APLASTIC ANEMIA

reduction in stem cells in bone marrow Result: depressed or ineffective hematopoietic cells not just RBC (platelets, leukocytes) pancytopenia Clinical Signs: suddenly or insidious manner. Anemia, infection, hemorrhage Dx: Pancytopenia (rbc, leukocyte, platelet counts) Etiology: toxic agents 40-50% secondary to infections (hepatitis, HIV, TB) 50% idiopathic hydro soluble vit imp role in DNA SYNTHESIS Result: affects proliferation of cells rapid mitosis including bone marrow cells involved in hematopoiesis MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA delayed maturation of nuclei with norm cytoplasm, norm Hb content but mitotic activity defective DNA synthesismegaloblasts in marrow macrocytic anemia Mean Cell Vol >100fl Signs: anemia Symptoms: dyspnea on excretion, muscle weakness Neuro disorders: demyelination of spinal nerves (numb hands/feet-paresthesia) - Glossitis- inflamed tongue -Intestinal disorders Dx: Macrocytic normochromic anemia (MCV , NORMAL MCHC) Reticulocyte count norm or low Megaloblastosis checked by bone marrow count Tx: Vit B12 injection

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

iron deficiency most common frequent blood disorder in CHILDREN causes: menstruation, blood loss from pregnancy that were never replaced, Excessive blood loss, inadequate intake and malabsorption Consequences: mainly related to erythrocyte production Iron participates in ++ metabolic reactionscytochromes Dx: microcytic hypochromic anemia Hematocrit normal/decreased but smaller than Hb Serum iron with increase in desaturated transferrin (TIBC)

COBALAMIN/FOLATE DEFICIENCY both lead to anemia