Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a revival of the Christian spirit in the 1730s-40s. It was instigated by Jonathan Edwards, an enthusiastic preacher who urged his audiences to do good things and listen to God. Then an even more enthusiastic preacher named George Whitfield came along, who basically caused extreme guilt within all those who listened and made them more Christian. This event also united the colonists as the first mass movement in America, which taught people that they were all one in the same country. Also, the Old Light (previous) generation of ministers lost their prominence and the New Light (new) generation came into religious power. Along with the rise of New Light Ministers came the opening of New Light schools, including Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth, etc. Even then, more Christian denominations started popping up and vying for members.

George Whitfield He was an enthusiastic and loud preacher during the Great Awakening. His thunderous voice and hard-hitting preaching style helped to create the religious unity the colonists felt.

Jonathan Edwards

He was a preacher who started the Great Awakening. He stressed the importance of following God and doing good deeds, and also had a penchant for describing hell.

New Lights

These were the younger, new generation of ministers who supported the Great Awakening and came into power as a result of the Awakening. They were also the creators of new schools, such as Princeton and Brown, spreading education to more people. Old Lights

They were the older generation of ministers in the colonies (AKA dead dogs). They were opposed to the crazed-style of the Great Awakening, and lost religious power because of the Awakening. Age of Reason/Enlightenment

This was a period of heightened intellectualism and the formation of modern ideas and values, focusing on reason and logic, as well as individualism. The ideas from this period were the basis of the Declaration of Independence, including the ideas of liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The removal of religion from reason was also a fundamental part of influencing the Declaration.

John Peter Zenger

He was newspaper printer who published an article outlining the New York colonys governors corruption. He was consequently brought to court for libel, and was defended by Andrew Hamilton. Zengers eventual victory in court became a victory for free-press, democracy, and set the standards for public discussion. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies

1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The growth of the population in the colonies enabled them to have more people than the British, which would become a great for the Patriots and a nightmare for the British in the Revolution. This population boom also signified a change in power. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? The large influx of immigrants helped to create cultural diversity in the colonies of America, forming the basis of the modern American society we see today. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. At first, there was very flexible social mobility, where even an ex-indentured servant could become well-respected and rich, as in the case of some members of Congress. Then, as the Revolution loomed on the colonies, suddenly merchants were able to make riches off of selling arms to both sides, creating a new aristocratic class. As they became richer, farmers began to lose their land, and their sons and daughters had to find work elsewhere, mostly as wage laborers or homeless. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? They Scots-Irish were a very nomadic people during their time in the backwoods of America. This was evident by their history in their homeland. Harangued by the British and the lords who controlled their land, they were forced to move downwards to Ireland where they were still not welcome, and they eventually moved to the Americas, where they made temporary homes out of wood. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Most colonists were working in agriculture, growing tobacco, wheat, etc. The land was very fertile and produced a lot of crops, which made a lot of money. Fishing wasnt considered as great as farming, but was still a good way to make money for many colonists. Lumbering accounted for many important products in the colonies, such as ships and furniture. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America?

Travel was very harsh in early America. The roads were horrible, filled with potholes, giant rocks, and god knows what else. Also, weather was a really scary factor, and could either delay or prevent journeys from happening, which is why many travel-goers often prayed with family and wrote down wills before leaving. Going by ship was much more safe, though less efficient. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Those who were not enthusiastic about the Anglican Church made their own denominations, which did not share the same views as their Anglican neighbors, such as absolute loyalty to the King and dong whatever Parliament ordered. The denominations supported ideas opposite to the Anglicans. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The religion pictured in the Great Awakening involved more spiritual, emotional connections to God, and got rid of the idea of predestination, claiming entry into heaven based on a system of merit. Traditional religion focused on the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination, where ones fate was already decided. The difference is important because the liberal ideas of the Great Awakenings religion helped to establish schools for teaching the Bible, such as Princeton and Brown, and in a small way, unified the colonists. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? A young man expected to learn how to read for the Bible, Latin and Greek, as well as Christian doctrine. Also, independent thinking was discouraged. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. The Americans had some adequate artistic prestige during the colonial period. Although they had some accomplished painters, their art was not very revolutionary. Their literature was also lacking, with exceptions such as Benjamin Franklin and Philis Wheatly. They did have some nice architecture brought from immigrants, such as log cabins and the Georgian red-brick style. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?

The jury gave a verdict of Not Guilty to Zenger, which proved to be a victory for free-press and democracy, as the verdict proved the press could report the truth about corruption regarding highranking officials without being sued for libel. This also brought about the format for public discussion which was essential for a multi-cultural city such as New York. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Colonial America was not very democratic, although it had signs of democracy. Town Meetings and Colonial Assemblies generally had democratic functions, as they were filled with townspeople, although some of the more religiously-influenced gatherings had Property Qualifications for people to participate. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain

He was a pioneer of Canada and one of the founders of Quebec. He also allied with the Huron Indians, and fought with them against their enemies, the Iroquois. This move resulted in Frances difficulty in entering the Ohio Valley, as angry Iroquois attacked the entering French.

William Pitt

He was a Prime Minister of Great Britain, AKA the Great Commoner. He was a great leader, and instrumental in the victory of the French and Indian War. Pontiac Pontiac was Chief of the Ottawa Indians and launched a rebellion against the British and Americans, realizing the exit of the Spanish and French took away important diplomatic advantages. He was killed by another chieftain after his plan to kick the British out of the Ohio Valley was beginning to fail. Albany Plan of Union This was a plan set forth by Benjamin Franklin to unite the colonies against the French and Indian threat. The Plan is an example of an early attempt to unify the colonies.

Proclamation of 1763 This was a border set up by Parliament in response to Pontiacs Rebellion, which prevented anyone from entering land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The line angered many colonists, who felt they had won the rights to the land during the French and Indian War, thus creating tension between the colonies and England.

Pontiacs Rebellion This was a rebellion launched by Pontiac in response to the results of the Seven Years War. The rebellion killed many colonists and caused the formation of the Proclamation of 1763.

Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys were Scots-Irish colonists who were upset with the Quakers tolerating Indians. Five Nations of the Iroquois This was a group of Indian nations who banded together to go against the incoming Whites. They were eventually bribed to join the British side. Salutary Neglect This is the policy used by the British to govern the colonies: they basically ignored them for a long time, giving way to a prolonged independence for the colonists. French and Indian War Also known as the Seven Years War, this was a conflict mainly between France and the

colonies and Britain. Aside from establishing Britain as a top military power in the world, as well as kicking France out of North America, it also created the first signs of hostilities from the colonists towards the British. The Battle of Quebec 1759 This was an important battle in the French and Indian war. The Battle marked a defeat of the French and a victory of the English of the War. Its aftermath led to Montreal, where the British won the War against France. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France was basically the exact opposite of the British North American colonies. They were denied any form of self-government, had a little amount of inhabitants since most French people werent economically desperate, and Huguenots had no rights there anyways. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? The abundance of Beavers in Canada encouraged many French settlers to come there, since they were highly prized in the French Fashion world. Also, Jesuit missionaries were encouraged to rescue Indians from hostile fur traders. And some simply desired to increase Frances territory and influence. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. The early wars between France and Britain were King Williams War and Queen Annes War. America was not given high priority, so both sides used pre-Revolution guerilla warfare to fight, given they didnt have a whole lot of supplies. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? When he came upon the French at Fort Duquesne, Washingtons men accidentally shot the French commanding officer, which was against the rules of war back then. This caused a big problem, which caused both the British and the French to act. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die"

5.

What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany?

France had put in too many resources into the campaign against Germany, which resulted in them not having enough to send to America. Thus, they were not a serious threat to the British. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 5. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? The British had to deal with horrible commanders like Braddock, as well as poor decision making, such as the choice to attack smaller outposts rather than large points such as Montreal. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? The British victory made them the most powerful nation in the world. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? The War generated tensions between the colonies and England, since the colonists were snubbed by their British comrades. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? Since the French were out of the picture, the colonists were free to expand and settle more land, until the Indians started reacting, particularly Pontiacs Rebellion. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen.

5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North He was the yes-man Prime Minister of King George III. As a result of his inefficiency, his decisions helped to worsen Colonial relations and cause the Revolution. George Grenville He was a Prime Minister who passed the Navigation and Sugar Act, as well as the infamous Stamp Act. He also emphasized the idea of virtual representation to the colonists. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania This is a group of essays by John Dickinson, a wealthy legislator and lawyer in Pennsylvania who responded to the Townshend Acts. His essays encouraged Samuel Adams to write against the British government. Gaspee Incident This was where the HMS Gaspee was burned and looted by rebellious colonists who didnt approve of it upholding the Navigation Acts. Charles Townshend He was a British politician who enacted the Townshend Acts, which included the fateful tax on Tea. Baron Von Steuben He was a Prussian drillmaster who trained the Continental Army at Valley Forge into a better fighting force. Mercantilism This was an economic idea which claimed that all actual currency should be circulated within a nation itself, and focused on exports rather than imports. "Virtual" representation This was the idea that everyone in the colonies were represented in Parliament by everyone in there, even though no colonist voted for any of them. Sons of Liberty They were radical colonists who usually resorted to violent means (The Boston Tea Party, tar and feathering, etc.) as protest against unfair taxes, such as the Stamp Act. Admiralty courts These were higher courts of British law where juries were not permitted and the accused were guilty until proven innocent; made in response to violations of the Stamp and Sugar Acts.

Committees of Correspondence These were groups of colonists organized by Samuel Adams who communicated with other colonies to spread news and support of the Revolution.

First Continental Congress This was the first gathering of a majority of the colonies in response to the Intolerable Acts. They discussed how to raise money, decided to wage war, and created the Association, which supported an absolute ban on British goods. Loyalists (Tories) These were colonists who supported the British crown and domestic enemies of the Patriots. The were also mostly Anglican. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The first settlers already had the ideas used to create the revolution from Europe; republicanism and those of the Whigs. Republicanism went against a monarch, and the Whigs who did not like the Crown. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilism told Britain to keep all of its actual currency inside of itself as much as possible, which would create economic prosperity, since there was a limited amount of money in the world. Thus, limiting trade with the colonies would keep more money inside England. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Parliament enacted mercantilist policies by passing the Navigation, Sugar, Townshend, and Stamp Acts, which limited colonial trade to British terms. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? Mercantilist theory helped the colonists gain much more pay, since the government gave plenty to the shipbuilders, the colonies had a virtual monopoly on tobacco, and received protection from the strongest army in the world for free. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?

The Navigation, Stamp, Townshend, and Sugar Acts helped to create tension, since they were usually over-bearing on the colonists and created protests, since the colonists were not making much money and had to spend a lot more than usual. Also, the economy was horrible as a result, so the colonists felt like they were being used for the motherlands benefit. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The taxes and policies themselves were light, but the effects, such as unfair courts, restrictions on government, etc. were overbearing. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

They would form assemblies such as the Stamp Ace Congress of 1765, boycotting goods, and harassing officials. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? After the repealing of the Stamp Acts, the colonists already felt rebellious and the Townshend Acts didnt help. The Acts led to more problems, such as the liberation of governors from the Power of the Purse. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? They would send letters to other colonies, spreading news and invigorating the Patriot spirit. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson was adamant about enforcing the Tea taxes, which caused angry radicals to throw tea into the harbor. The significance was that everyone was called to go against the unjust taxes, as tea was a drink taken by everyone. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act

11.

What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts?

The Intolerable Acts took away civic assemblies, juries, land, and religious preferences. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The First Continental Congress wanted to discuss what to do about the Intolerable Acts, as well as other problems in the colonies. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Strengths: Strong Army and Navy, experience, money, Loyalists Weaknesses: outnumbered, bad officers, far away from home, cocky, unknown terrain American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Strengths: Good leadership, unbeatable spirit, knowledge of terrain, outside support (France, etc.) Weaknesses: bad army, needy for money, barely any navy, disorganized, corruption A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African-Americans enlisted in the Continental Army and fought in major battles, served jobs like cooks, spies, drivers, construction workers, etc. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England.

3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress This was an official gathering of all thirteen colonies in regards to handling the War. It also served as the government of the Rebels. Hessians These were Prussian mercenaries hired by the British. Thomas Paine/Common Sense He is the author of Common Sense, which gave the idea of independence to the colonies. He also supported republicanism. George Washington He was the Virginian leader of the Continental Army and instigator of the Seven Years War.

Marquis de Layfette He was a young sympathetic Frenchman who became a general in his twenties and greatly contributed to the war effort through military and dimplomatic means. Baron Von Steuban He was a Prussian drillmaster who trained the Continental Army at Valley Forge into a better fighting force. John Burgoyne AKA Gentleman Johnny, he was a British general who surrendered at the Battle of Saratoga. Benedict Arnold He was a brilliant American general who defected to the British side; his name is now synonymous with traitor. Treaty of Paris, 1783 This was the final treaty of the Revolution between the colonies and Great Britain, where they were officially recognized as the United States of America. Battle of Trenton

This was an important Battle where the Americans made a great victory, thus improving morale, by sneaking up on unsuspecting Hessians. Battles of Lexington and Concord There were some of the first battles of the Revolution, where Minute Men faced off against British Regulars Battle of Saratoga This is where Burgoyne surrendered to Gates and a turning point in the War; it improved morale and convinced France to help out. Battle of Yorktown This was the last major battle of the Revolution, where the Americans and French surrounded Cornwaliss forces and signified the end of the Revolution. Articles of Confederation These were the documents that established the US as a nation and became its first constitution. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? Since most of the army was filled with New Englanders, a Southern leader was needed to balance out the irregularities. Also Washington a tall and people naturally followed him. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? He declared the colonies to be in open rebellion because the skirmishes the British and Americans were having were getting to be beyond simple grievances. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. No, since the colonists failed to capture Canada and make it a colony. They also lost a great general, Richard Montgomery. Also, the British were burning down towns, such as Norfolk, Virginia as well. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important?

Common Sense established the ideas of republicanism and independence, important elements of The United States. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a democratic republic because he believed real power ought to come from the people, not from a monarch or any other high-ranking political position. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The Declaration of Independence states the reasons why the colonies are separating from England, including unfair taxes, dictatorships, and destroying property. It also affirms universal right, not just right given by the King. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? Loyalists were absolutely loyal to the King, and were only following what they were taught; that loyalty was a virtue. Loyalists were mostly educated and Anglican, as well as older people. Others included British officers and anyone who benefited economically from the crown. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? They largely remained in Canada, though some took the invitation back. As part of the Treaty of Paris 1783, their property and money lost during the war were compensated. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? During the war, many Loyalists were harassed, as well as killed or imprisoned. But many ran away. Eventually, a vast majority of Loyalists were evacuated from Boston on Evacuation Day to Canada. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? General Burgoyne had made many grave errors regarding Saratoga and lost because of them to General Gates. The victory restored American morale and convinced France to support the Patriots.

Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French hated the British, especially because of the Seven Years War. Also, Benjamin Franklin, a brilliant diplomat, had convinced them with the victory at Saratoga that a tiny nation like America could stand up to the mighty British. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? If it wasnt for the French, the Americans would have been low on supplies, and they would not have won major battles such as the Battle of Yorktown. If it wasnt for Baron von Steuben, the Americans wouldnt have been well-disciplined at Valley Forge. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. Yes and no. For one, the Comte de Rochambeau had come with massive French reinforcements, so that was a good thing. However, General Benedict Arnold had become a traitor, so that stifled morale quite greatly. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Yes, since George Rogers Clark was able to capture many British forts along the Ohio River. This action caused the British to give the Ohio River Valley to the Americans at the Treaty of Paris. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? The victory at Yorktown was important because it was the last major battle of the War; afterwards, there were just small skirmishes. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? They got independence, land from the East coast to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. However, Congress had to tolerate Loyalists and give their land back, as well as pay off massive economic debt to England. A New Nation Legitimized

Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Yes, because they gained Independence, lots of land, old trade channels, and political power, since they were the only ones to benefit from the Revolution. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Explain.

Least true?

I think the trans-Atlantic interpretation seems most true, since they already had an American spirit long before joining arms for Revolution. The least true for me would have to be the progressive view, as class struggle did not play as important a role as national strife and problems within the British Empire itself, including the colonies.