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1. Which of the following industries played a key role in the transformation of the American economy in the late nineteenth century? a. The railroad industry

Railroads created a national market and fueled a growing consumer culture that allowed businesses to expand from a regional to a nationwide scale. Also, the need for better rails to carry freight helped speed the transition from iron to steel and propelled the growth of Americas steel industry. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 2 of 20
2. What strategy allowed Jay Gould made to make a fortune off of the railroads in the late nineteenth century? c. Speculating in railroad stock

Gould made money by purchasing enough stock in vulnerable railroad companies to take control of them and then threatening to undercut his competitors, forcing them to buy him out at a high profit. Not only did he not provide much in the way of freight or passenger service, but the railroads he bought often went bankrupt. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 3 of 20
3. What did Congress give railroad companies to encourage railroad building in the late nineteenth century? c. Vast tracts of public land

Congress gave away vast amounts of public land to railroad companies to promote building. Companies got both rightsofway and liberal sections of land on alternating sides of the track to do with as they liked. Over the years, the federal government granted 100 million acres of land to railroad builders. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 4 of 20
4. How did John d. Rockefeller gain legal standing for his monopolization of the oil industry in 1882?

Rockefeller used the trust, a form of horizontal integration, to give his

b. He pioneered the trust, a new form of corporate structure.

functional monopoly on the oilrefining business a more secure legal standing. Under this system, several trustees held stock in various refineries in trust for Standard Oils stockholders. The union was thus one of stockholders, not corporations, who could act together without technically violating the monopoly laws. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 5 of 20
5. Which of the following dominated big business by the end of the nineteenth century? c. Banks and financiers

By the late nineteenth century, banks and financiers became major business investors. They reshaped business as well, reorganizing several major industries through consolidation to increase efficiency and minimize competition. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 6 of 20
6. What effect did John Pierpont Morgans control of the railroad business in the late nineteenth century have on the industry? c. It contributed to the overcapitalization of the railroads.

Morgans primary concern in managing the railroads was realizing profits through the sale of stock. In order to ensure large profits, he overcapitalized the company by issuing more stock than its assets warranted. In the long run, this harmed railroads by burdening them with enormous debts. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 7 of 20
7. William Graham Sumner, the foremost proponent of social Darwinism in the United States, believed c. the wealthy were the product of natural selection.

Sumner, a professor of political economy at Yale University, applied Charles Darwins theory of evolution to human society, equating the acquisition of wealth and power with the survival of the fittest. He saw the plight of the poor as the natural tendency of things and argued against attempts to help them, whether through government intervention or the philanthropy of the rich. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 8 of 20

8. For what purpose did the Supreme Court draw on the Fourteenth Amendment in a series of decisions in the 1880s and 1890s? d. To protect corporations

The Fourteenth Amendment was intended to protect freed slaves by declaring that states could not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Defining corporations as persons, the Court struck down state regulatory laws and income taxes and ruled that labor unions were a conspiracy in restraint of trade. Thus did the Court elevate property rights above all other rights. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 9 of 20
9. High voter participation and party loyalty, both commonplace in the Gilded Age, were secured by b. patronage.

Patronage secured both high voter participation and party loyalty by providing government jobs and steady income for party supporters. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 10 of 20
10. What cause did New South supporter Henry Grady advocate in the late nineteenth century? c. The growth and development of southern industry

Grady and other New South supporters argued that the Souths abundance of cheap labor and natural resources meant the region was well equipped to successfully compete with northern industry. In spite of the industrial development that occurred in the South in the decades after the Civil War, however, the region was still primarily agricultural at the end of the nineteenth century. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 11 of 20
11. What tactic did Democrats use in their efforts to undermine black male political power in the late nineteenth century? b. Asserting that black political power would lead to miscegenation

The Readjusters and other crossracial coalitions held that the extension of universal political rights to black males would not necessarily eliminate racial barriers in private society. Democrats successfully countered this by asserting that political equality would produce social equality and result in sexual

relations between black males and white women. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 12 of 20
12. What was the goal of The Womans Crusade, the 1873 precu rsor of the WCTU? c. Preventing the sale of alcohol in saloons

The Womans Crusade, which began in the Midwest in the winter of 187374 and quickly spread east, aimed to convince owners of saloons and other drinking establishments to stop selling alcohol. Their tactic was to march into taverns and saloons carrying Bibles and singing hymns, refusing to leave until the proprietors had signed a pledge to quit selling liquor. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 13 of 20
13. What were the three factions of the Republican Party during the Gilded Age? d. Stalwarts, the Half Breeds, and the Mugwumps

In the 1880s the question of patronage divided the Republican Party. Party bosses like Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York dominated national politics and headed a faction called the Stalwarts, which thoroughly embraced the spoils system and scorned civil service reform. Conklings archrival, Senator James G. Blaine of Maine, led the relatively moderate Half Breeds. The third faction, the Mugwumps, consisted mainly of Republicans who called for the reform of government by replacing patronage with a nonpartisan civil service. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.) 14 of 20
14. Having unintentionally alienated all factions of the Republican Party, President Hayes announced that c. he would not seek reelection.

Despite his good intentions, Hayess attempt to find the middle ground between spoilsmen and reformers alienated most Republicans, including the Stalwarts and the Mugwumps. Hayes soon found himself a man without a party and announced that he would not seek reelection in 1880. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.) 15 of 20

15. In what way did President Garfields assassination advance the cause of civil service reform? d. By associating political partisanship with an insane assassin

Garfields assassin, Charles Guiteau, was a disappointed office seeker who claimed that political partisanship had prompted him to kill Garfield. The event intensified criticism of Republican factionalism and aroused public support for ending the spoils system. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.) 16 of 20
16. How did the Pendleton Civil Service Act increase the influence of business in political life? d. It prevented federal jobholders from contributing to political campaigns.

The Pendleton Act was intended to reform civil service by putting jobs under a merit system that required examinations for office and made it impossible to remove jobholders for political reasons. However, by prohibiting federal jobholders from donating money to campaigns, the legislation dried up party bosses major source of revenue and allowed business leaders to replace officeholders as the primary source of political contributions. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.) 17 of 20
17. What was the status of the federal tariff in the 1880s? c. The tariff had created a substantial government surplus.

The tariff had been substantially expanded by congressional Republicans during the Civil War and throughout Reconstruction. By the middle of the 1880s, the tariff had paid off the nations Civil War debt but also had created an enormous surplus in the Treasury that deprived the country of money that might otherwise have been invested to create jobs and goods. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.) 18 of 20
18. Why did farmers in the late nineteenth century dislike tariffs? a. The tariffs artificially raised the price of goods.

Tariffs protected American industries by levying taxes on imported goods, providing an edge to American products while artificially maintaining high prices for goods. Farmers, who did not benefit from the tariff, objected to footing the bill for such protections for their industrial counterparts in the form

of high consumer prices. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.) 19 of 20
19. After his support for tariff reform cost him the presidency in 1888, how did Grover Cleveland achieve reelection in 1892? d. With support for tariff reform

Cleveland came out in favor of tariff reform in 1887, a position that cost him the election the following year. But the public outcry over the 1890 McKinley tariff, the highest in the nations history, turned the political tide against the Republicans and enabled Cleveland to regain the presidency while pledging to lower the tariff. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.) 20 of 20
20. Which groups composed the coalition of interests against the gold standard in the United States in the late nineteenth century? a. Mining interests and western and southern farmers

The silver bonanza in the West had produced a sharp decline in the price of silver, which pinched mining interests. They hoped the governments adoption of silver money would improve their fortunes. Farmers from the South and West believed that increasing the money supply with silver dollars would cause inflation and make it possible for them to pay off their debts with devalued money. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.)

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1. What occurrence was closely related to the development of the steel industry in the late nineteenth century? a. The expansion of maritime trade b. The increasingly muscular banking sector c. The development of the telephone d. Railroad building

1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is d. Henry Bessemers development of a cheaper way to

make steel enabled railroad companies to use steel, which was stronger and more flexible than iron, to produce rails. Consequently, the steel industry expanded in direct relation to the growth of the railroads. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 2 of 20
2. What did Andrew Carnegies vertical integration business model accomplish? a. Vertical integration put all aspects of the steel industry under his control. b. It made all managers report directly to him. c. This business model allowed him to monopolize a single aspect of an industry. d. It connected him directly to the federal government.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is a. Carnegie used vertical integration, a system of business organization that allowed him to control every aspect of his steel business, from the mining of ore to its transport to factories to the production of steel. Thus, Carnegie was able to achieve the lowest costs and the maximum output while guaranteeing that no one outside of his organization made money from intermediary processes. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 3 of 20
3. Which of the following shaped the publics harsh view of Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller? a. Rockefellers refusal to make charitable gifts b. Journalist Ida Tarbells serial History of the Standard Oil Company c. His open dislike of Andrew Carnegie and his ruthless competition with Carnegie Steel d. The Cleveland Presss expos of Rockefellers alcoholism and ostentatious lifestyle

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is a. Billionaire Rockefeller had modest personal habits, a pious Baptist faith, and made many charitable gifts, but he was widely disliked largely because of Ida Tarbells History of the Standard Oil Company. Tarbell, the daughter of a small oil refiner who lost his business to Standard Oil, exposed Rockefellers ruthless business practices in her piece, serialized in McClures Magazine between 1902 and 1905. Tarbell convinced many Americans that Rockefeller represented the heartlessness of American monopoly and spurred Rockefeller himself to sleep with a loaded revolver for fear of would-be assassins. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.)

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4. Who controlled the electric and telephone industries pioneered by Thomas Alva Edison and Alexander Graham Bell soon after they were founded in the late nineteenth century? a. The federal government b. Foreign investors c. Bankers and industrialists d. Edison and Bell

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is c. Inventors like Edison and Bell were popular heroes to the American public. However, the telephone and electric industries did not remain under the control of their original inventors; instead, they were soon dominated by business interests. (See section Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born in your textbook.) 5 of 20
5. Which of the following describes J. P. Morgans U.S. Steel, the largest corporation in the world, in 1901? a. The corporation had been formed by pulling together several different steel producers, including Bethlehem Steel. b. U.S. Steel was part of an oligopoly that controlled the steel industry. c. U.S. Steel held a monopoly in the steel industry. d. The corporation followed the lead of its competitors in setting prices and dividing the market.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is b. After buying Carnegie Steel from Andrew Carnegie, Morgan pulled together Carnegies chief competitors to form U.S. Steel in 1901. U.S. Steel and several smaller competitors, including Bethlehem Steel, controlled steel production through a competitive system called an oligopoly; the smaller manufacturers just followed the lead of U.S. Steel in setting prices and making sure each company had a comfortable share of the market. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 6 of 20
6. What competitive system existed in the steel industry after the formation of U.S. Steel in 1901? a. Oligopoly b. Individual corporatism c. Monopoly d. Capitalism

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is a. J.P. Morgans acquisition of Carnegie Steel in 1901 created the largest corporation in the world and signaled the arrival of a new, anonymous corporate world. Despite its size, however, U.S. Steel did not hold a monopoly in the steel industry. Small competitors, such as Bethlehem Steel, remained independent. Under this new system, called an oligopoly, several competitors controlled production and the smaller manufacturers followed U.S. Steels lead in setting prices and dividing the market so each company held a comfortable share. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 7 of 20
7. What political purpose did the theory of social Darwinism serve in the late nineteenth century? a. It justified economic inequality and curbed social reform. b. It increased Americans interest in electing well-qualified men to political office. c. It inspired interest in reform and social equality. d. It spurred efforts to fund education for the poor.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is a. Social Darwinists argued that attempts by the government or private sector to aid the poor would tamper with the laws of nature and hinder social evolution; the poor were poor because they were not fit to be anything else. This theory thus discouraged social reform while it glorified wealth and justified economic inequality as part of the natural order. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 8 of 20
8. Andrew Carnegies 1889 essay, The Gospel of Wealth, gave what piece of advice to the rich about how they should live? a. Live ostentatiously in order to inspire others in the pursuit of wealth. b. Undertake philanthropic projects to benefit the poor. c. Refrain from aiding the poor to avoid interfering with the evolutionary process. d. Take care to draw on the considerable wisdom and experience of the common man.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is b. Carnegies essay The Gospel of Wealth softened the harshness of social Darwinism by suggesting that the wealthy should see themselves as helpers of the poor and should administer surplus wealth for the good of the people. Relatively few millionaires heeded

Carnegies call, preferring instead to amass private fortunes. (See section From Competition to Consolidation in your textbook.) 9 of 20
9. The Republican Party attracted Northern Protestants from the old-line denominations such as Presbyterians and Methodists using which tactic? a. Championing itself as the party of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison b. Styling itself as the party of redeemers and waving the bloody shirt c. Supporting moral reforms such as laws requiring businesses to close on the Sabbath d. Advocating improvements in the rights and status of women

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is c. The Republican Party linked its political identity to moral reforms, including local laws that required businesses to close in observance of the Sabbath. This aspect of the partys platform attracted old-line Protestants in the North. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 10 of 20
10. What factor prevented the industrialized New South from becoming competitive with the North? a. Southern workers were not unionized. b. Northern financiers and industrialists manipulated prices. c. The South lacked the human and natural resources it needed to challenge northern industry. d. Former slaves refused to work with immigrant laborers.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is b. Northern bankers and investors who controlled southern industry were unwilling to compromise northern industrys dominance and consequently manipulated prices and distribution to protect mills and factories in the North. Similarly, northern and overseas investors took in most of the profits from the Souths lumber and mining industries. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 11 of 20
11. The nineteenth-century concept of separate spheres held that political participation a. should be extended to married women but not to single women. b. was for propertied citizens only. c. could be extended to blacks without eliminating racial barriers in the private sphere.

d. was for men only.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is d. The expansion of suffrage during the nineteenth century to include all white men regardless of property and the continued exclusion of women from voting helped gender eclipse class as the defining feature of citizenship. Nevertheless, womens participation in reform movements like temperance demonstrated that women found other ways of influencing politics. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 12 of 20
12. What was the outcome of Ida B. Wellss 1890s campaign against lynching? a. Passage of Congressional antilynching legislation b. Increased awareness of southern racial violence c. The overturning of Democratic control of the South d. The end of lynching by the time of her death in 1931

1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is b. Ida B. Wellss courageous activism brought attention to the violence black southerners faced and the weak rule of law in the South. Nevertheless, her campaign did not end lynching, nor was she able to convince Congress to legislate against the practice. (See section Politics and Culture in your textbook.) 13 of 20
13. What was the driving force in party politics in the 1880s? a. The spoils system b. A commitment to party ideals c. A desire to clean up government d. The need for bipartisanship

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is a. The spoils system, or patronage, was the awarding of government jobs to secure party loyalty. The system allowed parties to reward their faithful and facilitated graft and corruption, leading some Americans to view the entire political system as sordid and corrupt. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.) 14 of 20

14. What did the late-nineteenth-century Republicans who called themselves Mugwumps believe? a. The party should remain loyal to Ulysses S. Grant. b. The spoils system was a necessary component of conducting politics. c. American government needed to be reformed. d. The U.S. Governments policy toward the Indians needed to be changed.

Question not answered 15 of 20

15. The movement for which of the following causes gained momentum from the death of President Garfield in 1881? a. Immigration restriction b. A prohibition on alcohol c. Morality in government d. Civil service reform

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is d. Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker who claimed to have been motivated by political partisanship. Although Guiteau was mentally unbalanced, the press condemned Republican factionalism and the spoils system for creating the political climate that produced him. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.) 16 of 20
16. Which of the following offers a partial explanation for Republican presidential candidate James Blaines narrow loss in the 1884 election? a. One of his supporters insulted Irish Catholics. b. He refused to actively campaign. c. He was accused of fathering an illegitimate child. d. He made an offhand remark linking rum with Romanism.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is a. At a campaign stop in New York City, Blaine neglected to dispute a local clergymans view that the Democratic Party was the party of Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion. The remark offended Irish Catholic voters, who had been expected to desert the Democratic Party and support Blaine because of his Irish background. (See section Presidential Politics in your textbook.)

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17. States attempts to regulate the railroads ultimately failed because the Supreme Courts 1886 Wabash v. Illinois decision ruled that a. states had no regulatory powers. b. railroads that crossed state boundaries fell outside state jurisdiction. c. the states regulations were too expensive to enforce. d. the states regulations undermined property rights.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is b. In Wabash v. Illinois, the Supreme Court ruled that because railroads crossed state boundaries, they could not be regulated by the states. Because more than three-fourths of all railroads crossed state lines, the decision made it virtually impossible for states to regulate the railroads. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.) 18 of 20
18. What was the central issue addressed by the Greenback Labor Party? a. The visual representation of American workers on U.S. currency b. The ethnicities and nationalities of farmworkers in the United States. c. The coinage of free silver d. The issuance of paper currency not tied to the gold supply

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is d. Organized by critics of hard money, the Greenback Labor Party was an alliance of farmers and urban wage laborers who favored the issuing of paper currency not tied to the gold supply. The group reasoned that, since the government had the right to define what constituted legal tender, it should base the nations cu rrency on all its wealth land, labor, and capitaland not just on its reserves as gold. The Greenback Labor Party captured more than a million votes in 1878, and its views eventually prevailed in the 1930s when the country abandoned the gold standard. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.) 19 of 20
19. Which of the following summarizes the Supreme Courts position in its 1895 decision that crippled the Sherman Antitrust Act? a. Monopolies are beneficial to the public.

b. Monopolies are perfectly constitutional. c. Manufacture and trade are not the same thing. d. The antitrust law is unconstitutional.

0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is c. In United States v. E. C. Knight Company, the Supreme Court ruled that the American Sugar Refining Company, which by buying out a number of other companies had assumed control of 98 percent of the production of sugar, was not subject to prosecution under the Sherman Antitrust Act, which made it illegal for businesses to enter into a conspiracy in restraint of trade. The crux of the Courts decision was its ruling that manufacture was not the same thing as trade. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.) 20 of 20
20. President Clevelands acceptance of J. P. Morgans plan for bankers to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the U.S. Treasury had the effect of a. increasing the publics esteem for Morgan. b. cementing President Clevelands popularity. c. saving the gold standard. d. relieving the suffering caused by the depression.

1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is c. When Morgan and a group of bankers purchased gold abroad to shore up the Treasurys reserves in the winter of 189495, they saved the gold standard. However, Clevelands reputation sufferedhe was unfairly pilloried for corruptionand Morgan was accused of making a huge profit on the deal, although he in fact made only about $300,000, not the $8.9 million rumored. Furthermore, Americans suffered through one of the hardest winters in the countrys history in spite of the move. (See section Economic Issues and Party Realignment in your textbook.)

Chapter 18: Business and Politics in the Gilded Age, 18651900 I. Old Industries Transformed, New Industries Born A. Railroads: Americas First Big Business 1. Expanding on a nationwide scale

2. Jay Gould 3. Big business tycoons 4. The communication revolution 5. Business failures and public reaction B. Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration 1. Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel 2. Vertical integration 3. Cutthroat practices C. John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust 1. Oil competition 2. Rockefellers Tactics 3. A new corporate structure 4. Holding companies 5. Tarbells expos D. New Inventions: The Telephone and Electricity 1. Alexander Graham Bell 2. Thomas Alva Edison 3. Corporate dominance II. From Competition to Consolidation A. J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism 1. The money trust 2. Reorganizing the railroads 3. Challenging Carnegie 4. A new corporate world B. Social Darwinism, Laissez-Faire, and the Supreme Court 1. Comparing business to nature 2. Justifying inequality 3. The gospel of wealth 4. Scientific racism 5. Laissez-faire government 6. A conservative court III. Politics and Culture A. Political Participation and Party Loyalty

1. Patronage politics 2. Party loyalty 3. Religion and ethnicity in politics B. Sectionalism and the New South 1. The solid South? 2. The New South 3. Northern control of southern industry 4. Industrial illusions C. Gender, Race, and Politics 1. Limited access to the public sphere 2. Cross-racial alliances 3. Ida B. Wells and the antilynching movement D. Womens Activism 1. The National Woman Suffrage Association 2. Womens clubs 3. Temperance 4. The limits of womens politics IV. Presidential Politics A. Corruption and Party Strife 1. Reforming the spoils system 2. Republican bosses 3. The election of 1880 B. Garfields Assassination and Civil Service Reform 1. Garfields brief presidency 2. Calls for reform C. Reform and Scandal: The Campaign of 1884 1. Blaine versus Cleveland 2. Scandal and mudslinging 3. Blaines misstep V. Economic Issues and Party Realignment A. The Tariff and the Politics of Protection 1. Debating the tariff 2. A New Republican coalition

3. Changing views on the tariff 4. Deeper social divisions B. Railroads, Trusts, and the Federal Government 1. Federal regulation 2. The Interstate Commerce Commission 3. The Sherman Antitrust Act 4. Government intervention and public opinion C. The Fight for Free Silver 1. Gold versus silver 2. The Greenback Labor Party 3. Free silver advocates 4. Silver politics D. Panic and Depression 1. The panic of 1893 2. Morgans plan 3. Continued hardship

a. Describe the Republican and Democratic party factions of the late 1800s.

b. What measures were taken to stop the spoils system being used in government?

c. Compare/contrast two Presidents (1877-1900). Rutherford B. Hays (1877 - 1881) - Republican - VP - William Wheeler - Major Items: -- Bland Allison Act, 1878 (free coinage of silver) -- Troops withdrawn from the South (1877) James a Garfield (3/4 - 9/19, 1881) - Republican - VP - Chester A. Arthur - Secretary of State - James A. Blaine - Major Items: -- Assassinated by C. Julius Guiteau Chester A. Arthur (1881 - 1885) - Republican

- Secreatary of State - James A. Blaine - Major Items: -- Pendleten Act, 1883 (set up civil service commission) Grover Cleveland (1885 - 1889) - VP - T.A. Hendricks - Major Items: -- Knights of Labor, 1886 -- Haymarket Riot, 1886 -- Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 - Democrat

Benjamin Harrison (1889 - 1893) - Republican - VP - Levi Morgan - Secretary of State - James A. Blaine - Major Items: -- Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 Grover Cleveland (1893 - 1897) -- Populist Party Platform, 1892 -- N Dakota, S Dakota, Montana, Washington, 1889 -- Idaho and Wyoming, 1890 -- McKinley Tariff, 1890

- 2nd Administration; only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. -- Venezuelan Boundary Affair, 1895 -- Pullman Strike, 1894 -- American Federation of Labor -- Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894

- Democrat - VP - Adlai Stevens - Major Items: -- Panic of 1893 -- Hawaiian Incendent, 1893

d. Explain the way(s) southern states denied African Americans the right to vote and civil rights during the late 1800s and first half of 20th century.
The Civil Rights Amendments were the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments. These amendments ended slavery, guaranteed African Americans the right to due process, equal protection under the law, and African American males suffrage (the right to vote). However, southern states passed laws establishing social segregation, the separation of people based on race. These laws became known as Jim Crow laws and separated African Americans from whites in every aspect of society. In 1896, Homer Plessey sued Ferguson Railways in Louisiana because he was asked to move from his first class seat in the white section of the railway card, he refused and was arrested for breaking Louisianas segregation laws. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to equal but separate facilities. The Courts ruling set a precedent that made segregation in all public facilities such as school, and hospitals constitutional. In addition, southern states denied African Americans the right to vote by creating poll taxes, literacy tests and adding grandfather clauses to their state constitutions. In addition, the KKK, a white supremacist group carried out lynching and other missions of terror. Finally, literacy tests, and the poll tax deprived African Americans the right to vote.

In 1865, southerners created Black Codes, which served as a way to control and enable the freedom of exslaves. Black Codes ended in 1866, then Jim Crow took it's place. Jim Crows Laws: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and

separate toilet facilities. No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. e. Describe two women's groups that fought for female suffrage during the late 1800s. The National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association merge to create the National American Woman Suffrage Association (IS THIS IN THE BOOK?)
The Womens Right Movement had many goals. The movement consisted of feminists and suffragettes who demanded the right to vote and equality under the law.

Although the movement declined into a period of lull for a time the Progressive Era revived it. Women were becoming more active the workplace and WWI brought even more women into industry. As the men went to fight, women occupied the American workforce. As a result of such women as Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul the 19th amendment was passed, which granted woman suffrage f. Describe the phenomenon of lynching (especially in the South but including other states).
LYNCHING In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the lynching of Black people in the Southern and border states became an institutionalized method used by whites to terrorize Blacks and maintain white supremacy. In the South, during the period 1880 to 1940, there was deep-seated and all-pervading hatred and fear of the Negro which led white mobs to turn to lynch law as a means of social control. Lynchingsopen public murders of individuals suspected of crime conceived and carried out more or less spontaneously by a mobseem to have been an American invention. In LynchLaw, the first scholarly investigation of lynching, written in 1905, author James E. Cutler stated that lynching is a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.1

Most of the lynchings were by hanging or shooting, or both. However, many were of a more hideous natureburning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical torture. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white people believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control. There are three major sources of lynching statistics. None cover the complete history of lynching in America. Prior to 1882, no reliable statistics of lynchings were recorded. In that year, the Chicago Tribune first began to take systematic account of lynchings. Shortly thereafter, in 1892, Tuskegee Institute began to make a systematic collection and tabulation of lynching statistics. Beginning in 1912, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People kept an independent record of lynchings. These statistics were based primarily on newspaper reports. Because the South is so large and the rural districts had not always been in close contact with the city newspapers, it is certain that many lynchings escaped publicity in the press. Undoubtedly, therefore, there are errors and inaccuracies in the available lynching statistics. The numbers of lynchings listed in each source varies slightly. The NAACP lynching statistics tend to be slightly higher than the Tuskegee Institute figures, which some historians consider conservative. For example, in 1914, Tuskegee Institute reported fifty-two lynchings for the year, the Chicago Tribune reported fifty-four, and The Crisis, the official organ of the NAACP,gave the number as seventy-four.2 The

reason for the discrepancies in these figures is due in part to different conceptions of what actually constituted a lynching, and errors in the figures. According to the Tuskegee Institute figures, between the years 1882 and 1951, 4,730 people were lynched in the United States: 3,437 Negro and 1,293 white.3 The largest number of lynchings occurred in 1892. Of the 230 persons lynched that year, 161 were Negroes and sixty-nine whites. Contrary to present-day popular conception, lynching was not a crime committed exclusively against Black people. During the nineteenth century a significant minority of the lynching victims were white. Between the 1830s and the 1850s the majority of those lynched in the United States were whites. Although a substantial number of white people were victims of this crime, the vast majority of those lynched, by the 1890s and after the turn of the century, were Black people. Actually, the pattern of almost exclusive lynching of Negroes was set during the Reconstruction period. According to the Tuskegee Institute statistics for the period covered in this study, the total number of Black lynching victims was more than two and one-half times as many as the number of whites put to death by lynching. Lynchings occurred throughout the United States; it was not a sectional crime. However, the great majority of lynchings in the United States took place in the Southern and border states. According to social economist Gunnar Myrdal: The Southern states account for nine-tenths of the lynchings. More than two-thirds of the remaining one-tenth occurred in the six states which immediately border the South: Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas.4 Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama were the leading lynching states. These five states furnished nearly half the total victims. Mississippi had the highest incidence of lynchings in the South as well as the highest for the nation, with Georgia and Texas taking second and third places, respectively. However, there were lynchings in the North and West. In fact, every state in the continental United States with the exception of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont has had lynching casualties. The causes assigned by whites in justification or explanation of lynching Black people include everything from major crimes to minor offenses. In many cases, Blacks were lynched for no reason at all other than race prejudice. Southern folk tradition has held that Negroes were lynched only for the crimes of raping white womenthe nameless crimeand murder. However, the statistics do not sustain this impression. The accusations against persons lynched, according to the Tuskegee Institute records for the years 1882 to 1951, were: in 41 per cent for felonious assault, 19.2 per cent for rape, 6.1 per cent for attempted rape, 4.9 per cent for robbery and theft, 1.8 per cent for insult to white persons, and 22.7 per cent for miscellaneous offenses or no offense at a 11.5 In the last category are all sorts of trivial offenses such as disputing with a white man, attempting to register to vote, unpopularity, self-defense, testifying against a white man, asking a white woman in marriage, and peeping in a window. Being charged with a crime did not necessarily mean that the person charged was guilty of the crime. Mob victims ware often known to have been innocent of misdeeds. A special study by Arthur Raper of nearly one hundred lynchings convinced him that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.6 Occasionally mobs were mistaken in the identity of their victims. The racist myth of Negroes uncontrollable desire to rape white women acquired a strategic position in the defense of the lynching practice. However, homicides and felonious assault, not rape, were most frequently cited in explanation of mob action. Next in importance, from the viewpoint of number of cases, is rape and attempted rape25.3 per cent of the victims. Concerning this figure, Myrdal states: There is much reason to believe that this figure has been inflated by the fact that a mob which makes the accusation of rape is secure from any further investigation; by the broad Southern definition of rape to include all sexual relations between Negro men and white women; and by the psychopathic fears of white women in their contacts with Negro men.7 Another fact which refutes the fallacy of rape as being the primary cause of Negro lynchings is that

between 1882 and 1927, 92 women were victims of lynch mobs: 76 Negro and 16 white.8 Certainly they could not have been rapists. The lynching of Negroes, Cutler states, can only be justified on no other ground than that the law as formulated and administered has proved inadequate to deal with the situationthat there has been governmental inefficiency...9 Lynchings occurred most commonly in the smaller towns and isolated rural communities of the South where people were poor, mostly illiterate, and where there was a noticeable lack of wholesome community recreation. The people who composed mobs in such neighborhoods were usually small land holders, tenant farmers and common laborers, whose economic status was very similar to that of the Negro. They frequently found Black men economic competitors and bitterly resented any Negro progress. Their starved emotions made the raising of a mob a quick and simple process, and racial antagonism made the killing of Negroes a type of local amusement which broke the monotony of rural life. Although most participants in the lynching mobs were from the lower strata of Southern white society, occasionally middle and upper class whites took part, and generally condoned the illegal activity. Many Southern politicians and officials supported lynch-law, and came to power on a platform of race prejudice. Lynching was a local community affair. When the sentiment of a community favored lynching the laws were difficult or impossible to enforce. State authorities often attempted to prevent lynchings, but seldom punished the mob participants. Because of the tight hold on the courts by local public opinion, lynchers were rarely ever indicted by a grand jury or sentenced. The judge, prosecutor, jurors and witnessesall whitewere usually in sympathy with the lynchers. If sentenced, the participants in the lynch mobs were usually pardoned. Local police and sheriffs rarely did anything to defend Negro citizens and often supported lynchings. Arthur Raper estimated, from his study of one hundred lynchings, that at least one-half of the lynchings are carried out with police officers participating, and that in nine-tenths of the others the officers either condone or wink at the mob action.10 Myrdal suggests several background factors and underlying causes for the prevalence of lynching in rural areas by lower class whites: poverty, economic and social fear of the Negro, low level of education, and the isolation, the dullness of every day life and the general boredom of rural and small town life.11 However, the fundamental cause of lynching was fear of the Negrothe basis of racism and discrimination. Many whites, after Reconstruction and during the first four decades of the twentieth century, feared that the Negro was getting out of his place and that the white mans social status was threatened and was in need of protection. Lynching was seen as the method to defend white domination and keep the Negroes from becoming uppity. Therefore, lynching was more the expression of white American fear of Black social and economic advancement than of Negro crime. W. E. B. DuBois was correct when he stated: ...the white South feared more than Negro dishonesty, ignorance and incompetency, Negro honesty, knowledge, and efficiency.12 After 1892, lynchings declined quite steadily until about 1905, when there were sixty-two. No material change occurred for nearly twenty years. There was an annual average of sixty-two lynchings for the years 1910 to 1919. However, beginning in 1923 lynchings began to grow markedly fewer, and in the late 1930s and 1940s trailed off and became rarer. During these two decades, the annual rate of lynchings dropped to about ten and three respectively. Although the actual number of lynchings declined after 1892, the percentage of Black victims increased. This decline has never been fully explained. There has been much speculation about this matter, but several logical reasons have been considered responsible for this steady decline in lynchings. Some have suggested the growing distaste of Southern elites for anti-Negro violence, particularly Southern women and businessmen. Others mention the increasing urbanization of the South during the 1930s and 1940s. Moreover, statewide

police systems were developed which were willing to oppose local mobs, and the National Guard was increasingly called to stop lynchings. Also, Southern newspapers began frequently to denounce lynchings. The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was tremendously effective in awakening the nation to the urgency of stopping lynching. The NAACP, an interracial civil rights protest organization founded in 1909, made thorough investigations of lynchings and other crimes committed against Negroes, and informed the public concerning them. In 1919 the NAACP published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918, which was a revelation of the causes of lynching and the circumstances under which the crimes occurred. Beginning in 1921, the NAACP sponsored antilynching legislation such as the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill and numerous other proposals to make lynching a federal crime. The sharp decline in lynchings since 1922 undoubtedly had something to do with the fact that early in that year the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was passed in the House of Representatives. The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill provided fines and imprisonment for persons convicted of lynching in federal courts, and fines and penalties against states, counties, and towns which failed to use reasonable efforts to protect citizens from mob violence. It was killed in the Senate by the filibuster of the Southern senators who claimed that anti-lynching legislation would be unconstitutional and an infringement upon states rights. However, the long discussion of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was of great importance to the decline. Southern white organizations also began to condemn lynchings during the two decades before World War II. Among them were the Commission for Interracial Cooperation, which did research and issued publications which provided additional facts on lynchings, and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, which was founded in Atlanta in 1930. Various other womens organizations in the South were also active in the struggle against lynching.

g. Explain socialist ideology. Was it practical for the U. S?

EXTRA CREDIT: Explain the Dawes Severalty Act and its impact on Native American culture for a chance to earn 2 points to your lowest discussion post. Please email me your answer through the blackboard system.

The Lynching of Emmett Till: A Documentry Narrative (The American South Series) Paperback
At 2:00 A.M. on August 28, 1955, fourteen-year-old Emmett Till, visiting from Chicago, was abducted from his great-uncles cabin in Money, Mississippi, and never seen alive again. When his battered and bloated corpse floated to the surface of the Tallahatchie River three days later and two local white men were arrested for his murder, young Tills death was primed to become the spark that set off the civil rights movement. With a collection of more than one hundred documents spanning almost half a century, Christopher Metress retells Tills story in a unique and daring way. Juxtaposing news accounts and investigative journalism with memoirs, poetry, and fiction, this documentary narrative not only includes material by such prominent figures as Hodding Carter, Chester Himes, Eleanor Roosevelt, James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, Eldridge Cleaver, Bob Dylan, John Edgar Wideman, Lewis Nordan, and Michael Eric Dyson, but it also contains several previously unpublished worksamong them a newly discovered Langston Hughes poemand a generous selection of hard-to-find documents never before collected. Exploring the means by which historical events become part of the collective social memory, The Lynching of Emmett Till is both an anthology that tells an important story and a narrative about how we come to terms with key moments in history