INTRODUCTION

Transmission

Overview
Hc-LeaD Tc-psl-0002

OBJECTIVE

PASOLINK Digital Microwave Radio Objectives :

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Understand the basic of PDH multiplexing standard

Know the PASOLINK Hardware & Software

Know the NMS PASOLINK Connectivity

Able to do Maintenance & trouble shooting
Tc-psl-0002

Hc-LeaD

INTRODUCTION

A simple Transmission sample :

Transmission Media Source Copper, Coax, Twisted pair Digital Microwave, satellite Fiber Optics OR Destination

Network

Receiving Sending

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

Introduction

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

MULTIPLEXING

Combining a Number of signal over a common transmission facility

MULTIPLEXING METHODE
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Multiplexing is carried out in the frequency domain. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Multiplexing is carried out in the Time Domain. CDMA (code division multiple access), users occupy the same frequency band but modulate their messages with different codes

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEX Each information-bearing channel is assigned a distinct frequency slot in a band of frequencies.

Channel A

f1

Channel B

f2 FDMA F1 + f3 f2 + f3 Transmission media

Channel C

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEX

AAAA

Channel A

A AAAA

Channel A

Channel B

BBBB TDMA

Transmission media TDMA A B C ABCABCABC

B BBBB Channel B

CCCC Channel C

C CCCC

Channel C

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

TDMA

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS PULSA CODE MODULATION ?

Is method of modulating in which a continuous analog wave is transmitted in a equivalent digital mode.

Speech is sampled 8000 times per second Each sample is Given an Eight Bit Digital Word 2^8 provides 256 Discrete sample Each voice channel requires 64 kB/s

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

we sample the analog signal at regular intervals, if we sample analog signal S(t) with fs twice the highest frequency appearing in S(t), then our samples contain all the information originally in S(t) : this is the Nyquist rate e.g., if voice signal is limited to 4,000 Hz, then sample at 8,000 samples/second

convert each sample to an 8 bit value (PCM )

what bit rate do we need ? 8000 samples/second X 8 bits/sample = 64,000 bps
Tc-psl-0002

Hc-LeaD

INTRODUCTION

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

Processes Analog to Digitalization

Analog 0-4 KHz

Sampling 8 KHz

Quantizing and Coding

Network

Decoding

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
PCM

Voice

TDM Data

Network

PCM Television

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

PRINCIPLE of PDH

Bit rates in accordance with ANSI Bit rates in accordance with CEPT

: 1,5 Mbps / 6 Mbps / 45 Mbps : 2 Mbps / 8 Mbps / 34 Mbps / 140 Mbps

Every signal has separate frame structure Bit by Bit multiplexing No frame synchronization of the tributary signal input The input signal are plesiochronous to each others.

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

Basic PCM primary Multiplexer Schematic

TRANSMIT DIRECTION
Speech In PAM Ch1 C H G A T E S A/D
Frame MultiFrame Align

PCM

HDB3/AMI M U L T I P L E X

Compressor

LPF

Sample

Hold

Encoder

Ch1

Chn

Sig Input

Signalling Converter
Chn

Tx Clock

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

Basic PCM primary Multiplexer Schematic

RECEIVE DIRECTION
Speech Out HDB3/AMI D E M U X

Ch1
Expander LPF Select Chn
Ch1

PCM

D/A
FAW/ MFAW Detect

Decoder

Sig OUT

Signalling Converter
Chn

Rx Clock

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

PCM 30 FRAMING

1 Multi Frame = 2 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 125 micro Second 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 First 4 digit of Frame 0 Multi frame Alignment word Y 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Even Frame Alignment Word 0 0 0 0 x 0 x x 1=Loss of Multi Frame Frame 1 to 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 78
Digit 1-4 for Channel 1-15 Signalling

8 bit/channel 1 2 3 4 5 6 78

Y 1 A x x x x x Odd
1 = RA

Digit 5-8 for Channel 17-31 Signalling

488 nS

Ref : ITU. G704

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

COMPARISON of 24 & 30 Channel System

24 Channel System

30 Channel System

Sampling Frequency (khz) Duration if time slot (uS) Bit Transfer Rate (Mbps) Frame period (uS) Number of BIT per WORD Number of Frame/Multi frame Multi frame period (mS) Frame Alignment Signal in Multi frame alignment signal in Frame Alignment word Multi frame alignment word Line Code

8 5,2 1,544 125 8 12 1,5 Odd Frames Even frames 101010 001110 AMI

8 3,9 2,048 125 8 16 2 Even Frames TS16 of Frame 0011011 0000 HDB3

Ref : ITU. G704

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

PCM 30 FRAMING
Sub-multiframe (SMF) Frame number
Bits 1 to 8 of the frame

1
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 C1 0 C2 0 C3 1 C4 0 C1 1 C2 1 C3 E C4 E

2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

3
0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A

4
1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4

5
1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5

6
0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6

7
1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7

8
1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8

Multiframe

II
Hc-LeaD

0 1 1 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8 0 1 1 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8 0 1 1 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8 0 1 1 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8 Ref : ITU. G704

Tc-psl-0002

Frame Alignment Strategy

FAC FAE F1 FAE N FAC

FAC

FAC
F2

A2 FAE FAC

FAC

FAE

FAE A1 F3 FAC FAE FA FAC FAE N FA F1,2,3 A1,2 Frame alignment Correct Frame alignment ERROR Normal state Alarm state pre alarm state Post Alarm state

FAE

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

PDH HIERARCHY
HDB3 1 64kB/s 2,048Mbps PCM30 HDB3 8,448Mbps x4 HDB3 34,368Mbps

CEPT STANDARD

30
64kB/s PCM30 Ch 3 Ch 4 Tributary Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 x4

CMI 140 Mbps x4 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

PDH HIERARCHY

x7 G.733/G734 G.743/746

627 ch 44.736 Mb/s G.752 G.752 480 ch 32.064 Mb/s

x6

4032 ch 274.176 Mb/s

NORTH AMERICA

24 ch 1.544 Mb/s
x4 x24 1 ch 64 kb/s

96 ch 6.312 Mb/s

G.752 x4 1440 ch 97.728 Mb/s JAPAN

x5

x30
x4 x4

30 ch 2.048 Mb/s

120 ch 8.448 Mb/s G.742/744/745

480 ch 34.368 Mb/s G. 751/753

x4

1920 ch 139.264 Mb/s G. 751/754

EUROPE

G. 732/735/736/737

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

CEPT FORMAT
E1 = 64 kb/s Channel Bank x 30 Quantity of Channel ------------1,92 Mb/s + 64 kb/s Framing + 64 kb/s Signaling -------------2,048 MB/s - 2 MB

E3 = + +

+ E2 = 2,048 MB/s E1 Channel + 64 kb/s Framing ------------2,112 Mb/s x 4 Quantity Tributary -------------8,448 MB/s - 8 MB

8,448 MB/s E2 Channel 64 kb/s Framing 64 kb/S Justification ------------8,576 Mb/s 4 Quantity Tributary -------------34,304 MB/s 64 kb/s Service Bits --------------34,368 Mb/s -> 34Mb

Hc-LeaD

Tc-psl-0002

INTRODUCTION

End of Session
Hc-LeaD Tc-psl-0002