A (retinol)

Formation of light-sensitive pigment in retina Antioxidant Maintanence of epithelial tissues Delays the aging process Absorption of calcium and phosphorus Promotes bone growth

Night blindness Xeropthalmia (cornea becomes dry and opaque) Scaly skin Rickets Defromities Stunned growth Osteomalacia Disorders : muscular dystrophy, liver damage, infertility Anaemia Prolonged bleeding Anaemia

E (tocopherol)

Produce red blood cells Antioxident Protect phospholipid Blood clotting

K (phylloquinone)

B1 (thiamine)

Coenzyme carbohydrate metabolism

Beri-beri

B2 (riboflavin)

Coenzyme energy metabolism

Sore eyes and swollen tongue Skin lesions at the corner of mouth, nose, ears

B3 (niacin)

Coenzyme energy metabolism

Pellagra

B5 (pantothenic acid) B6 (pyridoxine)

Coenzyme energy metabolism

Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired motor coordination Irritability Muscular twitching Retarded growth Kidney stone Anaemia Neurological disorders Weight loss Anaemia Gastrointestinal disturbances Diarrhoea Birth defects Fatigue Depression Nausea Muscular pains Poor collagen formation Scaly skin Scurvy Degeneration of blood vessels, muscle and cartilage Haemorrhages Prolonged bleeding Impaired immunity

Coenzyme amino acid metabolism

B12 (cobalamin)

Coenzyme- nucleic acid metabolism

Folic acid

Coenzyme nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism

Biotin

Coenzyme synthesis of fat, glycogen and amino acid

C (ascorbic acid)

Synthesis of collagen Maintenance of cartilage, bone, dentin, blood vessels Strong antioxidant Detoxification Iron absorption