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Efficient Generation of

Electricity

www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans
Thermodynamics
Cannot win, can only break even

Can only break even at absolute zero

Cannot reach absolute zero


Goal
Increase as far as is possible, the
maximum temperature in the cycle

i.e. better materials & engineering


Charpy

fatigue

tensile, creep

critical stress oxidation,


intensity corrosion
MULTIPASS ARC WELD

L.-E. SVENSSON
The Variables
C, Mn, Si, Ni, Mo, Cr, V, Nb, Ti, Al,
N, O, P, S B, …..
Casting, forging …..
welding parameters and processes
prolonged heat treatments
cost
oxidation
thermodynamics
processing
kinetics

cost models alloy


design
microstructure
validation
bayesian
neural
networks
Nickel base alloy FT750dc

wt%
40 µm
Tancret &
1000 Bhadeshia, 2002

800
Yield stress / MPa

600

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature / °C
Tancret &
Bhadeshia, 2002

700
rupture stress / MPa

600 FT750dc
500

400

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

log (t /h)
ferritic alloy C wt%
650 C
o Cole &
Bhadeshia, 2002
Mechanically
Alloyed
Oxide Dispersion
Fe-20Cr-5Al-
0.5Ti-0.3 yttria
wt%
90% reduction

Capdevila & Bhadeshia,


2000
Helical
grains

Capdevila & Bhadeshia,


2000
Capdevila & Bhadeshia, 2000
oxidation
thermodynamics
processing
kinetics

cost models alloy


design
microstructure
validation
bayesian
neural
networks
Problems
• During the development of these
models, we have discovered some
fundamental difficulties with theory

• In particular, theory dealing with


small driving forces
diaz del
Castillo &
Bhadeshia,
2001a
diaz del
Castillo &
Bhadeshia,
2001a
Conclusions
• There has been progress in predicting alloy
behaviour

• Much more progress needed in theory

• Oxidation models?

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