Modelos Campos Tensoes - BetII-2013

BETO ESTRUTURAL - ZONAS DE DESCONTINUIDADE
MODELOS DE CAMPOS DE TENSES
JOO F. ALMEIDA
MIGUEL S. LOURENO
Maio 2013
ESTRUTURAS DE BETO II, MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL, IST
RITTER , MRSCH : INTUIO (E EQUILBRIO) BASE PARA OS ACTUAIS MODELOS DE CAMPOS DE TENSES
Identificao das trajectrias da carga
EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

Estabelecimento de condies de equilbrio
RITTER (1899)
MRSCH (1909, 1922)
Emil Mrsch (1872-1950)
.... nothing is more practical than a good theory ....
ESFORO TRANSVERSO
VSd - Vccd - VPd VRd

Asw
VRd,s =
z fywd cot
s
VRd,max = cw bw z 1
1 cot 2.5
fcd
cot + tan
Ftd = 0.5 VEd cotg
M V
z
cot g N
z
2
zs
z zs
M V
cot g N
z
2
zs
ESFORO TRANSVERSO Ligao alma banzos
vEd =
Fd
hf . x
Fd Vzd A'
=
.
z Atot
x
Asf
hf
Fd
. fyd vEd
=
s
cotg x cotg
vEd fcd senf cosf

1 cotf 2
(banzos comprimidos)
1 cotf 1.25 (banzos traccionados)
ESFORO TRANSVERSO Toro

Ak
tef,i
linha mdia
uk
t
Asw
TEdi
fywd cot VEdi =
s
2Ak
TRd,mx = 2 cw fcd Ak tef,i sen cos
Asl fyd
=
uk
T Ed
T Rd,mx
TEd
cot
2 Ak
V Ed
V Rd,mx
ESFORO TRANSVERSO Regio do apoio

z cotg
cot 1
fsw
Va q0.5 a1 d1 z cot
z cot
d1
Va
Tf Va cot 1
fsw
Tf
aF
1 aF d1 1

cot
2 z z 2
d1 cotg
Reineck, K.-H., J.; Loureno, M.; Almeida, J.; Haugerud, S.-A. 2011 : Gaining experience with strut and tie models for the design of concrete 6
structures. in Design Examples for strut and tie models, fib Bulletin 61, Lausanne.
ESFORO TRANSVERSO Transmisso de cargas prximas dos apoios

Modelo STM
Modelo de campos de tenses
a1
F2 1 2a

1 z / 2 a 2z
F 3 z
1
aF x cot g
2
Reineck, K.-H., Almeida, J., Appleton, J., Corres, H., Friedrich, T., Ganz, H., Kalny, M., Miehlbradt, M., Westerberg, B. (FIP WG on
Recommendations for Practical Design of Structural Concrete) 1999 : FIP/fib Recommendations for Practical Design of Structural Concrete, 7
SETO, London.
EXERCCIO : Dimensionar / Verificar a segurana
3.50
2.00
1200 kN
1200 kN
ORIENTAO
DO
MODELO SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS
ELSTICAS
3.00
3.00
6.25
8.50
6.25
1200 kN
"V" [kN]
"M" [kN.m]
3600 kN.m
EST 8//0.10 316
920
EST 8//0.20
EST 8//0.20
1125
1125
316 EST 8//0.10
920
fsx
0
16
21
22
24
27
30
33
35
38
42
46
46
40
35
30
26
23
21
20
20
20
25
41
63
92
124
11
25
40
54
69
82
93
105
117
130
142
138
134
131
129
127
117
104
91
79
67
56
45
34
24
13
15
42
66
87
108
129
150
169
187
200
205
212
209
199
191
185
181
183
189
196
203
210
187
137
87
38
45
84
136
191
246
301
356
394
412
433
455
480
505
462
424
391
363
339
297
248
200
155
112
80
62
45
28
10
41
71
101
131
161
191
220
250
279
308
332
349
367
385
402
407
398
390
381
373
335
269
203
137
71
14
91
177
262
348
434
534
651
769
887
1004
1116
958
799
640
495
477
422
351
280
210
139
88
65
43
21
15
20
14
49
94
139
182
226
270
313
345
365
385
405
425
423
401
380
358
336
304
261
218
175
132
87
40
180
563
945
1327
1709
2077
1812
1548
1283
1018
753
578
439
300
161
22
31
29
28
26
24
24
16
10
10
10
10
37
116
195
274
353
391
391
391
390
390
380
360
340
320
301
276
248
220
191
163
130
93
56
19
34
79
124
169
272
384
497
610
723
920
1224
1529
1833
2138
21
171
208
244
281
318
325
306
287
268
249
237
231
226
220
215
202
183
164
145
126
105
83
61
38
16
30
51
71
92
122
175
228
281
334
387
460
536
612
689
765
809
812
815
818
821
100
234
123
291
514
416
318
220
122
80
91
102
113
124
127
124
120
117
113
106
96
86
76
66
57
48
39
31
22
12
29
46
60
73
87
100
113
133
168
204
240
276
311
316
316
316
316
316
293
242
191
140
89
54
22.
11.
15
-0.
-13.05
-26.94
53
22
-1245.40
-1197.37
-1150.72
-1020.36
-980.58
-942.86
-907.36
-874.21
-843.53
59
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11
04
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67
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52
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30
96
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77
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-632.54
-619.73
-613.93
83
3715.
-608.53
81
01
-603.41
01
46
4129.
-596.31
30
-590.08
-585.02
-581.08
-577.54
-574.39
-571.64
4777. 31
4777. 29
4777. 30
4777. 32
4777. 34
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4777. 53
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4777. 42
4777. 35
4777. 28
4777. 21
4777. 13
4777. 05
4776. 90
4776. 66
4776. 42
4776. 18
4775. 95
4775. 72
4775. 50
4775. 29
4775. 08
4774. 87
4774. 67
4774. 48
4774. 29
4774. 11
4773. 93
4773. 76
4773. 59
4773. 43
4772. 86
4772. 04
4771. 19
4770. 31
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4768. 44
4767. 46
4766. 44
4765. 40
4764. 32
4763. 21
4762. 06
4760. 89
4759. 68
4758. 44
4757. 17
4755. 87
4754. 54
4752. 79
-569.30
4751. 05
4749. 36
4747. 72
4746. 13
4744. 59
4743. 10
4741. 65
4740. 26
4738. 91
4737. 62
4736. 37
4735. 17
4734. 02
4732. 92
4731. 87
4730. 87
4730. 10
4730. 05
4729. 84
4729. 50
4729. 01
4728. 38
4727. 60
4726. 69
4725. 64
4724. 45
4723. 13
4721. 68
4720. 09
4718. 37
4716. 53
4714. 56
4712. 46
4710. 24
4723. 55
4752. 87
4783. 62
4815. 89
4849. 75
4885. 27
4922. 53
4961. 59
5002. 52
5045. 40
5090. 30
5137. 28
5186. 41
5237. 75
5291. 36
5347. 31
5405. 66
5466. 44
5433. 02
5372. 51
5312. 95
5254. 42
5197. 05
5140. 98
5086. 34
5033. 34
4982. 16
4933. 05
4886. 29
4842.
21
4801.
17
4763.
62
-567.37
-565.87
-564.78
-564.12
-563.88
4103. 70
4103. 70
4103. 71
4103. 72
4103. 73
4103. 74
4103. 75
4103. 76
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4103. 55
4103. 37
4103. 19
4103. 01
4102. 83
4102. 64
4102. 45
4102. 26
4102. 07
4101. 88
4101. 68
4101. 48
4101. 28
4101. 08
4100. 88
4100. 67
4100. 46
4100. 25
4099. 95
4099. 43
4098. 89
4098. 34
4097. 76
4097. 16
4096. 54
4095. 90
4095. 24
4094. 56
4093. 86
4093. 14
4092. 40
4091. 64
4090. 86
4090. 06
4089. 24
4088. 40
4087. 36
4086. 18
4085. 01
4083. 86
4082. 72
4081. 60
4080. 50
4079. 41
4078. 33
4077. 27
4076. 23
4075. 20
4074. 18
4073. 18
4072. 20
4071. 23
4070. 27
4069. 33
4070. 22
4071. 34
4072. 41
4073. 42
4074. 37
4075. 27
4076. 11
4076. 90
4077. 63
4078. 31
4078. 93
4079. 50
4080. 02
4080. 49
4080. 91
4081. 28
4081. 61
4083. 58
4095. 13
4107. 95
4122. 10
4137. 69
4154. 79
4173. 48
4215. 98
4193. 85
4239. 96
4293. 79
4265. 87
4323. 81
4356. 00
4390. 43
4427. 20
4466. 36
4513. 73
4507. 99
4467. 39
4375. 69
4421. 35
4330. 51
4285. 90
4241. 97
4198. 86
4156. 71
4076. 07
4115. 71
3967.
4001. 87
4038. 03
4730.
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95
07
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68
09
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3884.
54
37
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64
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3864.
12
3831.
10
4103. 67
3723.
85
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-564.71
-565.78
-567.28
-569.21
-571.58
3307. 48
3307. 46
3307. 44
3307. 42
3307. 40
3307. 38
3307. 36
3307. 34
3307. 32
3307. 29
3307. 27
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3307. 27
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3307. 59
3307. 63
3307. 68
3307. 63
3307. 55
3307. 45
3307. 33
3307. 20
3307. 06
3306. 90
3306. 73
3306. 54
3306. 33
3306. 12
3305. 88
3305. 64
3305. 37
3305. 10
3304. 80
3304. 50
3304. 18
3303. 96
3303. 73
3303. 06
3302. 84
3302. 62
3302. 40
3302. 18
3301. 96
3301. 74
3301. 53
3301. 31
3301. 10
3300. 89
3300. 67
3300. 46
3300. 18
3299. 73
3299. 25
3298. 72
3298. 16
3296. 22
3295. 49
3294. 72
3293. 91
3293. 06
3291. 23
3290. 26
3289. 24
3288. 19
3287. 09
3288. 18
3290. 56
2447. 96
2445. 47
3295. 63
3293. 04
3298. 32
3301. 11
3304. 00
3306. 99
3310. 08
3313. 27
3316. 56
3319. 94
3323. 42
3326. 99
3330. 66
3334. 42
3338. 26
3342. 20
3334. 45
3326. 92
3320. 57
3315. 49
3311. 77
3309. 51
3309. 76
3308. 81
3312. 48
3317. 06
3323. 60
3332. 22
3343. 01
3356. 08
3371. 53
3389. 47
3409. 99
3422. 80
3364. 60
3394. 01
3334. 64
3304. 18
3273. 29
3242. 04
3210. 51
3178. 79
3115. 21
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3083. 60
3052. 33
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2962. 69
2991. 60
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2449. 38
2449. 43
2449. 48
2449. 54
2449. 61
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2203. 49
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1501. 20
1524. 32
1545. 41
1564. 56
1581. 82
1597. 25
1610. 89
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1624. 78
1631. 20
1638. 54
1646. 75
1655. 76
1665. 52
1675. 98
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1698. 80
1711. 10
1723. 92
1737. 26
1751. 08
1765. 34
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1791. 56
1785. 66
1780. 22
1775. 23
1770. 69
1766. 60
1762. 96
1759. 76
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1754. 67
1752. 77
1751. 31
1750. 26
1749. 63
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2122. 81
1448. 61
2069. 85
2097. 39
2040. 12
2008. 16
1973. 86
1937. 14
1897. 91
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1770. 25
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161.
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80
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1579.
-408.93
-29.40
1506. 60
-31.59
1514. 78
1134. 61
1011. 67
-146.92
-156.02
-165.32
-174.82
-184.42
-194.17
-227.14
-238.68
-335.40
-423.97
-428.19
-432.96
-438.29
-444.19
-450.66
-457.71
-465.62
-474.06
-482.57
-491.17
-499.85
-508.62
-517.47
-564.71
-565.78
-567.28
-569.21
-577.61
-535.54
-581.26
-536.27
-585.35
-537.47
-539.13
-538.90
-538.98
-539.36
-540.04
-541.02
-478.04
-455.24
-102.61
-21.30
-25.22
-27.28
-19.19
-39.61
-21.33
-41.76
-23.59
-44.00
-25.99
-46.31
-28.54
-48.69
-51.12
-31.24
-34.12
-53.57
-37.17
-56.04
-40.43
-58.49
-43.91
-60.85
-47.62
-63.13
-65.63
-51.58
-55.82
-68.35
-71.33
-60.34
-65.58
-76.98
-73.58
-85.55
-81.93
-94.62
-90.63
-104.16
-99.64
-114.13
-108.98
-124.52
-118.61
-135.28
-146.37
-128.52
-138.69
-157.77
-169.43
-149.10
-159.74
-181.32
-170.58
-193.42
-181.61
-205.68
-192.79
-218.08
-204.12
-230.59
-243.18
-377.66
-387.51
-255.84
-397.26
-268.54
-406.92
-280.22
-410.00
-412.53
-289.28
-411.00
-307.57
-414.58
-417.17
-316.79
-326.07
-420.30
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-192.40
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-585.02
-581.08
-577.54
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-571.64
-569.30
-567.37
-565.87
-564.78
-564.12
-563.88
-564.08
-535.53
-571.58
-574.38
-535.30
-23.23
-15.25
-35.61
-17.17
-37.56
-134.52
-133.95
-135.31
-138.17
-142.18
-147.04
-152.55
-158.54
-164.87
-171.47
-178.27
-185.24
-199.77
-207.42
-215.43
-223.94
-229.62
-233.31
-237.53
-242.29
-251.43
-262.48
-273.45
-284.33
-295.12
-305.81
-316.40
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-357.67
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-662.93
-654.74
-646.95
-639.54
-632.54
-625.94
-619.73
-613.93
-608.53
-603.41
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-549.15
-546.65
-544.47
-542.62
-541.09
-539.87
-538.96
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-537.40
-536.23
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-476.49
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-475.77
-475.77
-476.02
-476.52
-452.40
-452.70
-453.26
-454.11
-404.79
-404.59
-404.68
-405.08
-405.78
-406.79
-376.73
1352. 90
1137. 84
1012. 25
-1772.34
-1787.95
-1805.41
-1824.74
-1834.80
-1844.44
-1854.86
-1866.01
-1877.86
-1890.36
-1903.42
-1916.97
-1930.85
-1944.91
-1958.84
-1972.21
-1984.21
-2247.29
-266.12
-266.50
-266.99
-267.59
-267.07
-215.58
-137.52
-33.77
-143.56
-2275.69
-2651.64
-1866.68
-2213.15
-2605.36
-1808.81
-2151.41
-2559.22
-1753.22
-2513.13
-2090.52
-551.99
-487.05
-485.23
-483.81
-482.77
-482.10
-481.79
-480.64
-460.74
-479.28
-458.93
-478.14
-457.32
-455.92
-454.74
-453.79
-453.07
-452.60
-452.37
-477.19
-1391.50
-1699.98
-1181.90
-1230.22
-2030.51
-2467.04
-1281.13
-1253.65
-1504.49
-1327.69
-1109.33
-1159.25
-1649.12
-1971.42
-2420.86
-1186.55
-1217.09
-1450.81
-1039.50
-1266.61
-1090.87
-1600.67
-1913.29
-2374.52
-1122.11
-1155.83
-972.61
-1025.22
-1399.97
-1208.42
-1554.66
-1856.16
-2327.96
-1060.48
-908.86
-1097.51
-962.46
-1352.05
-1153.28
-1511.08
-1800.06
-1001.82
-2281.11
-1020.36
-980.58
-942.86
-907.36
-874.21
-843.53
-815.43
-790.00
-767.32
-747.45
-730.68
-719.94
-709.53
-699.48
-689.78
-680.46
-671.50
-620.06
-610.87
-602.14
-593.90
-586.14
-578.86
-572.08
-566.73
-562.54
-558.68
-555.17
-848.44
-1042.29
-902.73
-1307.12
-1101.34
-1469.90
-1745.03
-2233.90
-946.25
-791.53
-846.15
-990.33
-1052.77
-1265.23
-1431.08
-1691.11
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-738.30
-2186.28
-792.84
-941.78
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-1394.56
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-844.97
-1638.31
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-742.90
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-966.31
-1190.64
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-1586.69
-696.44
-2089.55
-855.59
-928.72
-604.74
-1157.92
-757.78
-1328.09
-653.51
-1536.27
-2038.76
-818.29
-572.34
-895.07
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-719.85
-614.41
-1297.92
-1487.07
-1974.30
-785.09
-545.82
-865.47
-1101.33
-685.91
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-1269.62
-1439.14
-1910.32
-524.58
-756.16
-840.01
-567.26
-656.18
-1077.27
-1243.05
-1392.50
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-1846.84
-731.69
-818.74
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-1055.65
-1215.29
-493.69
-707.33
-1345.13
-307.04
-536.30
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-1780.33
-502.28
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-350.21
-348.36
-346.74
-604.47
-1025.65
-1181.05
-1294.69
-1245.40
-1197.37
-1150.72
-1105.57
-1062.08
-1235.57
-1171.56
-1108.97
-1048.01
-988.90
-931.91
-877.32
-825.41
-776.51
-748.65
-735.14
-721.95
-709.09
-696.58
-684.43
-672.67
-661.30
-650.34
-639.81
-629.71
-534.39
-528.00
-522.03
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-511.31
-506.59
-487.07
-498.40
-494.94
-482.58
-491.90
-478.54
-489.27
-474.97
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-377.45
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-375.70
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-375.15
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-375.87
-307.01
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-267.11
-308.87
-266.40
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-310.88
-265.88
-311.18
-265.70
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-265.64
-309.03
-265.69
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-479.55
-1710.13
-682.34
-522.78
-768.74
-587.21
-997.31
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-1147.91
-660.17
-1640.35
-511.43
-575.20
-746.84
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-1115.81
-640.94
-1571.06
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-945.51
-449.99
-1084.70
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-1502.36
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-557.87
-711.05
-444.45
-921.94
-1054.48
-611.83
-1434.34
-490.52
-552.54
-697.25
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-899.85
-1025.09
-602.21
-1367.11
-487.82
-549.38
-686.19
-439.60
-879.14
-996.40
-598.48
-1300.81
-487.13
-548.32
-677.86
-440.11
-859.68
-968.31
-598.29
-488.35
-549.26
-672.18
-442.40
-841.35
-940.69
-600.16
-491.34
-552.09
-669.02
-446.32
-823.98
-913.38
-604.00
-495.96
-556.70
-668.21
-451.74
-807.40
-886.24
-609.69
-502.07
-562.95
-669.53
-458.48
-791.39
-859.08
-617.14
-509.53
-570.72
-672.69
-466.42
-775.74
-831.71
-626.24
-518.20
-579.90
-677.36
-475.41
-760.21
-803.94
-636.88
-527.96
-590.36
-683.18
-485.33
-744.53
-775.56
-648.98
-538.69
-602.02
-689.77
-496.07
-728.44
-746.33
-662.46
-550.30
-614.78
-695.78
-506.45
-712.66
-725.53
-660.61
-549.26
-607.68
-680.74
-501.59
-698.92
-712.67
-647.59
-542.56
-597.69
-665.82
-497.51
-685.39
-700.07
-634.68
-536.42
-587.99
-651.02
-494.22
-672.10
-687.75
-621.84
-530.83
-578.55
-636.37
-491.70
-659.06
-675.72
-609.04
-525.76
-569.35
-621.88
-489.96
-646.30
-664.02
-596.25
-521.20
-560.35
-607.57
-488.97
-633.84
-652.66
-583.44
-517.09
-551.51
-593.47
-488.71
-621.71
-641.66
-570.55
-513.40
-542.78
-579.61
-489.12
-609.95
-631.06
-557.54
-510.06
-534.10
-566.02
-490.16
-598.57
-620.87
-544.35
-507.01
-525.41
-552.73
-491.73
-587.62
-611.11
-530.94
-504.17
-516.65
-539.79
-493.75
-577.11
-601.81
-517.24
-501.44
-507.73
-527.25
-496.10
-567.09
-592.97
-503.47
-498.72
-498.58
-515.14
-557.59
-498.65
-584.63
-490.20
-495.90
-489.09
-503.54
-548.62
-501.24
-576.78
-477.36
-492.83
-479.18
-492.50
-540.21
-569.44
-503.71
-465.02
-489.40
-468.73
-532.39
-482.07
-562.62
-505.89
-453.27
-485.44
-525.60
-457.99
-473.17
-555.90
-503.45
-447.74
-475.75
-521.95
-548.34
-469.37
-449.80
-492.03
-443.72
-465.97
-518.41
-541.17
-465.72
-441.88
-480.84
-439.87
-514.95
-456.45
-462.20
-434.26
-469.89
-436.18
-511.60
-447.20
-458.83
-426.98
-459.20
-432.67
-508.35
-438.26
-455.59
-420.07
-448.77
-429.32
-505.20
-429.64
-452.49
-413.57
-438.63
-502.16
-426.13
-449.53
-421.38
-409.25
-428.79
-497.43
-423.10
-446.70
-413.52
-406.05
-419.29
-492.02
-420.23
-444.00
-406.09
-403.02
-410.14
-417.50
-441.44
-399.13
-400.16
-401.39
-414.93
-439.03
-392.71
-397.46
-393.06
-412.51
-436.76
-386.86
-394.93
-385.21
-410.24
-434.64
-381.65
-392.55
-377.88
-408.13
-432.69
-377.13
-390.33
-430.90
-406.17
-371.12
-373.39
-388.27
-429.29
-404.38
-364.99
-386.36
-370.47
-427.88
-402.75
-359.57
-384.62
-368.36
-426.67
-401.30
-381.24
-363.63
-424.85
-397.94
-347.12
-376.32
-356.94
-423.17
-394.63
-339.78
-371.78
-420.78
-350.58
-391.73
-332.60
-367.64
-344.57
-389.23
-325.58
-363.91
-387.14
-338.93
-318.71
-360.59
-385.46
-333.68
-357.71
-311.99
-384.21
-328.85
-355.28
-305.50
-383.38
-324.45
-353.29
-382.97
-299.45
-320.50
-351.77
-382.13
-293.81
-317.03
-350.70
-380.31
-288.62
-314.04
-350.10
-283.91
-311.56
-349.96
-279.70
-309.59
-350.28
-276.03
-308.15
-351.06
-307.24
-272.92
-352.11
-306.86
-270.38
-351.09
-354.63
-1926.76
-1257.00
-1745.48
-1681.53
-1619.96
-1670.92
-1560.91
-1597.75
-1562.04
-1526.69
-1545.64
-1488.42
-1536.53
-1457.89
-1469.42
-1495.45
-1416.96
-1456.92
-1395.24
-1347.81
-1413.97
-1379.22
-1323.27
-1334.43
-1303.59
-310.56
fsy
1522. 91
1358. 84
1139. 23
1012. 79
1011. 05
-1509.98
-5425.55
ORIENTAO DO MODELO SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS ELSTICAS

ZONAS DE DESCONTINUIDADE Identificao das regies D
D
B
B
F
D
z=h
10
Schlaich, J.; Schfer, K; Jennewein, M. (1987): Toward a consistent design for structural concrete. PCI-Journ. V.32
NP EN1992-1-1, 2009 EC2 - ESTRUTURAS DE BETO
5.6.4 Anlise com modelos de

escoras e tirantes
EUROCDIGO
2 5.6 Plastic Analysis
(1) Os modelos de escoras e tirantes podero ser utilizados para as verificaes em relao ao
ELU das regies de continuidade (estado fendilhado de vigas e lajes, ver 6.1 a 6.4) e para as
verificaes em relao ao ELU e para a definio das disposies construtivas das regies
de descontinuidade (ver 6.5). Em geral, estas estendem-se at uma distncia h (altura da
seco do elemento) da descontinuidade.
(2) Podero tambm efectuar-se verificaes em relao ao estado limite de utilizao utilizando
modelos de escoras e tirantes, por exemplo, a verificao das tenses do ao e o controlo da
largura das fendas, se forem asseguradas as condies de compatibilidade aproximada dos
modelos de escoras e tirantes ...... .
(3) Os modelos de escoras e tirantes so constitudos por escoras que representam campos de
tenso de compresso, por tirantes que representam as armaduras e por ns. As foras nos
elementos de um modelo de escoras e tirantes devero ser determinadas mantendo, no estado
limite ltimo, o equilbrio com as cargas aplicadas. Os elementos dos modelos de escoras e
tirantes devero ser dimensionados de acordo com as regras indicadas em 6.5.
(4) Os tirantes de um modelo de escoras e tirantes devero coincidir, em posio e direco,
com as armaduras correspondentes.
(5) Os modelos de escoras e tirantes podem ser definidos a partir das isostticas de tenso e
das distribuies de tenses obtidas pela teoria elstica linear ou a partir do mtodo da
trajectria de cargas.
Todos os modelos de escoras e tirantes podero ser optimizados por critrios de energia.
11
EQUILBRIO EXTERIOR TRAJECTRIAS DAS FORAS
F1
F2
90 kN
330 kN
0.32
0.28
T
T 90
F1
F2
330
0.40
12
TRAJECTRIA DAS FORAS
MODELO
VERIF. DA SEGURANA / PORMENORIZAO

90 kN
90 kN
90 kN
330 kN
0.32
330 kN
330 kN
0.28
T
T 90
0.40
330
0.40
0.40
13
EQUILBRIO EXTERIOR
x'
C'
MODELO
C
C'
C'-C
z'
T'
T'
C'-C
M
T'
M
Node region
Prismatic Shape Strut
C'
Tie
T'
M
z'
z'
C'
TRAJECTRIAS DAS FORAS
Stress Field Resultant

Fan shape strut
T
VERIFICAO DA SEGURANA / PORMENORIZAO

14

1200 kNDO MODELO SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS
1200
kN
ORIENTAO
ELSTICAS
3.00
3.50
B
D
6.25
2.00
3.00
8.50
6.25
1200 kN
2.00
1.80
C
M=3600kN.m
Elastic
-18MPa
Cracked
-27.7MPa
Plastic
0.534
1200 kN
-17.6MPa
0.430
Equilbrio exterior
2.00
2271kN
M=3600kN.m
As
0.30
M=3600kN.m
411MPa
18MPa
M=3600kN.m
2271kN
15

ORIENTAO DO MODELO
1200 kN SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS ELSTICAS
-1167
1167
-1
47
-42
0
378
-1
1
-2271
2271
60
7
-184
-42
0
0.430
0.400x0.30
2271
2271
65
-1
983
1167
0.400x0.30
1200 kN
Modelo
16
EST 10//0.20

316
EST 8//0.20
12EST12
920
1125
1.00
2.40
EST 8//0.10
1200 kN
316
1200 kN
EST 8//0.20
1125
1200 kN
920
1200 kN
17
TRAJECTRIAS DAS FORAS MODELO
18

5.6.4 Anlise com modelos de escoras e tirantes (NP EN1992-1-1, 2009 EC2)
(5) Os modelos de escoras e tirantes podem ser definidos a partir das isostticas de tenso e das
distribuies de tenses obtidas pela teoria elstica linear ..................
19
Schlaich, J.; Schfer, K; Jennewein, M. (1987): Toward a consistent design for structural concrete. PCI-Journ. V.32
Viga parede c/ 3 apoios
SETO, London.
Viga parede contnua (tramo interior)
SETO, London.
CONSTRUO DO MODELO - EC2 ( 5.6.4)

Definir a zona D e estabelecer o equilbrio exterior.
Identificar o caminho das cargas (seguir a trajectria das foras atravs da regio).
Elaborar modelos simples. O refinamento do modelo deve ser efectuado gradualmente, se
necessrio.
Orientar o modelo com base nas trajectrias de tenses elsticas.

As trajectrias de traces principais no coincidem em geral com as disposies de armaduras
adoptadas no projecto.
O modelo deve reproduzir, com proximidade, os campos de compresses principais, sendo os
campos traccionados definidos de forma coerente com a disposio das armaduras principais
adoptadas.
A compreenso e o exerccio de aplicao do mtodo permitem tirar partido da tipificao e
repetitividade dos modelos.
Cargas concentradas tm ngulos de desvio elevados (em geral, maiores que 60). No devem assim
utilizar-se ngulos entre as escoras e tirantes principais pequenos (inferiores a 40/45).
Dispr os tirantes de forma a corresponderem a distribuies de armaduras correntes e exequveis
As escoras representam campos de compresses, com largura proporcionada ao valor da resultante
22
PROBLEMAS DEFINIO DO MODELO

(5) Os modelos de escoras e tirantes podem ser definidos a partir das isostticas de tenso e das
distribuies de tenses obtidas pela teoria elstica linear ou a partir do mtodo da trajectria de cargas.
As trajectrias de traces principais no coincidem em geral com as disposies de

armaduras adoptadas no projecto.
O modelo deve reproduzir, com proximidade, os campos de compresses principais,
sendo os campos traccionados definidos de forma coerente com a disposio das
armaduras principais adoptadas.
Almeida, J., Loureno, M., 2010 : Abutment Shear Wall of Viaduct 1 on Algarve Highway, fib Congress, Washington.
23
Trajectrias elsticas Campos de compresses Modelo global da regio Pormenorizao

PORMENORIZAO DE ARMADURAS
TRAJECTRIAS ELSTICAS
MODELOS
24
DEFINIO DO MODELO (da modelao global s regies locais)

Verificao dos Ns Modelos locais Pormenorizao
25
PROBLEMAS mtodo da trajectria das cargas NO UNICIDADE DOS MODELOS

Para uma determinada regio em estudo, podem propr-se modelos de dimensionamento
distintos. Em alguns casos as diferenas nos resultados podem ser importantes, conduzindo
EUROCDIGO
2 5.6 Plastic
Analysis
tambm a diferenas significativas
nas quantidades
de armaduras.
Por ex.:
1 = 650 2 =750 (+ 15%)
AS2 = R (cotg 750)/fyd 0.57 AS1
AS1
AS2
O facto de poderem ser considerados modelos diferentes incmodo para a prtica da

Engenharia : as solues nicas / exactas / regulamentares, s so naturalmente possveis para certas
condies e restries: por ex., a anlise de uma estrutura, com geometria e carregamentos
determinados, em regime elstico linear.
Almeida, J. 2012 : Modelos de Campos de Tenses para Beto Estrutural dos Fundamentos Aplicao em Projecto, lio de sntese
apresentada no mbito de provas de agregao, IST, Julho 2012.
26
DUCTILIDADE E COMPORTAMENTO EM SERVIO DE ZONAS B

A
EUROCDIGO
2 5.6 Plastic Analysis
s
0.60
psd = 75 kN/m
0.25
A+s
225
fck = 30 MPa
225
Msd,el
Msd, com redistribuio
Msd [kN.m]
fcd= 20 MPa
fctm= 2.9 MPa
fsy = 435 MPa
A verificao de tenses em servio

efectuada para a distribuio elstica
(no redistribuda) de esforos.
Redistribuies moderadas (at cerca
de 20/30 %), no colocam em causa o

comportamento em servio.
112.5
114
114
Mfr [kN.m]
s [MPa]
57
Mfr
257
A-s
A+s
(cm2)
(cm2)
Elstico
0.0
10.5
5.2
0.9
9.4
6.3
0.8
8.4
7.3
1.1
11.5
4.2
Mfr
255
230
207
189
171
148
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Msd
Msd,el
27
DUCTILIDADE E COMPORTAMENTO EM SERVIO DE ZONAS B

A-s
psd = 75 kN/m
0.60

0.25
A+s
225.0
180.0
Msd [kN.m]
fck = 30 MPa
225.0
Msd,el
Msd, com redistribuio
fcd= 20 MPa
fctm= 2.9 MPa
fsy = 435 MPa
= 0.8
|M| (kN.m)
(1/r) disp
112.5
157.5
(1/r)nec
My- = 180
My+= 157.5
VERIFICAO DA CAPACIDADE DE ROTAO
apoio
(1/R)disp. (1/R)nec.
apoio
vo
Verificao indirecta (simplificada), por ex.:

NP EN1992-1 k1 + k2 (xu / d)
vo
-1
1/R (rad )
p (kN/m)
+
0 p - pcr=29 py pu=75
cr
28
PROBLEMAS DEFINIO DO MODELO COMPORTAMENTO EM SERVIO DUCTILIDADE

(2) Podero tambm efectuar-se verificaes em relao ao estado limite de utilizao ........, se forem
asseguradas as condies EUROCDIGO
de compatibilidade
aproximada
dos modelos de escoras e tirantes......
2 5.6
Plastic Analysis
O que uma variao aceitvel em relao soluo elstica de referncia ?

Se o modelo utilizado para o ELU no coincidir com o elstico, pode ser utilizado para
a verificao da fendilhao ?
[no existem, como para zonas B, indicaes relativas a nveis de redistribuio], mas,
a rotura pelo beto essencialmente condicionada pela reduo da sua resistncia
compresso quando em presena de elevadas deformaes transversais.
P=900 kN
WT7
fib MC2010,
7.3.6
Design with stress fields and strut and tie models
7.3.6.2 Struts
29
COMPARAO COM RESULTADOS EXPERIMENTAIS
Fritz Leonhardt
(1909 - 1999)
WT2
Leonhardt F. , Walther R. 1966 : Wandartiger Trger, DAfStb Heft 178, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin .
WT3
30
Comportamento No Linear de Zonas de D

Load vs Maximum Crack Width
P [kN]
(1.28)
1200
P/2=50 kN P/2=50 kN
P/2=250 kN P/2=250 kN
P/2=450 kN P/2=450 kN
P/2=550 kN P/2=550 kN
10.5
49.4
91.3
101.8
WT2
1000
800
SFM
Test
600
400
200
WT2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
P/2=50 kN
P/2=50 kN
P/2=250 kN
P/2=250 kN
P/2=450 kN
P/2=450 kN
P/2=550 kN
P/2=550 kN
1.0 wk [mm]
0.8
Load vs Maximum Crack Width

P [kN]
P/2=50 kN
P/2=50 kN
P/2=250 kN P/2=250 kN
P/2=450 kN P/2=450 kN
P/2=550 kN P/2=550 kN
50.3
78.1
91.5
1200
WT3
1000
800
SFM
600
Test
400
10.9
200
WT3
P/2=50 kN
P/2=50 kN
P/2=250 kN
P/2=250 kN
P/2=450 kN
P/2=450 kN
P/2=550 kN
P/2=550 kN
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 wk [mm]
Loureno, M.; Almeida, J. 2013 : Adaptive Stress Field Models. Formulation and Validation, ACI, Structural Journal, 110-S08, Farmington Hills,
31
USA, January-February 2013, pp. 71-81.
WT3Plastic Analysis
EUROCDIGO 2 5.6
WT2
As
2 As
Soluo baseada na
teoria da elasticidade
Cargas de servio
[graus]
z/L
SFM WT2
75.2
1.05
74.5
1.00
73.7
0.95
SFM WT3
0.90
0.85
70.9
0.80
69.7
0.75
68.4
0.70
0
200
Pcr (WT2)
400
600
Pcr (WT3)
800
1000
71.9
72.8
P [kN]
1200
Pu
32
1200
WT7
1000
WT7
SFM without compression softening
P = 1100 kN
P = 100 kN
SFM with compression softening
800
P [kN]
P=500
P=900
kN
P=700
P=100kN
kN
P=300
600
400
Test
P = 500 kN
200
P = 900 kN
P = 1100 kN
Ensaios LEONHARDT e WALTHER , Stuttgart, 1970

0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
esm [%o]
33
STMz/L=0.69
STM z/L=1.04
Comportamento
No Linear de Zonas de D
1.28
500 kN
AVALIAO DE MODELOS
1.28
500 kN
500 kN
Regies Viga-Parede,
com cargas directas
500 kN
-133
z=1.00
75
.2
.1
68
200
500 kN
0.40
1.60
1.60
z=1.50
-200
133
500 kN
0.64
L=1.44
500 kN
0.40
0.40
=0.2% Ac
=0.2% Ac
=0.2% Ac
=0.2% Ac
As=460mm2
500 kN
0.64
L=1.44
0.40
As=306mm2
Loureno, M.; Almeida, J. 2013 : Adaptive Stress Field Models. Assessment of Design Models, ACI, Structural Journal, 110-S09, Farmington Hills,
34
AVALIAO DE MODELOS 75
Regies Viga-Parede, com cargas directas
[degrees]
SFMd=75.1
As=306 mm2
z/L
1.03
74
73
0.91
SFM d=68.2
As=460 mm2
72
0.81
71
70
69
As
200
400
Pcr
600
800
1000
Service load range
Em ambos os casos a altura til da viga

parede foi totalmente mobilizada, embora
isso tenha acontecido para diferentes
valores de cargas
O clculo de tenses nas armaduras, com

base no modelo adoptado para o estado
limite ltimo, conduz ainda, em geral, a
resultados ligeiramente conservativos
1400
P[kN]
1600
1800
P [kN]
1000
SFMd=68.2
As=460 mm2
900
SFMd=75.1
As=306 mm2
800
SFMd=68.2
As=460 mm2
SFMd=75.1
As=306 mm2
700
600
load range
Para as cargas de servio, obtiveram-se

tenses moderadas nas armaduras,
conduzindo a um bom comportamento
em servio para ambos os casos
1200
Psd
0.72
500
400
300
Mod. Elstico
______
200
100
s [MPa]
400
wk [mm]
300
200
100
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Loureno, M.; Almeida, J. 2013 : Adaptive Stress Field Models. Assessment of Design Models, ACI, Structural Journal, 110-S09, Farmington Hills,
35
SNTESE: CONSTRUO / AVALIAO / SELECO DE MODELOS
Ter uma primeira aproximao para a trajectria das cargas obriga a compreender o funcionamento da
estrutura antes de proceder sua anlise.
2 5.6
Plastic Analysis
O modelo deve reproduzir, EUROCDIGO
com proximidade,
os campos
de compresses principais, sendo os campos
traccionados definidos de forma coerente com as disposies das armaduras principais adoptadas.
Seguindo os princpios anteriores, existe em geral muita liberdade para a definio detalhada do
modelo; a experincia do Engenheiro (compreenso e exerccio de aplicao do mtodo) desempenha
um papel muito importante, permitindo explorar, com muita eficcia, a tipificao e repetitividade dos
modelos.
A regra prtica de orientao do modelo segundo as trajectrias elsticas uma recomendao simples
e conservativa. No entanto, o modelo no reflecte os efeitos do comportamento no linear, no
considerando assim as redistribuies dos campos de tenses em servio (ELS) e na rotura (ELU).
A avaliao de modelos efectuada mostra que so possveis desvios significativos em relao

soluo elstica, sem que tal afecte significativamente o comportamento em servio. Efectivamente,
apesar das importantes redistribuies testadas, as tenses nas armaduras em servio, e,
consequentemente, as aberturas de fendas, permanecem em nveis adequados.
Para desvios moderados em relao soluo elstica, o mesmo modelo adoptado para o ELU pode
ser tambm utilizado para verificaes em servio (ELS).
A verificao da ductilidade em regies de descontinuidade essencialmente influenciado pela reduo

da resistncia compresso do beto quando em presena de elevadas deformaes transversais. Na
maioria dos casos prticos no ser relevante, sendo menos condicionante do que a verificao
efectuada para as tenses mximas nas zonas dos ns. Deve fazer-se uma verificao detalhada, em
situaes em que compresses importantes atravessem campos traccionados com deformaes
transversais significativas.
Almeida, J. 2012 : Modelos de Campos de Tenses para Beto Estrutural dos Fundamentos Aplicao em Projecto, lio de sntese
apresentada no mbito de provas de agregao, IST, Julho 2012.
36
VERIFICAO DA SEGURANA DE ZONAS (D) EC2 ( 6.5)

A verificao da segurana reduz-se, no essencial, verificao dos ns, zonas de intercepo de escoras e/ou
tirantes, e disposio de reas de armaduras adequadas aos esforos obtidos do modelo.
37
Escora prismtica
Escora em leque
Escora em garrafa
38
Os NS como interceces dos Campos de Tenses
fib Bulletin 52, 2010 : Structural Concrete Textbook on behaviour, design and performance, vol. 2, fib, Lausanne
39
NS CCT
a2 a1sen u cos
c1
C1
a1b
c2
C2
a2b
2 1 se u a1 cot
Rd,max 0.85 1
fck
f
250 cd
40
NS CTT
Node region
Prismatic Shape Strut
z'
C'
Tie
M
T'
Stress Field Resultant

Fan shape strut
T
T2/n T2/n T2/n T2/n T2/n
C2
T2
T3
C2
a2
sw
T1
T1
T2
41
NS CCC
C3
C2
a3
1
a2
II
1,II
3,II
2,II
1,I=2,I=3,I=0
II
a1
C1
42
EXEMPLO Macio de Estacas
Appleton, J.; Almeida, J.; Loureno, M. 2002 : Viaduct over the Rib de Grndola, fib Bulletin 16, pp. 29-46, fib, Lausanne
43
44

Element
1
2
3
4
1'
2'
3'
4'
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Force [kN]
2917
2917
5414
3848
-2917
-2917
-5414
-3848
-9097
-6784
-7530
-5732
7219
5131
-7219
-5131
45
46
47
EXEMPLO Futuro Edifcio Sede da Brisa - Carcavelos

Viga Parede Contnua com
Cargas superiores
Cargas suspensas
Apoios Indirectos (suspenso de cargas concentradas)
Fotog. Estrutura Frum Sintra, 2011
Loureno, M.; Almeida, J., Bia, R. 2011 : Continuous Deep Beam. in Design examples for strut and tie models, fib Bulletin 61, Lausanne.
48
3609
MODELO PAREDE A-A
MODELO PAREDE B-B

49
PORMENORIZAO
50
EXEMPLO Ligao Viga / Pilar Interior

LIGAO VIGA / PILAR INTERIOR
1
5
5
6
6
Sendo a seco oca:

diafragmas inclinados (em conjunto com os verticais ??),
ou,
campo de compresses inclinadas (e a amarrao das
foras de traco verticais) apenas se desenvolvem nas almas.
Muttoni, A.; Schwartz, J.; Thrlimann, B. 1998: Design of concrete structures with stress fields. Birkhuser, Basel
51
EXEMPLO Ligao Tabuleiro / Pilar Diafragmas Inclinados

1
52
EXEMPLO DIAFRAGMAS INCLINADOS NA LIGAO MONOLTICA TABULEIRO / PILAR
185.00
CORTE LONGITUDINAL
CORTE TRANSVERSAL
Ponte sobre a Ribeira Despe-te Que Suas Concesso Scut da Ilha de S. Miguel, Aores, 2011
53
ESFOROS DE DIMENSIONAMENTO
(QUEDA DA ADUELA e ACO SSMICA)
MODELO
54
CORTE LONGITUDINAL
55
CONSIDERAES FINAIS
Os Modelos de Campos de Tenses no so modelos de dimensionamento no sentido
estrito do termo; numa perspectiva mais geral, os Modelos de Campos de Tenses so
Modelos de Projecto, cobrindo e assegurando a consistncia entre todas as fases do
Projecto, da Concepo Pormenorizao.
Ponte S/ a Rib Despe-te Que Suas , S. Miguel, 2011
....... Uma vez compreendida a trajectria das cargas atravs da regio no sero,
certamente, eventuais dvidas referentes ao afastamento em relao soluo elstica de
referncia que podero conduzir a roturas por insuficincia de ductilidade disponvel ou a
um deficiente comportamento em servio. Por outro lado, fundamental que a regio seja
pormenorizada de forma coerente com o modelo, devendo dar-se uma ateno particular
56
pormenorizao detalhada das regies dos ns.
Referncias principais:
Schlaich et al. 1987
MODELOS TPICOS
Schlaich et al. 1991
Muttoni et al.1998
fib, FIP
Recommendations 1999
fib bulletins 16 , 52 , 54 , 61
57

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BETO ESTRUTURAL - ZONAS DE DESCONTINUIDADE

MODELOS DE CAMPOS DE TENSES

ESTRUTURAS DE BETO II, MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL, IST

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

MRSCH (1909, 1922)

Emil Mrsch (1872-1950)

.... nothing is more practical than a good theory ....

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

VSd - Vccd - VPd VRd

Ftd = 0.5 VEd cotg

ESFORO TRANSVERSO Ligao alma banzos

vEd fcd senf cosf

1 cotf 1.25 (banzos traccionados)

ESFORO TRANSVERSO Toro

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

TRd,mx = 2 cw fcd Ak tef,i sen cos

ESFORO TRANSVERSO Regio do apoio

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

ESFORO TRANSVERSO Transmisso de cargas prximas dos apoios

Modelo de campos de tenses

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

EXERCCIO : Dimensionar / Verificar a segurana

EST 8//0.10 316

316 EST 8//0.10

ORIENTAO DO MODELO SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS ELSTICAS

ZONAS DE DESCONTINUIDADE Identificao das regies D

NP EN1992-1-1, 2009 EC2 - ESTRUTURAS DE BETO

5.6.4 Anlise com modelos de

EQUILBRIO EXTERIOR TRAJECTRIAS DAS FORAS

TRAJECTRIA DAS FORAS

VERIF. DA SEGURANA / PORMENORIZAO

Prismatic Shape Strut

TRAJECTRIAS DAS FORAS

Stress Field Resultant

VERIFICAO DA SEGURANA / PORMENORIZAO

EXERCCIO : Dimensionar / Verificar a segurana

EXERCCIO : Dimensionar / Verificar a segurana

EXERCCIO : Dimensionar / Verificar a segurana

ORIENTAO DO MODELO SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS ELSTICAS

TRAJECTRIAS DAS FORAS MODELO

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

ORIENTAO DO MODELO SEGUNDO AS TRAJECTRIAS ELSTICAS

Viga parede c/ 3 apoios

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

Viga parede contnua (tramo interior)

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

CONSTRUO DO MODELO - EC2 ( 5.6.4)

Orientar o modelo com base nas trajectrias de tenses elsticas.

PROBLEMAS DEFINIO DO MODELO

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

As trajectrias de traces principais no coincidem em geral com as disposies de

Trajectrias elsticas Campos de compresses Modelo global da regio Pormenorizao

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

DEFINIO DO MODELO (da modelao global s regies locais)

EUROCDIGO 2 5.6 Plastic Analysis

PROBLEMAS mtodo da trajectria das cargas NO UNICIDADE DOS MODELOS

O facto de poderem ser considerados modelos diferentes incmodo para a prtica da

NP EN1992-1-1, 2009 EC2 - ESTRUTURAS DE BETO

DUCTILIDADE E COMPORTAMENTO EM SERVIO DE ZONAS B

A verificao de tenses em servio

de 20/30 %), no colocam em causa o

NP EN1992-1-1, 2009 EC2 - ESTRUTURAS DE BETO

DUCTILIDADE E COMPORTAMENTO EM SERVIO DE ZONAS B