Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

J. Strssler

ENGLISH PHONEMIC SYMBOLS AND SIGNS

The following consonant letters have their usual English sound values: p, b, t, d, k, m, n, l, r, f, v, z, h, w The remaining consonant letters and the vowel letters have no unique sound value: Consonant-like phonemes: Voiceless stops: nasals: p as in 'pea' t as in 'tea' k as in 'key' Voiced b as in 'bee' d as in 'do' g as in 'go' l as in 'map' m as in 'nap' M as in 'hang' v C z Y as in as in as in as in 'vat' 'that' 'zip' 'measure'

fricatives:

f as in 'fat' S as in 'thin' s as in 'sip' R as in 'ship' g as in 'hat' sR as in 'chin' liquids:

affricates: approximants:

cY as in 'gin'

Note:

k as in 'led' q as in 'red' glides: i as in 'yet' v as in 'wet' w occurs as a variant for j in Scottish words (as in 'loch') subscript <(as in k<+m<) indicates a syllabic consonant long vowels: h9 as in 'key' diphthongs: dH `H NH ?T `T H? d? T? as in 'bay' as in 'buy' as in 'boy' as in 'low' as in 'how' as in 'here' as in 'there' as in 'moor'

Vowel-like phonemes: short vowels: H as in 'pit' d as in 'pet' (US: D) z as in 'pat' U as in 'cut' P as in 'pot' (US: @9) T as in 'put' ? as in 'potato', 'upper'

@9 as in 'car' N9 as in 'core' t9 as in 'coo' 29 as in 'cur' (US: 2_ )

?9

US: nT US: H_ US:D_ US:T_

Prosodic marks: ! the following syllable carries primary (tonic) stress; $ the following syllable caries secondary stress.