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Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government Lockes ideals inspired the US government, for example the ultimate sovereignty of the people, the social contract, restraints of on arbitrary power by the executive and legislative branches (checks and balances). Federalist #10 Written by James Madison, offers ideas on how to guard against citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. He advocated a strong republic would guard the states better than a smaller and weak republic. Republican Government The supreme power lies in the people, who can vote and elect representatives either directly or indirectly. The state is essentially governed by the people. Land Ordinance of 1785 The Old Northwest (Ohio Valley) was to be sold and the money made from the land would be put towards the reduction of national debt. Land Ordinance of 1787 A uniform national land policy which made the Northwest Territories and gave land to the government which would be bought by individuals. Necessary and Proper Clause

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Argued by Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist. Also referred to the Elastic Clause in the Constitution. Congress was able to make laws that were deemed proper and necessary. Went along with the idea of a loose construction of the constitution. Federalist Papers 85 articles and essays by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton which supported and advocated the Constitutions ratification. Shays Rebellion A rebellion lead by Captain Daniel Shay and by back-country farmers from Massachusetts were losing their farms because they could not pay for their own debts. Usually veterans who were owed money from the government. Annapolis Convention Meeting in 1786 in Annapolis, Maryland. Twelve delegates from Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia which called for a constitutional convention. It resolved the problems with the Article with Hamiltons desires for a powerful and financially independent federal government. Philadelphia Convention Convention in Pennsylvania where the Constitution was framed at this convention in 1787 by representatives of the colonies (except Rhode Island). Delegated Powers Powers in the Constitution by delegated powers who are authorized or expressed by the people to that branch of the Federal Government. Reserved Powers A political power that a constitution reserves to the jurisdiction of a specific political authority. Concurrent Powers A political power exercised independently in the same field of legislation by federal and state governments. Supremacy Clause A clause that started that the constitution was a system of political and juridicial government thats different from common or statutory law. It connects with matters subordinate to such constitution. Anti-Federalists

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A party that was against the Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They did not want to adopt the US Constituion, which they were very much against.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? The American Revolution resulted in a wide gap of wealth concentration (rich and poor), low population density which slowly grew, and the rate of migration also grew. Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The state constitution was a basic outline of how the state was governed. Sometimes it would address individual citizens rights. There were specific details on the division of powers between the governor, the legislature, and its courts. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? Some positive effects were that the colonies were granted independence, Britain was no longer an undefeated superpower, and democracy was able to develop across the nation. Negative effects included the catalyzation of the French Revolution, they no longer had defense, and Britain was greatly revengeful. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? The end of the war introduced many problems for the new nation. The government was highly unstable, as there was no real one. The new nation was also plagued with the troubles of so much new land in the West. It was also difficult to start up a new government. The nation was also disjointed and un-united. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? During the war, the states were separated by disagreements on land, as some states had much more land while others were granted lots of it. Land was an important issue because it could be sold to pay off debts. Also, the states were plagued with the arguments over the levels and intensity of democracy.

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The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The Articles of Confederation were extremely weak, but they contained many positives. Congress was weakened and they could not control commerce or collect taxes. States were unequally represented. There was also no executive branch. Yet, they could advise, appeal, and advocate, a significant stepping stone of the Constitution. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The land ordinances of 1784, 85, and 87 were created by Congress to establish orderly procedures for settlement and political incorporation of the territory in the Northwest, (Ohio Valley area). The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. America was a emerging country, and it was badly mistreated by other countries. Spain obstructed American commerce in the Miss. River and their alliances with the Indians also sabotaged Americas control of the land. Furthermore, Britain stopped the trading from the West Indies and allied with the Indians. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know:Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. The Articles of Confederation made the government so extremely loose that it was hard for them to take control of the land, making Americas collapse almost inevtiable. Their fear of becoming too powerful led them to the other extreme of being extremely weak. As seen with Shays Rebellion, the government was unable to control the mob and the fear it caused. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? In Philadelphia, honest men and educated politicians stemming from the Revolution gathered to revise the faulty Articles of Confederation. Patriots in Philadelphia

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11.

How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. Washington was stating that the founding fathers thought too highly of their nation and their ability to control themselves. America needed a strong government, not a weak one, in order to help its progression as a powerful nation. Without it, America would run amok. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. In the Constitutional Convention, the two main plans Virginia (large state) and New Jersey (small state) called for different interpretations of voting. A compromise was made with the Great Compromise which called fro one house based on population and another with 2 reps from each state. The 3/5 compromise also was made, counting slaves as 3/5 a person, benefiting the southern states with more slave population. Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The Constitution was fairly democratic with checks and balances and the separation of powers, compared to other nations around the world at that period. But compared to this day and time, it wasnt very democratic because of its denial of many rights for women and minorities. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? The Anti-Federalists were those against Hamiltonian Federalists and the Constitution. They believed that the Constitution limited an individuals and states rights. They believed that it granted too much power to the government and not enough was with the people. However, it was compromised with the Bill of Rights. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Most of the states did approve of the Constitution because they viewed it as a document that secured and granted the sacred beliefs of the earliest colonists.

The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist

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16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? New York was swayed by the Federalist papers, but before they believed that they would be able to prosper without the nation. The Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify this because it gave too little power to the people and more importantly not much power to individual states. A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? The Constitution was able to create a relatively strong government that had the promise of new ideals set by those of the Revolution. Those ideals were now finally concrete within the government which was a large step forward to the once colonists. However, the Constitution also set boundaries as to how much power each individual state held. There was more power invested within the government than the individual states. Moreover, the Constitution was set on by the wealthier and more prosperous leaders of the nation, the minority rather than the majority, which would lead to extreme separations. Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet George Washington was the first president, and the first president to set the precedence of having a cabinet. Washingtons cabinet included Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox. Judiciary Act of 1789 This act created by the first Congress made effective federal courts. It organized a Supreme Court, along with a chief justice and 5 associates, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of attorney general. This helped centralize law throughout the nation. Federalists

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Also known as Hamiltonian Federalists, who wanted a loose construction of the constitution. This meant that the Congress could pass laws that were necessary and proper. They also supported taxes, a bank, and trade. Democratic-Republicans Also known as Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. They advocated a strict construction of the constitution and believed that the Congress had no power to charter banks, only the states did. They advocated agriculture and the rule of the people. Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton wanted a bank to stimulate business by remaining in circulation, creation assumption, excise tax, and suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion. He wanted the aristocrats to stay on top and wealthier than the lower classes. He favored a minority over the majority. Jefferson was the opposite. He wanted the constitution to be strictly applied so that all of an individuals rights were protected. He felt that Hamiltons plans were too invasive and demanding, like those of a tyrant. It also started an opposition to the government. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit Alexander Hamilton submitted to Congress a specific report that provided for the payments of all debts gained during the war. He wished for a national bank and advocated manufacturing via financial government protection. Jays Treaty A negotiation with France and America by John Jay. It cleared British posts in the West, started the created of a US-French boundary, and established the pay back for damaged American ships. This angered the the Democratic Republicans. Pinckneys Treaty Thomas Pinckney negotiated with Spain. They allowed Americans to navigate and utilize the Mississippi and the New Orleans port. Spain also agreed to fix the northern boundary of Florida to prevent Indian attacks. Washingtons Farewell Address At the end of George Washingtons term, he made an address which advised America not to be involved in foreign affairs and to not create dividing political parties, as well as the avoidance of permanent alliances. Midnight appointments Congress reduced the number of justices in the Supreme Court and increased federal judges. Federalists took these positions in the very last moment to secure their role in the government. Revolution of 1800

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Jefferson believed that the presidential election of 1800 was a return of the spirit of the American Revolution. He wanted to reduce the governments power, restore republicanism, and stop Federalists from making extreme choices. Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalist Congress passed this law which created 16 new federal judgeships and other offices. Adams wanted the Federalists to dominate the governments judicial branch, his last attempt to keep the Federalists in power. XYZ Affair Three delegates sent by President Adams to France to negotiate with prime minister Talleyrand. Three go-betweens bribed the delegates to pay a quarter of a million dollars just to speak with Talleyrand. This greatly humiliated the Americans. Chisholm v Georgia Alexander Chisholm sued Georgia, and in the end it granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and states. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Washing was an important president because he had an imposing presence that made people feel secure. The people loved Washington and his presidency helped unite the nations. His strength of character helped lead the seedling country. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? The first congress created the Bill of Rights to guarantee the most sacred of American principles, including freedom of religion, speech, and press; the right to bear arms and to be tried by a jury, and so on. They also created effective federal courts. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Hamiltons fiscal policies favored the wealthier groups, which in turn gained support monetarily and politically. Then the state debts were now assumed, as they were an obligation. Virginia did not want this, so in turn they were given the federal district on the Potomac. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.

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Hamilton believed that the overwhelming debt would help unite the nations government while vitalizing the financial system. To pay off the interest, Hamilton imposed custom duties, which also depended on foreign trade. He also favored and supported the protection of manufacturing groups, as it was an upcoming booming business. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? Hamilton wanted a bank because the government would be a major stockholder and federal funds would stimulate business. Hamilton wanted to control the nations money because it was necessary and proper for its well-being, showing the elastic cause, or loose construction.. However, Jefferson felt that the proposed Bank of the United States would threaten the strict construction, and that the banks should be left to individual states. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. The Whiskey Rebellion was more a victory for order. The revolutionaries were lowly-regarded by the government, and troops were sent to crush them. Even though only three rebels were killed, Washington tightened his government and demanded a higher respect. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? During George Washingtons presidency, many Americans were starting to oppose Hamiltons policies and taxes. The political parties separated the population and offered opposition to the government, which ruined the spirit of national unity. However these two parties offered two differing ideas and viewpoints which helped with the wishes of the people. The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists? The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were extremely excited and loved the ideas of liberty and freedom. However, Hamiltonian Federalists feared the Jeffersonians and what they might do, and they feared radical change and reform. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet

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9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that the alliance with France should be honored because they had helped the Americans during their war. They also wanted to go against Britain, their foe. However, Washington believed that entering a war in the nations situation was not a pragmatic idea. War had to be avoided because the military was weak, the economy was unstable, and the government was disjointed. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? The British actions of befriending the Indians and harassing American merchant ships angered Americans because the Jeffersonians wanted to go against Britain once again, disregarding the Neutrality Proclamation. However according to Hamilton, the war would greatly hurt them financially and economically. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Even though the Jeffersonians thought that Jay betrayed America because in their eyes he surrendered to Britain, John Jay did not betray interests. His treaty was meant to avoid war at all costs. It was certain that war would be extremely detrimental to the nation. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? There were stark oppositions on each side. The Federalists preferred Jefferson. Adams did not appeal to the masses and most people were irritated by him. The people had high standards from Washington and Adams was hated by Hamilton. Finally, Adams had to face the impending quarrel with France. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century? French warships seized harmless American merchant vessels since they were angry with Jays Treaty. President Adams who were sent to Paris to avoid war and they were approached by X, Y, and Z who demanded intolerable concessions to just speak to Talleyrand, the foreign minister. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?

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Avoiding war with France made Adam extremely unpopular politically with the DemocraticRepublicans, who were infuriated. However, Adams did preserve the peace and broke the sacred alliance with France. The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The government of Federalists did not support the foreigners and wanted to suppress the aliens or immigrants by increasing the residence requirements and imprisonment or deportation, and to repress freedom of speech and press. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Sedition Act and Alien Act were more dangerous to the US Constitution because they oppressed the most fundamental rights of the Bill of Rights. Freedom and speech and press, along with the welcoming aspects of America are what attracted people to the US. Without these, the Constitution seemed meek and untrustworthy. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Federalists did not trust democracy, but instead a strong central government. They also favored the minority of the wealthy aristocrats. Government should support private enterprise but not interfere with it. However, Democratic Republicans wanted a weak central regime, and the power should come from the states. They advocated against special privileges for special classes (manufacturers). They promoted agriculture and the rule of the people. Hamilton did not support foreign policies but Jefferson did.