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Table 3.1. Strategic Alliance Development: Comparison from Different Perspectives

Characteristic on each stage Muray & Mahon (1993) Buchel &Killing (2002) Spekman, et al. (1998) Authors

46,

Area of Interest Life Cycle of alliances

Stages

Only the development of relationship explanation, no further information on the important element in each stages. The alliances will evolute on five types of relationship: natural ends, extension, take over by one partner, premature termination, project continued by one partner.

Example of Relevant Literatures Dussauge & Garrette(1998) Ring & Van de Ven (1994)

1. Courtship 2. Negotiation 3. Start-up 4. Maintenance 5. Evolution 1. *) Initial conditions <imprinting> 2. Executing conditions 3. Evaluating conditions

1. 2.

3.

*) initial relational quality, initial employee involvement, initial staffing ongoing investment into relational quality, conflict-resolution mechanism, extensive information exchange, strong partner interfaces. equity (economic calculation and social indebtedness)

CHAPTER 3

Developme nt of relationship

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3.

Anticipation Engagement Valuation Co-ordination Investment Stabilisation Decision Alliance formation Alliance create value Interorganization dynamic

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1.

Buchel (2000), Arino & dela Torre (1998), Ring & van de Ven (1994) Dweyer et al. (1987) Murray & Mahon (1993)

2. 3.

pre-alliance, competitive need & motivation emerge partner search high energy, complementarily, strategic potential partner identification financial focus, business operational focus, task orientation co-ordination interfacing commitment, resource reallocation, broadening scope expansion growth high interdependence, assessment of relative worth and contribution adjustment Where now? re-evaluation trust, commitment, recognised interdependence, level of communication, strategic alliances, partner selection, relationship configuration and alliance implementation, negotiating the legal and contractual parameter, equity issue permit partners to talk with a louder voice &quickly grow market share, develop synergy, problem arise when expectation differ high-level of efficiency & profitability, control (formal & informal), trust, development of informal network & information

Spekman,et al. (1998)

Larson (1992) Lei & & Slocum (1991)

1. Formation 2. Operation 3. Outcome

1. 2.

Das & Teng (2002) Faulkner (1995) Buchel et al. (1998)

Ring and Van de Ven (1994) Das & Rahman (2002)

1. Formation 2. Management 3. Evolution

3. 1. 2. 3.

high level of collective strength, low level of inter-partner conflict, high level of interdependencies two possibilities: Negative development (collective strength will downturn, the increasing opportunistic behaviour, conflict increases) and positive ( interdependencies will go down, increase collective strength, conflict decreases) four possible outcome: stabilization, reformation, decline, termination form of alliances, motivation, partner selection managing conflict, cross culture differences, commitment and trust, system information perception of balance benefit, development of strong bonding power, development of new project, organisational learning

Strategic Alliance Developme nt

1. Formation 2. Adjustment 3. Evaluation

1.

2.

Lorange & Roos (1992) Das & Teng (2002) Lorange & Roos (1991) Probst and Buchel (1997) Child & Faulkner (1998) Doz (1996) Berquist, et al. (1995) Berquist et al.(1995)

Strategy

1. The nature of co-operation 2. Establishing co-operation 3. Managing co-operation 4. Maturing Relationship 1. learning 2. re-evaluation 3. readjustment 1. Courtship and Commitment 2. Day to day relationship 3. Transformation

3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2.

Pitts & Lei (1997) Arino & de la Torre (1998)

3.

Harbinson & Pekar (1998a) Yoshino & Rangan (1995)

Bell & Boersma (2000)

1. Identification 2. Valuation 3. Negotiation 4. Implementation 1. Rethinking the business 2. Crafting an alliance strategy 3. Structuring alliances 4. Evaluating alliances

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2.

Bruce & Steve (1994)

3. 4.

informal (internal negotiation and stakeholder blessing) and formal phase (negotiation with partner, internal support and establishment of personnel relationship) how to fulfil the objective of their co-operation, the process socialisation, the adaptation of the changes in the environment, and the exchange process between the partners and the joint venture the evaluation process and decisions for the future co-operation. different perspectives, trust, motives partner and form selection, network and virtuality, negotiation and valuation general management, control, human resources management, culture, emerging economies organisational learning, the evolving alliance environment, task, process, skills, goals efficiency, equity, adaptability task definition, partners routines, interface structure, expectation of: performance, behaviour, motives motives, partner selection, dangers of whirlwind courtship managing relationship and conflict: respect difference opinion, open communication, shared vision. partnership maintenance: maintaining trust, differentiation & integration of function, enjoyment of the work. in sickness and health; changing in partnership status, internal environment, external needs & sources, market place, terminating a partnership, short-term partnership, end of partnership Define strategy & objective, screening for partners Assessing tradable and leverage, defining opportunity, assessing impact on stakeholders Assessing bargaining power, planning integration planning integration, implementing strategic reassessment, establishing a role for alliances evaluating each firms value activities, distributing value chain activities, leveraging in-house and partners resources, creating fall-back positions, maintaining strategic options importance of structures, framework for structures, key considerations, role of bargaining assessing alliances, learning about alliances, rethinking the alliance strategy.

*) The same number between these two columns represent the important factors that need to be taken into account in each stages of an alliance life.

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CHAPTER 3