
step 4 above, it would require the use of the quadratic formula. 43. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the girl is depicted at right.
Strategy: Use equation 4-10 and the given time of flight, initial speed, and launch angle to determine the initial height of the girl at the release point. Solution: Use equation 4-10 to find the initial height of the girl at the release point. If we let the release height correspond to y = 0, then the landing height is:

= ( 2.25 m/s )( sin 35.0 )( 0.616 s ) 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.616 s ) 2( y = 1.07 m In other words, she was 1.07 m above the water when she let go of the rope.
2

y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2

Insight: The girls speed upon impact with the water is 5.10 m/s (check for yourself) or 11 mi/h. A fun plunge!
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 16

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

44. Picture the Problem: The projectile travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: At the projectiles highest point, v y = 0. Therefore the v0 4 corresponds to the horizontal component of the

velocity v0 x , which remains constant throughout the flight. Use the cosine function together with v0 and v0 x to determine the launch angle .
Solution: Use the known v0 and v0 x to find :
v0 x = v0 cos v v 4 1 = cos 1 0 x = cos 1 0 = cos 1 = 75.5 4 v0 v0

Insight: If the launch angle were to increase, the minimum speed would decrease until it becomes zero when the launch angle is 90 (straight upward). When the launch angle is 0 (horizontal) then the minimum speed is v0 x = v0 .

45. Picture the Problem: The pumpkin travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was launched.
Strategy: Assume the given range corresponds to a launch angle of 45 and use equation 4-12 to find the initial speed of the pumpkin.

v2 Solution: Solve equation 4-12 for R = 0 g v0 : v0 =

sin 2

gR = sin 2

( 9.81 m/s ) (4086 ft 0.305 m/ft) = 111 m/s = 248 mi/h


2

sin 90.0

Insight: The maximum range will occur at =45 only in the absence of air resistance. In the presence of the atmosphere you must launch the pumpkin at a lower angle than that in order to maximize the downrange distance.

46. Picture the Problem: The dolphin travels along a parabolic arc as it glides through the air and lands in the water.
Strategy: Because the dolphin is traveling horizontally as it passes through the hoop, we conclude that v y = 0 at that

point and that the dolphin must be at the peak of its flight. Use the formula derived in Example 4-7 to find how high the center of the hoop is above the surface of the water.
Solution: Find the maximum height of the dolphin above the water:

ymax =

( v0 sin )
2g

(12.0 m/s ) sin 40.0 = 3.03 m = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )


2

Insight: In order to pass through a higher hoop the dolphin must either increase the launch angle or jump with a higher initial speed.

47. Picture the Problem: The ball travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was launched.
Strategy: Because the ball lands at the same level from which it was launched, we can use equation 4-12 to find the launch angle . The time of flight can then be found from the horizontal component of the velocity and the range. Solution: 1. (a) Solve equation 4-12 for :
2 1 1 gR 1 1 ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 4.6 m ) = 32 = sin 2 = sin 2 2 ( 7.1 m/s ) v0 2

2. (b) Find the time of flight from equation 4-10:

t=

x 4.6 m = = 0.76 s v0 cos ( 7.1 m/s ) cos 32

Insight: Verify for yourself that the maximum height above the level of the throw and catch is 0.72 m, and that for a launch speed of 7.1 m/s the maximum range of the ball would be 5.1 m.

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4 17

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

48. Picture the Problem: The ball travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was struck.
Strategy: Because the ball lands at the same level from which it was struck, we can use the formulas in section 4-5 to solve this problem. We can combine equations 4-11 and 4-12 to get a single formula for the range as a function of time of flight and launch angle, and solve it for launch angle. Once the launch angle is known, the magnitude of the initial velocity can be found. 2v 2 g 2t 2 2 Solution: 1. (a) Combine Eqs. 4-11 and 4-12: = Eq. 4-11 R = 0 sin cos Eq. 4-12 and v0 4sin 2 g

2 g 2t 2 gt 2 = sin cos R = 2 2 tan g 4sin


2. Solve the equation for :
( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 4.30 s )2 g t2 1 = 45.5 = tan = tan 2 ( 92.2 m ) 2R
1

3. (b) Solve equation 4-11 for v0 :

v0 =

( 9.81 m/s2 ) ( 4.30 s ) = 30.1 m/s gt = 2sin 2sin 44.5

Insight: Another way to solve this problem is to figure out the x component of the velocity (21.4 m/s) from the range and the time of flight. The y component of the initial velocity (21.1 m/s) can be determined from the fact that gravity reduces it to zero in half the time of flight (2.15 s). The two components can be used to find the direction and speed.

49. Picture the Problem: The baseball travels along a parabolic arc and is caught at the same level from which it was thrown.
Strategy: Because the ball lands at the same level from which it was struck, we can use the formulas in section 4-5 to solve this problem. We can use equation 4-12 to find the balls initial speed and equation 4-11 to find the time of flight. Solution: 1. (a) Solve equation 4-12 for v0 : 2. (b) Solve equation 4-11 for t:
v0 = t= gR = sin 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 296 ft 0.305 m/ft ) =


2

sin 90.0

29.8 m/s

2 ( 29.8 m/s ) 2v0 sin = sin 45.0 = 4.29 s g 9.81 m/s 2

Insight: Verify for yourself that the throw speed is 67 mi/h and the maximum height of the ball is 22.6 m.

50. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the ball is depicted in the multipleexposure photo at right. Assume the cart is moving from left to right.
Strategy: The vertical distance from the lowest ball to the highest is about two cart heights or 22 cm. From the carts frame of reference the ball rises straight up and drops straight down. We can therefore use equation 4-6 to determine the launch speed and the time of flight. Divide the time of flight by 6 (there are six time intervals depicted after the first image) to find the time interval between successive exposures. Solution: 1. (a) Choose the appropriate equation: 2. Solve the equation for v0 y : 3. (b) Find the time of flight from equation 4-6 and the symmetry of the flight: 4. Divide the time of flight by six:
2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0

22 cm

11 cm

v0 y = 2 g y = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.22 m ) = 2.1 m/s t= v y v0 y g


1 2

2.1 2.1 m/s = 0.428 s 9.81 m/s 2

t = 1 t= 2

( 0.428 s ) =

0.071 s

Insight: The observer in the cart would see the ball rise straight upward and fall straight downward, but an observer in the lab sees the balls trajectory follow a parabolic shape. Both observers agree on the acceleration and the time of flight. Well discuss frames of reference in more detail in Chapter 29.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 18

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

51. Picture the Problem: You throw a ball into the air with an initial speed of 10 m/s at an angle of 60 above the horizontal. The ball returns to the level from which it was thrown in the time T.
Strategy: Consider the horizontal and vertical speeds of the ball during the flight in order to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) During the flight the vertical speed of the ball will decrease to zero and then increase to the magnitude it had at launch. The horizontal speed will remain constant throughout the flight. We therefore expect the speed to decrease to the magnitude of the horizontal speed (which is not zero in this case) and then increase to its original value. The curve that represents this the best is plot B. 2. (b) The best explanation (see above) is III. The balls speed decreases during its flight, but it doesnt go to zero. Statement I is false because the ball is not launched downward and statement II is false because the ball is not launched straight upward. Insight: At a 90 launch angle the balls speed would indeed be zero at the top of its flight and plot C would be appropriate.

52. Picture the Problem: The lava that reaches maximum altitude is hurled straight upward, comes to rest momentarily, and falls straight downward again.
Strategy: Use equation 4-6 to determine the launch speed required to achieve the maximum altitude. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 4-6 to find v0 :
v y 2 = v0 y 2 2 g y = 0 at the peak of flight v0 y = 2 g y = 2 (1.80 m/s 2 )( 2.00 105 m ) = 849 m/s

2. (b) If the launch speed remains the same, the maximum height of the ejected lava on Earth would be less than it is on Io because the acceleration of gravity on Earth is much greater than 1.80 m/s2. Insight: On Earth a launch speed of 849 m/s would be 2.5 times the speed of soundroughly equal to the muzzle velocity of a rifle bullet! Tidal forces from Jupiter produce these violent volcanic eruptions on Io.

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4 19

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

53. Picture the Problem: The soccer ball travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the components of the soccer balls velocity as a function of time. The components can then be used to find the magnitude and direction of the velocity at each instant. The horizontal component of the velocity remains the same throughout the flight. Solution: 1. (a) Find the horizontal component of the velocity: 2. Find v y at 0.250 s: 3. Find the magnitude of the velocity: 4. Find the direction of the velocity: 5. (b) Find v y at 0.500 s: 6. Find the magnitude of the velocity: 7. Find the direction of the velocity:
vx = v0 x = v0 cos = (10.2 m/s ) cos 25.0 = 9.24 m/s
v y = v0 sin gt = (10.2 m/s ) sin 25.0 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.250 s ) = 1.86 m/s
2 2 v = vx + vy =

( 9.24 m/s )

+ (1.86 m/s ) = 9.43 m/s


2

= tan 1

1.86 m/s = 11.4 or 11.4 above horizontal 9.24 m/s

v y = v0 sin gt = (10.2 m/s ) sin 25.0 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.500 s ) = 0.589 m/s
2 2 v = vx + vy =

( 9.24 m/s )

+ ( 0.589 m/s ) = 9.26 m/s


2

= tan 1

0.589 m/s = 3.68 or 3.68 below horizontal 9.24 m/s

8. (c) The ball is at its greatest height before 0.500 s because at 0.500 s the vertical component of its velocity is already negative, or downward. Insight: You can verify for yourself that the ball reaches its maximum altitude of 0.947 m at 0.440 s after the kick.

54. Picture the Problem: The soccer ball travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the initial vertical velocity of the ball from the time interval between the kick and the peak of the flight. Then use the known magnitude of the initial velocity together with its vertical component in order to find the direction of the kick. Solution: 1. When the ball is at the peak of flight its vertical speed is zero: 2. Solve the equation for :
v y = 0 = v0 sin gt

= sin 1

( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.750 s ) gt 1 = 46.2 = sin 10.2 m/s v0

Insight: You can verify for yourself that with the new angle of the kick the maximum height is 2.76 m and the downfield range is 10.6 m.

55. Picture the Problem: The golf ball travels along a parabolic arc, landing at the same level from which it was struck.
Strategy: Because the ball lands at the same level from which it was struck, we can use the formulas in section 4-5 to solve this problem. We can use equation 4-12 to find the balls downfield range, and utilize the fact that the range is proportional to sin ( 2 ) in order to determine the second angle that will produce the same range. Solution: 1. (a) Find the range from equation 4-12: 2. (b) Because the range depends upon sin ( 2 ) , there are two

( 46.5 m/s ) v2 sin 75.0 = 213 m R = 0 sin 2 = g ( 9.81 m/s2 )


2

launch angles that will produce the same range: and 90 . and =52.5.

2 = 90 1 = 90 37.5 = 52.5

Insight: You can verify for yourself that sin ( 75 ) = sin (105 ) and that is why the two ranges are the same for =37.5

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4 20

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

56. Picture the Problem: The hay bale travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.

+ ( 8.85 m/s ) y . Use the fact that the horizontal Strategy: The initial velocity of the bale is given as v 0 = (1.12 m/s ) x
component of the bales velocity never changes throughout the flight in order to find the vertical component of the velocity when the total speed is 5.00 m/s. Then find the time elapsed between the initial throw and the instant the bale has that vertical speed. For part (b) set the vertical speed equal to the (constant) horizontal speed in magnitude but negative in direction (pointing downward). Find the time elapsed between initial throw and the instant the bale has that new vertical speed.
Solution: 1. (a) Determine the y component of the velocity when the total speed is 5.00 m/s: 2. Use the positive value of v y because the bale
2 2 v 2 = v0 x + vy 2 v y = v 2 v0 x =

( 5.00 m/s ) (1.12 m/s )


2

= 4.873 m/s

is rising when the speed first equals 5.00 m/s. Find the time elapsed to this point from equation 4-6:
3. (b) If the bales velocity points 45.0 below the horizontal then we know the vertical velocity: 4. Find the time elapsed from equation 4-6:

t=

v y v0 y g

4.87 m/s 8.85 m/s = 0.405 s 9.81 m/s 2

v y = v0 x = 1.12 m/s
t= v y v0 y g = 1.12 m/s 8.85 m/s = 1.02 s 9.81 m/s 2

5. (c) If v 0 is pointed straight upward then the initial vertical velocity component will be larger, so it will rise higher and its time in the air will increase. Insight: The bale will have a speed of 5.00 m/s again after 1.40 s has elapsed. If it were thrown straight upward with the same initial speed (8.92 m/s) it would rise to a height of 4.06 m, as opposed to 3.99 m as in the original case.

57. Picture the Problem: Two snowballs are thrown simultaneously from the top of a roof. One snowball is thrown horizontally and one is thrown straight down.
Strategy: Once each snowball is released from the childs hand the only force (neglecting air friction) is the force of gravity. Each snowball is therefore considered a projectile. Solution: All projectiles are subject only to the force of gravity and accelerate at 9.81 m/s2 downward. Therefore, the acceleration of snowball 2 is equal to the acceleration of snowball 1. Insight: If air friction were not neglected, the snowball with the higher speed would be subject to the larger force of air friction. We would conclude that snowball 2 has the higher speed and therefore the smaller acceleration.

58. Picture the Problem: A penguin launches itself up above the waters surface and lands on an ice floe.
Strategy: The penguin can be considered a projectile because the only force acting on it (neglecting air friction) is the force of gravity. Solution: The speed of a projectile is less than its launch speed whenever it is at a higher altitude than the launch. Since the top of the ice floe is above the top of the waters surface, we conclude that the speed of the penguin just before it lands is less than its speed when it emerged from the water. Insight: If the top of the ice floe were at the same level as the waters surface, the speed of the penguin just before landing would be equal to its launch speed, unless air friction were taken into account.

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4 21

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

59. Picture the Problem: A person flips a coin in an elevator that is moving upward at constant speed.
Strategy: Apply our understanding of relative motion to the coin and the elevator. Both the coin and the elevator are moving with the same velocity relative to the Earth. The coins velocity relative to the elevator, therefore, is zero and the outcome of the experiment is exactly the same as when both the coin and the elevator are initially at rest relative to the Earth. Solution: 1. (a) The coins time of flight for a person on an elevator rising at constant speed will be equal to its time of flight when the person was at rest relative to Earth. 2. (b) The best explanation (see the above discussion) is II. The coin has the same upward speed as the elevator when it is tossed, and the elevators speed doesnt change during the coins flight. Statement I is only partly true; it ignores the upward speed of the coin. Statement III is also partly true, but it ignores the upward speed of the elevator. Insight: If the elevator were accelerating upward it would indeed shorten the time of flight of the coin.

60. Picture the Problem: A person flips a coin in an elevator that is accelerating upward.
Strategy: Consider the relative motion of the coin and the elevator. While the coin is in the air the elevator is accelerating upward (due to the external force on it by the lift cable) but there is no upward force on the coin to accelerate it, only the downward force of gravity. The coin will therefore have a greater downward acceleration relative to the floor of the elevator. Solution: 1. (a) The coins time of flight for a person on an elevator that is accelerating upward will be less than its time of flight when the person was at rest relative to Earth. 2. (b) The best explanation (see the above discussion) is II. The elevators upward speed increases during the coins flight, and hence it catches up with the coin at a greater height than before. Statement I is true but not relevant when the coins acceleration is measured relative to Earth, but is false if the coins acceleration is measured relative to the floor of the elevator. Statement III is false. The acceleration of the coin relative to the floor of the elevator increases due to the upward acceleration of the elevator. Insight: This is an example of motion in an accelerating frame of reference, a topic that will be examined in more detail in Chapter 5.

61. Picture the Problem: The vector diagram of the trains velocity is shown at right.
Strategy: Use the given information about the northward velocity to determine v y , and use it together with the known magnitude of v to find the direction of

N 64 W 32 m/s

motion . Then use together with the northward displacement to find the westward displacement.
Solution: 1. (a) Find the northward velocity v y : v = y = 170 m = 14 m/s y t 12 s 2. Find the direction of motion : 3. (b) Find the westward displacement:
cos = tan = vy v x y

14 m/s = cos 1 = 64 west of north 32 m/s x = y tan = (170 m ) tan 64 = 350 m

Insight: Both the trains displacement vector and its velocity vector can be divided into x and y components.

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4 22

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

62. Picture the Problem: The initial velocity and acceleration vectors of the hummingbird are depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the horizontal acceleration to determine the horizontal component of the velocity at time t = 0.72 s. Since there is no acceleration in the y direction the birds vertical speed remains at 4.6 m/s throughout its motion. Use the known components of the velocity to determine the direction of motion. Solution: 1. (a) Find vx at t = 0.72 s:
vx = v0 x + ax t = 0 + (11 m/s 2 ) ( 0.72 s ) = 7.9 m/s

2. (b) v y remains constant: 3. (c) Find the direction of motion:

v y = 4.6 m/s

= tan 1

vy 1 4.6 m/s = tan = 30 above the positive x axis 7.9 m/s vx

Insight: The birds motion is similar to projectile motion except that the uniform acceleration is in the horizontal direction and the constant velocity motion is along the vertical direction.

63. Picture the Problem: The ball moves along a parabolic arc, traveling horizontally at first and then in a more downward direction before landing 1.95 m from the point at which it left the racket.
Strategy: Solve equation 4-8 for the height of the ball when it is struck by the racket. Assume y = 0 when the ball hits the ground. Solution: Solve equation 4-8 for h:

( 9.81 m/s ) (1.95 m ) = 0.786 m g x2 h = y+ 2 = 0+ 2 2v0 2 ( 4.87 m/s )


2 2

Insight: Verify for yourself that the time of flight of the ball is 0.400 s. This will not be a winner down the left sideline because the standard tennis net is 0.914 m (36.0 in) tall at the center and 1.07 m (42.0 in) tall at the side posts. This ball never gets higher than 0.786 m so it will surely hit the net, and the 1.95 m = 6.40 ft range isnt very far, either.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 23

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

64. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the cork and its initial velocity v cg as seen by an observer on the ground are depicted at right.
Strategy: Add the velocity of the balloon to the velocity of the cork as seen by an observer in the balloon to find the velocity of the cork as seen by an observer on the ground. Use the components of the initial velocity to find its magnitude and direction. Then use equation 4-10 to determine the maximum height of the cork above ground and the time of flight. Solution: 1. (a) Add v bg (the velocity of the

v cg

v bg

v cb

y0

v cg = v cb + v bg = ( 5.00 m/s ) x + ( 2.00 m/s ) y + ( 2.00 m/s ) y v cg = ( 5.00 m/s ) x

balloon relative to ground) to v cb (the velocity of the cork relative to the balloon):
2. (b) Use the components of v cg to find the speed: 3. Use the components of v cg to find the direction: 4. (c) Use equation 4-6 to find the maximum height of the cork, noting its initial height is 6.00 m:

vcg =

( 5.00 m/s )

+ ( 2.00 m/s 2 ) = 5.39 m/s

= tan 1

vy 1 2.00 m/s = tan = 21.8 above horizontal 5.00 m/s vx

2 2 = 0 = v0 vy y 2 g y

y =

2 v0 y

2g

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )

( 2.00 m/s )

= 0.204 m

ymax = y0 + y = 6.00 + 0.204 m = 6.20 m 5. (d) Use equation 4-6 to find the time to reach the peak of flight: 6. Use equation 4-6 to find the time to fall from the peak of flight:
tup = v y v0 y g = 0 2.00 m/s = 0.204 s 9.81 m/s 2

2 y = y0 + v0 y t 1 gt 2 0 = y0 + 0 1 gtdown 2 2

tdown =

2 y0 = g

2 ( 6.20 m ) 9.81 m/s 2

= 1.124 s

7. Add the times to find the total time of flight:

tflight = tup + tdown = 0.204 + 1.124 s = 1.33 s

2 2 = v0 Insight: Another way to solve part (d) is to use v y y 2 g y to find v y , then use v y , v0 y and the acceleration of

gravity to find the total time of flight. It saves a step or two but doesnt reveal tup or tdown.

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4 24

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

65. Picture the Problem: The trajectory of the cork and its initial velocity v cg as seen by an observer on the ground are depicted at right. Strategy: Add the velocity of the balloon to the velocity of the cork as seen by an observer in the balloon to find the velocity of the cork as seen by an observer on the ground. Use the components of the initial velocity to find its magnitude and direction. Since the cork is aimed downward its maximum height is also its initial height. Finally, use equation 4-10 to determine the total time of flight. Solution: 1. (a) Add v bg (the velocity of the balloon relative to ground) to v cb (the velocity of the cork relative to the balloon): 2. (b) Use the components of v cg to find the speed: 3. Use the components of v cg to find the direction: 4. (c) ymax = y0 : 5. (d) Use equation 4-6 to find the final vertical speed: v cg = v cb + v bg
y0

v cb
v bg v cg

= ( 5.00 m/s ) x + ( 2.00 m/s ) y + ( 2.00 m/s ) y v cg = ( 5.00 m/s ) x

vcg =

( 5.00 m/s )

+ ( 2.00 m/s 2 ) = 5.39 m/s

= tan 1

vy 1 2.00 m/s = tan = 21.8 below horizontal 5.00 m/s vx

ymax = 6.00 m
2 2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = ( 2.00 m/s ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 6.00 m ) 2

v y = 122 m 2 /s 2 = 11.0 m/s (the cork is traveling downward)


tflight = v y v0 y g = 11.0 ( 2.00 m/s ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 0.92 s

6. Use equation 4-6 to find the total time of flight from v0 y and v y :

gt 2 , solving for t using the quadratic formula. Insight: The time of flight can also be found from y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
Note that the time of flight in step 6 has only two significant digits because 11.0 + 2.00 m/s = 9.0 m/s. 66. Picture the Problem: The soccer ball travels along a parabolic arc, maintaining its horizontal velocity but changing its vertical speed due to the constant downward acceleration of gravity.
Strategy: (a) Use the vector magnitude formula and v y = v0 y gt to determine v0 y . Then use the relationship of v0

and v0 y to determine .
2. (b) Write the formula for the magnitude of v and substitute using v y = v0 y gt and vx = v0 x :
2 2 2 3. Now note that v0 x + v0 y = v0 , and that v0 y = v0 sin :
2 2 v 2 = vx + vy 2 2 2 2 2 v 2 = v0 x + ( v0 y gt ) = v0 x + v0 y 2v0 y gt + g t 2

2 v 2 = v0 2 ( v0 sin ) gt + g 2 t 2
2 v0 v 2 + g 2t 2 2 g t v0

4. Now solve for :

= sin 1
1

(14.0 m/s )2 (12.9 m/s )2 + ( 9.81 m/s 2 )2 ( 0.275 s )2 = sin 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.275 s )(14.0 m/s )

= 29.2
2 2 2 2 2 2 = v0 Insight: There are other ways to solve this problem. For instance, the equations v0 x + v0 y and v = v0 x + v y can be

combined to eliminate v0 x and find v0 y , and then find the angle from v0 y = v0 sin .
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4 25

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

67. Picture the Problem: The x and y positions of the particle are plotted as a function of time at right.

Strategy: Use equation 2-12 to determine the distance x the particle travels before its speed in the x direction becomes zero and it turns around. The time at which this occurs can then be found, and that time used to determine the vertical component of the velocity. Solution: 1. (a) Use eq. 2-12 to find x :
2 2 vx = v0 x + 2 a x x = 0

v2 ( 2.40 m/s ) x = 0 x = 2a x 2 ( 1.90 m/s 2 )


2

= 1.52 m

2. (b) Find the time elapsed at the turnaround point:

vx = v0 x + ax t = 0 t= v0 x 2.40 m/s = ax 1.90 m/s 2

= 1.26 s

3. Use the time to find v y :

v y = v0 y + a y t = 0 + ( 3.20 m/s 2 ) (1.26 s ) v y = 4.03 m/s

4. Since vx = 0 at that instant, v = ( 4.03 m/s ) y

5. (c) The position versus time plots are presented at right. Insight: The particles motion is different from projectile motion because it accelerates in both the x and y directions.

68. Picture the Problem: The seed pod is launched at 60.5 above horizontal from a location 0.455 m above the ground and follows a parabolic arc until it hits the ground.

Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the vertical component of the final velocity v y . Then use the known v0 y and v y
together with the acceleration of gravity to determine the time of flight. Use the time of flight and the known horizontal speed to determine the horizontal distance it covers during the flight.

Solution: 1. (a) First calculate v0 y : 2. Find v y from equation 4-6:

v0 y = v0 sin = ( 2.62 m/s ) sin 60.5 = 2.28 m/s


2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y

vy =

( 2.28 m/s )
=

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.455 m ) = 3.76 m/s

3. Use v0 y and v y to find the time of flight: 4. (b) Use equation 4-10 to find x:

t=

v y v0 y g

3.76 2.28 m/s = 0.616 s 9.81 m/s 2

x = ( v0 cos ) t = ( 2.62 m/s ) cos 60.5 ( 0.616 s ) = 0.795 m

gt 2 , solving for t using the quadratic formula. This Insight: The time of flight can also be found from y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
method is a bit simpler because it avoids the quadratic formula.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 26

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

69. Picture the Problem: The seed pod is launched at 30.0 below horizontal from a location 0.455 m above the ground and follows a parabolic arc until it hits the ground.

Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the vertical component of the final velocity v y . Then use the known v0 y and v y
together with the acceleration of gravity to determine the time of flight. Use the time of flight and the known horizontal speed to determine the horizontal distance it covers during the flight.

Solution: 1. (a) First calculate v0 y : 2. Find v y from equation 4-6:

v0 y = v0 sin = ( 2.62 m/s ) sin ( 30.0 ) = 1.31 m/s


2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y

vy =

( 1.31 m/s )
=

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.455 m ) = 3.26 m/s


= 0.199 s

3. Use v0 y and v y to find the time of flight: 4. (b) Use equation 4-10 to find x:

t=

v y v0 y g

3.26 ( 1.31) m/s 9.81 m/s 2

x = ( v0 cos ) t = ( 2.62 m/s ) cos ( 30.0 )( 0.199 s ) = 0.452 m

gt 2 , solving for t using the quadratic formula. This Insight: The time of flight can also be found from y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
method is a bit simpler because it avoids the quadratic formula.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 27

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

70. Picture the Problem: The shot is launched at some angle above horizontal from a location 5.15 ft above the ground and follows a parabolic arc until it hits the ground.

Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find a formula for the y position of the shot as a function of time. Determine an equation for the time of flight using the quadratic formula. Multiply the time of flight by the horizontal component of the velocity to determine the range of the trajectory. Solution: 1. Write the equation for the y position as a function of time: 2. Solve for t:

y = y0 + v0 y t 1 gt 2 2 gt 2 0 = y0 + ( v0 sin ) t 1 2
t= = t= b b 2 4ac 2a ( v0 sin )

( v0 sin ) 2( 1 2 g)

4( 1 2 g ) ( y0 )

v0 sin

( v0 sin )
g

+ 2 gy0

2 gy0 v0 sin 1 1 + 2 2 g v0 sin

3. Now calculate the range:

R = v0 x t = ( v0 cos ) t v sin = ( v0 cos ) 0 g R=


2 v0 sin 2 2g

2 gy0 1 1 + 2 2 v0 sin

2 gy0 1 1 + 2 2 v0 sin
2

4. Put in all the numbers except :

R=

(12.2 m/s )

2 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 5.15 ft 0.305 m/ft ) sin 2 1 1 + ( 2 2 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) (12.2 m/s ) sin

0.2071 R = ( 7.586 m ) sin 2 1 1 + sin 2

5. (a) Now find R for =20.0. In each case the lower (+) sign corresponds to a positive range: 6. (b) Find R for =30.0:

0.2071 R = ( 7.586 m ) sin ( 40.0 ) 1 1 + 2 = 13.0 m sin ( 20.0 )

0.2071 R = ( 7.586 m ) sin ( 60.0 ) 1 1 + 2 = 15.5 m sin ( 30.0 )


0.2071 R = ( 7.586 m ) sin ( 80.0 ) 1 1 + 2 = 16.6 m sin ( 40.0 )

7. (c) Find R for =40.0:

Insight: This problem is particularly complex because the shot does not land at the same level from which it was launched. If it did we could simply use equation 4-12. In fact, you can verify that the above formula reduces to equation 4-12 when y0 = 0 . The current world record for shot put is 23.12 m set by Randy Barnes in 1990.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 28

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

71. Picture the Problem: The pararescue jumper steps off the helicopter with an initial horizontal velocity of 10 knots and an initial altitude of 10 feet. The jumper follows a parabolic trajectory to the water below, maintaining his horizontal velocity but gaining vertical speed due to the acceleration of gravity.

Strategy: The horizontal component of the jumpers velocity remains 10.0 knots throughout the flight. Refer to problem 45 in Chapter 1 to find that a knot is one nautical mile per hour, where a nautical mile is 1.852 km. The vertical component increases from zero to a value given by the drop distance of 10.0 feet. Use equation 4-6 to find the vertical speed upon entry into the water, and then use the horizontal and vertical components to find the magnitude and direction of the jumpers velocity when he enters the water. Solution: 1. (a) Find the horizontal component v0 x : 2. Find the vertical component of velocity v y :
v0 x = 10.0 naut.mi 1852 m 1 hr = 5.14 m/s hr naut.mi 3600 s

2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y

v y = 02 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 10.0 ft 0.305 m/ft ) = 7.74 m/s


2 2 v = vx + vy =

3. Find the speed upon entry: 4. (b) Find the direction of motion:

( 5.14 m/s )

+ ( 7.74 m/s ) = 9.29 m/s


2

= tan 1

vy 1 7.74 m/s = tan = 56.4 or 56.4 below horizontal v 5.14 m/s x

Insight: You can verify for yourself that the jumper is in the air for 0.788 seconds and lands 4.05 m downrange from where he stepped off the helicopter.

72. Picture the Problem: A ball is thrown at 40.0 above horizontal and follows a parabolic arc until it returns to the same level from which it was thrown.

Strategy: When the ball returns to the same level from which it was originally thrown, the symmetry of its trajectory means that it has the same vertical speed that it had when it was thrown, only in the downward direction instead of upward. If we know v y 0 and the time elapsed, then we can use equation 4-10 to determine the initial speed of the
throw.

Solution: Solve equation 4-10 for the initial speed, letting the final vertical speed v y = v0 y = v0 sin :

v y = v0 sin gt ( v0 sin ) = v0 sin gt

( 9.81 m/s2 ) ( 2.75 s ) = 21.0 m/s gt = v0 = 2sin 2sin 40.0

Insight: Another way to approach this problem is to realize that the vertical speeds of the ball thrown straight upward and the ball thrown at 40.0 must be the same, because the time of flight is determined by the vertical speed, not the horizontal speed. A third way to approach this problem is to set the vertical speed equal to zero at 1.375 s after the throw and solve for v0 as above. Verify for yourself that this ball reaches a maximum height of 9.27 m and lands 44.2 m downrange.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 29

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

73. Picture the Problem: From the passengers point of view, the coin rises straight up and briefly comes to rest before returning straight down to her hand. From an observers point of view outside the train, the coin follows a parabolic path with its horizontal speed being the same as that of the train (12.1 m/s).

Strategy: The minimum speed of the coin is zero from the passengers point of view but 12.1 m/s from the observers point of view. Both agree on the initial vertical speed of the coin, so from the observers point of view the initial horizontal speed is 12.1 m/s and the vertical speed is 4.38 m/s. Both observers measure the same maximum height of the coin because it depends only upon the initial vertical speed (4.38 m/s), which is the same for both. Solution: 1. (a) The minimum speed of the coin from the point of view of an observer outside the train is the same as the speed of the train itself, 12.1 m/s. This minimum speed occurs at the top of the coins motion where v y = 0. 2. (b) Add the vectors according to equation 3-8: 3. Use the known components to find the speed: 4. Use the known components to find the direction:

+ (12.1 m/s ) x v cg = v ct + v tg = ( 4.38 m/s ) y


vcg =

( 4.38 m/s )
vcg, y v cg, x

+ (12.1 m/s ) = 12.9 m/s


2

= tan 1

4.38 m/s = tan 1 = 19.9 above horizontal 12.1 m/s


2

5. (c) Use the expression for ymax from example 4-7:

ymax =

( v0 sin )
2g

(12.9 m/s )( sin19.9 ) = 0.978 m = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )


2

2 2 6. (d) Use equation 4-6 to find ymax from the passengers v y = v0 y 2 g y = 0 point of view: 2 2 v0 ( 4.38 m/s ) y ymax = y = = = 0.978 m 2 g 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )

Insight: The two observers disagree on the path taken by the coin (one says it is straight line motion, the other says it is a parabola) but both agree on the acceleration and the time of flight. We will examine frames of reference in more detail when we discuss relativity in Chapter 29.
74. Picture the Problem: The two cannons and the trajectories of the two cannonballs are depicted at right.
v0

Strategy: Equation 4-6 can be used to find the vertical speed of the first cannonball that is just enough for it to reach a height of 61.5 m. In the second case, equation 4-9 can be used to find the horizontal range of a cannonball fired from 61.5 m high in the horizontal direction. Finally, equation 4-12 can be used to predict the maximum range of the first cannon, firing from level ground, when it is pointed 45.0 above the horizontal. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 4-6 to find the vertical speed of the first cannonball, which is also the muzzle velocity of the cannon because it is firing straight upward: 2. (b) Use equation 4-9 to find the range of the second cannon, firing horizontally from on top of the cliff: 3. Use equation 4-12 to find the range of the first cannon firing at 45.0 above level ground:
2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0

v0

v0 y = 2 g y = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 61.5 m ) = 34.7 m/s


R = x = v0 2 ( 61.5 m ) 2h = ( 34.7 m/s ) = 123 m g 9.81 m/s 2

( 34.7 m/s )2 v2 R = 0 sin 2 = sin 90.0 = 123 m 2 9.81 m/s g

Insight: Although the ranges are the same, the times of flight are different: 3.54 s for the cannon fired from the top of the cliff and 5.01 s for the cannon firing 45.0 above level ground.
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4 30

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

75. Picture the Problem: The shot is launched at 42.0 above the horizontal and travels along a parabolic arc before landing 6.00 ft below the level and 23.12 m downrange from the point it was launched.

Strategy: Use the horizontal range to find an expression for the time of flight, and substitute the time of flight into y = y0 + ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 in order to find the initial speed v0 . 2 Solution: 1. Find an expression for the time of flight: 2. Substitute this expression into y = y0 + ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 : 2
R = x = ( v0 cos ) t t = R v0 cos

y = y0 + ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2 R 1 R 0 = y0 + ( v0 sin ) 2 g v0 cos v0 cos gR 2 = y0 + R tan 2v cos 2


2 0 2

3. Now solve for v0 , realizing that

2 v0 =

y0 = 6.00 ft 0.305 m/ft = 1.83 m :


v0 =

gR 2 2 cos 2 ( y0 + R tan ) 2 cos 2 ( 42.0 ) 1.83 m + ( 23.12 m ) tan 42.0

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 23.12 m )


2

= 14.5 m/s

Insight: This problem is complex because the shot does not land at the same level from which it is launched. However, if it were launched with the same speed and angle but from ground level, it would only travel 21.3 m horizontally.

76. Picture the Problem: The trajectories of the two snowballs are depicted in the figure at right.

Strategy: For reasons outlined in conceptual checkpoint 4-3, the speeds of each snowball will be identical at 5.0 m above the ground. Use equation 4-10 to find the speed of either snowball after it has dropped y = 5.0 15 m = 10 m in elevation.

Solution: Use equation 4-10 to find the speed of v 2 = v 2 sin 2 2 g y 0 y each snowball after they have dropped 10 m in 2 elevation. The equation at right corresponds to the v y = (12 m/s ) sin 2 ( 40 ) 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 10 m ) = 18 m/s snowball that is thrown downward. Insight: The equation for the snowball thrown upward is identical, except replace 40 with + 40 . Because the sine function is squared, changing the sign of the argument makes no difference at all.

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4 31

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

77. Picture the Problem: A sketch of the parabolic trajectory of the hockey puck as it clears the fence is shown at right.

Strategy: Use the horizontal component of the initial velocity to find an expression for the time elapsed as the puck travels x = 20.2 m horizontally. Substitute that expression for time into the portion of equation 4-10 that gives the vertical position of the puck as a function of time, and set that vertical position equal to y = 2.00 m.

v0

Solution: 1. (a) To find the initial speed of the puck, eliminate t from the equations x = ( v0 cos ) t and

y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 , then solve for v0 . 2


2. (b) Solve x = ( v0 cos ) t for t: 3. Substitute this expression into y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 : 2
t= x v0 cos

x 1 x g x2 y = v0 sin 2 g = x tan 2 2v0 cos 2 v0 cos v0 cos g x2 = x tan y 2 2v0 cos 2


2 v0 =

4. Now solve for v0 :

g x2 2 cos [ x tan y ]
2

v0 =

2 cos 2 (15.0 ) ( 20.2 m ) tan15.0 2.00 m

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 20.2 m )


2

= 25.1 m/s

Insight: In this case the vertical component of the pucks velocity when it clears the boards is 1.68 m/s, so the puck has already passed the peak of its flight. Note that if is less than tan 1 ( 2.00 m 20.2 m ) = 5.65 it will never clear the
boards no matter how large its initial speed. 78. Picture the Problem: The football is punted from an initial height of 0.750 m and follows a parabolic trajectory until it lands on level ground 45 yards down field.

Strategy: Use the horizontal component of the initial velocity to find an expression for the time elapsed as the football travels 45 yd horizontally. Substitute that expression for time into the portion of equation 4-10 that gives the vertical position of the football as a function of time, and set that vertical position equal to zero. The horizontal distance is: 3 ft 1m 45 yd = 41 m yd 3.281 ft Solution: 1. Solve x = ( v0 cos ) t for t: 2. Substitute this expression into y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 : 2
t= x v0 cos
2

x 1 x y = v0 sin 2 g v0 cos v0 cos g x2 g x2 y = x tan 2 = x tan y 2 2v0 cos 2 2v0 cos 2


2 v0 =

3. Now solve for v0 :

g x2 2 cos [ x tan y ]
2

v0 =

2 cos 2 ( 40.0 ) ( 41 m ) tan 40.0 ( 0.750 m )

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 41 m )
2

= 20 m/s

Insight: The solution to this problem is more complex than that found in Active Example 4-2 because the ball does not return to the same level from which it was kicked. Note that the speeds are the same to within 2 significant digits, however, because the 0.750 m level difference is small compared with the maximum height 8.42 m the ball attains.
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4 32

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

79. Picture the Problem: The trajectories of the two footballs are shown at right.

Strategy: The symmetry of the trajectory of the lob pass can be used to find the angle of the throw by using equation 4-10. Equation 4-12 can be used to find the initial speed of the bullet pass. The downfield range of the bullet pass, together with the horizontal component of its velocity, can be used to find the time of flight. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 4-10 and the fact that v y = v0 y = v0 sin upon landing to find the launch
angle of the lob pass:
v y = v0 sin = v0 sin gt gt = 2v0 sin ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 3.97 s ) gt 1 = 64.9 = sin = sin 2 ( 21.5 m/s ) 2v0
1

2. (b) Use equation 4-12 to find the initial speed of the bullet pass:

v2 R= 0 g v0 =

sin 2

Rg = sin 2

( 35 m ) ( 9.81 m/s 2 )
sin 50.0

= 21 m/s

3. (c) Find the time of flight of the bullet pass from its horizontal motion:

t=

35 m x = = 1.8 s v0 cos ( 21 m/s ) cos 25.0

2 Insight: Equation 4-12 R = ( v0 g ) sin 2 could also be used to find the launch angle of the lob pass, but reading the

range of 35 m from the graph is limited to two significant digits, so an alternate route was chosen to take advantage of the precisely known time of flight. Note that the initial speeds of the two passes are similar but not their times of flight. 80. Picture the Problem: The positions of the two boats are depicted at right.

Strategy: Set the arrival times of boat 1 and boat 2 equal to each other in order to find the speed boat 2 must have in order to collide with boat 1 at (X, Y ). Write out the position vectors as a function of time, using r = v t , and subtract them to find r . Then take the ratio of the y and x components of r to verify the rule of thumb. Solution: 1. (a) Set the arrival times equal to each other:

t1 = t2 Y X = v1 v2 v2 = v1 X Y

2. (b) Write out the position vectors and subtract them:

r = r2 r1

+Y y )(X x + v1t y ) = ( v2 t x

+ (Y v1t ) y r = ( v2 t X ) x

3. Now substitute for v2 to get an expression in terms of v1 , X, and Y only: 4. (c) Take the specified ratio to confirm the rule of thumb:

X + (Y v1t ) y r = v1 t X x Y

( r ) y ( r ) x

v1

v1 X t X X 1 t Y = X Y = Y v1t Y v1 Y 1 t Y

Insight: This rule of thumb is useful to remember when driving a car or a snowmobile or anything else. You can tell theres going to be a collision if the heading from your vehicle to another vehicle remains constant.
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4 33

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

81. Picture the Problem: The archerfish hits the bug while the water droplet is still moving upward toward the peak of its flight.
Strategy: Use equation 4-6 to find the time of flight of the water droplet that would place it at 3.00 cm above the waters surface after being launched with a speed of 2.15 m/s at 52.0 above the horizontal. Use the time of flight and the horizontal speed of the droplet to determine the horizontal distance at which the fish should be located. Solution: 1. (a) Find the initial vertical speed v0 y :
v0 y = v0 sin = ( 2.15 m/s ) sin 52.0 = 1.694 m/s

gt 2 for t using the 2. Solve y = v0 y t 1 2


quadratic formula:

t= = =

b b 2 4ac 2a 2 1 v0 y v0 y 4( 2 g )( y) 2( 1 2 g) 1.694 m/s

(1.694 m/s )

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.0300 m )

t = 0.0187, 0.327 s

9.81 m/s 2

3. Choose the smaller of the two times (the larger time corresponds to when the drop is moving downward) and find the horizontal distance:

x = ( v0 cos ) t = ( 2.15 m/s ) cos 52.0 ( 0.0187 s ) x = 0.0248 m = 2.48 cm

4. (b) The bug has only 0.0187 s or 18.7 ms to react to the incoming water droplet. Insight: The 18.7 ms is about one-tenth of the human reaction time. The bug is most likely going to be dinner!

82. Picture the Problem: The archerfish hits the bug while the water droplet is moving downward after the peak of its flight.
Strategy: Use equation 4-6 to find the time of flight of the water droplet that would place it at 3.00 cm above the waters surface after being launched with a speed of 2.15 m/s at 52.0 above the horizontal. Use the time of flight and the horizontal speed of the droplet to determine the horizontal distance at which the fish should be located. Solution: 1. (a) Find the initial vertical speed v0 y :
v0 y = v0 sin = ( 2.15 m/s ) sin 52.0 = 1.694 m/s b b 2 4ac 2a 2 1 v0 y v0 y 4( 2 g )( y) 2( 1 2 g) 1.694 m/s

gt 2 for t using the 2. Solve y = v0 y t 1 2


quadratic formula:

t= = =

(1.694 m/s )

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.0300 m )

t = 0.0187, 0.327 s

9.81 m/s 2

3. Choose the larger of the two times (the smaller time corresponds to when the drop is moving upward) and find the horizontal distance:

x = ( v0 cos ) t = ( 2.15 m/s ) cos 52.0 ( 0.327 s ) x = 0.433 m = 43.3 cm

4. (b) The bug has 0.327 s or 327 ms to react to the incoming water droplet. Insight: The 327 ms is larger than the average human reaction time of 200 ms. The bug could make the fish miss!
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4 34

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

83. Picture the Problem: The projectile is launched with speed v0 at an angle above level ground and follows a parabolic trajectory.
Strategy: Because the projectile lands at the same level from which it was launched, equation 4-12 and the equation derived in Example 4-7 can be combined to find the special launch angle at which the horizontal range equals the maximum height. Solution: Set the horizontal range equal to the maximum height:
Set R = ymax v0 2 v 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 0 g 2g 2 2sin cos = 1 sin 2 4 cos = sin 4 = tan = tan 1 4 = 76.0

Insight: You might have guessed 45 at first glance, but in that case the maximum height is actually equal to one-fourth of the horizontal range.

84. Picture the Problem: A sketch of the climbers trajectory is shown at right:
Strategy: Because the climber launches himself horizontally, equation 4-9 can be used to find the minimum launch speed in order to land on the other side. Find the vertical component of the climbers landing speed using equation 4-6 and the height difference between the two sides of the crevasse. The components of the velocity upon landing can then be used to find the direction of motion relative to the horizontal. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 4-9 to find the minimum required launch speed: 2. (b) Find the vertical component of the climbers landing speed using the height of the fall: 3. Find the direction of motion relative to the horizontal from the components of the velocity upon landing:
x = v0 2h g = W v0 = W g 2h
2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0 2 g ( h )

v y = 2 gh v y = 2 gh (motion is downward)

= tan 1
= tan 1

vy vx

= tan 1

2 gh v0

2h = tan 1 W g 2h W

2 gh

Insight: Note that the required v0 increases with W but decreases with h. Narrow crevasses are safer to cross!

85. Picture the Problem: The projectile is launched with speed v0 at an angle and at an initial height h above level ground and follows a parabolic trajectory.
Strategy: Use equation 4-6 to find the horizontal and vertical components of the landing speed as a function of vertical height to confirm that the landing speed is independent of the launch angle. Solution: Use equation 4-6 to find the horizontal and vertical components of the landing speed:
2 2 v 2 = vx + vy 2 2 2 2 = v0 x + ( v0 y 2 g y ) = ( v0 x + v0 y ) 2 g y

2 2 2 v 2 = v0 2 g y = v0 2 g ( 0 h ) = v0 + 2 gh

v=

2 v0 + 2 gh independent of launch angle

Insight: Conservation of mechanical energy provides an even clearer explanation of why the landing speed of the projectile is the same regardless of launch angle. We will explore the concept in Chapter 8.
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4 35

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

86. Picture the Problem: The projectile is launched from ground level with speed v0 at an angle and follows a parabolic trajectory.
Strategy: Because the projectile lands at the same level from which it was launched, equation 4-12 and the equation derived in Example 4-7 can be combined to find the ratio of the maximum height to the downfield range. Solution: Take the ratio of the equation derived in Example 4-7 over equation 4-12:
H v0 2 sin 2 g = R 2 g v0 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 1 = = = = tan 2sin 2 4sin cos 4 cos 4

Insight: The larger the launch angle, the larger the ratio of maximum height to downfield range. Note that we can set this ratio equal to one in order to find the 76 angle determined in problem 83.

87. Picture the Problem: The projectile is launched with speed v0 at an angle , follows a parabolic trajectory, and lands at a final height h above the level at which it was launched. Strategy: Find the time of flight for a projectile that lands at the same level it was launched by utilizing the fact that it lands with the same vertical speed with which it was launched (by the symmetry of its trajectory). For the projectile that lands at some other height h, first find the time it takes to reach its maximum altitude H and add it to the time it takes to fall from H to h.
Solution: 1. Find T0 from the fact that v y = v y 0 = v0 sin : 2. Find the time it takes the projectile to reach its maximum altitude, when vy = 0 : 3. Find the time it takes the projectile to fall from H to h:
v y = v y 0 gt v0 sin = v0 sin gT0 T0 = v y = v y 0 gt 0 = v0 sin gtup tup = y = y0 + v0 y t 1 gt 2 2
2 tdown = h = H +0 1 gtdown 2

2v0 sin g

v0 sin g

2 ( H h) g

4. Add the times together to find the total time of flight, remembering that v 2 sin 2 from the equation derived H= 0 2g in Example 4-7:

T = tup + tdown =

2 ( H h) v0 sin + g g 2H g h 1 1 = 2 T0 + H
2 sin 2 2 v0 h 1 g 2g H

T=1 T + 2 0 =1 T + 2 0 T=
1 2

v0 sin h 1 h = T0 + 1 1 T 1 2 0 g H 2 H

h T0 1 + 1 H

T , that is, it takes half the time of flight for Insight: If h = 0, this result reduces to T = T0 . If h = H, it reduces to T = 1 2 0
the projectile to reach the peak of its flight (where it would land in this case).

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4 36

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

88. Picture the Problem: A sketch of the climbers trajectory is shown at right:
Strategy: Because the climber launches himself horizontally, equation 49 can be used to find the minimum launch speed in order to land on the other side. Find the vertical component of the climbers landing speed using equation 4-6 and the height difference between the two sides of the crevasse. The components of the velocity upon landing can then be used to find the direction of motion relative to the horizontal. Solution: 1. Find the vertical component of the climbers landing speed using the height of the fall: 2. Choose the negative solution: 3. Find the direction of motion relative to the horizontal from the components of the velocity upon landing:
2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0 2 g ( h )

v y = 2 gh v y = 2 gh (motion is downward)

tan =

vy vx

2 gh v0

h=

2 v0 tan 2 2g

Insight: Note that the height difference increases with both v0 and . If the climber falls straight downward ( = 90), the height difference is infinite!

89. Picture the Problem: From the passengers point of view, the coin follows a parabolic path, arcing toward the rear of direction). From an observers point of view outside the train, the coin also follows a parabolic path, but the train ( x direction). From the outside observers perspective the horizontal along the same direction that the train is moving ( + x speed of the coin is less than the speed of the train.
Strategy: The minimum speed of the coin is 2.25 m/s from the passengers point of view but 12.12.25 m/s = 9.9 m/s from the observers point of view. Both agree on the initial vertical speed of the coin, so from the observers point of view the initial horizontal speed is 9.9 m/s and the vertical speed is 4.38 m/s. Both observers measure the same maximum height of the coin because it depends only upon the initial vertical speed (4.38 m/s), which is the same for both. Solution: 1. (a) Add the vectors according to equation 3-8: 2. (b)The minimum speed, according the observer on the ground, is the horizontal component 3. Use the known components to find the speed: 4. Use the known components to find the direction:
+ ( 4.38 m/s ) y v cg = v ct + v tg = ( 2.25 m/s ) x + (12.1 m/s ) x + ( 4.38 m/s ) y v cg = ( 9.9 m/s ) x vcg, min = 9.9 m/s . This minimum speed occurs at the top of

the coins motion where vcg, y = 0.


vcg =

( 4.38 m/s )
vcg, y v cg, x

+ ( 9.9 m/s ) = 10.8 m/s = 11 m/s


2

= tan 1

4.38 m/s = tan 1 = 24 above horizontal 9.9 m/s


2

5. (c) Use the expression for ymax from Example 4-7: 6. (d) Use equation 4-6 to find ymax from the passengers point of view:

ymax =

( v0 sin )
2g

(10.8 m/s )( sin 24 ) = 0.98 m = 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )


2

2 2 vy = v0 y 2 g y = 0

ymax = y =

2 v0 y

2g

2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 )

( 4.38 m/s )

= 0.978 m

Insight: We had to bend the rules of significant figures a bit in step 5 (10.8 m/s instead of 11 m/s) in order to avoid rounding error. The two observers disagree on the path taken by the coin, but both agree on the acceleration and the time of flight. We will examine frames of reference in more detail when we discuss relativity in Chapter 29.
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4 37

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

90. Picture the Problem: A plot of the distance from the origin as a function of horizontal distance is shown at right for a projectile launched at an angle of 75.0 with an initial speed of 10.1 m/s. The distance decreases between x = 3.05 m and x = 4.75 m.
Strategy: Use equation 4-10 to find the x and y positions of the projectile as a function of time. Then use those positions to find the distance from the origin (the point of launch) for the cases x = 3.05 m, 4.75 m, and R. Solution: 1. (a) Find t for when x = 3.05 m: 2. Find the y position at t = 1.17 s:
t= x 3.05 m = = 1.17 s v0 cos (10.1 m/s ) cos 75.0

y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2

= (10.1 m/s ) sin 75.0 (1.17 s ) 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) (1.17 s ) = 4.70 m 2(


2

3. Find the distance from the origin: 4. (b) Find the time when x = 4.75 m: 5. Find the y position at t = 1.82 s:

r = x2 + y2 =

( 3.05 m )

+ ( 4.70 m ) = 5.60 m
2

t=

x 4.75 m = = 1.82 s v0 cos (10.1 m/s ) cos 75.0

y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2

= (10.1 m/s ) sin 75.0 (1.82 s ) 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) (1.82 s ) = 1.51 m 2(


2

6. Find the distance from the origin: 7. (c) Find the range using equation 4-12:

r = x2 + y 2 =

( 4.75 m )

+ (1.51 m ) = 4.98 m
2

(10.1 m/s )2 v2 r = R = 0 sin 2 = sin150 = 5.20 m 2 g 9.81 m/s

Insight: In step 7 the distance from the origin equals the range because the projectile has landed at the same level from which it was launched (y = 0).

91. Picture the Problem: The rover rebounds from the surface and travels along a parabolic arc before bouncing off the surface again.
Strategy: Use the given velocity and angle information along with the equation derived in Example 4-7 to find the maximum height above the surface achieved by the rover on this particular bounce. Solution: Find the maximum height:
ymax =
2 2 sin 2 ( 9.92 m/s ) sin 75.0 v0 = = 12.3 m 2g 2 ( 3.72 m/s 2 ) 2

Insight: This altitude is equivalent to over 40 feet! Note that the rover was released from an altitude of 16.7 m (55 ft).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 38

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

92. Picture the Problem: The rover rebounds from the surface and travels along a parabolic arc before bouncing off the surface again.
Strategy: Use the given velocity and angle information along with equation 4-10 to find the time of flight between the first and second bounces. Assume the trajectory is symmetric, that is, it lands with the same vertical speed that it had immediately after the first bounce. Solution: Find the time of flight:

t= =

v y v0 sin g

( v0 sin ) v0 sin
g = 5.15 s

2v0 sin g

2 ( 9.92 m/s )( sin 75.0 ) 3.72 m/s 2

Insight: You could also solve this problem by finding the time it takes for the rover to reach its maximum altitude, at which point its vertical speed is zero. You could then exploit the symmetry of the trajectory and state that it takes the same amount of time for the rover to hit the ground again.

93. Picture the Problem: The rover rebounds from the surface and travels along a parabolic arc before bouncing off the surface again.
Strategy: Use the given velocity and angle information along with equation 4-12 to find the downfield range of the rover between the first and second bounces. Solution: Find the downfield range:
v2 R= 0 g ( 9.92 m/s ) sin (150.0 ) = 13.2 m sin 2 = 3.72 m/s 2
2

Insight: This downfield range is equivalent to about 43 feet, less than the length of a semi-trailer truck.

94. Picture the Problem: The rover rebounds from the surface and travels along a parabolic arc before bouncing off the surface again.
Strategy: The average velocity in the vertical direction will be zero because of the symmetry of the trajectory; over the course of its parabolic path its average upward velocity is equal to its average downward velocity. The average velocity in the horizontal direction will be equal to its initial velocity in the horizontal direction because that component of the velocity remains unchanged throughout the flight. Solution: Find the average horizontal velocity:
v av = v0 x = v0 cos = ( 9.92 m/s ) cos 75 = 2.57 m/s in the

horizontal (x) direction.


Insight: The rovers average vertical speed on the way up is v y , av = 1 v sin = 2 0
1 2

( 9.92 m/s ) sin 75.0 = 4.79 m/s.

It

has this same average vertical speed on the way down.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 39

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

95. Picture the Problem: The parabolic trajectory of the golf ball is depicted at right.
Strategy: Find the time elapsed between when the ball is struck and when it arrives at the horizontal position of the tree by using the constant horizontal speed of the ball. Substitute this time into the equation for the vertical position of the ball, and set it equal to the height of the tree. The result will be a formula that is quadratic in tan , so that can be found using the quadratic formula. Solution: 1. (a) Find the time for the ball to travel a horizontal distance x: 2. Substitute this expression into y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 : 2 3. Use the trigonometric identity sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 to get a formula in terms of tan only: 4. Rearrange the formula from step 2 into one that is quadratic in tan using the relation from step 3:
t= x v0 cos
2

x 1 x g x2 y = v0 sin 2 g = x tan 2 2v0 cos 2 v0 cos v0 cos

1 sin 2 + cos 2 = = tan 2 + 1 2 cos cos 2


y = x tan g x2 tan 2 + 1) 2 ( 2v0

2 2 2v0 2v0 = tan + ( tan 2 + 1) y gx g x2

0 = tan 2

2 2v0 2v 2 tan + 1 + 02 y gx gx 2

5. Substitute in the known values to simplify:

2 2 (13.5 m/s ) 1 + tan 3.00 m + ( ) ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) (14.0 m )2 ( 9.81 m/s2 ) (14.0 m ) 0 = tan 2 2.654 tan + 1.569

0 = tan 2

2 (13.5 m/s )

6. Apply the quadratic formula:

tan =

b b 2 4ac 2.65 = 2a

( 2.654 ) 4 (1)(1.569 ) = 0.8889, 2 (1)


2

1.765

= 41.6, 60.5
7. The launch angle that is greater than 54.0 and that just clears the top of the tree is 60.5. 8. (b) Use equation 4-12 to find the range of the ball:
2 (13.5 m/s )2 v0 R = sin 2 = sin (121 ) = 15.9 m 2 g 9.81 m/s

9. (c) The launch angle that is less than 54.0 and that just clears the top of the tree is 41.6. 10. (d) Use equation 4-12 to find the range of the ball:
(13.5 m/s )2 v2 R = 0 sin 2 = sin ( 83.2 ) = 18.4 m 2 g 9.81 m/s

Insight: We bent the rules concerning significant figures a bit in step 5 in order to get more accurate results from the quadratic formula in step 6. Note that the 41.6 angle corresponds to a longer range, as expected.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 40

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

96. Picture the Problem: The parabolic trajectory of the golf ball is depicted at right:
Strategy: Use the horizontal component of the initial velocity to find an expression for the time elapsed as the ball travels a distance x horizontally. Substitute that expression for time into the portion of equation 4-10 that gives the vertical position of the ball as a function of time, and set that vertical position equal to 3.50 m. Solve the resulting quadratic formula for x. Use the same formula again to find the launch speed that will increase x by 7.50 m. Solution: 1. (a) Solve equation 4-10 for t: 2. Substitute this expression into y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 : 2
t= x v0 cos
2

x 1 x y = v0 sin 2 g v0 cos v0 cos g x2 0 = y + x tan 2 2v0 cos 2


2 2 0 = gx 2 ( v0 sin 2 ) x + ( 2v0 cos 2 ) y

2 2 0 = gx 2 ( 2v0 cos 2 tan ) x + ( 2v0 cos 2 ) y

3. 2 cos 2 tan = 2 cos sin = sin 2 : 4. Put in the numbers to simplify:

0 = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) x 2 (15.0 m/s ) sin (115 ) x


2 2 + 2 (15.0 m/s ) cos 2 57.5 ( 3.50 m ) 2 0 = 9.81x 203.9 x + 454.7

5. Apply the quadratic formula:

b b 2 4ac 203.9 = x= 2a

( 203.9 ) 4 ( 9.81)( 454.7 ) 2 ( 9.81)


2

= 2.54, 18.2 m

6. The first solution corresponds to when the ball crosses the 3.50 m height on its way up, so we conclude the ball covers a horizontal distance of 18.2 m to the green. 7. (b) Now solve the formula in step 3 for v0 and substitute x = 18.2 + 7.50 m = 25.7 m :
2 v0 =

g x2 2 cos ( x tan y )
2

v0 =

2 cos 2 ( 57.5 ) ( 25.7 m ) tan 57.5 3.50 m

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 25.7 m )


2

= 17.5 m/s

8. Subtract to find the speed difference:

v = 17.5 15.0 m/s = 2.5 m/s

Insight: The ball travels 7.50/18.2 = 41.2% farther with a speed change of only 2.5/15 = 17%.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 41

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

97. Picture the Problem: The trajectories of the dolphin and the ball are depicted at right.

Strategy: Determine the angle of launch from the height of the ball and the horizontal distance. Then find the time elapsed between when the dolphin jumps and when it catches the ball. Then determine the height of the dolphin at that time. To find the minimum initial speed the dolphin must have in order to catch the ball before it hits the water, set the horizontal range of the dolphin equal to 5.50 m and solve for v0 . Solution: 1. (a) The launch angle is determined from h and d: 2. (b) Find the time at which the ball is caught: 3. Find the height of the dolphin when it catches the ball:

h 5.00 m = tan 1 = tan 1 = 42.27 = 42.3 d 5.50 m


t= d 5.50 m = = 0.620 s v0 cos (12.0 m/s ) cos 42.3

y = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2 y = 3.12 m

= (12.0 m/s ) sin 42.3 ( 0.620 s ) 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.620 s ) 2(

4. (c) Set the dolphins range equal to 5.50 m and solve for v0 :

R= v0 =

2 v0 sin 2 g

gR = sin 2

( 9.81 m/s ) ( 5.50 m ) = 7.36 m/s


2

sin 84.5

Insight: The dolphin will always catch the ball as long as its launch angle is 42.3 and its speed is at least 7.36 m/s. Thats because both the dolphin and the ball fall away from the zero gravity line at the same rate of acceleration.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 42

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

98. Picture the Problem: The trajectories of the dolphin and the ball are depicted at right.

Strategy: Use the horizontal motion to find the time elapsed between when the dolphin jumps and when it catches the ball. Then determine the height of the dolphin at that time. Then find the position of the ball at that time and take the difference to find the miss distance.
d 5.50 m = = 0.648 s v0 cos (12.0 m/s ) cos 45.0

Solution 1. (a) Find the time at which the ball is caught: 2. Find the height of the dolphin when it catches the ball:

t=

yd = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2 yd = 3.44 m

= (12.0 m/s ) sin 45.0 ( 0.648 s ) 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.648 s ) 2(

3. Find the position of the ball at t = 0.648 s:

y b = y0 + 0 1 gt 2 2 yb = 2.04 m

= 4.10 m 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.648 s ) 2(

4. Subtract yd yb to find the miss distance:

yd yb = 3.44 2.04 m = 1.40 m

5. (b) The miss distance will stay the same if the launch speed of the dolphin is reduced but the launch angle is kept at 45.0. It will take a longer time for the dolphin to reach the horizontal position of the ball, but both the dolphin and the ball will have fallen away from the zero gravity line by the same amount during that time. 6. (c) Find the time at which the ball is caught: 7. Find the height of the dolphin when it catches the ball:
t= d 5.50 m = = 0.778 s v0 cos (10.0 m/s ) cos 45.0

yd = ( v0 sin ) t 1 gt 2 2 yd = 2.53 m

= (10.0 m/s ) sin 45.0 ( 0.778 s ) 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.778 s ) 2(

8. Find the position of the ball at t = 0.648 s:

y b = y0 + 0 1 gt 2 2 yb = 1.13 m

= 4.10 m 1 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 0.778 s ) 2(

9. Subtract yd yb to find the miss distance:

yd yb = 2.53 1.13 m = 1.40 m

Insight: Both the dolphin and the ball are falling away from zero gravity lines, but the two lines are separated by 1.40 m because the dolphin has the wrong launch angle.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 43

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4 44

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